CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL

CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY Training Manual By Oleg Roud and Danielle Bruckert by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 1 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL Contact the Authors: We value your feedback, please use the below methods of contact, or use the contact information on the website. D Bruckert O Roud redskyventures@gmail.com roudoleg@yahoo.com PO Box 11288 Windhoek, Namibia PO Box 30421 Windhoek, Namibia Red Sky Ventures Memel CATS More information about these books and online orders available at: http://www.redskyventures.org Other aircraft presently available in the Cessna Training Manual series are: Cessna 152, Cessna 172, Cessna 182, Cessna 206. Published by Red Sky Ventures and Memel CATS Lulu paperback print version ISBN 978-0-557-01418-7, CreateSpace paperback print version ISBN-13: 978-1448696918, ISBN-10: 1448696917 First Edition © 2008, This Edition © December 2011 COPYRIGHT & DISCLAIMER All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced for commercial use in any form or by any means without the prior written permission of the authors. This Training Manual is intended to supplement information you receive from your flight instructor during your type conversion training, and the information in the approved manufacturer's operating handbook from the aircraft you are flying. While every effort has been made to ensure completeness and accuracy, should any conflict arise between this training manual and other operating handbooks, the approved manufacturer's operating handbook, from on board the aircraft, must be used as a final reference. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the authors. The authors cannot accept responsibility of any kind from the use of this material. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Peter Hartmann, Aviation Centre, Windhoek: Supply of technical information, maintenance manuals and CD's for authors research Brenda Whittaker, CHRISTCHURCH New Zealand: Editor, Non Technical Note: ENGLISH SPELLING has been used in this text, which differs slightly from that used by Cessna. Differences in spelling have no bearing on interpretation. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 2 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY FACTS AT A GLANCE Common Name: Cessna 210 ICAO Designator: C210 Type: High performance four to six seat light single engine aircraft Powerplants 210L One 225kW (300hp) Continental IO-520-L fuel injected flat six piston engine driving a three blade constant speed McCauley prop. T210M One 230kW (310hp) fuel injected and turbocharged TSIO-520-R, driving a constant speed three blade prop. P210R One 240kW (325hp) turbocharged and fuel injected TSIO-520-CE. Performance 210L Max speed 324km/h (175kt) Max cruising speed 317km/h (171kt) Long range cruising speed 249km/h (134kt) Initial rate of climb 950ft/min Service ceiling 17,300ft Max range with reserves 1972km (1065nm) T210M - Max speed 380km/h (205kt) Max cruising speed 367km/h (198kt) Long range cruising speed 260km/h (140kt) Initial rate of climb 1030ft/min Service ceiling 28,500ft Range at long range cruising speed 1455km (785nm) P210R Max speed 417km/h (225kt) at 20,000ft Max cruising speed 394km/h (213kt) at 23,000ft Initial rate of climb 1150ft/min Service ceiling 25,000ft Range with reserves and optional fuel 2205km (1190nm) Weights 210L Empty 1015kg (2238lb); Max takeoff 1725kg (3800lb) T210M Empty 1022kg (2250lb; Max takeoff 1725kg (3800lb P210R Empty 1120kg (2470lb); Max takeoff 1860kg (4100lb) by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 3 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL Dimensions 210 Wing span 11.15m (36ft 9in), length 8.59m (28ft 2in). Wing area 16.3m2 (175.5sq ft) T210M Wing span 11.21m (36ft 9in), length 8.59m (28ft 2in), height 2.87m (9ft 5in). Wing area 16.3sqm, (175.5sq ft) P210R Wing span 11.84m (38ft 10in), length 8.59m (28ft 2in), height 2.95m (9ft 8in). Wing area 17.2m (185.5sq ft) Capacity Typical seating for four with optional seating for extra two children in some models, or seating for six adults in later versions. Production Total 210, T210 and P210 production 9240 (including 843 P210s). by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 4 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY Table of Contents Introduction.........................................................................................9 History.............................................................................................9 Models and Differences ....................................................................10 Model History Table......................................................................11 Post Manufacture Modifications Table..............................................14 Terminology.......................................................................................16 Factors and Formulas..........................................................................20 Conversion Factors...........................................................................20 Formulas........................................................................................21 Pilot's Operating Handbook Information.................................................22 AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL INFORMATION....................................................23 General.............................................................................................23 Airframe............................................................................................24 Seats and Seat Adjustment...............................................................26 Doors ............................................................................................27 Baggage Compartment ....................................................................29 Cabin and Door Dimensions..............................................................30 Flight Controls....................................................................................30 Elevator..........................................................................................30 Ailerons..........................................................................................31 