Analog Caravan User Guide

most popular single engine turboprop aircraft on the market, the Caravan has enjoyed many upgrades and expansions over the years. This particular model of Caravan depicts the lengthened Grand Caravan, with a 675 shaft-horsepower PT6A-114A engine, and an improved de-icing system. As the dependable workhorse of the single engine turboprop fleet, most Caravans are still equipped with their original instrumentation, providing a familiar yet challenging increase in complexity and performance for freshly certified commercial pilots. Black Square’s Analog Caravan brings you a completely new interior and panel for the default MSFS Grand Caravan, featuring analog instrumentation (steam gauges), swappable radio configurations, and an overhauled electrical system with every circuit breaker, bus, meter, switch, and knob functioning. Users will find increased detail on the instrument panel and electrical panels when compared to default aircraft, and a similar level of detail in the cabin. The panel of the aircraft contains only fully 3D gauges, modeled and coded to meticulously match their real world counterparts, with reference to real world maintenance and installation manuals. No piece of equipment appears in a Black Square aircraft without a real world unit as reference. Radio and navigation systems are available from several eras of the Caravan’s history, so users can fly without GPS via an original Bendix KNS-80 RNAV system, or with the convenience of a Garmin GTN 750 (PMS50 or TDS). Other swappable radio equipment in this aircraft includes KX-155 NAV/COM radios, GNS 530, GNS 430, KR 87 ADF, KDI 572 DME, GTX 327 Transponder, KAP 140 Autopilot, and a Bendix RDR1150XL Color Weather Radar. A 75 page manual provides instruction on all installed equipment, and 30 in-game checklists with control/instrument highlighting are included for normal and emergency procedures. Primarily analog instrumentation augmented with modern radionavigation equipment is still the most common aircraft panel configuration in the world. Challenge your piloting skills by flying IFR to minimums with a fully analog panel, and no GPS. You’ll be amazed at the level of skill and proficiency you can achieve to conquer such adversity, and how it will translate to all your other flying. You also may find the analog instrumentation much easier to read with the limited number of pixels available on a computer monitor, and even more so in VR. NOTE: This product is an INTERIOR AND SYSTEMS OVERHAUL ONLY that makes use of the default MSFS Caravan exterior visual model. Improvements have been made to almost all aspects of the aircraft, except the visual appearance of the exterior. All default Caravan liveries are compatible with this product. For more information on this product’s capabilities and a list of all included avionics and equipment, see the extensive operating manual at www.JustFlight.com. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 7 Feature Overview Model ● Accurately modeled 208B Grand Caravan interior ONLY (uses default exterior model), created from hundreds of reference photos, panoramas, and technical documentation. ● 100% MSFS native animation code for the smoothest animations and cockpit interactions using either legacy or new cockpit interaction modes ● 4096x4096 (4K) textures are used to produce the highest possible texture clarity ● PBR (Physically Based Rendering) materials with real-time environment reflections for superb quality and realism ● Detailed normal mapping for leather, fabric, plastic, stitches, scratches, carpet, and tooling marks, resulting in a texture resolution of 10,000 pixels per square inch (90.0kB) ● Extensive use of new MSFS decal system for nearly vector-graphic quality of labels, arrows, and exterior detail features Cockpit ● Greatly enhanced instrument panel detail compared to default aircraft with every label and marking in its place. If it appears in the real aircraft, you can interact with it! ● Custom coded steam gauges with lowpass filtering, needle bounce, and physics provide ultra-realistic and silky smooth animations like you’ve never seen before. ● Carefully modeled components match the depth and character of the real instrumentation, based on reference photos, schematics, and real world measurements. Unlike other expensive Flight Sim aircraft, every piece of equipment that appears in a Black Square aircraft is modeled after a real piece of aircraft equipment, and will behave the same way in its primary functionality. ● Every knob, switch, and button is interactable and implemented, along with its respective electrical circuitry. Turn systems on and off or pull circuit breakers to see the impact it has on your generators and battery via the analog meters. Automatic load shedding and standby generators are also simulated. Many pieces of equipment respond correctly to electrical configurations with warning messages and diagnostic codes. ● Fully 3D cockpit lighting technology for every gauge and panel, with ambient bounce lighting for a more immersive nighttime experience that won’t leave you fumbling around in unrealistically dark spots. ● 4096x4096 (4K) PBR textures on cockpit and panel for crisp instrumentation. Even see the fingerprints on instrument glass! ● Hideable yokes, adjustable sun visors, and other cockpit aesthetics ● All placards and warning labels from the real aircraft represented Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 8 Systems Black Square’s overhauled cockpits with analog instrumentation go far beyond a visual upgrade. Included, you will find a complete redesign of all aircraft systems to more closely match the real aircraft, with a focus on electrical systems. Also included are more accurate weight and balance, lighting systems, flight dynamics, and ground handling. Enjoy features, like… ● Completely intractable electrical system with 12 buses and 90 circuits ● Improved turbine dynamics (ITT, TRQ, Ng, Fuel Flow, Inertial Separator), battery charging circuitry, and load shedding, and ability to cause hot start ● Selective state saving for radio selection, radio frequency memory, cabin aesthetics, etc. ● Engine limit excursions that decrease engine health and will eventually lead to failure ● 90+ system failures, set via in-cockpit interface. Either random based on settable MTBF, or schedulable, with optional time acceleration. ● Cabin environmental control system for heating, air conditioning, ventilation, ram air cooling. Cool things off by opening a window, or watch the airplane heat up in the sun. ● Crew/Passenger oxygen system that depletes according to pressure altitude, passenger occupancy, and the biological demand of each passenger based on weight ● Standby flap motor circuitry, logic, and switches, and working propeller governor test ● Mathematically accurate VOR & ADF signal attenuation and noise, and remote compass Checklists Over 350 checklist items are provided for 30+ Normal, Abnormal, and Emergency procedures in textual form in the manual, and in-game, using the MSFS native checklist system with control and instrument highlighting. If it’s in the checklist, it’s settable in the aircraft! Sounds Black Square’s Analog Caravan features the default MSFS-native (Wwise) 3D Grand Caravan sound package, with new sounds added for warnings, environmental systems, and more. Default sounds are assigned to all interactable elements for an authentic 3D spatial experience. ● Rich audio for every switch, button, lever and electrical system ● Detailed physics-based effects on engine and wind noise ● Accurately positioned 3D sound sources (best enjoyed in VR!) Flight Dynamics The Analog Caravan features an improved flight model compared to the default Grand Caravan with tweaks based on operator feedback online. