CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1

minimum heights Includes information about VFR and IFR cruising levels, minimum heights, and IFR flights at non-specified cruising levels. Chapter 15: Navigation Provides details about navigation requirements for VFR and IFR flights, the use of GNSS, and instrument approaches. It also includes details about navigation in reduced vertical separation management (RVSM) airspace. Chapter 16: Non-controlled aerodromes Describes the rules for take-off and landing at non-controlled aerodromes, and for flight operations in the vicinity of non-controlled aerodromes. Also includes guidance about straight-in approaches at non-controlled aerodromes. Chapter 17: Icing Includes information about the requirements for flight in icing conditions and the removal of frost, ice or snow from the wings prior to flight. Chapter 18: Special flight operations Provides details of operational requirements for aerobatic flights, air displays, and flights using night vision imaging systems. Also includes information about dropping or towing objects in flight, formation flights and picking up and setting down people or objects during flight. Chapter 19: Aircraft equipment Details equipment requirements for flight instruments in aeroplanes, rotorcraft, and experimental and light sport aircraft. Also provides equipment requirements for radiocommunication, lighting, surveillance, flight recorders, emergency and survival aids and night vision systems. Chapter 20: Special certificates and permits Includes information about operation of restricted category, provisionally certificated and experimental aircraft. Also provides details about primary and intermediate category aircraft, light sport aircraft, special flight permits and special certificates of airworthiness. Chapter 21: Foreign aircraft Describes requirements applying to foreign-registered aircraft when operating in Australian territory. Chapter 22: Minimum equipment list (MEL) Provides details about the minimum equipment list (MEL) for the operation of an aircraft. It also includes details about MEL approvals and variations, inoperative equipment and rectification, as well as the role of continuing airworthiness management organisations (CAMOs). Chapter 23: Part 91 rules that do not apply to certain operators Provides details about Part 91 provisions that do not apply to certain flight operations when the operations are addressed under other parts of the CASR. 03 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Who is this guide for? Who does Part 91 apply to? (91.005, 91.010, 91.015 and 91.020, 91.025) Australian aircraft Part 91 applies to the operation of an Australian aircraft in Australian territory. If your Australian aircraft is over the high seas, Annex 2 of the Chicago Convention applies in addition to Part 91. Where there is an inconsistency, you and the operator must comply with the relevant Annex 2 requirement. If you are operating your Australian aircraft in a foreign country, the aviation laws of the foreign country apply in addition to Part 91. Where there is an inconsistency, you and the operator must comply with the relevant law of the foreign country. Foreign aircraft Part 91 applies to the operation of a foreign-registered aircraft in Australian territory. There are some exceptions: › Division 91.C.3 – Flight related documents › Subpart 91.P – Cabin crew › Subpart 91.T – Operations under certain special certificates of airworthiness and special flight permits › aircraft flown in Australian territory under a foreign air transport AOC › aircraft flown in Australian territory under a New Zealand air transport AOC with privileges under the Australia-New Zealand Mutual Recognition Arrangement. Part 91 only applies to the operation of a state aircraft (for example, military aircraft) of a foreign country in Australian territory if a Part 91 provision specifically states that it applies to such aircraft. There are additional rules for pilots operating under an Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) or other certificate, or those conducting defined activities such as aerial work, aerial application and some recreational aviation activities. These rules are in other CASR Parts and may add to or turn off some Part 91 requirements – either completely or partially. See chapter 23 in this guide. When does Part 91 not apply? (91.030 and 91.035) Part 91 does not apply to Part 101 – unmanned aircraft, rockets and airships. Some Part 91 provisions do not apply to: › Part 103 operations – Sport and recreation aircraft › Part 131 operations – Balloons and hot air airships. The Part 91 provisions that do not apply to Part 103 or Part 131 operations are listed in chapter 23 in this guide. Some provisions of Part 91 do not apply because corresponding provisions in Parts 105, 121, 133, 135 or 138 take precedence. Tables specifying which Part 91 provisions are replaced can be found in chapter 23 in this guide. › Part 105 – Parachuting from aircraft – see table 30 › Part 121 – Australian air transport operations (larger aeroplanes) – see table 31 › Part 133 – Australian air transport operations (rotorcraft) – see table 32 › Part 135 – Australian air transport operations (smaller aeroplanes) – see table 33 › Part 138 – Aerial work operations – see table 34 Exemptions may sometimes be available for certain provisions. Where applicable, we have incorporated them into this guide. Some exemptions only apply to certain operators working under different Parts of the regulation. A list of exemptions current at time of publication is in Appendix D. Always check the repeal dates for exemptions. What does Part 91 cover? Part 91 of the Civil Aviation Safety Regulations (CASR) – General operating and flight rules, sets out the general operating rules for pilots and operators. The rules cover: › documentation › flight crew and operator obligations › crew member obligations › safety of persons and cargo 04 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 › training › classifications of operation › rules to prevent collision › communication › fuel › pre-flight planning and preparation › ground operations › aircraft performance and weight and balance › take-off and landing › low visibility operations › cruising levels and minimum heights › navigation › non-controlled aerodromes › icing › special flight operations › aircraft equipment › special certificates and permits › foreign aircraft › minimum equipment lists. This guide integrates Part 91 of Civil Aviation Safety Regulations, its associated MOS and related exemptions. Part 91 allows CASA to prescribe standards in a Manual of Standards (MOS) for Part 91 where it is necessary for giving effect to Part 91. A MOS gives CASA the ability to keep the standards up-to-date in a timely manner to meet the demands of the ever-changing environment while retaining the legislated change process that includes general and industry consultation. How to use this guide In this guide, certain words are used to avoid repetition and improve readability. Abbreviations and acronyms are listed in Appendix A and definitions specific to Part 91 are set out in the definitions table in Appendix B. In this guide, the word ‘you’ refers to the pilot in command unless indicated otherwise. Where we do not define a word, you should consider its meaning to be that given in CASR Dictionary, other specific regulations or the Macquarie Dictionary. For improved understanding, this guide includes exceptions, notes, lightbulbs and explainers: Exceptions − Certain regulations set out a principal legal requirement that in certain circumstances can be varied, or in some cases ignored. You must read these exceptions to understand the requirements fully. Notes − are included to provide additional information or context. Lightbulbs − provide a short, more detailed explanation and are generally based on CASA advisory circulars (ACs) and other guidance material. Explainers – also provide a more detailed explanation and are based on CASA advisory circulars (ACs), definitions or other useful information. 05 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 The following terminology table has been created to improve readability: Term Meaning aircraft the term aircraft refers to fixed-wing and rotary-wing powered aircraft and balloons approval/approved if this guide refers to holding an approval under regulation 91.045, you or an operator may apply to CASA in writing for an approval CASA must grant the approval subject to regulation 11.055 and any criteria specified in Part 91 or its associated MOS for regulations 91.200, 91.320, 91.510,91.600, 91.655 and 91.745, the operator is approved without a separate application to CASA if the activity is authorised under either: › an AOC or another civil aviation authorisation held by an operator › the operations, if required by the regulations for regulations 91.860, 91.865, 91.870, 91.875, 91.885 and 91.920, the operator is approved without a separate application to CASA if the activity is authorised under another civil aviation authorisation held by the operator for a foreign-registered aircraft operating in Australian territory, approval means that given under the laws of the state of the registry of the operator of the aircraft see the CASA website for guidance on approvals equipment any reference to equipment being required, fitted, carried or accessible means equipment which is operative or serviceable may indicates an option in the context of the requirement MOS refers to the Part 91 Manual of Standards (MOS) unless otherwise specified must indicates an obligation or necessity (a mandatory requirement) operations manual this guide only uses the term operations manual. However, the actual Part 91 regulations use the terms operations manual or exposition – the terms are synonymous Part refers to Part 91 of CASR unless otherwise specified person refers to a third person who is not a pilot or crew member, for example, a passenger or support person a pilot refers to any flight crew member (not necessarily the pilot in command) the pilot refers only to the pilot in command qualified a qualification or authorisation issued under Part 61, Part 64, Part 65, Part 103 approved self-administering organisation (ASAO) or Part 131 pilot authorisation as it applies unless otherwise stated for a foreign-registered aircraft operating in Australian territory, qualified means a qualification attained, or authorisation under, the laws of the state of registry of the aircraft operator 06 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Term Meaning radio as with other equipment required to be fitted or carried, a reference to radio or a radio communications system means one that is operative. Where a radio is required, the pilot must be qualified to use it regulation/regulations in general, this refers to the Australian civil aviation legislation, unless stated otherwise Subpart unless otherwise specified refers to a Subpart of Part 91 unless otherwise specified you refers to the pilot in command unless indicated otherwise your aircraft refers to the aircraft you are flying, or that you operate. You may not necessarily own the aircraft 07 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Table of Contents Quick Guide .................................................................................................................................02 Who is this guide for? ................................................................................................................04 Who does Part 91 apply to? ................................................................................................................................. 