Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement for Commercial Pilot

Figure 6. Adiabatic Chart. ...........................................................................................................................................................................2-5 Figure 8. Fuel Consumption vs. Brake Horsepower. .................................................................................................................................. 2-6 Figure 9. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. ............................................................................................................................................. 2-7 Figure 10. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. ........................................................................................................................................... 2-8 Figure 11. Cruise and Range Performance. ...............................................................................................................................................2-9 Figure 12. Cruise Performance. ...............................................................................................................................................................2-10 Figure 13. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. ......................................................................................................................................... 2-11 Figure 14. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. ......................................................................................................................................... 2-12 Figure 15. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. ......................................................................................................................................... 2-13 Figure 17. Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI). ........................................................................................................................................ 2-14 Figure 26. ILS or LOC RWY 24R (LAX). ..................................................................................................................................................2-15 Figure 27. ILS or LOC RWY 35R (DEN). .................................................................................................................................................2-16 Figure 28. ILS or LOC RWY 31 (DSM). ....................................................................................................................................................2-17 Figure 29. ILS or LOC RWY 8L (ATL). .....................................................................................................................................................2-18 Figure 30. VOR/DME or GPS-A (7D3). ....................................................................................................................................................2-19 Figure 31. Wind Component Chart. ..........................................................................................................................................................2-20 Figure 32. Obstacle Take-off Chart. ..........................................................................................................................................................2-21 Figure 33. Maximum Rate of Climb Chart. ...............................................................................................................................................2-22 Figure 34. Cruise Performance Chart.......................................................................................................................................................2-23 vi Figure 35. Normal Landing Chart. ............................................................................................................................................................2-24 Figure 36. Stations Diagram. ....................................................................................................................................................................2-25 Figure 37. Center of Gravity Envelope and Loading Graph. .................................................................................................................... 2-26 Figure 38. Loading Graph and Center of Gravity Envelope. ................................................................................................................... 2-27 Figure 39. Stations Diagram. ....................................................................................................................................................................2-28 Figure 40. Weight and Balance Chart. ....................................................................................................................................................2-29 Figure 41. Hover Ceiling vs. Gross Weight. ............................................................................................................................................. 