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 9 Aircraft Specifications Length Overall 41’7” Height 15'6" Wheel Base 13’4" Track Width 11’8" Wingspan 52'1” Wing Area 280.9 sqft. Flight Load Factors +3.8/-1.52 G’s (+2.4 G’s with Flaps Down) Design Load Factor 150% Cabin W/L/H 64” x 21’4" x 54" Oil Capacity 14 U.S. Quarts Seating 10-14 Wing Loading 31.5 lbs/sqft Power Loading 13.0 lbs/shp Engine 675 SHP (496 kW) Pratt & Whitney PT6A-114A Propeller 4-Blade McCauley, Constant Speed, Full-Feathering, Reversible, Aluminum, Hydraulically Actuated, 106 inch propeller. Feathered blade angle of 88°, Low pitch blade angle of 15.6°, and maximum reverse blade angle of -14°. Approved Fuel Grades JET A (ASTM-D1666) JET A-1 (ASTM-D1666) JET B (ASTM-D1666) JP-1 (MIL-L-5616) JP-4 (MIL-T-5624) JP-5 (MIL-T-5624) JP-8 (MIL-T-83133 A) Fuel Capacity Total Capacity: 335.6 U.S. Gallons Total Capacity Each Tank: 167.8 U.S. Gallons Total Usable: 332.0 U.S. Gallons Electrical System Voltage: 28 VDC Battery: 24V, 42 amp-hour, sealed lead acid battery Starter-Generator: 28V, 200 amp Standby Alternator: 28V, 75 amp, automatic operation when engaged Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 10 Aircraft Performance Maximum Cruising Speed 185 ktas Normal Cruising Speed 182 ktas Economy Cruising Speed 156 ktas Takeoff Distance 2,160 ft Takeoff Ground Roll 1,365 ft Landing Distance 1,836 ft Landing Ground Roll 1,004 ft Normal Range 529 nm Maximum Range 789 nm Rate of Climb 975 ft/min Service Ceiling 25,000 ft Empty Weight 4,570 lbs Max Ramp Weight 8,750 lbs Max Takeoff Weight 8,750 lbs Max Landing Weight 8,500 lbs Useful Load 4,180 lbs Usable Fuel Weight 2,246 lbs Full Fuel Payload 1,934 lbs Maximum Operating Temp. +53°C Minimum Operating Temp. -54°C V-Speeds Vr 65 kts (Rotation Speed) Vs 63 kts (Clean Stalling Speed) Vso 50 kts (Dirty Stalling Speed) Vx 72 kts (Best Angle of Climb Speed) Vy 104 kts (Best Rate of Climb Speed) Va 145 kts (Maneuvering Speed) Vg 105 kts (Best Glide Speed) Vfo 125 kts (Maximum Flap Operating Speed) Vne 175 kts (Do Not Exceed Speed) Engine Limitations Maximum ITT: 805°C (T/O) 765°C (Climb) 740°C (Cruise) 1090°C (Starting) Maximum Torque: 1,970 ft-lbs (T/O) 1,865 ft-lbs (Continuous) 2,400 ft-lbs (Transient) Maximum Gas Gen RPM: 101.6% (Continuous) 102.6% (Transient) Maximum Propeller RPM: 1,900 (Continuous) 1,825 (Reverse) 2,090 (Transient) Oil Pressure: 85-105 PSI (Continuous) 40 PSI min. (Idle) Oil Temperature: 0-99°C (Continuous) -40-99°C (Idle) 104°C (Transient) Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 11 ● For every 10°C below -30°C ambient temperature, reduce maximum allowable Ng by 2.2%. ● Reverse thrust operation limited to durations of one minute. ● Normal oil pressure is 85-105 PSI above 72% Ng with oil temperature 60-70°C. ● Oil pressures below 85 PSI are undesirable, and should only be tolerated to complete a flight, preferably at reduced power settings. ● When ITT exceeds 765°C, time at this power setting should be limited to 5 minutes. Starter Limitations Using Airplane Battery: 30 seconds ON - 60 seconds OFF 30 seconds ON - 60 seconds OFF 30 seconds ON - 30 minutes OFF Using External Power: 20 seconds ON - 120 seconds OFF 20 seconds ON - 120 seconds OFF 20 seconds ON - 60 minutes OFF Paint Schemes The Analog Caravan comes with two additional color schemes in the default paint layout to distinguish it from the always available default G1000 Caravan in aircraft selection menus, and screenshots; however, any number of additional liveries may be adapted for the Analog Caravan, and require zero changes to make liveries intended for the default G1000 Caravan compatible with the Analog Caravan. For instructions on how to use your favorite default G1000 Caravan liveries with the Analog Caravan, see the “Liveries” section of this manual. Note: Default paint schemes for the Analog Caravan can implement any tail number, which will be displayed on the interior and exterior of the aircraft. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 12 Instrumentation/Equipment List Main Panel ● Annunciator Panel ● Quartz Analog Chronometer ● True Airspeed Indicator ● Bendix/King KI 256 Vacuum Artificial Horizon ● Bendix/King KEA 130A Altimeter ● Bendix/King KI 229 Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) ● Bendix/King KI 525A Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) ● Vertical Speed Indicator ● Bendix/King KI 206 Localizer ● Mid-Continent Turn Coordinator ● Bendix/King KRA-10A Radar Altimeter ● Engine Instrumentation ● Duplicate Copilot Instrumentation Avionics ● Garmin GMA 340 Audio Panel ● Garmin GTN 750 (Com1) (PMS50 or TDS) ● Garmin GNS 530W (Com1) ● Garmin GNS 430W (Com2) ● Bendix/King KX-155B (Com1/Nav1) ● Bendix/King KX-155B (Com2/Nav2) ● Bendix/King KNS-80 RNAV Navigation System (incl. Nav3) ● Bendix/King KR 87 (ADF) ● Bendix/King KDI 572 (DME) ● Bendix/King KAP 140 Autopilot ● Bendix RDR1150XL Color Weather Radar ● Garmin GTX 327 Transponder Electrical/Miscellaneous ● 140+ Circuit Breakers ● Multi-Function Volt/Amp Meter ● Bendix/King KA 51B Remote Compass Synchroscope ● Propeller Amps Indicator ● Vacuum Indicator ● Oxygen Pressure Gauge ● Hobbs Timer Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 13 Installation, Updates & Support Installation You can install this aircraft as often as you like on the same computer system: 1. Click on the ‘Account’ tab on the Just Flight website. 2. Log in to your account. 3. Select the ‘Your Orders’ button. 4. A list of your purchases will appear and you can then download the software you require. 5. Run the downloaded installation application and follow the on-screen instructions If you already have an earlier version of this software installed, the installation application will detect this and update your existing software to the new version without you needing to uninstall it first. NOTE: THE FOLLOWING DOWNLOADS ARE OPTIONAL, and not required to enjoy the base functionality of this Black Square aircraft; however, they are highly recommended for the most immersive experience possible. Installing the PMS GTN 750 1. Go to the following link, and click download for the FREE GTN 750 Mod. https://pms50.com/msfs/downloads/gtn750-basic/ 2. Move the “pms50-instrument-gtn750” archive (zipped folder) from your browser’s download location (downloads folder by default) to your desktop, and extract (unzip) the archive by right clicking, and selecting “Extract All”. 3. Drag the resulting “pms50-instrument-gtn750” folder into your Microsoft Flight Simulator Community Folder. If you don’t know how to locate your MSFS Community Folder, you should be able to find it in one of the following locations, based on the service you used to purchase the simulator. For the Windows Store install: C:\Users\[YourUserName]\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.FlightSimulator_8wek yb3d8bbwe\LocalCache\Packages\ For the Steam install: C:\Users\[YourUserName]\AppData\Local\Packages\Microsoft.FlightDashboard_8we kyb3d8bbwe\LocalCache\Packages\ Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 14 Important: Windows 10 by default hides the “AppData” folder, so you will have to go to “View” in the menu of File Explorer, and select “Hidden items” so as to see it. For the Custom install: If you used a custom location for your Flight Simulator installation, then proceed there. For example, you may have set: E:\Steam\steamapps\common\MicrosoftFlightSimulator\Community Installing The Working Title GNS 530/430 The Working Title GNS 530/430 is now in public beta, and downloadable for free from the in-game marketplace. It is recommended that users discontinue use of the PMS50 GNS 530 freeware mod in favor of the WT GNS, which has many more features, and a more realistic graphical display. The WT GNS is expected to become a part of the base simulator soon. To download and install the Working Title GNS 530/430, click the “MARKETPLACE” tile in the MSFS main menu, and use the search bar to find “GARMIN GNS 430/530” by “Working Title Simulations”. After clicking the “GET AND DOWNLOAD” button, the GPS will be ready to use. The previously recommended PMS50 GNS 530 modification can still be accessed at: https://github.com/pimarc/pms50-gns530/releases TDS GTNxi 750 Integration This aircraft’s GTN 750 unit will automatically detect a valid TDS GTNxi installation and license key, and automatically switch between using the PMS GTN 750 and the TDS GTNxi 750 without any required action by the user. The TDS GTNxi is available from: https://www.tdssim.com/tdsgtnxi LIMITATIONS: MSFS native GPS units and native flight planners will not cross-fill from the GTNxi. This could also be seen as an advantage, allowing simultaneous flight plan loading. NOTE: These are limitations of MSFS and not this aircraft, nor the TDS GTNxi. If and when these issues are resolved, a coordinated effort from the developers of these products will be launched to remove these limitations as soon as possible. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 15 Accessing the Aircraft To access the aircraft: 1. Click on ‘World Map’. 2. Open the aircraft selection menu by clicking on the aircraft thumbnail in the top left. 3. Use the search feature or scroll through the available aircraft to find the ‘Analog Caravan’. 