04 When does Part 91 not apply? ............................................................................................................................. 04 What does Part 91 cover? ...................................................................................................................................... 04 How to use this guide ................................................................................................................05 GENERAL RULES 17 1. Documentation .......................................................................................................................18 Carriage of documents ........................................................................................................................................... 18 Carriage of documents for certain flights ......................................................................................................... 18 Carriage of documents for flights that begin or end outside Australian territory ................................... 18 Electronic documents ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Journey logs – flights that begin or end outside Australian territory .......................................................... 19 Compliance with flight manual ............................................................................................................................ 19 Reporting and recording defects and incidents .............................................................................................. 19 2. Flight crew and operator obligations ................................................................................20 Aircraft not to be operated in manner that creates a hazard ..................................................................... 20 Requirements to be met before Australian aircraft may fly ......................................................................... 20 Authority and responsibilities of pilot in command ....................................................................................... 20 Actions and directions by the operator or pilot in command ..................................................................... 21 Operating an Australian aircraft outside Australia ......................................................................................... 21 Operating aircraft with inoperative, equipment – placarding ...................................................................... 21 Seating for flight crew members .......................................................................................................................... 22 Manipulating flight controls ................................................................................................................................... 22 Operation of portable electronic devices .......................................................................................................... 22 Emergencies in multi-engine aircraft .................................................................................................................. 22 Air defence identification zone flights ................................................................................................................. 23 Availability of instructions for flight data and combination recorders ........................................................ 23 Flight recorders – preserving recordings of immediately reportable matters.......................................... 23 08 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 3. Crew members .......................................................................................................................24 Fitness for duty ......................................................................................................................................................... 24 Safety during turbulence ........................................................................................................................................ 24 Seating for non-flying crew .................................................................................................................................... 24 Cabin crew – when required ................................................................................................................................. 24 Cabin crew – number ............................................................................................................................................. 25 Cabin crew – knowledge of emergency and safety equipment and procedures..................................... 25 Operation of portable electronic devices .......................................................................................................... 25 Provision of alcohol.................................................................................................................................................. 25 Power of arrest ......................................................................................................................................................... 25 4. Training .....................................................................................................................................26 4.1 Audit, examination and training requirements .......................................................................26 Audit, examination, operator training and record keeping ........................................................................... 26 Limiting the carriage of persons during audit, examination and training.................................................. 27 4.2 Causing or simulating engine failures – aeroplanes ..............................................................28 Causing or simulating failure of flight instruments .......................................................................................... 28 Simulating flight in IMC ........................................................................................................................................... 28 Aeroplane flights in IMC or at night ..................................................................................................................... 28 Single-engine aeroplane – VFR flights by day – engine not to be shut down............................................ 28 Single-engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night ..................................................... 28 Multi-engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure – general ...................................................................... 29 Multi-engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night ....................................................... 29 4.3 Causing or simulating engine failures – rotorcraft .................................................................30 Single-engine rotorcraft .......................................................................................................................................... 30 Multi-engine rotorcraft – engine not to be shut down at certain altitudes in IMC or at night.............. 30 Multi-engine rotorcraft – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night ........................................................ 31 4.4 Carrying observers during training and testing.......................................................................31 09 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 5. Safety of persons and cargo ..............................................................................................33 5.1 Carrying passengers.......................................................................................................................33 Offensive or disorderly behaviour on aircraft ................................................................................................... 33 When smoking is not permitted .......................................................................................................................... 33 Means of passenger communication .................................................................................................................. 34 Persons not to be carried in certain parts of aircraft...................................................................................... 34 Seating for persons on aircraft ............................................................................................................................. 34 Restraint of infants and children .......................................................................................................................... 35 Safety briefings and instructions .......................................................................................................................... 36 Safety directions by pilot in command ............................................................................................................... 37 Passengers – compliance with safety directions ............................................................................................. 37 Passengers – compliance with safety instructions by cabin crew .............................................................. 37 Passengers – alcohol ............................................................................................................................................... 37 Prohibiting person affected by psychoactive substances from boarding.................................................. 37 5.2 Carrying baggage and cargo ........................................................................................................38 Restraint and stowage of cargo ............................................................................................................................ 38 Restraint and stowage of carry-on baggage ...................................................................................................... 38 Restraint and stowage of certain aircraft equipment ..................................................................................... 38 Carriage of cargo – general.................................................................................................................................... 38 Carriage of cargo – cargo compartments .......................................................................................................... 39 Carriage of cargo – unoccupied seats................................................................................................................. 39 Carriage of cargo – loading instructions............................................................................................................. 39 Unauthorised travel or placing cargo on aircraft ............................................................................................. 39 5.3 Carrying animals..............................................................................................................................39 Carriage of animals .................................................................................................................................................. 39 5.4 Carrying firearms ............................................................................................................................40 Possessing firearm on aircraft .............................................................................................................................. 