2-30 Figure 42. Rate of Climb (FT/MIN). ..........................................................................................................................................................2-31 Figure 43. Best Rate of Climb Speed. ......................................................................................................................................................2-32 Figure 44. Rate of Climb. .........................................................................................................................................................................2-33 Figure 45. Running Takeoff. .....................................................................................................................................................................2-34 Figure 46. Jump Takeoff. .........................................................................................................................................................................2-35 Figure 48. Performance Curves Chart......................................................................................................................................................2-36 Figure 49. Performance Curves Chart......................................................................................................................................................2-37 Figure 50. Flight Envelope........................................................................................................................................................................2-38 Figure 51. Airport Signs. ...........................................................................................................................................................................2-39 Figure 52. Sectional Chart Excerpt...........................................................................................................................................................2-40 Figure 53. Sectional Chart Excerpt...........................................................................................................................................................2-41 Figure 54. Sectional Chart Excerpt...........................................................................................................................................................2-42 Figure 55. En Route Low Altitude Segment.............................................................................................................................................. 2-43 Figure 55A. En Route Low Altitude Segment. .......................................................................................................................................... 2-44 Figure 56. Two signs. ...............................................................................................................................................................................2-45 Figure 57. Sign. ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-45 Figure 58. Airport Diagram and Sign. .......................................................................................................................................................2-45 Figure 59. Taxiway Diagram and Sign. .....................................................................................................................................................2-46 Figure 60. Two Signs. ...............................................................................................................................................................................2-46 Figure 61. Sign. ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-47 Figure 62. Sign. ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-47 Figure 63. Sign and Intersection Diagram. ...............................................................................................................................................2-47 Figure 64. Sign. ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-48 Figure 65. Sign. ........................................................................................................................................................................................2-48 Figure 66. Chart Supplement. ..................................................................................................................................................................2-49 Figure 67. Chart Supplement. ..................................................................................................................................................................2-50 Figure 68. Chart Supplement. ..................................................................................................................................................................2-51 Figure 69. Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Surface Prog Chart. ......................................................................................................... 2-52 Figure 70. Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Surface Prog Chart. ......................................................................................................... 2-53 Figure 71. Low-level Significant Weather Chart. ...................................................................................................................................... 