Differential and Frise Design..........................................................31 Rudder...........................................................................................32 Stowable Rudder Pedals................................................................33 Trim...............................................................................................33 Electric Trim................................................................................34 Flaps..............................................................................................34 Electric Flap ................................................................................35 Note on Use of Flap.......................................................................36 Landing Gear......................................................................................37 Shock Absorption.............................................................................38 Hydraulic System.............................................................................39 Hydraulic Reservoir ....................................................................40 Landing Gear Components................................................................41 Landing Gear Lever.......................................................................41 Landing Gear Position Indicator Lights ............................................41 Landing Gear Warning System ......................................................42 Landing Gear Doors......................................................................43 Retractable Cabin Entry Step .........................................................44 Landing Gear Emergency Hand Pump .............................................44 Landing Gear Operation....................................................................46 Brakes............................................................................................47 Park Brake ..................................................................................47 Towing...........................................................................................48 by D. 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Roud 2008 Page 5 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL Engine & Engine Controls.....................................................................49 Engine General Description...............................................................50 Engine Control and Monitoring...........................................................51 Normally Aspirated Engine Data.........................................................52 Turbocharged Engine Data................................................................53 Engine Controls...............................................................................54 Throttle..........................................................................................54 Manifold Pressure and Throttle Setting................................................55 Full Throttle Height.......................................................................55 Pitch Control................................................................................55 Propeller Governor........................................................................56 Summary of High/Low RPM Function ..............................................56 Governor Schematic......................................................................57 Propeller Pitch Control...................................................................57 Mixture.......................................................................................58 Mixture Setting............................................................................59 Power Quadrant...........................................................................59 Engine Gauges................................................................................60 Manifold Pressure Gauge...............................................................60 Fuel Flow Gauge...........................................................................61 Tachometer.................................................................................62 Pressure and Temperature Gauges..................................................62 CHT Gauge..................................................................................63 EGT Indicator...............................................................................63 Turbocharged Engines...................................................................63 Induction System................................................................................66 Ignition System..................................................................................67 Dead Cut and Live Mag Check...........................................................67 Oil System.........................................................................................69 Cooling..............................................................................................70 Oil Cooler.......................................................................................70 Operation of Cowl Flaps....................................................................71 Other Cooling Methods ....................................................................73 Fuel System.......................................................................................73 Fuel Tanks......................................................................................73 Reservoir Tanks............................................................................74 Bladder Tanks..............................................................................77 Fuel Selector and Shut-off Valve........................................................77 Fuel Venting....................................................................................78 Fuel Drains.....................................................................................78 Fuel Measuring and Indication...........................................................79 Auxiliary Fuel Pump and Priming System ............................................80 Manual Primer..............................................................................81 Tip Tanks........................................................................................81 Vapour Locks in the Fuel System.......................................................82 Fuel Injection System.......................................................................82 Fuel Injection System Schematic.......................................................84 by D. 