40 Discharging firearm on aircraft ............................................................................................................................. 40 OPERATIONAL RULES 41 6. Classification of operation ...................................................................................................42 Aircraft to be flown under the VFR or IFR........................................................................................................... 42 All flights – airspeed limits ...................................................................................................................................... 42 VFR flights – aircraft not to exceed certain speeds.......................................................................................... 42 VFR flights – compliance with VMC criteria ........................................................................................................ 42 VFR flights – flights in Class A airspace................................................................................................................ 45 10 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 7. Rules to prevent collision .....................................................................................................46 Basic rule .................................................................................................................................................................... 46 Right-of-way rules..................................................................................................................................................... 46 Additional right-of-way rules ................................................................................................................................. 47 Right-of-way rules for take-off and landing ....................................................................................................... 47 Compliance with international regulations ........................................................................................................ 48 Giving way to vessels ............................................................................................................................................... 48 Giving way on water................................................................................................................................................. 48 8. Communication ......................................................................................................................48 Use of radio – qualifications ................................................................................................................................. 48 Use of radio – broadcasts and reports ............................................................................................................... 48 Communication monitoring in controlled airspace ......................................................................................... 52 Communicating at certified, military or designated non-controlled aerodromes ................................... 52 Air traffic services – prescribed requirements .................................................................................................. 53 Unauthorised entry into prohibited or restricted areas ................................................................................ 55 Air traffic control clearances and instructions .................................................................................................. 60 Aircraft in aerodrome traffic at controlled aerodromes................................................................................. 60 Use of radio outside controlled airspaces – listening watch of radio transmissions .............................. 60 Standard visual signals............................................................................................................................................ 61 Interception of aircraft ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Pilot in command to report hazards to air navigation .................................................................................... 68 Pilot in command to report emergencies .......................................................................................................... 68 Pilot in command to report contraventions relating to emergencies......................................................... 68 Aviation distress signals .......................................................................................................................................... 68 9. Fuel ............................................................................................................................................69 Fuel requirements.................................................................................................................................................... 69 Oil requirements ...................................................................................................................................................... 72 Contaminated, degraded or inappropriate fuels ............................................................................................. 72 Fire hazards ............................................................................................................................................................... 73 Firefighting equipment............................................................................................................................................ 73 Electrical bonding ..................................................................................................................................................... 73 Equipment or electronic devices operating near aircraft .............................................................................. 74 Fuelling turbine-engine aircraft – low-risk electronic devices ....................................................................... 74 Hot fuelling aircraft – general ............................................................................................................................... 74 Hot fuelling aircraft – procedures ........................................................................................................................ 75 Fuelling aircraft – persons on aircraft, boarding or disembarking ............................................................. 75 Fuelling aircraft if fuel vapour detected ............................................................................................................. 75 11 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 10. Pre-flight planning and preparation................................................................................76 Weather assessment ............................................................................................................................................... 76 Alternate aerodromes ............................................................................................................................................. 77 Flight notifications .................................................................................................................................................... 83 Checks before take-off ........................................................................................................................................... 85 11. Ground operations..............................................................................................................87 Use of aerodromes .................................................................................................................................................. 87 Military aerodromes used by Australian and foreign aircraft ...................................................................... 87 Parked aircraft........................................................................................................................................................... 87 Safe ground operations – aeroplanes ................................................................................................................ 87 Safe ground operations – rotorcraft ................................................................................................................... 88 Taxiing aircraft ........................................................................................................................................................... 88 Taxiing or towing on movement area of aerodrome(91.365) ....................................................................... 88 12. Aircraft performance and weight and balance ............................................................88 Loading of aircraft .................................................................................................................................................... 88 Take-off performance.............................................................................................................................................. 88 Landing performance.............................................................................................................................................. 90 13. IFR – Take-off and landing .................................................................................................92 Taking off and landing in low-visibility ................................................................................................................. 92 IFR take-off and landing minima ........................................................................................................................... 92 Approach ban for IFR flights .................................................................................................................................. 96 14. Cruising levels and minimum heights.............................................................................97 Specified VFR cruising levels .................................................................................................................................. 97 Specified IFR cruising levels ................................................................................................................................... 