2-54 Appendix 1 1-1 Appendix 1 LEGEND SECTIONAL AERONAUTICAL CHART SCALE 1:500,000 Airports having control towers are shown in blue , all others in magenta . Consult Chart Supplement for details involving airport lighting, navigation aids, and services. For additional symbol informa tion refer to the Chart User’s Guide. Only the controlled and reserved airspace effective below 18,000 ft. MSL are shown on this chart. All times are local. Class B Airspace Roads & Road Markers Railroad Power Transmission Lines Aerial Cable Coast Guard Station CG Race Track Tank-water, oil or gas Oil Well Water Well Mine or Quarry Mountain Pass 11823 (Elevation of Pass) Landmark Feature - stadium, factory, school, golf course, etc. Outdoor Theater Lookout Tower 618 (Elevation Base of Tower) Ultralight Activity Isogonic Line (2010 VALUE) Marine Light Hang Glider Activity Glider Operations Parachute Jumping Area (See Chart Supplement.) VFR Waypoints (See Chart Supplement for latitude/longitude). Class D Airspace Class E (sfc) Airspace 2400 MSL 4500 MSL Class E Airspace with floor 700 ft. above surface. Class E Airspace with floor 1200 ft. or greater above surface that abuts Class G Airspace. Differentiates floors of Class E Airspace greater than 700 ft. above surface. Class E Airspace exists at 1200' AGL unless otherwise designated as shown above. Class E Airspace low altitude Federal Airways are indicated by center line. Intersection - Arrows are directed towards facilities which establish intersection. Ceiling of Class D Airspace in hundreds of feet. (A minus ceiling value indicates surface up to but not including that value). Class C Airspace (mode C See FAR 91.215/AIM.) AIRPORT DATA AIRPORT TRAFFIC SERVICE AND AIRSPACE INFORMATION TOPOGRAPHIC INFORMATION OBSTRUCTIONS MISCELLANEOUS FSS – Flight Service Station NO SVFR – Fixed wing special VFR flight is prohibited. CT– 118.3 – Control Tower (CT) primary frequency – Star indicates operation part-time (see tower frequencies tabulation for hours of operation). – Indicates Common Traffic Advisory Frequencies (CTAF) ATIS 123.8 – Automatic Terminal Information Service ASOS/AWOS 135.42 – Automated Surface Weather Observing Systems (shown where full-time ATIS is not available). Some ASOS/AWOS facilities may not be located at airports. UNICOM – Aeronoutical advisory station VFR Advsy – VFR Advisory Service shown where full-time ATIS not available and frequency is other than primary CT frequency. 285 – Elevation in feet L – Lighting in operation sunset to sunrise L – Lighting limitations exist, refer to Airport/Facility Directory. 72 – Length of longest runway in hundreds of feet; usable length may be less. When information is lacking, the respective charactor is replaced by a dash. Lighting codes refer to runway edge lights and may not represent the longest runway or full length lighting. Box indicators FAR 93 Special Air Traffic Rules & Airport Traffic Patterns Runways with Right Traffic Patterns (public use) RP Special conditions exist - see Chart Supplement Location identifier ICAO Location indicator shown outside contiguous U.S. UNICOM Airport of Entry 285 L 72 122.95 RP 23, 34 VFR Advsy 125.0 AOE FAR 91 FSS NO SVFR (NAM)(PNAM) NAME ATIS 123.8 CT – 118.3 C C V 69 132° 1000 ft. and higher AGL below 1000 ft. AGL Group Obstruction NOTICE: Guy wires may extend outward from structures. Obstruction with high-intensity lights May operate part-time Elevation of the top above mean sea level Height above ground Under construction or reported; position and elevation unverified. or 2049 (1149) UC or U H G Unmanned Aircraft Activity UA 1° E 40 169 TK313 RNAV (helicopter only) waypoint T319 95 40 AIRPORTS ADDITIONAL AIRPORT INFORMATION Other than hard-surfaced runways Hard-surfaced runways 1500 ft. to 8069 ft. in length Hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069 ft., or same multiple runways less than 8069 ft. Open dot within hard-surfaced runway configuration indicates approxmate VOR, VOR-DME, or VORTAC location. All recognizable hard-surfaced runways, including those closed, are shown for visual identification. Airports may be public or private. Restricted or Private – (Soft surfaced runway, or hard surfaced runway less than 1500' in length.) Use only in emergency, or by specific authorization. Military – Other than hard-surfaced. All military airports are identified by abbreviations AFB, NAS, AAF, etc. For complete airport information, consult DOD FLIP. Abandoned–paved, having landmark value, 3000 ft. or greater Ultralight Flight Park Selected Heliport Selected Unverified Services–fuel available and field attended during normal working hours depicted by use of ticks around basic airport symbol. (Normal working hours are Mon thru Fri 10:00 A.M. to 4:00 P.M. local time. Consult Chart Supplement for service availability at airports with hard-surfaced runways greater than 8069 ft. Rotating airport beacon in operation Sunset to Sunrise Seaplane Base R H U F Prohibited, Restricted, and Warning Areas; Canadian Advisory, Danger, and Restricted Areas. Alert Area and MOA - Military Operations Area Special Airport Traffic Area (See FAR Part 93 for details) ADIZ - Air Defense Identification Zone Mode C (See FAR 