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Roud 2008 Page 6 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY Electrical System................................................................................85 Alternator and Battery......................................................................85 Electrical Equipment.........................................................................85 System Protection and Distribution.....................................................86 Electrical System Schematic..............................................................89 Flight Instruments and Associated Systems............................................90 Vacuum Operated Gyro Instruments...................................................91 Gyro System Diagram...................................................................92 Pitot-Static Instruments ...................................................................93 Pitot-Static System Diagram..........................................................94 Stall Warning..................................................................................95 Ancillary Systems................................................................................95 Lighting..........................................................................................95 Cabin Heating and Ventilating System................................................96 Cabin Heating And Ventilating Schematic ........................................98 Avionics.............................................................................................99 Audio Selector.................................................................................99 Intercom........................................................................................99 VHF Radio Operations ......................................................................99 Transponder..................................................................................100 Example of Avionics Stack ..............................................................100 PRE-FLIGHT INSPECTION...................................................................101 General........................................................................................101 Cabin...........................................................................................102 Exterior Inspection.........................................................................103 Final Inspection.............................................................................109 Passenger Briefing.............................................................................109 NORMAL OPERATIONS.......................................................................110 Starting........................................................................................110 Priming, Purging and Flooded Starts..............................................110 Warm Up...................................................................................112 Taxi.............................................................................................112 Engine Run-up...............................................................................113 Pre-Takeoff Vital Actions.................................................................115 Line-Up Checks..............................................................................115 Takeoff.........................................................................................116 Gear Retraction..........................................................................116 Wing Flaps Setting on Takeoff......................................................117 Normal Takeoff...........................................................................117 Short Field Takeoff......................................................................118 Takeoff Profile............................................................................119 Crosswind Component.................................................................120 Climb...........................................................................................120 Cruise...........................................................................................122 Descent........................................................................................122 Approach and Landing ...................................................................123 Short Field Landing.....................................................................125 by D. 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Roud 2008 Page 7 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL Crosswind Landing......................................................................125 Flapless Landing.........................................................................126 Balked Landing .............................................................................126 After Landing Checks......................................................................126 Circuit Pattern...............................................................................127 Note on Checklists..........................................................................130 Flight Handling Tips........................................................................133 Low Speed Handling....................................................................133 High Speed Handling...................................................................134 Systems Management.................................................................134 Flight Handling Tips Summary......................................................135 Engine Handling Tips......................................................................135 General Engine Handling Concepts................................................135 Turbocharged Engines.................................................................137 NON NORMAL FLIGHT PROCEDURES....................................................139 Stalling