98 Minimum heights – VFR flightsat night..............................................................................................................100 Minimum heights – IFR flights .............................................................................................................................100 IFR flights at non-specified cruising levels – notifying air traffic services .................................................101 IFR flights at non-specified cruising levels – avoiding collisions with VFR aircraft ..................................101 Minimum height rules – populous areas and public gatherings ................................................................101 Minimum height rules – other areas .................................................................................................................103 15. Navigation ............................................................................................................................104 VFR flights .................................................................................................................................................................104 IFR flights ..................................................................................................................................................................104 RVSM airspace ........................................................................................................................................................110 Performance-based navigation ..........................................................................................................................110 12 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 16. Non-controlled aerodromes ...........................................................................................111 Take-off or landing at non-controlled aerodromes – all aircraft ................................................................111 Meaning of in the vicinity of a non-controlled aerodrome ..........................................................................112 Operating on manoeuvring area, or in the vicinity, of a non-controlled aerodrome – general requirements ...........................................................................................................................................112 Operating on manoeuvring area, or in the vicinity, of a non-controlled aerodrome – landing and taking off into the wind ..................................................................................................................113 Operating on manoeuvring area, or in the vicinity, of non-controlled aerodrome – requirements that apply after joining the circuit pattern ............................................................................113 Operating on manoeuvring area, or in the vicinity, of non-controlled aerodrome – requirements related to maintaining the same track after take-off..........................................................113 Straight-in approaches at non-controlled aerodromes ...............................................................................114 17. Icing .......................................................................................................................................115 Flight in icing conditions – requirements for flight ........................................................................................115 Flight in icing conditions – adherence of frost, ice or snow.........................................................................115 18. Special flight operations...................................................................................................116 18.1 Miscellaneous special flight operations ............................................................................... 116 Dropping things from aircraft .............................................................................................................................116 Picking up or setting down people or things during flight ...........................................................................116 Flying in formation .................................................................................................................................................116 Towing things by aircraft ......................................................................................................................................116 Search and rescue services and emergency and survival equipment......................................................116 18.2 Conducting aerobatic activities .............................................................................................. 116 Aerobatic club requirements .............................................................................................................................118 18.3 Air displays ................................................................................................................................. 120 Air displays in Australian territory .....................................................................................................................120 Practice flights for air displays in Australian territory....................................................................................122 18.4 Night vision imaging system flight ......................................................................................... 125 13 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 19. Aircraft equipment ...........................................................................................................132 19.1 General overview ...................................................................................................................... 132 19.2 Flight instruments required for aeroplanes ....................................................................... 133 19.3 Flight instruments required for rotorcraft .......................................................................... 136 19.4 Flight instruments — experimental, light sport, and certain other aircraft ................ 140 19.5 Operational equipment ........................................................................................................... 141 19.6 Lighting......................................................................................................................................... 142 19.7 Altitude alerting and collision avoidance systems............................................................. 143 19.8 Flight recorders .......................................................................................................................... 144 19.9 Internal communication systems .......................................................................................... 146 19.10 Oxygen ....................................................................................................................................... 146 19.11 ELTs ............................................................................................................................................ 148 19.12 Fire extinguishers .................................................................................................................... 150 19.13 Life jackets ................................................................................................................................ 151 19.14 Life rafts ..................................................................................................................................... 152 19.15 Survival equipment ................................................................................................................. 152 19.16 Survival equipment over remote areas ............................................................................. 152 19.17 Surveillance equipment ........................................................................................................ 154 19.18 Equipment for NVIS flights ................................................................................................... 162 ADMINISTRATIVE RULES 167 20. Special certificates and permits ....................................................................................168 Approvals by authorised persons for Subpart 91.T .....................................................................................168 Aircraft with more than one certificate of airworthiness – application of Subpart 91.T ......................168 Restricted category aircraft – general operating requirements .................................................................168 Restricted category aircraft – kinds of operations permitted ....................................................................169 Provisionally certificated aircraft – operating requirements .......................................................................169 Provisionally certificated aircraft – kinds of operations permitted ............................................................170 Provisionally certificated aircraft – operation for type certification or supplemental type certification ..............................................................................................................................................................170 Provisionally certificated aircraft – requirements for the carriage of people .........................................170 14 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Provisionally certificated aircraft – additional requirements for operators.............................................170 Experimental aircraft – operating requirements............................................................................................170 Experimental aircraft – kinds of operations permitted.................................................................................172 Experimental aircraft – maximum number of persons to be carried .......................................................172 Primary category aircraft and intermediate category aircraft – operating requirements ...................173 Light sport aircraft – operators...........................................................................................................................173 Light sport aircraft – pilots ...................................................................................................................................174 Flights under special flight permits ....................................................................................................................175 Special certificate of airworthiness – application ...........................................................................................175 Aircraft with special certificates of airworthiness – maintenance release ...............................................175 Aircraft with special certificates of airworthiness – flight tests to be conducted in certain areas .....175 21. Foreign aircraft ...................................................................................................................176 Chicago Convention...............................................................................................................................................176 Special flight authorisations ................................................................................................................................176 Foreign-state aircraft – approval to fly in Australian territory ....................................................................176 Major defect – CASA direction ............................................................................................................................176 CASA to notify contracting state of direction ..................................................................................................177 CASA may revoke direction ..................................................................................................................................177 When direction or revocation takes effect.......................................................................................................177 ADS-B OUT equipment on certain foreign-registered aircraft in private operations............................177 22. Minimum equipment list (MEL) ......................................................................................178 Definitions ................................................................................................................................................................178 Requirements for minimum equipment list ....................................................................................................178 