91.215/AIM). National Security Area Terminal Radar Service Area (TRSA) MTR - Military Training Route IR211 VHF OMNI RANGE (VOR) VORTAC VOR-DME Non-Directional Radiobeacon (NDB) NDB-DME Other facilities. i.e., FSS Outlet, RCO, etc. RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION COMMUNICATION BOXES Frequencies above thin line box are remoted to NAVAID site. Other FSS frequencies providing voice communication may be available as determined by altitude and terrain. Consult Chart Supplement for complete information. Heavy line box indicates Flight Service Station (FSS). Frequencies 121.5, 122.2, 243.0 and 255.4 (Canada - 121.5, 126.7 and 243.0) are available at many FSSs and are not shown above boxes. All other frequencies are shown. Certain FSSs provide Airport Advisory Service, see Chart Supplement. R - Receive Only. CHICAGO CHI 122.1R MIAMI 122.1R OAKDALE 116.8 OAK 382 122.1R 122.6 123.6 H Underline indicates no voice on this frequency. Crosshatch indicates Shutdown Status FSS radio providing voice communication Operates less than continuous or On-Request. ASOS/AWOS HIWAS A H NAME (VPXYZ) (Pass symbol does not indicate a recommended route or direction of flight and pass elevation does not indicate a recommended clearance altitude. Hazardous flight conditions may exist within and near mountain passes). Dams Bridges and Viaducts Perennial Lake Non-Perennial Lake Pier Rocks Total mileage between NAVAID, on direct Airways Class E Airspace low altitude RNAV routes are indicated by center line. Legend 1. Sectional Aeronautical Chart. 1-2 Appendix 1 Legend 2. Chart Supplement. 1-3 Appendix 1 Legend 3. Chart Supplement. 1-4 Appendix 1 Legend 4. Chart Supplement. 1-5 Appendix 1 Legend 5. Chart Supplement. 1-6 Appendix 1 Legend 6. Chart Supplement. 1-7 Appendix 1 Legend 7. Chart Supplement. 1-8 Appendix 1 Legend 8. Chart Supplement. 1-9 Appendix 1 Legend 9. Chart Supplement. 1-10 Appendix 1 Legend 10. Chart Supplement. 1-11 Appendix 1 Legend 11. Chart Supplement. 1-12 Appendix 1 Legend 12. Chart Supplement. 1-13 Appendix 1 Legend 13. Chart Supplement. 1-14 Appendix 1 Legend 14. Chart Supplement. 1-15 Appendix 1 Legend 15. Chart Supplement. 1-16 Appendix 1 Legend 16. Chart Supplement. Appendix 2 2-1 Appendix 2 DRAG—POUNDS STALL VELOCITY TOTAL DRAG PARASITE DRAG A B INDUCED DRAG ON OFF ON OFF MPH KTS MPH KTS 62 54 75 65 GROSS WEIGHT 2,750 LB ANGLE OF BANK LEVEL 30° 45° 60° GEAR AND FLAPS UP 67 58 81 70 74 64 89 77 88 76 106 92 POWER MPH KTS MPH KTS 54 47 66 57 GEAR AND FLAPS DOWN 58 50 71 62 64 56 78 68 76 66 93 81 Figure 1. Drag vs. Velocity. Figure 2. Stall Speeds. 2-2 Appendix 2 CD CL CL L/D (L/D) MAX CL MAX .2000 .1800 .1600 .1400 .1200 .1000 .0800 .0600 .0400 .0200 0 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 ANGLE OF ATTACK, DEGREES CD L D STALL Figure 3. Angle of Attack vs. Lift. 2-3 Appendix 2 100 80 60 40 20 0 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 BANK ANGLE, DEGREES PERCENT INCREASE IN STALL SPEED LOAD FACTOR OR "G" UNITS STALL SPEED INCREASE LOAD FACTOR Figure 4. Stall Speed vs. Load Factor. 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 GROUND DISTANCE – NAUTICAL MILES HEIGHT ABOVE TERRAIN – FT SPEED 65 KIAS PROPELLER WINDMILLING FLAPS UP ZERO WIND Figure 3A. Maximum Glide Distance. 2-4 Appendix 2 5 4 3 2 1 0 −1 −2 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 INDICATED AIRSPEED MPH LOAD FACTOR NORMAL OPERATING RANGE NORMAL STALL A B C D E F G H I J CAUTION RANGE NEVER EXCEED SPEED STRUCTURAL DAMAGE MAX STRUCTURAL CRUISE +30 FPS −30 FPS +15 FPS −15 FPS Figure 5. Velocity vs. Load Factor. 2-5 Appendix 2 400 500 600 700 800 900 1,000 1,050 23,000' 20,000' 15,000' 13,000' 10,000' 6,000' 2,500' SURFACE 0' −50 −40 −30 −20 20 30 40 50 −50 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 50 −60 −40 −20 80 100 120 PRESSURE IN MILLIBARS −10 390 380 370 360 350 340 330 320 310 300 290 280 270 260 250 240 230 0900 HOURS 1400 HOURS 0 20 32 40 60 TEMPERATURE (DEGREES FAHRENHEIT) Figure 6. Adiabatic Chart. TEMPERATURE (DEGREES CELSIUS) 0 10 2-6 Appendix 2 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 BRAKE HORSEPOWER NOTE: TAKEOFF AND CLIMB FUEL FLOW PROVIDES ADDITIONAL COOLING IN HIGH AMBIENT TEMPERATURES FUEL FLOW—GAL/HR PERCENT MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER 45% 55% 65% 75% 7,000 5,000 3,000 STANDARD ALTITUDE FEET SEA LEVEL B E S T P O W E R L E V E L F L I G H T TA K E O F F A N D C L I M B C R U I S E ( L E A N ) Figure 8. Fuel Consumption vs. Brake Horsepower. 2-7 Appendix 2 WEIGHT (LB) PRESS ALT (FT) RATE OF CLIMB (FPM) FROM SEA LEVEL TIME FUEL USED DISTANCE (MIN) (LB) (NM) 0 3 7 11 16 22 32 0 3 6 9 13 18 25 0 2 5 8 11 15 20 580 580 570 470 365 265 165 685 685 675 565 455 350 240 800 800 795 675 560 445 325 3,800 3,500 3,200 S.L. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 S.L. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 S.L. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 0 6 12 19 27 37 51 0 5 11 16 23 31 41 0 4 9 14 19 25 33 0 6 12 19 28 40 59 0 5 10 16 23 33 46 0 4 8 13 19 27 37 NORMAL CLIMB—100 KIAS MIXTURE SETTING PRESS ALT PPH S.L. to 4,000 8,000 12,000 108 96 84 CONDITIONS: FLAPS UP GEAR UP 2,550 RPM 25 INCHES MP OR FULL THROTTLE COWL FLAPS OPEN STANDARD TEMPERATURE NOTES: 1. INCREASE TIME, FUEL, AND DISTANCE BY 10% FOR EACH 10 °C ABOVE STANDARD TEMPERATURE. 