and Spinning......................................................................139 Electrical Malfunctions....................................................................139 Excessive Rate of Charge.............................................................139 Insufficient Rate Of Charge..........................................................140 Low Oil Pressure............................................................................140 Rough Running Engine....................................................................140 Magneto Faults...........................................................................140 Spark Plug Faults........................................................................141 Engine Driven Pump Failure.............................................................141 Blocked Intake Filter (with Alternate Air source).................................141 Inadvertent Icing Encounter............................................................142 Static Source Blocked.....................................................................142 Landing Gear Failure ......................................................................142 Landing Gear Malfunction Procedures............................................143 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES.................................................................145 General........................................................................................145 Emergency During Takeoff .............................................................145 Engine Failures..............................................................................145 Engine Failure after Takeoff (EFATO).............................................145 Gliding and Forced Landing..........................................................147 Engine Fire....................................................................................148 Electrical Fire.................................................................................150 Performance Specifications and Limitations...........................................151 Ground Planning and Performance.......................................................155 Weight and Balance........................................................................156 Sample Performance Tables.............................................................158 REVIEW QUESTIONS..........................................................................166 by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 8 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY Introduction This training manual provides technical and operational descriptions of the Cessna Centurion, Centurion II, and Turbo Centurion aircraft model range. The information is intended as an instructional aid to assist with conversion and or ab-initio training in conjunction with an approved training organisation and use of the manufacturer's operating handbook. The text is arranged according the progression typically followed during training to allow easier use by students and assimilation with an approved training program. This layout differs from the Pilot's Operating Handbook, which is designed for easy operational use. This material does not supersede, nor is it meant to substitute any of the manufacturer’s operation manuals. The material presented has been prepared from the basic design data obtained in the Pilot’s Operating Handbook, engineering manuals and from operational experience. History The Cessna aircraft company has a long and rich history. Founder Clyde Cessna built his first aeroplane in 1911, and taught himself to fly it! He went on to build a number of innovative aeroplanes, including several race and award winning designs. In 1934, Clyde's nephew, Dwane Wallace, fresh out of college, took over as head of the company. During the depression years Dwane acted as everything from floor sweeper to CEO, even personally flying company planes in air races (several of which he won!). Under Wallace's leadership, by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 9 Figure 1a Cessna 210 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL the Cessna Aircraft Company eventually became the most successful general aviation company of all time. During its production life the Cessna 210 was at the top of Cessna's single engine piston models, positioned between the 182 and the 310 twin in terms of performance. The first flight of the 210 occurred in January 1957. This new aircraft featured, for the first time on a Cessna aircraft, a retractable undercarriage and swept back vertical tail surfaces. The 210 entered production in late 1959, and from that time the type was constantly updated. Notable early upgrades include the 210B which introduced the wrap around rear windows, the 210D with a more powerful (210kW/285hp) engine which introduced the Centurion name, and the turbocharged T210F. The 210G introduced a new strutless cantilever wing, increased fuel capacity, restyled rear windows and enlarged tail surfaces. Continual development of the 210 and T210 range continued through until production ceased in 1985. A significant development made possible by the T210, was the pressurised P210 which first appeared in 1978. The pressurisation system meant that the cabin's internal altitude was equivalent to 8000ft when flying at altitudes up to 17,350ft, providing maximum benefit from the turbo engine. In 1998 Cessna was considering resuming production of the 210, as they have done with the other popular models. At the time of writing no progress has been made on this decision. Models and Differences As detailed on the previous page, the Cessna 210 model had a number of type variants during its production history. Additionally there are a number of modifications provided for the airframe, instruments/avionics equipment and electrics. Speeds often vary between models by a few knots, some more significant type variants have speed differences up to 40kts. Whenever maximum performance is required the speeds will also vary with weight, and density altitude. For simplification the speeds have been provided for the model C210 Centurion most commonly used, converted to knots and rounded up to the nearest 5kts. Generally multiple provision of figures can lead to confusion for memory items and this application