Approval of minimum equipment list ...............................................................................................................181 Approval of variations ...........................................................................................................................................181 Approval of extensions of rectification intervals ............................................................................................181 Effect of approval ...................................................................................................................................................182 Extensions approved by a continuing airworthiness management organisation..................................182 Operation of aircraft with multiple inoperative items ...................................................................................182 23. Part 91 rules that do not apply to certain operators ...............................................183 Part 91 provisions that don’t apply ....................................................................................................................183 Part 91 provisions that are replaced by corresponding provisions in other Parts................................184 15 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 APPENDICES 187 Appendix A: Abbreviations and acronyms .........................................................................188 Appendix B: Definitions ...........................................................................................................191 Appendix C: Regulations – page references ......................................................................216 Appendix D: Exemptions included in this guide ...............................................................224 Version history ..........................................................................................................................225 Index ............................................................................................................................................229 16 CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 GENERAL RULES 1. Documentation Carriage of documents (91.105) You must ensure the following documents are carried on your flight: › for each flight crew member: » medical certificate » flight crew licence or certificate of validation » passport or photographic ID as issued by a Commonwealth state or territory authority or agency that is current and been issued within 10 years of the day of your flight (CASA EX67/24) › the aircraft’s flight manual › the operating instructions for any computerised navigation systems fitted to the aircraft › the minimum equipment list for the aircraft (if any). Exception: You do not have to carry the documents listed if you are flying aerobatic manoeuvres and carrying the documents would present a risk to the aircraft or its occupants. You will meet the requirement to carry photographic ID by carrying your state issued driver’s licence or your aviation security identification card (ASIC). CASA EX68/24 – Part 119 of CASR – Supplementary Exemptions and Directions Instrument 2021 requires air transport operators to have their electronic flight bags approved by CASA. Some exceptions apply. AC 11-03 Electronically formatted certifications and records management systems provides guidance on using electronic documents. Carriage of documents for certain flights (91.110) You must carry the authorised aeronautical information for the flight, and either the aircraft’s flight technical log or its maintenance release. Exception: You do not need to carry these documents if you are operating: › under the visual flight rules (VFR) by day within 50 nautical miles (NM) of your departure aerodrome, or › inside a flying training area for an aerodrome, or › on a route to or from a flying training area which is not adjacent to its associated aerodrome. Carriage of documents for flights that begin or end outside Australian territory (91.115) When your flight begins or ends at an aerodrome outside Australia, you must carry: › the aircraft’s certificate of airworthiness and certificate of registration › the journey log for the flight › a list of passengers including their name, place of embarkation and destination › when carrying cargo (other than passenger baggage) a manifest and detailed declaration of the cargo › a copy of the radio station licence if the aircraft has a radio station licence that is an apparatus licence or a class licence › a copy of any approval or authorisation held by the operator that is relevant to the flight. 18 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 If you intend to rely on electronic documents when flying outside Australia then, before your flight, you should check that electronic copies (of the required documents) will satisfy the laws of the foreign country. Electronic documents (91.100) A document required to be carried on a flight may be carried as a copy in electronic form. Journey logs – flights that begin or end outside Australian territory (91.120) When a flight begins or ends outside Australia (an international flight), you and the operator must ensure that the information below is recorded in a journey log. Journey log information before an international flight begins (MOS 5.02) The following information must be recorded on the journey log as soon as practical after the flight begins: › aircraft registration mark or flight number (if any) › date of the flight › for each flight crew member (FCM) assigned to the flight, the FCM’s name, and their assigned duties › place of departure › amount of fuel added to the aircraft’s fuel tanks before the flight begins (if any) › amount of fuel in the aircraft’s fuel tanks when the flight begins. Journey log information after an international flight ends (MOS 5.03) The following information must be recorded on the journey log as soon as practical after the flight ends: › place of arrival › time the flight began › time the flight ended › duration of the flight › amount of fuel in the aircraft’s fuel tanks when the flight began › the amount of fuel in the aircraft tanks at the end of the flight › incidents and observations (if any) that may have been relevant in any way to the safety of the flight. A General Declaration or other document carried on a flight which captures the necessary information, can be a journey log. Refer International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 9. Compliance with flight manual (91.095) You must operate an aircraft in accordance with the aircraft flight manual (AFM) instructions and any condition in the certificate of airworthiness or special flight permit from: › the earlier of the time the aircraft’s doors are closed before take-off or the aircraft moves under its own power for take-off, to › the later of the time the aircraft’s doors are opened after landing or the aircraft comes to a rest after being airborne. You must also ensure that any activity in relation to the flight or operation, whether occurring before during or after the flight, is conducted in a way that meets each requirement or limitation for the activity in the AFM (CASA EX67/24). Exception: For CASR Part 137 Aerial application operators see CASA EX92/22 for directions and exemption that apply. A reference to a flight manual, AFM or AFM instructions includes the normal, abnormal and emergency procedures and any operating limitation, instructions, marking and placards relating to the aircraft. For older aircraft the AFM may be referred to as the Pilot’s Operating Handbook (POH), Owner’s Handbook or Owner’s Manual (see AC 21-34). Reporting and recording defects and incidents (Division 91.C.4) This Division is reserved for future use. 19 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 2. Flight crew and operator obligations Aircraft not to be operated in manner that creates a hazard (91.055) You must not operate an aircraft in a manner that creates a hazard to another aircraft, person or property. Regulation 61.385 requires you to be competent before you fly your aircraft. Although your competence is checked periodically, you must always be familiar with aircraft systems, performance and limitations etc. Seek refresher training if necessary. See the CASR Part 61 Guides for flight crew licensing for more detail about the limitations of exercising the privileges of your pilot licence. Requirements to be met before Australian aircraft may fly (91.145) Before you commence a flight, you must ensure: › the aircraft is registered › the aircraft has a nationality mark and a registration mark painted on or affixed to it, in accordance with Part 45 › the aircraft has a certificate of airworthiness or special flight permit, where required by the regulations › you comply with any condition set out or referred to in the maintenance release, or in any other document approved for use as an alternative to the maintenance release › you have all required pilots onboard. A registered aircraft is one registered under Part 47. A special flight permit may be issued under Part 21 to allow an aircraft to be flown for the purpose of: › maintenance or storage › delivery or export › testing for production › removal from danger › demonstration to a customer (for aircraft that have completed flight production flight tests) › assisting in search and rescue › assisting in a state of emergency › operating above maximum certificated take-off weight for long-range flights in specific circumstances. Authority and responsibilities of pilot in command (91.215) You must ensure the safety of persons and cargo, and the safe operation of the aircraft during a flight. You have the final authority over the operation of the aircraft and the maintenance of discipline by all persons onboard. Your authority over the operation of the aircraft begins when the aircraft doors are closed before take-off, or the time the flight begins (whichever is earlier) and ends when the doors are opened after landing, or the time the flight ends (whichever is later). Although this regulation identifies the period your authority begins and ends, you will have to undertake duties outside this period to ensure the safety of the flight. You may discharge your responsibilities by delegating certain tasks to others (such as crew members). 