2. ADD 12 POUNDS OF FUEL FOR ENGINE START, TAXI, AND TAKEOFF ALLOWANCE. 3. DISTANCES SHOWN ARE BASED ON ZERO WIND. Figure 9. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. 2-8 Appendix 2 WEIGHT (LB) PRESS ALT (FT) CLIMB SPEED (KIAS) FROM SEA LEVEL TIME FUEL USED DISTANCE (MIN) (LB) (NM) 97 95 94 93 91 90 89 95 94 93 91 90 89 87 94 92 91 90 88 87 86 RATE OF CLIMB (FPM) 860 760 660 565 465 365 265 990 885 780 675 570 465 360 1,135 1,020 910 800 685 575 465 3,800 3,500 3,200 S.L. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 S.L. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 S.L. 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000 0 2 5 9 13 18 24 0 2 5 7 11 15 20 0 2 4 6 9 12 16 0 6 12 18 26 35 47 0 5 10 16 22 29 38 0 4 9 14 19 25 32 0 4 9 14 21 29 41 0 3 7 12 17 24 32 0 3 6 10 14 20 26 MAXIMUM RATE OF CLIMB MIXTURE SETTING PRESS ALT PPH S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 138 126 114 102 CONDITIONS: FLAPS UP GEAR UP 2,700 RPM FULL THROTTLE MIXTURE SET AT PLACARD FUEL FLOW COWL FLAPS OPEN STANDARD TEMPERATURE NOTES: 1. ADD 12 POUNDS OF FUEL FOR ENGINE START, TAXI, AND TAKEOFF ALLOWANCE. 2. INCREASE TIME, FUEL, AND DISTANCE BY 10% FOR EACH 10 °C ABOVE STANDARD TEMPERATURE. 3. DISTANCES SHOWN ARE BASED ON ZERO WIND. Figure 10. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. 2-9 Appendix 2 ALT. RPM 38 GAL (NO RESERVE) 48 GAL (NO RESERVE) ENDR RANGE (HOURS) (MILES) ENDR RANGE (HOURS) (MILES) 2,500 5,000 7,500 10,000 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,200 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,200 2,700 2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,650 2,600 2,500 2,400 2,300 % BHP 86 79 72 65 58 52 82 75 68 61 55 49 78 71 64 58 52 70 67 61 55 49 TAS MPH 134 129 123 117 111 103 134 128 122 116 108 100 133 127 121 113 105 129 125 118 110 100 GAL/ HOUR 9.7 8.6 7.8 7.2 6.7 6.3 9.0 8.1 7.4 6.9 6.5 6.0 8.4 7.7 7.1 6.7 6.2 7.6 7.3 6.9 6.4 6.0 3.9 4.4 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.1 4.2 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.3 4.5 4.9 5.3 5.7 6.1 5.0 5.2 5.5 5.9 6.3 525 570 600 620 630 625 565 600 625 635 635 630 600 625 645 645 640 640 650 655 650 635 4.9 5.6 6.2 6.7 7.2 7.7 5.3 5.9 6.4 6.9 7.4 7.9 5.7 6.2 6.7 7.2 7.7 6.3 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 660 720 760 780 795 790 710 760 790 805 805 795 755 790 810 820 810 810 820 830 825 800 GROSS WEIGHT – 2,300 LB STANDARD CONDITIONS ZERO WIND LEAN MIXTURE NOTE: MAXIMUM CRUISE IS NORMALLY LIMITED TO 75% POWER. Figure 11. Cruise and Range Performance. 2-10 Appendix 2 RPM MP 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,200 30 28 26 24 22 30 28 26 24 22 30 28 26 24 22 26 24 22 20 NOTES: FOR BEST FUEL ECONOMY AT 70% POWER OR LESS, OPERATE AT 6 PPH LEANER THAN SHOWN IN THIS CHART OR AT PEAK EGT. 20 °C BELOW STANDARD TEMPERATURE −41 °C % BHP --- 80 75 70 63 81 76 71 66 61 79 74 69 64 58 66 61 55 49 --- 184 178 171 162 185 179 172 165 158 182 176 170 162 154 166 158 148 136 --- 105 99 91 84 107 100 93 87 80 103 97 91 84 77 87 80 73 66 KTAS PPH % BHP 81 76 71 66 60 77 72 67 62 57 74 70 65 60 55 62 57 51 46 188 182 176 168 159 183 177 170 163 155 180 174 167 159 150 163 154 144 131 106 99 93 86 79 101 94 88 82 76 97 91 86 79 73 82 76 69 63 KTAS PPH % BHP 76 71 67 62 56 72 67 63 58 54 70 65 61 56 51 58 54 48 43 185 178 172 164 155 180 173 166 159 150 176 170 163 155 145 159 150 138 124 100 93 88 81 75 94 88 83 77 72 91 86 81 75 65 77 72 66 59 KTAS PPH STANDARD TEMPERATURE −21 °C 20 °C ABOVE STANDARD TEMP −1 °C PRESSURE ALTITUDE – 18,000 FEET CONDITIONS: 4,000 POUNDS RECOMMENDED LEAN MIXTURE COWL FLAPS CLOSED Figure 12. Cruise Performance. 2-11 Appendix 2 WEIGHT (LB) PRESS ALT (FT) CLIMB SPEED (KIAS) FROM SEA LEVEL TIME FUEL USED DISTANCE (MIN) (LB) (NM) 0 4 9 14 19 26 37 0 4 8 12 17 22 30 0 3 7 11 15 19 26 100 100 100 100 100 99 97 99 99 99 99 99 97 95 97 97 97 97 97 96 94 RATE OF CLIMB (FPM) 930 890 845 790 720 515 270 1,060 1,020 975 915 845 630 370 1,205 1,165 1,120 1,060 985 760 485 4,000 3,700 3,400 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 0 12 24 38 52 69 92 0 10 21 33 45 59 77 0 9 19 29 39 51 65 0 7 16 25 36 50 74 0 6 13 21 30 42 60 0 5 12 18 26 36 50 MAXIMUM RATE OF CLIMB MIXTURE SETTING PRESS ALT PPH S.L. TO 17,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 162 156 144 132 120 35 34 32 30 28 MP CONDITIONS: FLAPS UP GEAR UP 2,600 RPM COWL FLAPS OPEN STANDARD TEMPERATURE NOTES: 1. ADD 16 POUNDS OF FUEL FOR ENGINE START, TAXI, AND TAKEOFF ALLOWANCE. 2. INCREASE TIME, FUEL, AND DISTANCE BY 10% FOR EACH 10 °C ABOVE STANDARD TEMPERATURE. 3. DISTANCES SHOWN ARE BASED ON ZERO WIND. Figure 13. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. 2-12 Appendix 2 WEIGHT (LB) PRESS ALT (FT) RATE OF CLIMB (FPM) FROM SEA LEVEL TIME FUEL USED DISTANCE (MIN) (LB) (NM) 4,000 3,700 3,400 605 570 530 485 430 365 700 665 625 580 525 460 810 775 735 690 635 565 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 0 7 14 22 31 41 0 6 12 19 26 34 0 5 10 16 22 29 0 14 28 44 62 82 0 12 24 37 52 68 0 10 21 32 44 57 0 13 27 43 63 87 0 11 23 37 53 72 0 9 20 31 45 61 NORMAL CLIMB – 110 KIAS CONDITIONS: FLAPS UP GEAR UP 2,500 RPM 30 INCHES HG 120 PPH FUEL FLOW COWL FLAPS OPEN STANDARD TEMPERATURE NOTES: 1. ADD 16 POUNDS OF FUEL FOR ENGINE START, TAXI, AND TAKEOFF ALLOWANCE. 