is safer for practical uses. During practical training reference should be made to the flight manual of the aeroplane you will be flying to ensure that the limitations applicable for that aeroplane are adhered to. Likewise when flying different models it should always be remembered that MAUW, flap limitations, engine limitations and speeds may vary from model to model. Before flying different models, by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 10 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY particularly if maximum performance is required, the AFM should be consulted to verify differences. Model History Table The following table provides a brief summary of the models by year of manufacture, with descriptions of the major changes. TYPE NAME YEAR MODEL DIFFERENCES C210 1960 57001- 57575 40 degrees hydraulic flap, wing with strut, 4 seat capacity, 260hp IO-470 engine, maximum gross weight 2900lbs. Battery under aft cargo compartment floor. C210A 1961 21057576- 57840 Battery moved to under pilot seat. Third side window added to rear fueselage. C210B 1962 21057841- 58085 Cabin size increased slightly. Maximum weight increased to 3000lbs. Battery moved to right side of engine compartment behind firewall, where it remains. Hydraulic accumulator (for pressure regulation) removed. C210C 1963 21058086- 58220 Minor hydraulic system improvements. C210D Centurion 1964 21058221- 58510 Rear child seat added. Electric flap replaces hydraulic. Engine power increased from 260hp to 285hp. Minor improvements on airframe. Maximum weight increased to 3100lbs. C210E Centurion 1965 21058511- 58715 Alternator replaces generator, vernier throttle removed, and cowls streamlined due to extended prop-shaft. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 11 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL TYPE NAME YEAR MODEL DIFFERENCES C210F T210F Centurion/ Turbo Centurion 1966 21058716- 58818 T2100001- 0197 Maximum weight increased to 3300lbs. One-piece front windscreen, optional three blade propeller available. C210G T210G Centurion/ Turbo Centurion 1967 21058819- 58936 T2100198- 0307 Flap reduced to 30 Degrees, full cantilever wing introduced. Fuel capacity increased from 65USG to 90USG integral tank. Maximum weight increased to 3400lbs. C210H T210H Centurion/ Turbo Centurion 1968 21058937- 59061 T2100308 on Improved gear saddle to address cracking problems. C210J T210J Centurion/ Turbo Centurion 1969 21059062- 59199 Modification to nose wheel cowling, and increase in engine TBO. C210K T210K Centurion II/ Turbo Centurion II 1970- 71 21059200- 59502 Larger cabin, rear child seat now a full seat. Nose gear doors modified. MAUW increased to 3800lbs, and takeoff power increased to 300bhp (5 minutes only). C210L T210L Centurion II/ Turbo Centurion II 1972 1971 1972 1973 1976 21059503- 59351 21059352- 59502 21059503- 59719 21059720- 60089 21060090- 61573 A 24 Volt electrical system introduced (1972), electric pump replaces engine driven pump for hydraulics, 3 bladed propeller now standard (1975), aerodynamic improvements increase cruise speed by approx 8kts (1976). by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 12 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY TYPE NAME YEAR MODEL DIFFERENCES C210M T210M Centurion II/ Turbo Centurion II 1977 1978 21061574- 62273 21062274- 62954 Engine increased to 310hp in turbo model, maximum weight increased to 4000lbs on turbo model. Voltage warning light changed from high voltage to low voltage (1979). C210M /C210N* Centurion II/ Turbo Centurion II 1979 1980 21062955- 63640 21063641- 64135 Beginning 1979 gear doors removed, resulting in higher gear extension speed (165kts), the main gear cavity no longer closes, nose gear doors do not close on ground. *Cessna specifies these models as C210M, however the FAA type certification lists them as a C210N. Note, also, many earlier models have had modifications completed to remove the gear doors because they are prone failure and easily damaged. C210N T210N Centurion II/ Turbo Centurion II 1981 1982 1983 1984 21064136- 64535 21064536- 64772 21064773- 64822 21064823- 64897 Flap limit for 20 degrees increased to 130kts. From 1982 (21064536), fuel selector has BOTH position, a fuel shut off valve, and a manual primer (close to fuel selector on centre console), the fuel reservoir tank changed from one per tank to one central tank and fuel return to main tanks to correct vaporisation problems. P210N Pressurized Centurion/II 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 P21000001 -0150 P21000151 -0385 P21000386 -0590 P21000591 -0760 P21000761 -0811 P21000812 -0834 First pressurised model. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 13 CESSNA 210 TRAINING MANUAL TYPE NAME YEAR MODEL DIFFERENCES C210R T210R Centurion II/ Turbo Centurion II 1985- 1986 21064898- 64949 21064950- 65009 Optional 115USG fuel tanks, maximum weight also increased to 4100lbs on turbo model only. P210R Pressurized Centurion/ with Value Groups A & B 1985- 1986 P21000835 -0866 P21000867 -0874 Improvements in engine and instrument systems, maximum weight increased to 4100lbs (pressurised model only). Post Manufacture Modifications Table Note: Some modifications may no longer be available to fit, but are still in use. TYPE NAME and MANUFACTURER DIFFERENCES and FEATURES P210R Silver Eagle, O & N Aircraft Modifications Turbine Engine Installation, 450 HP Allison250-B-17F/2 turbine, includes new Garmin panel. Engine Conversion, Bonaire IO550 engine installation with 300hp maximum continuous, (modification not available any more). C210 K to N Engine Conversion, Atlantic Aero Continental IO-550-P engine installation with 310hp maximum continuous, and 2000hr TBO. T210 Engine Conversion, Ram Aircraft Corp. Increases engine to 310 HP, including new 402 Prop C210 Turbo Conversion, Ram Aircraft Corp. Replaces standard engine with TSIO-520. P210 P210 Intercoolers, TurboPlus Increases power available at altitude. Wing Tip Tanks, Flint Aero Two auxiliary fuel tanks of 16.5USG in each installed in the wing tip, and used with an electrical transfer pump to each main tank. Higher MTOW is permitted if tanks are half full. Wing length is also increased by 26 inches. Additional Fuel Tank, O & N Aircraft Modifications Additional 18, 28 or 29.7 USG fuel tank in baggage area. by D. Bruckert & O. Roud 2008 Page 14