20 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Actions and directions by the operator or pilot in command (91.220) If it is necessary for the safety of the aircraft, or a person on the aircraft, or a person or property on the ground or water, you and the operator may: › direct a person to: » do, not to do, or limit the doing of something while the person is on the aircraft » leave the aircraft before the flight begins › with assistance and use of reasonable and necessary force: » remove a person or a thing from the aircraft before the flight begins » restrain a person for the duration of the flight or part of the flight » seize a thing on the aircraft for the flight or part of the flight » place a person on the aircraft in custody » detain a person or a thing, until the person or thing can be released into the control of an appropriate authority. A person must comply with a direction you or the operator give. Note: Under regulation 91.225, crew members of an aircraft have a limited power of arrest. Operating an Australian aircraft outside Australia (91.140) When operating an Australian aircraft outside Australia, you and the operator must comply with: › any applicable law of a foreign country › any applicable requirements of Annex 2 of the Chicago Convention when over the high seas. Australia is substantially ICAO compliant and aviation law around the world is becoming more standardised. However, there are notable differences between some countries – for example in the use of metric units or the height of the transition level. The common meaning of high seas is, over open ocean and not within any country’s jurisdiction. Article 86 of the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 defines ‘high seas’ as all parts of the sea that are not included in the exclusive economic zone, in the territorial sea or in the internal waters of a state, or in the archipelagic waters of an archipelagic state. Australia’s Part 91 differs from ICAO in several areas the most pertinent of which are: › when submitting a flight plan during flight, it must reach the relevant ATS unit 10 minutes before expected entry into their controlled airspace › if there is a communication failure in controlled airspace, maintain heading and altitude for 20 minutes (in a non-radar environment) or for 7 minutes (in a radar environment). For the full list of Part 91 vs. ICAO differences refer to Part 91 AMC/GM. Operating aircraft with inoperative, equipment – placarding (91.150) Before a flight, you and the operator must ensure an inoperative placard is applied to any inoperative item of equipment required to be fitted or carried which is accessible and likely to be used. Aircraft equipped to fly under the VFR or IFR Directional Indicator is inoperative – you must placard the indicator as ‘inoperative’ before the next the flight 21 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Required to be fitted means, required by the type certifying authority or the regulations. Where an item of equipment is permitted to be inoperative, you must comply with any associated conditions or restrictions to ensure that the aircraft is operated safely. Seating for flight crew members (91.550) At all times during a flight, at least one pilot who is qualified and competent, must occupy a pilot seat with the seatbelt securely fastened. Each flight crew member must occupy their station and have their seatbelt and shoulder harness securely fastened during take-off, landing or at any other time you direct. A flight crew member occupying a crew station on the flight deck (including jump seat) must keep their seatbelt securely fastened. Manipulating flight controls (91.155) A person must not, and you must not allow a person to, manipulate the flight controls of the aircraft unless the person is qualified to pilot the aircraft. Operation of portable electronic devices (91.170) During a flight, a person may only operate a portable electronic device with your permission. You may only give permission if you have determined that operating the device will not affect the safety of the aircraft. A person must cease to operate the device at your direction or the direction of a cabin crew member. When giving your permission, you should consider any relevant limitation in the AFM, the aircraft manufacturer’s supplementary data (if any) or your operational experience with that type of personal electronic device. Emergencies in multi-engine aircraft (91.685) If you are flying a multi-engine aircraft and an emergency occurs that threatens the safety of the aircraft or persons onboard, you must land at the nearest suitable aerodrome. The determination of the nearest suitable aerodrome might be based on (but not limited to) the following: › nature of malfunction and possible mechanical difficulties that may be experienced › nature and extent of any populous area over which the aircraft is likely to fly › availability of thrust from a malfunctioning engine › altitude, weight and usable fuel available › characteristics of aerodromes available › emergency services availability › weather conditions en route and at possible landing places › air traffic congestion › type of terrain, including whether flight is likely to be over water › familiarity with the aerodrome. Sound decision-making using a formal process will allow you to achieve a safe flight outcome in the event of an emergency. A decision should never be made solely with regard to commercial expedience; the safety of the flight must be your priority. 22 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Air defence identification zone flights (91.263) If you fly an aircraft in an air defence identification zone (ADIZ) you must comply with the procedures in the AIP for that zone. Exception: For a Part 131 aircraft, if you enter an ADIZ and you are unable to comply with the ADIZ procedures, no offence is committed if you land as soon as practicable and inform the controlling authority. An ADIZ is airspace with defined dimensions within which identification of all aircraft is required. Availability of instructions for flight data and combination recorders (91.645) Where an aircraft must be fitted with a flight data recorder or combination recorder, the operator must be able to provide the instructions for the recorder immediately to the Australian Transport Safety Bureau (ATSB). Flight recorders – preserving recordings of immediately reportable matters (91.650) The ATSB may notify an operator of an aircraft fitted with a flight data recorder, cockpit voice recorder or combination recorder within 72 hours of an immediately reportable matter occurring that the recorders and/or recordings must be retained for an investigation. In the event of an immediately reportable matter occurring, an operator must preserve the recorders and recordings until advised by the ATSB that they are no longer required, or in any other case, until 72 hours after the matter is reported to the ATSB. Exception: This requirement does not apply if the recordings or recorders are not preserved, and the operator took reasonable steps in the circumstances to preserve them. 23 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 3. Crew members Fitness for duty (91.520) A crew member must not perform a required duty that is related to the safety of the aircraft, the persons, or cargo on the aircraft if they are, or likely to be, unfit. An operator must not assign a crew member to duty for a flight if they have reasonable grounds to believe the crew member is or is likely to be unfit to perform a duty related to the safety of the aircraft, or the persons or cargo on the aircraft. A crew member must not commence their duty if they have consumed alcohol within 8 hours of the flight beginning, or if an alcohol test reveals that they have exceeded the permitted level of alcohol specified in Part 99. The permitted level of alcohol is less than 0.02 grams of alcohol in 210 litres of breath. Certain aviation organisations are required to implement drug and alcohol management plans which apply to all employees performing or who are available to perform, safety sensitive aviation activities. CASA may conduct random tests for alcohol and other drugs in anyone performing a safety sensitive aviation activity whether for an organisation or in a private capacity. A crew member must not consume alcohol while onboard the aircraft. A crew member is, or is likely to be, unfit to perform a duty if the crew member is either: › fatigued to the extent that their ability to safely perform the duty is reduced, or likely to be reduced › under the influence of a psychoactive substance to the extent that their ability to safely perform the duty is reduced, or likely to be reduced. Being fit to fly is a responsibility that not only rests with the operator (where applicable) but with the individual. Determining your fitness to fly requires sound and honest judgement. Illness, medication, illicit drugs, alcohol, stress, fatigue, lack of food and dehydration may affect your ability to operate safely (See the Fatigue Management plain English guide). Safety during turbulence (91.535) Before flight, for other than flight crew, you must implement procedures to protect the crew and limit (or stop) their duties in turbulence or whenever turbulence is expected. A pre-flight briefing of the crew to set out the procedures for crew safety in turbulence would satisfy this requirement. AOC or certificate holders would be expected to also set out their procedures in their operating manuals. Seating for non-flying crew (91.555) A crew member (other than flight crew members) must occupy a crew station and wear and securely fasten the seatbelt and shoulder harness provided during take-off, landing and at any other time you direct. Exception: Where the pilot gives a direction during turbulence, a crew member may occupy a seat other than a crew member’s seat (this could be a passenger seat) provided any seatbelt or shoulder harness at that seat is worn and securely fastened. Cabin crew – when required (91.820) An aircraft carrying 20 or more passengers must carry a cabin crew member. However, if the flight crew includes 2 pilots, then an aircraft may carry up to 22 passengers without a cabin crew member, provided there are no more than either 19 adults or 19 children. Exception: Parachuting activity flights (to which Part 105 applies) do not have to carry a cabin crew member. 24 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Cabin crew – number (91.825) If a cabin crew member is required under regulation 91.820 to be carried, then the aircraft must carry one cabin crew member for each 50, or part of 50, passengers carried on the flight. Cabin crew – knowledge of emergency and safety equipment and procedures (91.830) If a cabin crew is required to be carried, they must be competent to: › operate and use the emergency and safety equipment on the aircraft relevant to their duties › implement emergency evacuation procedures. If a cabin crew member is carried when not required and their duty is to provide hospitality to the passengers, they do not have to have knowledge of the emergency and safety equipment procedures. However, operators may choose to train cabin crew members and assess their knowledge of and competence in carrying out the emergency procedures. Operation of portable electronic devices (91.175) A crew member must not operate a portable electronic device at any time during a flight if it is likely to distract them from performing their duties. Provision of alcohol (91.785) A crew member must not provide alcohol to a passenger if they reasonably believe the passenger is affected by one or more psychoactive substances to the extent that their behaviour may present a hazard to the aircraft, or to a person onboard. Power of arrest (91.225) You, or a crew member you authorise, may without a warrant, arrest a person on the aircraft to ensure the safety of the aircraft, its passengers, crew or cargo (or otherwise for the purposes of the Act or the regulations). This is subject to your belief or a crew member’s belief that the person is committing, attempting to commit, is about to commit, has committed or has attempted to commit, an offence against the Act or the regulations in relation to the aircraft. You must ensure that, as soon as practicable after the flight ends, the arrested person is delivered into the custody of the police. If the flight ends overseas, you must deliver the person arrested to that country’s equivalent law enforcement agency. Note: See also sections 3ZC (use of force in making arrest) and 3ZD (persons to be informed of grounds of arrest) of the Crimes Act 1914. This regulation provides power to a crew member to arrest a person with your authority. However, the power must be used only within the prescribed limitations of the regulation. Image | British Airways 25 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 4. Training 4.1 Audit, examination and training requirements (91.725) For this regulation, a permitted person is any of the following: › a crew member › a person authorised by the operator of the aircraft to conduct an audit of the operation involved, or to supervise it › an authorised officer carrying out an examination, inspection or test of the work of the aircraft’s crew. Audit, examination, operator training and record keeping (CASA EX67/24) A permitted person may conduct an audit of the operator. A person authorised by CASA or by the operator, may conduct an examination of the crew (also referred to as a check, inspection or test). In each case the pilot in command (PIC) and the operator must ensure that the person has: › successfully completed training, in accordance with a written syllabus accepted by the operator for the person to audit the operation › satisfied the operator that the person is competent to audit by possessing the skill, knowledge and experience to audit the particular activity. The syllabus must be in either the exposition, operations manuals or the training and checking manual. If it is a syllabus devised by another operator it can be referenced in the relevant place. The operator must ensure that, as soon as practicable after the operation, a written audit report is: › provided by the person who conducted the audit or examination › assessed to determine whether any changes are required for the safety of the operation. Each audit report and its assessment must be retained by the operator for at least 3 years after the date of the assessment. 