2. INCREASE TIME, FUEL, AND DISTANCE BY 10% FOR EACH 7 °C ABOVE STANDARD TEMPERATURE. 3. DISTANCES SHOWN ARE BASED ON ZERO WIND. Figure 14. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. 2-13 Appendix 2 −40 −30 −20 −10 0 10 20 30 40 0 10 20 30 40 OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE − °C FUEL, TIME, AND DISTANCE TO CLIMB ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS: MAXIMUM CONTINUOUS POWER *, 3,600 LB GROSS WEIGHT FLAPS UP, 90 KIAS, NO WIND 20,000 18,000 16,000 14,000 12,000 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 SEA LEVEL DEPARTURE CRUISE PRESSURE ALT − FT FUEL − GAL TIME − MIN DIST − NAUTICAL MILES EXAMPLE DEPARTURE AIRPORT PRESSURE ALTITUDE: 1,400 FT DEPARTURE AIRPORT OAT: 15 °C CRUISE PRESSURE ALTITUDE: 12,000 FT CRUISE OAT: 0 °C FUEL TO CLIMB: 7.5 MINUS 0.5 = 7.0 GAL TIME TO CLIMB: 14 MINUS 1.5 = 12.5 MIN DISTANCE TO CLIMB: 20 MINUS 2 = 18.0 NM * 2,700 RPM & 36 IN M.P. (3-BLADE PROP) 2,575 RPM & 36 IN M.P. (2-BLADE PROP) Figure 15. Fuel, Time, and Distance to Climb. 2-14 Appendix 2 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 04 9 0 8 COURSE 1 8 0 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 04 9 0 8 COURSE 1 8 0 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 04 9 0 8 COURSE 1 8 0 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 05 9 0 8 COURSE 2 4 0 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 05 9 0 8 COURSE 2 4 0 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 05 9 0 8 COURSE 2 4 0 O F F 33 30 24 2I I5 I2 6 3 HEADING SET COURSE SET MILES 04 5 4 8 COURSE 1 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 UPPER LUBBER LINE Indicates magnetic heading of aircraft. BEARING POINTER Indicates magnetic bearing from aircraft to navigational aid selected. COURSE ARROW Indicates course set in Course Selector window. ROTATING COMPASS CARD Actuated by Master Compass system and rotates as the aircraft turns. HEADING MARKER Rotates with the Compass Card. Can be manually set with the Heading Set knob. TO/FROM INDICATOR Shows whether the course selected, if intercepted and flown, will take you TO or FROM station. COURSE SELECTOR WINDOW Selected course is read in this window. COURSE DEVIATION INDICATOR Shows position of selected radial in relation to aircraft. COURSE SET KNOB Used to select any desired course. Figure 17. Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI). 2-15 Appendix 2 SW-3, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 SW-3, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 Figure 26. ILS or LOC RWY 24R (LAX). 2-16 Appendix 2 SW-1, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 SW-1, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 Figure 27. ILS or LOC RWY 35R (DEN). 2-17 Appendix 2 NC-3, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 NC-3, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 Figure 28. ILS or LOC RWY 31 (DSM). 2-18 Appendix 2 SE-4, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 SE-4, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 Figure 29. ILS or LOC RWY 8L (ATL). 2-19 Appendix 2 EC-1, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 EC-1, 13 NOV 2014 to 11 DEC 2014 Figure 30. VOR/DME or GPS-A (7D3). 2-20 Appendix 2 50 40 30 20 10 0 −100 10 20 30 40 50 WIND COMPONENT PERPENDICULAR TO RUNWAY − KNOTS WIND COMPONENT PARALLEL TO RUNWAY − KNOTS ANGLE BETWEEN WIND DIRECTION AND RUNWAY DEGREES 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 100 120 140 160 WIND VELOCITY KNOTS 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 Figure 31. Wind Component Chart. 2-21 Appendix 2 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 24 26 28 30 32 34 0 10 20 30 OAT − °F HEADWIND − KTS WEIGHT X 100 LB TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE OVER A 50 FT OBSTACLE − FEET REFERENCE LINE REFERENCE LINE PRESSURE ALTITUDE − FEET ISA 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 S.L. IAS TAKEOFF SPEED (ASSUMES ZERO INSTR ERROR) WEIGHT (LB) KNOTS MPH KNOTS MPH LIFT-OFF 50 FEET 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 77 75 72 69 66 63 67 65 63 60 57 55 77 75 72 69 66 63 67 65 63 60 57 55 ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS: POWER TAKEOFF POWER SET BEFORE BRAKE RELEASE FLAPS 20° RUNWAY PAVED, LEVEL, DRY SURFACE TAKEOFF SPEED IAS AS TABULATED NOTE: GROUND ROLL IS APPROX 73% OF TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE OVER A 50 FT OBSTACLE EXAMPLE: OAT 75 °F PRESSURE ALTITUDE 4,000 FT TAKEOFF WEIGHT 3,100 LB HEADWIND 20 KNOTS TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE OVER A 50 FT OBSTACLE 1,350 FT GROUND ROLL (73% OF 1,350) 986 FT IAS TAKEOFF SPEED LIFT-OFF 74 MPH AT 50 FT 74 MPH Figure 32. Obstacle Take-off Chart. 