26 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Limiting the carriage of persons during audit, examination and training You must not permit the carriage of persons other than as set out in table 1. Table 1: Carriage of persons while causing or simulating failures Flight activity Maximum persons that can be carried flight training (defined term) for a flight crew member who does not hold a class rating or type rating for the aircraft 4 permitted persons the simulation (other than verbally) of an emergency or abnormal situation that may affect the handling characteristics of the aircraft (other than rotorcraft) 3 permitted persons the simulation (other than verbally) of an emergency or abnormal situation that may affect the handling characteristics of the aircraft (rotorcraft) › 3 permitted persons including the pilot › 4 permitted persons if the PIC is satisfied that the presence of a fourth permitted person is essential for the safe conduct of the flight below 500 ft AGL (other than training for take-off and landing) no limit to the number of permitted persons unless another restriction within this table also applies to the flight for a Part 61 low level rating (or aerial application rating) or the equivalent qualification under a law of a foreign country 4 permitted persons for a Part 61 aerobatic or spinning endorsement or the equivalent qualification under a law of a foreign country 3 permitted persons Carriage of observers observers may be carried in addition to crew members or flight crew members on flight tests and proficiency checks flight as expressed in CASA EX67/24 – Part 91 of CASR – Supplementary Exemptions and Directions Instrument 2024 subject to the conditions set out in section 4.4 of this guide You must not permit a test of the aircraft or any of its instruments, indicators, items of equipment or systems, if a person other than a permitted person or a maintenance person (who is required, as part of their duties, to be on the aircraft), is onboard the aircraft. Exception: Tests of the aircraft during checks associated with the normal operations of the aircraft may be conducted. Training flights are associated with elevated levels of risk. For this reason, the regulations restrict the carriage of passengers on such flights and only allow the carriage of permitted persons in certain circumstances. 27 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 4.2 Causing or simulating engine failures – aeroplanes Causing or simulating failure of flight instruments (91.715) You may only cause or simulate a failure of the following kinds of instruments when it is for pilot training, checking or testing, and only required crew members are on the aircraft: › an attitude indicator › a gyro compass or an equivalent instrument › an airspeed indicator › an altimeter. Exception: The above requirement does not apply if it is part of a maintenance test flight, or a procedure to diagnose or isolate a failure of an instrument or system. You must also be qualified to train, check or test, and: › authorised to occupy a control seat fitted with a fully functioning set of flight controls › if the flight is in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) or at night, you must have have a clear view of an instrument of the same kind as the instrument that has been caused to fail or simulated to be failed. Exception: CASA EX67/24 (28) allows observers on flight test and proficiency check flights who are not required crew members subject to the conditions set out in section 4.4 of this guide. Simulating flight in IMC (91.720) You must not simulate IMC flight in an aircraft unless a safety pilot occupies a pilot seat with fully functioning controls, has adequate vision forward and to either side of the aircraft and is qualified to fly the aircraft. A pilot flying under simulated IMC must also occupy a pilot seat with fully functioning controls. Note: If the aircraft flight manual requires 2 pilots, under Part 61, both pilots must have a type rating for the aircraft. Whenever IMC is simulated in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) it is essential that a qualified safety pilot, with unobstructed vision, can look out for other traffic and manipulate the flight controls if an immediate avoidance manoeuvre is required. See AC 91-14 – Pilot’s responsibility for collision avoidance. Aeroplane flights in IMC or at night (91.730) You must ensure that the engine of an aeroplane is not shut down during a flight in IMC or at night. Nothing prevents you from shutting down an engine in an emergency. Single-engine aeroplane – VFR flights by day – engine not to be shut down (91.735) You may only shut down an engine during a day VFR flight if the flight is for pilot training and you hold a flight instructor rating, an examiner rating, or other authorisation. Only flight crew members may be carried, and the aeroplane must remain within gliding distance of a safe forced landing area. CASA EX67/24 (30) allows observers on flight test and proficiency check flights who are not flight crew members subject to the conditions set out in section 4.4 of this guide. For training purposes an engine shutdown should be simulated. A n engine should not actually be shut down in-flight for other than a type specific training requirement such as an in-flight air start. Nothing prevents you from shutting down an engine in an emergency. Single-engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night (91.740) An engine failure in flight may only be simulated at night or in IMC, providing: › it is for pilot training, checking or testing › the pilot holds a flight instructor rating, flight examiner rating or other authorisation that allows the simulation of an engine failure. Only flight crew members may be carried. You must hold a flight instructor rating, flight examiner rating or authorisation that authorises you to simulate an engine failure. 28 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 In addition, for a flight: › at night, the simulation must commence above 1,000 ft above ground level (AGL) and the aeroplane must remain within gliding distance of a runway that is lit and is available for landing › in IMC, the simulation must commence above the lowest safe altitude (LSALT) for the route or route segment, and visual meteorological conditions (VMC) must exist below that altitude. Exception: CASA EX67/24 (31) allows observers on flight test and proficiency check flights who are not flight crew members. Simulation of an engine failure is where the engine controls are set to a position where there is zero forward thrust, but the engine remains running so that power can be applied without first starting the engine. Multi-engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure – general (91.745) You may only simulate an engine failure in a multi-engine aeroplane in flight in the following circumstances: › the aeroplane is type certified to carry 9 passengers or less and has a maximum take-off weight (MTOW) 8,618 kg or less › for an aeroplane that is type certified to carry more than 9 passengers but less than 19 passengers – if there is no simulator for the type in Australia or, if there is a simulator for the type in Australia, the operator holds an approval › for an aeroplane that is type certified to carry more than 19 passengers – if there is no simulator in Australia or no simulator approved by a recognised national aviation authority (NAA) anywhere in the world or, if there is such a simulator for the type, the operator holds an approval. For flights conducted in accordance with 91T, (operations under certain special certificates of airworthiness and special flight permits), an engine failure may only be simulated in a multi-engine aeroplane if it is for one of the following: › test flight of a provisionally certified aircraft › flight under a special flight permit – where a special flight permit allows engine failure simulation › flight under an experimental certificate – where the experimental certificate allows engine failure simulation. An application for an approval must include a safety risk management plan. Multi-engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night (91.750) You may only simulate an engine failure in a multi-engine aeroplane in IMC or at night if you hold a flight instructor rating, a flight examiner rating, or other authorisation that allows engine failure simulation. The flight must be limited to pilot training, checking or testing and only flight crew members can be carried. The pilot under instruction must be briefed before the simulation and then supervised during the simulation. Any simulation is to be carried out in accordance with procedures in the AFM (if any) and/or the operations manual. In addition: › when you are in IMC and not conducting an asymmetric instrument approach procedure (IAP), the aeroplane must be at or above the minimum height specified in regulation 91.305 Minimum heights – IFR flights › when you are in IMC and are conducting an asymmetric IAP, the simulation must be initiated above the IAP initial approach altitude and you must have continual visual reference to the terrain when less than 1,000 ft above the relevant IAP minima › when operating at night in VMC, the aeroplane must be: » above the minimum height mentioned in regulation 91.305 or 91.277 (minimum heights – VFR flights at night) as the case requires if the aeroplane is not either: – conducting an approach to land – within the circling area of an aerodrome » flown in accordance with an instrument approach procedure if: – the aeroplane is on approach to land, and is not within the circling area of an aerodrome, or – flown within the circling area of an aerodrome as determined in accordance with the method specified in the AAI › any simulated failure at night in VMC must be initiated at or above circuit height, and not below 1,000 ft AGL. Exception: CASA EX67/24 (31) allows observers on flight test and proficiency check flights who are not flight crew members. 