2-22 Appendix 2 WEIGHT (LB) PRESS ALT (FT) RATE OF CLIMB (FPM) −20 °C 0 °C 20 °C 40 °C 4,000 3,700 3,400 CLIMB SPEED (KIAS) S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 S.L. 4,000 8,000 12,000 16,000 20,000 24,000 100 100 100 100 100 99 97 99 99 99 99 99 97 95 97 97 97 97 97 96 94 1,170 1,080 980 870 740 485 190 1,310 1,215 1,115 1,000 865 600 295 1,465 1,370 1,265 1,150 1,010 730 405 1,035 940 840 730 605 355 70 1,165 1,070 965 855 730 470 170 1,320 1,220 1,110 995 865 595 275 895 800 695 590 470 --- --- 1,020 925 815 710 590 --- --- 1,165 1,065 955 845 725 --- --- 755 655 555 --- --- --- --- 875 775 670 --- --- --- --- 1,015 910 795 --- --- --- --- PRESS ALT PPH S.L. TO 17,000 18,000 20,000 22,000 24,000 162 156 144 132 120 35 34 32 30 28 MP CONDITIONS: FLAPS UP GEAR UP 2,600 RPM COWL FLAPS OPEN Figure 33. Maximum Rate of Climb Chart. 2-23 Appendix 2 RPM MP 2,550 2,500 2,400 2,300 2,200 20 °C BELOW STANDARD TEMPERATURE −17 °C % BHP KTAS PPH % BHP KTAS PPH % BHP KTAS PPH STANDARD TEMPERATURE 3 °C 20 °C ABOVE STANDARD TEMPERATURE 23 °C PRESSURE ALTITUDE 6,000 FEET CONDITIONS: 3,800 POUNDS RECOMMENDED LEAN MIXTURE COWL FLAPS CLOSED --- 76 72 68 78 74 70 66 73 69 65 61 68 65 61 57 63 60 57 53 50 46 97 92 87 82 95 90 85 80 88 84 79 75 83 79 75 71 77 73 70 66 62 58 173 169 166 162 171 167 164 160 166 163 159 155 162 159 155 150 157 153 149 144 138 132 78 74 69 65 75 71 67 63 70 67 63 59 66 62 59 55 61 58 54 51 48 44 174 171 167 163 172 169 165 160 167 164 160 155 163 159 155 150 158 154 149 143 137 131 --- 167 164 160 169 166 162 158 165 161 158 154 161 158 154 150 156 152 149 144 139 133 --- 96 90 85 98 93 88 83 91 87 82 77 86 82 77 73 80 76 72 68 64 60 75 71 67 63 73 69 65 61 68 64 61 57 64 60 57 53 59 56 53 49 46 43 94 89 84 80 91 87 82 77 85 81 77 73 80 76 72 68 75 71 67 64 60 57 24 23 22 21 24 23 22 21 24 23 22 21 24 23 22 21 24 23 22 21 20 19 Figure 34. Cruise Performance Chart. 2-24 Appendix 2 2,800 2,400 2,000 1,600 1,200 800 400 0 0 20 40 60 80 100 24 26 28 30 32 34 0 10 20 30 OAT − °F HEADWIND − KTS WEIGHT X 100 LB TOTAL LANDING DISTANCE OVER A 50 FT OBSTACLE − FEET REFERENCE LINE REFERENCE LINE PRESSURE ALTITUDE − FT 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 S.L. IAS APPROACH SPEED (ASSUMES ZERO INSTR ERROR) WEIGHT (LB) KNOTS MPH 3,400 3,200 3,000 2,800 2,600 2,400 90 87 84 81 78 75 78 76 73 70 68 65 ASSOCIATED CONDITIONS: POWER AS REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN 800 FT/MIN DESCENT ON APPROACH FLAPS DOWN RUNWAY PAVED, LEVEL, DRY SURFACE APPROACH SPEED IAS AS TABULATED NOTE: GROUND ROLL IS APPROX 53% OF TOTAL LANDING DISTANCE OVER A 50 FT OBSTACLE. EXAMPLE: OAT 75 °F PRESSURE ALTITUDE 4,000 FT LANDING WEIGHT 3,200 LB HEADWIND 10 KNOTS TOTAL LANDING DISTANCE OVER A 50 FT OBSTACLE 1,475 FT GROUND ROLL (53% OF 1,475) 782 FT IAS TAKEOFF SPEED 87 MPH IAS Figure 35. Normal Landing Chart. 2-25 Appendix 2 Figure 36. Stations Diagram. STA 0 REAR SEAT STA 74.70 FRONT SEAT STA 43.80 2-26 Appendix 2 CENTER OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE LOADING GRAPH GROSS WEIGHT IN POUNDS 2 0 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 160 170 180 190 200 200 100 0 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 LOAD WEIGHT IN POUNDS GROSS MOMENT IN THOUSANDTHS OF IN-LB BOTH THE GROSS WEIGHT AND THE GROSS WEIGHT MOMENT MUST FALL WITHIN THE ABOVE ENVELOPE. LOAD MOMENT IN THOUSANDTHS OF IN-LB PILOT PASSENGER FUEL BAGGAGE Figure 37. Center of Gravity Envelope and Loading Graph. 2-27 Appendix 2 Figure 38. Loading Graph and Center of Gravity Envelope. 2,200 2,100 2,000 1,900 1,800 1,700 1,600 1,500 1,400 1,300 1,200 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 190 200 MOMENT/1,000 INCH POUNDS LOADED AIRCRAFT WEIGHT IN POUNDS 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 MOMENT/1,000 INCH POUNDS LOAD WEIGHT IN POUNDS UTILITY CATEGORY NORMAL CATEGORY CENTER OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE LOADING GRAPH ADD WEIGHT OF ITEMS TO BE CARRIED TO AIRPLANE LICENSED EMPTY WEIGHT. ADD MOMENT/1,000 OF ITEMS TO BE CARRIED TO TOTAL AIRPLANE MOMENT/1,000. USE CENTER OF GRAVITY ENVELOPE TO DETERMINE ACCEPTABILITY. PILOT & COPILOT REAR SEAT PASSENGERS FUEL (37 GAL USEABLE − 6 LB/GAL) CARGO BAGGAGE 2-28 Appendix 2 Figure 39. Stations Diagram. −31.0 +2 0 2-29 Appendix 2 Figure 40. Weight and Balance Chart. 1,400 1,300 1,200 1,100 1,000 900 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 LOADED HELICOPTER MOMENT − 1,000 INCH LB LOADED HELICOPTER WEIGHT − LB ITEM LONG CG LAT CG PILOT & BAGGAGE UNDER “R” SEAT PASSENGER & BAGGAGE UNDER “L” SEAT MAIN FUEL AUX FUEL (OPTIONAL) 79.0 79.0 108.6 103.8 +10.7 −9.3 −11.0 +11.2 THE FOLLOWING CG LOCATIONS MAY BE USED WHEN DETERMINING THE HELICOPTER CG POSITION. ALLOWABLE MOMENT 2-30 Appendix 2 Figure 41. Hover Ceiling vs. Gross Weight. PRESSURE ALTITUDE − H p × 1,000 FT GROSS WEIGHT − KGS IN GROUND EFFECT AT 2 FOOT SKID CLEARANCE FULL THROTTLE AND 104% RPM OUT OF GROUND EFFECT FULL THROTTLE (OR LIMIT MANIFOLD PRESSURE) AND 104% RPM GROSS WEIGHT − KGS GROSS WEIGHT − LB GROSS WEIGHT − LB PRESSURE ALTITUDE − H p × 1,000 FT 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 900 1,000 1,100 1,200 1,300 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 425 450 475 500 525 550 575 STANDARD DAY STANDARD DAY DENSITY ALTITUDE 12,600 FT DENSITY ALTITUDE 12,600 FT OAT °C OAT °C −20 −20 −10 −10 +10 +10 +20 +20 +30 +30 +40 +40 0 0 OAT °C –20 –10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 °F –4 +14 +32 +50 +68 +86 +104 OAT °C –20 –10 0 +10 +20 +30 +40 °F –4 +14 +32 +50 +68 +86 +104 2-31 Appendix 2 Figure 42. Rate of Climb (FT/MIN). PRESSURE ALTITUDE (FEET) WEIGHT — 1,400 LB INDICATED AIRSPEED — 62 MPH MIXTURE — RICH 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 FULL THROTTLE RATE OF CLIMB STANDARD DAY OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 60 °F 20 °F 40 °F 80 °F 100 °F 0 °F 2-32 Appendix 2 Figure 43. Best Rate of Climb Speed. PRESSURE ALTITUDE – 1,000 FT 1,800 GW BEST RATE OF CLIMB SPEED − 64 MPH CAS FULL THROTTLE — MAX RPM RATE OF CLIMB AT 64 MPH CAS 1 2 3 4 5 6 RATE OF CLIMB – 100 FT 7 8 9 10 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 0 °F 20 °F 40 °F 60 °F 80 °F 100 °F STND TEMPERATURE 2-33 Appendix 2 Figure 44. Rate of Climb. PRESSURE ALTITUDE – 1,000 FT OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 0 °F 20 °F 40 °F 60 °F 80 °F 100 °F STANDARD TEMPERATURE 1,600 GW FULL THROTTLE — MAX RPM RATE OF CLIMB AT 64 MPH CAS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RATE OF CLIMB – 100 FT 8 9 10 11 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2-34 Appendix 2 Figure 45. Running Takeoff. OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 0 °F 20 °F 40 °F 60 °F 80 °F 100 °F STNDARD TEMPERATURE TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE TO CLEAR A 50 FT OBSTACLE RUNNING TAKEOFF TO 30 MPH & CLIMB OUT AT 50 MPH CAS − GROSS WEIGHT 1,800 LB ZERO WIND ROTOR PRE -ROTATED TO 370 RPM PRESSURE ALTITUDE – 1,000 FT 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE TO CLEAR 50 FT – 100 FT 26 28 30 32 34 36 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2-35 Appendix 2 Figure 46. Jump Takeoff. TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE TO CLEAR 50 FT – 100 FT OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE 0 °F 20 °F 40 °F 60 °F 80 °F 100 °F STANDARD TEMPERATURE USE RUNNING TAKEOFF FOR CONDITIONS ABOVE THIS LINE TOTAL TAKEOFF DISTANCE TO CLEAR A 50 FT OBSTACLE JUMP TAKEOFF & CLIMB OUT AT 50 MPH CAS GROSS WEIGHT 1,800 LB – ZERO WIND ROTOR PRE -ROTATED TO 370 RPM PRESSURE ALTITUDE – 1,000 FT 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2-36 Appendix 2 Figure 48. Performance Curves Chart. 24 22 20 18 16 14 14 12 10 8 6 4 VS FT/SEC VS −SOLO VS−DUAL V−M.P.H. L/D L/D SOLO L/D DUAL CALCULATED PERFORMANCE CURVES SOLO S = 3.60 PSF 790 # DUAL S = 4.74 PSF 1,040 # DESIGN DATA WING SPAN 51' 600 LB LENGTH 25' 9" 1,040 LB HEIGHT 9' 3-½" 219.5 SQ FT ASPECT RATIO 11.85 4.74 PSF PERFORMANCE MAX SPEED 98 MPH 35 MPH AIRPLANE TOW 98 MPH 22.25 TO 1 AT 45 AUTO WINCH 69 MPH 22.25 TO 1 AT 52 DRIVE BRAKE EXTEND. MAX 98 MPH 2.6 FPS AT 38 STALL (SOLO) 31 MPH EMPTY WEIGHT GROSS WEIGHT WING AREA WING LOADING STALL (DUAL) L/D MPH (SOLO) L/D MPH (DUAL) SINK SPEED (SOLO) SINK SPEED (DUAL) 3.1 FPS AT 42 30 36 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 2-37 Appendix 2 Figure 49. Performance Curves Chart. 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 V-MPH SINKING SPEED VS FPS 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 L/D L/D GLIDE ANGLE VS PERFORMANCE CURVES GROSS WEIGHT = 575 LB 2-38 Appendix 2 Figure 50. Flight Envelope. +6.00 +4.00 +2.00 0 –2.00 –4.00 CONDITION I VNE NO BRAKE VNE NO BRAKE VG = VD POSITIVE 24 FPS GUST FACTOR BASIC FLIGHT ENVELOPE KEY: HIGH PERF CATEGORY GROSS WGT = 1,340 LB UTILITY CATEGORY GROSS WGT = 1,430 LB CONDITION II V - VELOCITY, MPH CONDITION III A C D E F G J H 0 20 80 100 120 140 160 180 n - LIMIT WING LOAD FACTORS “G” UNITS 40 60 NEGATIVE 24 FPS GUST FACTOR 2-39 Appendix 2 Figure 51. Airport Signs. 4 - 22 ILS 4 - APCH B 22 TERM 22 HS-1 B 4 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N 2-40 Appendix 2 Figure 52. Sectional Chart Excerpt. Note: Chart is not to scale and should not be used for navigation. Chart is for testing purposes only. 2-41 Appendix 2 Figure 53. Sectional Chart Excerpt. Note: Chart is not to scale and should not be used for navigation. Chart is for testing purposes only. 2-42 Appendix 2 Figure 54. Sectional Chart Excerpt. Note: Chart is not to scale and should not be used for navigation. Chart is for testing purposes only. 2-43 Appendix 2 Figure 55. En Route Low Altitude Segment. 2-44 Appendix 2 Figure 55A. En Route Low Altitude Segment. 2-45 Appendix 2 Figure 56. Two signs. Figure 58. Airport Diagram and Sign. Figure 57. Sign. 22 4 1 2 1 7 16-34 SIGN 6 5 2 4 3 8 9 10 11 12 24 34 16 6 CONTROL TOWER WEST RAMP A A R3 R4 A3 A4 A1 A2 B1 B B R1 R2 C C N 4 22 10 • 21 2-46 Appendix 2 Figure 59. Taxiway Diagram and Sign. Figure 60. Two Signs. E E F T A 1 5 4 2 3 SIGN TAXIWAY DIAGRAM E E F T A 1 2 2-47 Appendix 2 Figure 61. Sign. Figure 63. Sign and Intersection Diagram. Figure 62. Sign. E E F T A E E F T A 1 2 3 E E F T 2-48 Appendix 2 Figure 64. Sign. Figure 65. Sign. 26-8 2-49 Appendix 2 Figure 66. Chart Supplement. 2-50 Appendix 2 Figure 67. Chart Supplement. 2-51 Appendix 2 Figure 68. Chart Supplement. 2-52 Appendix 2 Figure 69. Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Surface Prog Chart. 2-53 Appendix 2 Figure 70. Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Surface Prog Chart. 2-54 Appendix 2 Figure 71. Low-level Significant Weather Chart.