29 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 4.3 Causing or simulating engine failures – rotorcraft Single-engine rotorcraft (91.755, 91.760, and 91.765) You must ensure the engine of a single-engine rotorcraft is not shut down during a flight. You must ensure that the simulation of an engine failure or the initiation of an autorotation is not carried out during a flight in IMC. You may only simulate an engine failure or initiate an autorotation at night when taxiing or hovering below the hover height for the surface specified in the rotorcraft’s flight manual, or when at 1,000 ft AGL or above. The following requirements also apply: › you hold a flight instructor rating, flight examiner rating or other authorisation which allows you to simulate an engine failure or initiate autorotation › the flight is for pilot training, checking or testing › only flight crew members are carried › you brief a pilot under instruction before the simulation or autorotation and then supervise the simulation or autorotation › the simulation or autorotation is in VMC › the power termination of the autorotation is initiated so that full power is available before the rotorcraft goes below 100 ft AGL › the autorotation is terminated using a power recovery termination or a baulked approach and climb out › the simulation or autorotation is at an aerodrome with omnidirectional runway lighting. Exception: CASA EX67/24 (33) allows observers on flight test and proficiency check flights who are not flight crew members subject to the conditions set out in section 4.4 of this guide. Multi-engine rotorcraft – engine not to be shut down at certain altitudes in IMC or at night (91.770) You must ensure an engine is not shut down in a multi-engine rotorcraft, during a flight in IMC or at night unless the rotorcraft is at or above the LSALT for the route or route segment. Nothing prevents the shutting down of an engine in an emergency. 30 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Multi-engine rotorcraft – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night (91.775) You must not simulate an engine failure in a multi-engine rotorcraft during a flight in IMC or at night unless: › you hold a flight instructor rating, flight examiner rating, or other authorisation for simulating an engine failure › the flight is for pilot training, checking or testing › only flight crew members are carried, and » you brief a pilot under instruction before the simulation and then supervise the simulation » the simulation is carried out in accordance with the procedures specified in the rotorcraft’s flight manual (if any) » if the AFM does not specify procedures, and the regulations require the rotorcraft operator to have an operation’s manual, then the simulation must be in accordance with those instructions. A rotorcraft flown in IMC, must be established at or above the lowest safe altitude for the route or route segment. For a rotorcraft flown at night in VMC: › the aircraft must be flown within the circling area of an aerodrome determined in accordance with the method specified in the AAI › in the climb during take-off, the simulation must be initiated before the take-off decision point, or above 500 ft AGL › after the climb during take-off, the simulation must be initiated at or above 1,000 ft AGL. Exception: An engine failure can be simulated in a multi engine rotorcraft at night outside the circling area of an aerodrome if: › NVIS is being used as the primary means of terrain avoidance by you and any pilot undergoing training › the NVIS is used in accordance with the NVIS regulations › only crew members necessary for the flight are on board – this includes sufficient crew members if more than one kind of crew member is undergoing training, checking or testing CASA EX67/24. CASA EX 67/24 allows observers who are not members of flight crew, to be on board during test flights and proficiency check flights. Carriage of such observers must meet the conditions set out in section 4.4 below. 4.4 Carrying observers during training and testing (91.725 and CASA EX67/24) Training flights are typically limited to the carriage of flight crew members. However, there are occasions where a check pilot, a flight examiner, or a person under training to qualify as a check pilot or as a flight examiner, is required to observe flight tests and proficiency checks. This person (an observer) is not defined as a flight crew member and hence the pilot would be committing an offence should they carry that person without exemption to the existing rules. This exemption allows for an observer to be carried on the following flights: › when causing or simulating failure of flight instruments or an engine › where the flight is conducted as a test flight or proficiency check. To be qualified to act as an observer, a person must be authorised under an Air Operator’s Certificate (AOC) or aerial work certificate. Under certain conditions, this exemption applies to the following provisions of the CASR: › 91.715 Causing or simulating failure of instruments › 91.725 Training flight limitations, under the definition of a permitted person – limited to the simulation (other than verbally) of an emergency or abnormal situation that may affect the handling characteristics of the aircraft › 91.735 Single engine aeroplane – VFR flights by day – engine not to be shut down › 91.740 Single engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night › 91.750 Multi engine aeroplane – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night › 91.765 Single engine rotorcraft – simulating engine failure or initiating autorotation of main rotor system at night 31 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 › 91.775 Multi engine rotorcraft – simulating engine failure in IMC or at night. The conditions are: › when carrying an observer, the pilot in command conducting the flight test or proficiency check must be: » a flight examiner conducting a flight test or a proficiency check in the aircraft » a check pilot conducting a proficiency check in the aircraft » a person approved under regulation 61.040 to conduct, a flight test or a proficiency check in the aircraft » an officer of CASA whose duties include conducting a flight test or a proficiency check in the aircraft › the only persons who may be on board the flight are: » the pilot who is conducting the relevant flight test or proficiency check » the person who is undertaking the relevant test or check » one passenger (the observer) who is observing the relevant test or check › the observer is: » for a flight test or a proficiency check – a person who is undertaking approved training for a flight examiner rating (FER) » for a proficiency check flight – a person who is undergoing training to qualify as a check pilot within the training and checking system of an operator to whom Part 119 or Part 138 applies » a test or a check flight – an officer of CASA who is receiving on-the-job training that involves the observation of flight tests or proficiency checks » for a flight in a rotorcraft conducting a simulation (other than verbally) of an emergency, an abnormal situation or as part of a flight test or a proficiency check – one air crew member. A person may only be present as an observer if the pilot is satisfied that the person’s presence on board the rotorcraft is essential for the safe conduct of the test or check › for an observer who is not a CASA officer, the pilot must ensure the observer either: » has applied for the issue of an FER under Part 61 » is undertaking a training course before appointment or approval as a check pilot to conduct proficiency checks » observes the flight test or proficiency check exclusively as part of a training course for such a rating, appointment, or approval › for an observer who is a CASA officer, the pilot must ensure either: » CASA has approved a training program with the pilot or with a particular class of pilot of which the pilot is a member (when not conducting a flight test or proficiency check) » the officer is on board the aircraft as part of the officer’s duties relating to the conduct of the flight test or proficiency check › the pilot must ensure that the observer: » does not occupy a control seat » does not interfere in any way with: – the conduct of the flight test or the proficiency check – communication between the pilot and the person undergoing the test or check » minimises movement, noise and other distractions within the cockpit, and complies with any applicable sterile cockpit procedures › when conducting the flight test or the proficiency check, the pilot in command must: » limit flight manoeuvres to those: – required for the test or check – mentioned in the Part 61 MOS, or required under CASR as in force from time to time » ensure that the demonstration of competence in emergency procedures and low flying is carried out only to the extent necessary for the test or check. Sterile cockpit procedures mean any procedures requiring the persons piloting an aircraft to refrain from non-essential activities during critical phases of flight. 32 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 5. Safety of persons and cargo 5.1 Carrying passengers Offensive or disorderly behaviour on aircraft (91.525) A person must not behave in an offensive or disorderly manner which as a result may endanger the safety of the aircraft or persons onboard. The operator or a crew member may refuse to allow a person to board an aircraft if they reasonably believe the person is likely to behave in an offensive or disorderly manner which could endanger the safety of the aircraft or persons onboard. A person is taken to behave in an offensive or disorderly manner if they either: › assault, intimidate or threaten another person (this may be verbal or physical, and whether or not a weapon or object is used) › intentionally damage or destroy property. When smoking is not permitted (91.530 and s37 Air Navigation Regulations 2016) A person must not smoke at any time while onboard an Australian domestic air transport flight that is carrying passengers. A person must not smoke at any time while onboard an Australian international air transport flight (other than a freight-only flight). A person must not smoke on a Part 103 aircraft at any time. For any other operation, a person must not smoke on an aircraft: › during take-off or landing › in the aircraft’s toilet › at any time you have directed a person not to smoke. A person has been directed when the ‘no smoking’ sign in the cabin is illuminated, or at any time a permanent ‘no smoking’ sign is displayed. Smoke or smoking includes using electronic cigarettes. 33 | GENERAL RULES CASR PART 91 | PLAIN ENGLISH GUIDE | VERSION 5.1 Means of passenger communication (91.540) You and the operator must ensure that where the design or configuration of the aircraft will not allow all seats (and berths) to be seen from your seat, the aircraft is be fitted with a means to communicate with all passengers during all phases of the flight, including emergencies. Persons not to be carried in certain parts of aircraft (91.200) Unless you or the operator hold an approval to do so, a person must not be carried on or in either: › a part of an aircraft that is not designed to carry crew members or passengers › anything attached to an aircraft. Exception: This does not apply to: › the temporary carriage of a crew member in a part of the aircraft not designed to accommodate crew members or p