4. After selecting the aircraft, use the ‘Liveries’ menu to choose your livery. Uninstalling To uninstall this product from your system, use one of the Windows App management features: Control Panel -> Programs and Features or Settings -> Apps -> Apps & features Select the product you want to uninstall, choose the ‘Uninstall’ option and follow the on-screen instructions. Uninstalling or deleting this product in any other way may cause problems when using this product in the future or with your Windows set-up. Updates and Technical Support For technical support (in English) please visit the Support pages on the Just Flight website. As a Just Flight customer, you can get free technical support for any Just Flight or Just Trains product. If an update becomes available for this aircraft, we will post details on the Support page and we will also send a notification email about the update to all buyers who are currently subscribed to Just Flight emails. Regular News To get all the latest news about Just Flight products, special offers and projects in development, subscribe to our regular emails. We can assure you that none of your details will ever be sold or passed on to any third party and you can, of course, unsubscribe from this service at any time. You can also keep up to date with Just Flight via Facebook and Twitter. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 16 Liveries & Exterior Mods Black Square’s Analog Caravan comes with two complimentary paint colors (Maroon Red, and Forest Green) in the same scheme as the default aircraft, just to help differentiate the two in menus and screenshots. You may adorn these liveries with whatever tail numbers you wish through the default aircraft configuration menu. You may also add more liveries to the Analog Caravan as mod packages the same way you would add them for any other aircraft. Compatibility Since the Black Square Analog Caravan makes use of the default Caravan’s exterior model, all liveries for the default Caravan are also compatible with the Analog Caravan; however, keep in mind that “livery” mods that change the interior features of the default Caravan, such as seats or panel color, will not have an effect on the Analog Caravan, since it uses a completely different interior model. Example Livery Package An example addon livery mod exists within the file structure of the Analog Caravan in your Community Folder. If you don’t know how to locate your MSFS Community Folder, please refer to the installation section of this manual for step-by-step instructions. Once you have located your Community Folder where the Analog Caravan is installed, navigate to… bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan\SimObjects\Airplanes Within the above folder, you will find “bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-livery-example”. This folder contains everything you need to create a livery mod for the Analog Caravan. Inside it, you will find an aircraft.cfg, which defines how your livery will appear in the aircraft selection menu, and several other features. There is also the “TEXTURE.LiveryExample” folder. Within this folder, you will find only a texture.cfg file for now. Continue to the next section for how to implement this file structure to create your own livery mod for the Analog Caravan. Installation 1. Although liveries for the default Caravan are fully compatible with the Analog Caravan, each livery must have its own package inside the Community Folder for each aircraft. Luckily, the Analog Caravan’s livery mod only needs to be a reference to the default livery mod, and none of the textures need to be copied. 2. Begin by creating a new folder in your Community Folder. Name it something like, “bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-mylivery”. Within this folder, make another folder named “SimObjects”. Within this folder, make another folder named “Airplanes”. Within this folder, make yet another folder with the same name as the first, “bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-mylivery”. (We don’t make the rules around here, we Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 17 just follow them.) Lastly, make yet another folder with the name, “TEXTURE.mylivery”, where mylivery matches the unique name you’ve decided to give your livery. 3. Copy the aircraft.cfg file from the example livery mod we located above into the SECOND “bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-mylivery” folder (it should be the second to last folder you made). Next, copy the texture.cfg file from the example livery mod we located above into the TEXTURE.mylivery folder (it should be the last folder you made). 4. Open the aircraft.cfg file in a text editor, and rename all occurrences of “Livery Example“ to a name of your choosing for your livery mod. Leave everything else unchanged, unless you know what you’re doing. 5. Open the texture.cfg file in a text editor, and follow the instructions to rename the two occurrences of “LIVERYNAME“ in the file to match the livery for the default Grand Caravan that you would like to use with the Analog Caravan. The provided example is for a popular livery mod for a popular cargo hauler: fallback.2=..\..\Asobo_208B_GRAND_CARAVAN_EX-FEDBEXFEEDER\TEXTURE.F EDBEXFEEDER 6. Lastly, you will want to copy the two thumbnail images from the livery you wish you use with the Analog Caravan into the TEXTURE.mylivery folder. They should be named, “thumbnail.JPG”, and “thumbnail_small.JPG”. This step is not necessary to use the livery, but helps in identifying it within the aircraft selection menu. 7. Finally, download the MSFS Layout Generator by going to the following link, and clicking the “MSFSLayoutGenerator.exe” in the latest release at the top of the page. You may have to expand the “Assets” menu in the top section of the page. Do not download anything labeled “Source Code”. https://github.com/HughesMDflyer4/MSFSLayoutGenerator/releases 8. Once you have moved the Layout Generator to somewhere on your computer, like your desktop, create two final files in the top most directory of your livery mod, in the FIRST bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-mylivery folder. The files should be plain text files, created in Windows by right clicking within the empty space in a folder, hovering over “New”, and then clicking, “Text Document”. Rename one of these text files to layout.json, and the other to manifest.json. Copy the following text from this document and paste it into the manifest.json file, replacing “mylivery” with your unique livery name. { "dependencies": [], "content_type": "LIVERY", "title": "aircraft-analogcaravan-livery-mylivery", "manufacturer": "", "creator": "Black Square", "package_version": "0.1.0", Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 18 "minimum_game_version": "1.24.2", "release_notes": { "neutral": { "LastUpdate": "", "OlderHistory": "" } }, "total_package_size": "00000000000010000000" } 9. The final step is dragging your layout.json file on top of the “MSFSLayoutGenerator.exe” executable. This will run without any graphical interface, and should populate your layout.json with content. Take a look in the file to see if there is text, but do not edit anything. If you have done everything correctly, your file structure should look like this: ➢ bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-mylivery ○ layout.json ○ manifest.json ➢ SimObjects ➢ Airplanes ➢ bksq-aircraft-analogcaravan-mylivery ○ aircraft.cfg ➢ TEXTURE.mylivery ○ texture.cfg ○ thumbnail.JPG ○ thumbnail_small.JPG This seems like a lot of work to make a simple reference to an already existing livery mod for another aircraft, but once you have done it once and created the file structure, or once you have copied the structure from someone else’s mod, it will be extremely easy to make as many new Analog Caravan liveries as you like. Alternatively: Once a livery mod has been created for the Analog Caravan and shared with the community, making your own livery mod should be as easy as pasting in your new textures, changing the aircraft name in aircraft.cfg, and renaming the texture folder in texture.cfg and aircraft.cfg. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 19 Cockpit & System Guide Main Panel Annunciator Panel The Caravan’s annunciator panel can be tested by two buttons adjacent and to the left of the panel, lebled “Fire Detect Test”, and “Lamp Test”. Press and hold the buttons to confirm all 24 colored annunciators illuminate in the panel. Also adjacent to the annunciator panel is a night dimming switch, which dims the annunciator panel, as well as several other annunciators in the main panel. Below the engine instrumentation and to the right of the altimeter is also an autopilot specific annunciator panel, which indicates active autopilot modes in a different format than on the KAP 140 autopilot itself, which is sometimes preferential for quick reference. This panel includes a red back-course indicator, and red out-of-trim indicator, which illuminates when the aircraft’s pitch is more than ten degrees away from the autopilot command pitch. Quartz Analog Chronometer A precision (second counting) quartz chronometer for timing IFR approach legs or departure clearance void times. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 20 True Airspeed Indicator The Caravan’s airspeed indicator displays both knots (outer scale), and miles per hour (inner scale), as well as reference speeds with colored arcs. The red marking corresponds to the never-exceed speed. The lower end of the green arc corresponds to the clean configuration stalling speed. The upper end of the white arc corresponds to the maximum flap operating speed, and the lower end of the white arc corresponds to the full flap stalling speed. The airspeed indicator also includes a true airspeed calculating ring, which can be positioned for pressure altitude and air temperature, much like an E6B flight computer, and produce a rough true airspeed indicator at the airspeed needle. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 21 Bendix/King KI 256 Vacuum Artificial Horizon A vacuum powered artificial horizon with illuminated decision height indicator, and adjustable attitude bars. Attitude bars are adjusted with the small screw adjustment on the bottom right of the unit’s face. Note that while the KI256 is capable of displaying flight director command bars, the KAP140 autopilot is not capable of driving them. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 22 Bendix/King KEA 130A Altimeter A three pointer precision, encoding altimeter, certified for flight up to 25,000 feet pressure altitude. Kholsman setting is adjusted via the knob in the bottom left corner of the unit. Currently set barometric pressure is displayed in the Kholsman window on the right of the unit in inHg, and in the Kholsman window on the left of the unit in Millibars. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 23 Bendix/King KI 229 Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) This RMI has an automatically rotating compass card that is driven via the aircraft’s remote compass, and therefore, has no adjustment knob like an ADF. The solid yellow needle of the RMI is permanently driven by the NAV1 VOR navigation source, the same as the HSI source. The hollow green needle of the RMI is permanently driven by the KR 87 ADF receiver. Both needles will point directly to the tuned radio ground station whenever signal strength is sufficient. Since there are no flags on this unit to indicate reception, it is necessary to properly identify the station via its morse code identifier before using the RMI indications as a source of navigation. The RMI will show a red flag when the unit is not receiving power, or the unit is not receiving signal from the remote compass. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 24 Bendix/King KI 525A Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) The KI 525A HSI has an automatically controlled compass card, as opposed to most directional gyroscopic compass units, which can be automatically slaved to magnetic heading, or manually controlled via the remote compass controller. The HSI has two knobs for controlling the heading bug for visual reference, and for autopilot heading lateral navigation mode, and a knob for adjusting the course indicated with the yellow needle in the center of the display. The split yellow needle acts as a course deviation indicator, where the deviation scale depends on the navigation source, and operational mode, such as enroute GPS, or ILS antenna signal. On either side of the unit are normally hidden, yellow, glideslope indicator needles, which come into view when the glideslope signal is valid. Under the yellow course indicating needle, two windows with white indicators show the traditional to/from VOR indication when a VOR radio source is selected. When no navigation source has a valid signal, a red “NAV” flag appears at the top of the display. When no valid signal is received from the remote compass, a red “HDG” flag appears at the top of the display. When the unit is not receiving power, both flags are visible. The HSI in this aircraft can be controlled by either the NAV1 source, or the RNAV source, by selecting with the switch located above the localizer. NOTE: Unfortunately, it is not possible to drive the stock MSFS autopilot system with a custom navigation source without implementing a whole new autopilot (to the best of my knowledge). It is recommended that you simply steer the autopilot via the heading bug with reference to the RNAV course deviation shown on the CDI. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 25 Vertical Speed Indicator A vertical speed indicator displaying a maximum of +/- 4,000 feet per minute. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 26 Bendix/King KI 206 Localizer The KI 206 Localizer acts as a secondary radionavigation source in this aircraft, being permanently driven by the NAV2 VOR radio source. The KI 206 includes both lateral and vertical guidance needles, which can be driven from either a VOR/ILS receiver, or via the GNS 430W. The unit incorporates both vertical “GS”, and horizontal “NAV” red flags to indicate when the unit has power, and when the respective navigation source is being received. Two windows with white indicators show the traditional to/from VOR indication when a VOR radio source is selected. This unit is not connected to the remote compass, and therefore, must be manually adjusted for the desired course with the omni-bearing-selector (OBS) knob on the unit’s face. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 27 Mid-Continent Turn Coordinator A DC electric turn coordinator with indicator markings for a standard rate 2-minute turn, a traditional slip indicator, and a red power flag to indicate when the unit is not receiving power. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 28 Bendix/King KRA-10 Radar Altimeter The KRA-10 Radar Altimeter displays the height of the belly-mounted radar transducer with respect to the terrain below the aircraft. The yellow indicating needle rests in a vertical “OFF” position when the unit is not receiving power, a valid signal, or when the indicated altitude is below 10 feet. An orange decision height bug can be positioned from 0 to 2,500 feet on the indicating scale with the adjustment knob. When passing the decision height in a descent, the integrated, yellow, decision height indicator will illuminate, as well as the connected indicator on the KI 256 attitude indicator. Be aware that the indicating scale is non-linear. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 29 Engine Instrumentation A row of eight round-dial engine instruments at the top of the main panel is used to monitor the health of the powerplant. From left to right, the gauges are Propeller Torque (TRQ), Propeller RPM (RPM), Interstage Turbine Temperature (ITT), Gas Generator RPM (Ng), Oil Pressure (PSI), Oil Temperature (°C), Fuel Flow (FF), Left Fuel Tank Quantity (L QTY), and Right Fuel Tank Quantity (R QTY). Some of these instruments are passively driven from the accessory gearbox on the engine, while others are electrically driven; therefore, some will remain functioning with a total loss of electrical power. NOTE: This aircraft makes use of custom turbine engine dynamics code. Users should research and anticipate the following potentially novel turbine engine phenomenon: Torque Bloom: While accelerating on the runway, increased ram air pressure increases combustion efficiency and fuel flow. Caution must be used while setting takeoff power, as torque may rapidly increase beyond the redline while accelerating. Increased ITT with Inertial Separator and Bleed Air: Aircraft configuration can have a substantial impact on ITT, which may cause limit exceedances if not managed properly. Apparent Fuel Imbalance: The fuel sender units in the Caravan are notoriously sensitive to lateral G-force, and how level the aircraft is sitting on the ground. Given that this aircraft is also capable of random fuel leaks, fuel levels should be checked prior to takeoff, just as in the real aircraft, when any potential discrepancy exists. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 30 Duplicate Copilot Instrumentation A duplicate six-pack of primary flight instrumentation is included on the co-pilot’s side of the aircraft. Notably, the directional gyroscopic instrument is a traditional DG, and is not driven by the remote compass, and must be adjusted manually at startup, and continually for drift. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 31 Avionics Black Square aircraft have reconfigurable radio panels that allow you to fly with many popular radio configurations from old-school no GPS panels, to modern installations with touchscreen GPS navigators. To adjust which configuration you’re flying with, use the knobs or switches on the right-hand side of the main panel, adjacent to the co-pilot’s yoke bearing to select your preferred radio for Com1/Nav1, and Com2/Nav2. It might be easier to hide the co-pilot’s yoke while making these selections. The radio selection will be automatically saved and reloaded at the start of a new flight. Garmin GMA 340 Audio Panel This audio controller is very common in light aircraft, and allows for the control of both receiving and transmitting audio sources on one panel. In addition, this implementation also supports listening to multiple VHF communication sources at once, and transmitting on both Com1 and Com2 by pressing the “COM 1/2” button. When you want to return to normal operation, press one of the “COM MIC” keys, and the integrated “COM 1/2” button indicator should extinguish. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 32 Garmin GTN 750 (Com1) This modern touchscreen GPS is implemented by a 3rd party developer. For installation instructions, and instructions on its use, see the installation section of this manual, or the developer’s website. Both PMS GTN 750 and TDS GTNxi 750 products are supported. The aircraft will automatically switch between the installed software with no required user action. Garmin GNS 530/430 (Com1/Com2) This 2000’s era full-color GPS is mostly or partially implemented by a 3rd party developer. For installation instructions, and instructions on its use, see the installation section of this manual, or the developer’s website. NOTE: To hear an audible radio station identifier, both the small adjustment knob on the GNS must be pressed, and the appropriate NAV receiver indicator light must be illuminated on the GMA 340 Audio panel. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 33 Bendix/King KX-155B (Com1/Com2) This 1990’s era Com/Nav receiver allows you to control audio and navigation source inputs from two independent communication and navigation antennas, the left side controlling the VHF Com radio, and the right controlling the VHF Nav radio. Frequency tuning increments can be toggled by pulling on the inner knob of the COM side (labeled “PULL 25K”). The small adjustment knob on the Com side of the unit controls receiver volume, and can be pulled to toggle between US and European frequency spacing. The smallest tunable increment in US mode is 25 kHz, and the smallest possible increment in European mode is 8.33 kHz. The COM display will show frequencies with three decimal places when in 8.33 kHz mode, and two decimal places in 25 kHz mode. When the inner frequency adjustment knob on the NAV side is pulled, the same frequency adjustment knob will tune the active NAV frequency, and the standby frequency will be flagged with dashes. Additionally, a small “T” symbol will be displayed between the active and standby COM frequencies whenever the radio is transmitting. The small adjustment knob on the Nav side of the unit controls Nav receiver identifier volume, and can be pulled for an audible identifier tone. NOTE: To hear an audible radio station identifier, both the small, right adjustment knob on the KX155 must be pulled out, and the appropriate NAV receiver indicator light must be illuminated on the GMA 340 Audio panel. Bendix/King KNS-80 RNAV Navigation System See the standalone section of this manual for instructions on using the KNS-80, below. All stored frequencies, radials, and offsets associated with this unit will be automatically saved and recalled at the beginning of a new flight. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 34 Bendix/King KR 87 ADF The KR 87 ADF receiver allows for standby ADF frequencies to be selected with the dual concentric rotary knobs on the right of the unit. When tuning a frequency, you will be editing the standby frequency, which can be swapped into the active frequency by pressing the “FRQ <->” push button. The two push buttons to the right of the “FRQ <->” button are for controlling the integrated flight timer. The “FLT/ET” push button toggles between the flight duration timer, which is automatically started when power is applied, and the elapsed time timer, which is started, stopped, and reset with the “SET/RST” push button. On the left of the unit, the “ADF” push button toggles the ADF receiver’s antenna mode between normal operation, and listening to the sense-only antenna (disabling the loop antenna), which makes receiving audio-only transmissions easier in low signal strength conditions. Lastly, the “BFO” push button toggles the unit’s beat frequency oscillator, which is used to listen to the tuned station’s morse code identifier in low signal strength conditions. Bendix/King KDI 572 DME This implementation of a KDI 572 behaves similarly to any other Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) receiver, displaying a nautical mile distance to the selected and tuned station, the current speed of the aircraft relative to the selected and tuned station, and a time-to-go until over the station. It should be noted that, like all other DME displays, this one is similarly dependent on being within the VOR service volume, and having good line-of-sight reception of the station. It should also be noted that these distances, speeds, and times, are based on slant-range to the station, not distance along the ground, as one would draw on a map. In order to receive DME information on the KDI 572, the station must be tuned in one of the two navigation radios, the station must be equipped with DME transmitting equipment, the station must have adequate signal strength, and the KDI 572 must have the appropriate navigation source selected via the selector knob mounted on its face. Selecting “HLD” mode will hold the current DME frequency and information on the unit, while allowing the user to change the tuned NAV frequencies on the NAV1 or NAV2 radios. This can be useful for some specific instrument approaches. This unit’s state will be automatically saved and reloaded at the start of the next flight. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 35 Bendix/King KAP 140 Autopilot The KAP 140 is a relatively simple autopilot, with standard modes of control. The unit has an autopilot master push button, and can be disabled via the yoke-mounted autopilot disconnect push buttons. The autopilot’s mode selections include (left to right along the row of push buttons), heading hold mode, lateral navigation mode, approach coupling mode, back course mode, and altitude hold mode. When the autopilot is disabled by any means except loss of power, the “AP” annunciator will flash for five seconds, and an audible tone will be heard. The unit’s display consists of a right section with annunciators, and an altitude pre-selector, which can also be used to display the current barometric setting, and a left section with four annunciator locations for active and armed modes. On the left, active modes will appear in the top row, with lateral modes on the left, and vertical modes on the right. The bottom row will display armed modes for lateral and vertical control underneath their respective active modes. For instance, “ALT” will display in the upper row when an altitude has been captured, and the autopilot is holding that altitude. When a new altitude has been selected, and vertical speed mode has been activated to capture that altitude, “VS” will appear in the top row, and “ALT” in the bottom row to indicate that altitude holding is armed. On the right of the unit, the numerical display will show the currently selected altitude, adjusted with the dual concentric rotary encoder. When in altitude holding mode, this value can also be nudged by 100ft with the “UP” and “DN” buttons. Selecting a new altitude will not cause the aircraft to immediately attempt to capture that altitude. Pressing the “ALT” push button again, however, will activate vertical speed mode, which will automatically arm the altitude capture. The “ARM” push button has become unnecessary with updates to the KAP140 software over the years that incorporate automatically altitude arming. The vertical speed can then be adjusted with the “UP” and “DN” buttons. NOTE: The KAP140 has its own dedicated electronic altimeter. This means that the aircraft will not climb or descend to match the altitude shown on the primary altimeter. The unit’s dedicated altimeter must be adjusted by pressing the “BARO” push button and selecting the desired barometric setting. Barometric pressure units can be toggled by holding the “BARO” push button for three seconds. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 36 Bendix RDR 1150XL Color Weather Radar This implementation of the Bendix RDR 1150XL has six selectable modes via the mode select knob in the upper right-hand corner of the unit. When cycled through the “OFF” mode, the unit will perform a self-test upon startup, and will annunciate if signal is not received from the aircraft’s external weather radar transceiver unit. In “STBY” mode, the unit is in a safe standby mode, which does not energize the radar transmitter. It is recommended that the unit be placed in standby mode whenever the aircraft is operating on the ground to avoid injuring ground personnel, or sensitive equipment on other nearby aircraft. In this mode, the unit will annunciate “STAND BY” in yellow in the center of the radar arc. In “TST” mode, the unit will continuously display a sweeping test signal from the radar unit, which should subtend the full horizontal radar arc, and contain concentric arcs of magenta, red, yellow and green. The “RT FAILURE” flag will also display in cyan. The “ON” mode is the normal mode of operation for this unit. In “ON” mode, the radar will display precipitation and severe turbulence in the above color spectrum, within the radar arc on the screen. The range of the display can be adjusted with the “RNG ^”, and the “RNG v” push buttons. Nautical mile distances are displayed adjacent to the range rings on the radar display. By pressing the “VP” button, the unit can be toggled between horizontal and vertical profile modes, which are annunciated in the upper left-hand corner of the display. The “<TK” and “TK>” buttons can be used to pan the radar transceiver to the right or left, and the “TILT” knob can be used to tilt the radar transceiver up or down. The position of the radar transceiver is annunciated on the display in yellow, but there is no effect on the underlying weather radar simulation. Lastly, “BRT”, and “GAIN” knobs on the left of the unit can be used to control the brightness and gain of the radar respectively. “NAV” and “LOG” modes are not implemented yet in this unit. This unit’s state will be saved automatically and reloaded. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 37 Garmin GTX 327 Transponder The GTX 327 transponder supports the typical transponder modes of operation; off, standby, on, and altitude reporting mode. This transponder also has a VFR preset button, which will automatically set the transponder code to your region’s VFR flight code (such as 1200 in the United States). The unit is also equipped with an ident button for responding to ident requests from air traffic control. Pressing the “FUNC” button will cycle through the unit’s function modes, which are as follows: 1. Pressure Altitude (in flight levels) 2. Flight Timer (triggered by weight-on-wheels sensor) 3. Outside Air Temperature & Density Altitude 4. Count Up Timer 5. Count Down Timer Timers can started and stopped by pressing the “START/STOP” button, and the time can be cleared/reset with the “CLR” button. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 38 Electrical/Miscellaneous Circuit Breakers The Caravan’s circuit breaker panel is located on the electrical pedestal to the left of the pilot’s seat. Breakers may be pulled or pushed to disable electrical circuits and bus connections within the aircraft. All the corresponding electrical circuits are modeled. The status of the electrical system may be monitored via the multi-function volt/amp meter discussed below. In an emergency situation, such as the detection of smoke, acrid burning smells, loss of engine, or alternator failure, all non-essential electrical systems should be switched off, workload permitting. In the case of the Analog Caravan, two circuit breakers pertaining to the control of retractable landing gear on floats will be removed or added as appropriate. It should be noted that the left-hand column of circuit breakers in the Caravan are actually “bus feeders”, which supply each row of equipment with power. In essence, pulling the first breaker of each row, such as “BUS 1 PWR” in the first row, is the same as pulling all the breakers in that row. Similarly, the first two rows of circuits are also connected to the standby alternator, which kicks in when loads on the starter-generator exceed a preset value, and the gas generator is operating above idle. Multi-Function Volt/Amp Meter A multi-function meter and associated rotary selector knob provides access to all the onboard electrical systems in the Caravan. The inner scale of the meter displays voltage, while the outer displays amperage. The selector knobs allows for monitoring of current (amps) being drawn or produced (positive or negative amps) from the starter-generator (“GEN”), the standby alternator (“ALT”), and the aircraft battery (“BATT”). To test the ammeter, try switching to the “ALT” setting while in-flight, and moving the generator control switch to the “TRIP” position. Current draw on the starter-generator should fall to zero, and the standby alternator and battery should momentarily take over to share the load. The last position on the selector switch is “VOLT”, which allows for the monitoring of the main bus voltage, which should mirror the aircraft battery voltage. This setting is especially important during starting to ensure sufficient voltage remains in the battery for starting. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 39 Bendix/King KA 51B Remote Compass Synchroscope This aircraft contains a Bendix/King remote compass, and remote compass controller with integrated synchroscope. The purpose of a remote compass is to supply several instruments, autopilots, or navigation systems with a reliable source of magnetic compass direction that is continuously correcting for gyroscopic drift. This is accomplished by integrating a fluxgate magnetometer’s sensing of magnetic direction with a larger gyroscope than could fit within the housing of a single panel-mounted instrument. This remote compass erects to the correct magnetic heading when powered on, and will automatically correct for gyroscopic drift throughout the flight when the remote compass controller’s mode switch is placed in the “SLAVE” position. In this mode, the integrated synchroscope should display a white line, centered between the stationary + and - markings. Should the position of the remote compass become unreliable, such as during flight through magnetic disturbances or over the earth’s poles, the remote compass can be placed in a manual mode by placing the mode switch in the “FREE” position. In this mode, the input of the magnetometer will be ignored, and the unit will behave like a normal directional gyroscope. The position of the remote compass can be advanced in one direction or another by holding the remaining switch on the remote compass control in either the clockwise (“CW”) direction, or the counter-clockwise (“CCW”) direction. In this mode, the synchroscope will show the set compass position’s deviation from the detected magnetic heading. This Caravan is equipped with an additional “FAST ERECT” push button, which allows for the remote compass to be placed in fast erect mode, which will increase the speed at which the compass card seeks to the sensed magnetic heading, but will not increase the rate at which all signals are integrated to provide a robust magnetic heading. Propeller Amps Indicator The propeller ammeter gauge indicates the flow of current to the propeller hub during deicing. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 40 Vacuum Indicator The vacuum indicator shows the vacuum suction generated by the engine-driven vacuum pump on the engine’s accessory gearbox. The scale on the gauge has indicators for appropriate vacuum suctions at various pressure altitudes of operation. Oxygen Pressure Gauge In the overhead panel of the Caravan, a recessed gauge indicates the oxygen pressure available in the onboard, refillable oxygen cylinder. This cylinder is normally pressurized to 1,850 PSI when serviced on the ground. Oxygen pressure will deplete as it is consumed by passengers and crew, when activated. To activate the Caravan’s built-in demand-type oxygen regulators for crew, place the oxygen supply lever in the overhead panel in the “ON” position. Oxygen will be consumed by the crew only in accordance with the current pressure altitude of the aircraft, and the weights of the crew members. The oxygen pressure is saved between flights, and can be refilled via the “SYSTEMS” page on the weather radar. When the cabin oxygen system is activated, the sound of pressurized gas flowing through pipes will be audible. Hobbs Timer The included Hobbs timer in the aircraft runs from when the master switch is activated, to when it is shut off. Indicated in tenths of an hour, this meter should be a reliable source of timing for your logbook recordings, or emergency leg timing in IMC, should you find yourself in a really unusual and dire situation. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 41 Lighting Controls Cabin Lighting Cabin lighting in the Caravan is controlled via a single toggle switch on the lower-left main panel in the cockpit. Ensure that cabin lighting is turned off during all flight and ground operations, as light bleeds from the cabin into the cockpit area, diminishing the quality of crew night vision. Keep in mind that incandescent, DC, cabin lighting presents a significant drain on the aircraft battery during operation. Use of cabin lighting should be kept to a minimum when the aircraft battery is the only source of electrical power. Cockpit Lighting Cockpit flood lighting is controlled by the dual concentric rheostats under the pilot’s side yoke. Three overhead flood lights (pilot, co-pilot, and pedestal area) are controlled via the outer concentric knobs in this area of the panel. These floodlights are very bright, and should only be used during pre/post flight operations, or during an emergency. An additional floodlight is provided to illuminate the circuit breaker panel to the left of the pilot’s seat. This light is controlled via an inner concentric knob, colocated with the pedestal floodlight dimmer. Panel Lighting Panel lighting is controlled by the dual concentric rheostats under the pilot’s side yoke. The majority of panel lighting is provided through light posts placed on the panel, while some instruments have integrated lighting. The zones of panel lighting are; pilot’s side panel, co-pilot’s side panel, engine instruments, and radio backlighting. Care should be taken to always use the minimum amount of panel lighting necessary to clearly read instrumentation to retain crew night vision quality. State Saving This aircraft implements “selective” state saving, meaning that not all variables are saved and recalled at the next session, but some important settings are, primarily to enhance the user experience. Of primary interest, the radio configuration is saved, as well as any preset frequencies/distances/radials/etc that are entered into radio memory. Many radio and switch settings are also saved for recall, including cabin environmental controls, and the state of other cabin aesthetics, such as sun visors, armrests, and windows. No action is required by the user to save these configurations, as they are autosaved periodically, or whenever required by the software. The state of switches that affect the primary operation of the aircraft, such as battery switches, de-icing, etc, are not saved, and are instead set when the aircraft is loaded based on the starting position of the aircraft. Engine health and oxygen pressure are saved between flights, and can be reset via the “SYSTEMS” screen on the Weather Radar. Note: Since this aircraft uses the native MSFS state saving library, your changes will only be saved if the simulator is shut down correctly via the “Quit to Desktop” button in the main menu. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 42 Environmental Simulation & Controls This aircraft is equipped with a simulated environmental control system, allowing the user to learn the essentials of passenger comfort while operating this aircraft. Cabin temperature is calculated distinctly from outside air temperature. Since the walls of the aircraft are insulated, it will take time for the cabin temperature of the aircraft to equalize with the outside air temperature. The cabin will also heat itself beyond the outside air temperature during warm sunny conditions, and slowly equalize with the outside air temperature after sunset. Without the need for any aircraft power, the cabin temperature can be partially equalized with the outside air temperature by opening the pilot’s side storm window, and fully equalized by ram air cooling, so long as the airspeed of the aircraft is great enough. Cabin temperature can also be equalized with the use of the air conditioning system in “VENTILATE” mode, which does not run the air condition compressor, but only the three ventilation fans. The rate at which temperature equalization, active heating, or active cooling can be achieved can be increased by placing the air conditioning switch in either the “COOL” or “VENTILATE” position, and positioning the “AC FAN” switches in their “HIGH” positions. Be aware that these ventilation systems increase the load required from the current power source substantially, and therefore should be used predominantly while under power, or when external power is supplied to the power distribution bus. Cabin Temperature Monitoring A temperature monitoring system is available in this aircraft to monitor cabin temperature, and alert the pilot to when cabin temperatures have become unacceptably hot or cold. The digital LCD temperature display on the right side of the panel, above the co-pilot standby instrumentation, will display temperatures from -99° to 999° Celsius, or Fahrenheit, toggleable with the small blue push button. Backlighting for this instrument is dimmed via the “RADIO” light dimmer, along with the other avionics backlighting. In addition to this LCD display, two small LED’s are located outboard of the prop-amps gauge to indicate when cabin temperatures are unacceptably hot or cold within the pilot’s primary field of view, and call their attention to the cabin temperature settings. The “CABIN TEMP LOW” light illuminates when cabin temperatures are below approximately 50°F, or 10°C. The “CABIN TEMP HIGH” light illuminates when cabin temperatures are above approximately 90°F, or 32°C. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 43 Cabin Environmental Controls The primary environmental controls are located below the center of the main instrument panel behind the throttle quadrant. As discussed above, placing the air conditioning control switch in “VENTILATE” will begin equalizing the cabin temperature with the outside air temperature. Placing the switch in “COOL” position will activate the air conditioning compressor and begin to cool the cabin to the target air temperature so long as the engine’s gas generator RPM is above approximately 55%. Sometimes it is necessary to place the condition lever into high idle to active the air conditioning system, and it can also be used to increase the cooling rate while on the ground. The cooling rate can also be increased by positioning the “AC FAN” switches in their “HIGH” positions. To increase the cabin temperature, the RED “BLEED AIR HEAT” toggle switch must be placed in the “ON” position. This will provide hot bleed air from the running engine to the temperature control valve so long as the engine gas generator RPM is above 30%, which should be any time the engine is running. NOTE: The Caravan has an extra manual step required to maintain bleed air heating control during all phases of operation. The “CABIN HEAT MIXING AIR” push valve should always be pushed into the “FLT-PUSH” position when the aircraft is in flight, and before starting. Failing to do so may result in a cabin vent over temperature, which will disable the bleed air heating system. The “GND-PULL” position should only be used on the ground when gas generator RPM is below 85% to increase the amount of heating air that is available during particularly cold ambient conditions. The centrally located “TEMP HOT” control knob differs slightly in use from the real world aircraft as a matter of convenience to the user. In order to prevent temperature oscillations that require the toggling of the air conditioner between on and off states, the temperature control knob is used to set a target temperature for both the heating and cooling systems. The knob can rotate approximately 180° to select temperature targets from 50°F (10°C), to 100°F (38°C). When the proper heating or cooling system is activated appropriate to the outside air temperature conditions, the aircraft will heat or cool at varying rates determined by many other factors to the desired target cabin temperature. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 44 Failure Configuration & System Status This aircraft is equipped with an underlying software system that is capable of triggering a failure of almost any simulated aircraft system, either by random, or at a scheduled time. An interface for configuring failure settings, resetting failures, or monitoring active failures is provided in the “NAV” and “LOG” modes of the in-panel weather radar. A list of all possible failures is provided below. Failures are saved between flights, leaving you to discover what has failed during your checklists. Systems Screen To access the “SYSTEMS” menu, rotate the mode knob on the weather radar to “NAV”. On the screen shown, you will be presented with a segmented bar graph indicating the current engine condition, and several options. Using the keys on the weather radar bezel indicated by the YELLOW text and accompanying arrows, you can repair the engine, resetting its condition to 100%, refill the oxygen system, or reset all failures. Resetting all currently active failures will return the aircraft to a state with no failures and all systems functioning normally. Failures Screen To access the “FAILURES” menu, rotate the mode knob on the weather radar to “LOG”. On the screen shown, you will be presented with a segmented bar graph indicating the current global failure rate as a multiplier of real-time. You may increase or decrease the global failure rate by powers of two with the keys on the weather radar bezel as indicated in YELLOW on the screen. The maximum allowable multiplier is 1024x. Random failures can be completely disabled by pressing the indicated decrease key until the global failure rate indicates “NO FAILURES”. The global failure rate multiplies the probability of random failures occurring while in “RANDOM” failure mode based on their selected Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF). For Example, if a Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 45 specific failure is expected to occur once in every 5,000 hrs of simulated flight time, a global failure rate of 1024x, will result in this failure occurring roughly once in every 5 hrs of simulated flight time instead. Settings between 8x and 32x are recommended to add a little excitement to your virtual flying experience, as many hundreds of hours can be flown a 1x real-time failures without encountering a single failure, while settings above 256x almost guarantee multiple failures per flight. From the failures page, one can also toggle between “RANDOM” and “SCHEDULED” failure modes. (currently active mode is indicated in MAGENTA) All failure settings can be reset to defaults from this page, for which a confirmation warning message will be displayed. Confirming the reset will return all MTBF times to system specific default values, return all scheduled failure times to default, and disable any currently armed scheduled failures. Any currently active failures can be viewed by navigating to the “ACTIVE FAILURES” page, and failures can be configured via the “DETAILED SETTINGS”. The detailed settings page is context sensitive, and will be different depending on whether the failure system is currently in random or scheduled mode. Random Failures Screen From the random failures screen, one can set custom failure probabilities in the form of Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) time in hours. While real world electromechanical components follow an exponentially decaying failure probability after their fabrication, this would be inconvenient for users of virtual aircraft, since it would subject new users to high component mortality rates just after purchasing the product; therefore, the probability of component failure is constant throughout aircraft operation. This means that the probability of failure can be considered to be exactly the mean at all times. Upon loading the aircraft for the first time, default values will be displayed for each system, which are representative of their real world counterparts. These values can be modified by navigating to a failure using the “RNG” up and Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 46 down keys on the weather radar bezel, and the “TRK>” key to move the cursor over to the MTBF column. Further use of the “RNG” keys will adjust the MTBF. Use the “<TRK” key to return the cursor to the list of failures. Failures are color coded into groups. Magenta is used for catastrophic engine failures, red for major systems failures, white for electrical bus distribution failures, and cyan for circuit breaker protected systems failures. The minimum allowable MTBF is 100 hrs, and the maximum is 1,000,000 hrs. Scheduled Failures Screen From the scheduled failures screen, individual failures can be scheduled to occur between specific times after the current time. Failures have a constant probability of occurring between the two times listed in minutes, and will only occur after the failure’s “ARM?” value has been set to “Y”. Upon loading the aircraft for the first time, default values will be displayed for each time. These times can be modified by navigating to a failure using the “RNG” up and down keys on the weather radar bezel, and the “TRK>” key to move the cursor over to the other columns. Scheduled failure times can then be adjusted with further use of the “RNG” up and down keys. The “ARM?” flag can be set with either the “RNG” up or down key. Use the “<TRK” key to return the cursor to the list of failures. Failures are color coded into groups. Magenta is used for catastrophic engine failures, red for major systems failures, white for electrical bus distribution failures, and cyan for circuit breaker protected systems failures. The minimum allowable time is 1 minute, and the maximum is 480 minutes, or 8 hours. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 47 Active Failures Screen From the active failures screen, one can scroll though a list of all active failures affecting the aircraft. Only failure names are displayed, and they can be scrolled through using the “RNG” up and down keys on the weather radar bezel. When the blinking cursor has a failure selected, pressing the “TRK>” key will reset the highlighted failure, returning the system to normal operation. Failures are colored in groups. Magenta is used for catastrophic engine failures, red for major systems failures, white for electrical bus distribution failures, and cyan for circuit breaker protected systems failures. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 48 Failure System HTML Interface To facilitate users who wish to initiate failures instantaneously via an external software interface, such as an instructor station, webpage, or tablet interface, access has been provided into the failure system using MSFS’s HTML events. Any software that is capable of sending HTML events (also known as H:Vars), is capable of triggering failures without any additional configuration. These failures will appear in the in-cockpit weather radar interface discussed above, and can be reset from the same interface, or by sending the same HTML event again. This interface allows users to create and share profiles for popular 3rd party interface applications to trigger and reset failures, or even mimic more complex emergency scenarios. Popular software capable of sending HTML events to MSFS include: ● Air Manager ● Axis and Ohs ● Mobiflight ● SPAD.neXt ● FSUIPC ● Many other SimConnect-based interfaces To trigger or reset any failure in any Black Square aircraft, simply send an HTML event with the prefix “BKSQ_FAILURE_”, and the exact name of the failure as it appears in the in-cockpit weather radar interface with spaces replaced by underscores. For example, to trigger or reset a failure named “L FUEL QTY”, the HTML event would be: >H:BKSQ_FAILURE_L_FUEL_QTY Depending on your programming environment, be sure to check the exact syntax needed to trigger HTML events. Some graphical programming environments may require you to omit the leading “>” from the event, while others may require this “>” to be expressed as “&gt;”, such as in reverse polish notation. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 49 List of Possible Failures Major System Failures ENGINE FAILURE ENGINE FIRE MAIN FLAP MOTOR STBY FLAP MOTOR VACUUM PUMP PITOT BLOCKAGE STATIC BLOCKAGE L BRAKE R BRAKE OXYGEN LEAK L FUEL LEAK R FUEL LEAK Electrical Bus Failures ELEC BUS 1-1 STBY POWER 1 ELEC BUS 2-1 STBY POWER 2 ELEC BUS 1-2 ELEC BUS 2-2 ELEC BUS 1-3 ELEC BUS 2-3 Circuit Breaker Protected Failures IGNITION STARTER CONTROLLER GEN CONTROLLER GEN FIELD AUX FUEL PUMP ANNUNCIATOR PANEL FIRE DETECTOR AP ANNUNCIATOR PANEL REMOTE COMPASS GYRO L TURN COORDINATOR R TURN COORDINATOR ITT GAUGE OIL TEMP GAUGE FUEL FLOW GAUGE L FUEL QUANTITY R FUEL QUANTITY OVERSPEED TEST BLEED AIR VALVE L PITOT HEAT R PITOT HEAT WSHLD ANTI-ICE WSHLD ANTI-ICE CONTROL DE-ICE BOOTS PROP ANTI-ICE PROP ANTI-ICE CONTROL FUEL CONTROL HEATER L LANDING LIGHT R LANDING LIGHT STROBE LIGHT BEACON LIGHT TAXI LIGHT NAV LIGHTS MAP LIGHTS INSTRUMENT LIGHTS RADIO LIGHTING CABIN LIGHTS WING ICE LIGHT AMPHIB GEAR CONTROL AMPHIB GEAR PUMP L VENT BLOWER R VENT BLOWER AFT VENT BLOWER STALL WARNING AIR CONDITIONING BLIND ALT ENCODER STBY HORIZON ALT ENCODER ELEC TRIM COMM 1 NAV 1 XPNDR GLIDESLOPE 1 ADF HSI GYRO MAG SLAVING AUDIO PANEL AP ACTUATORS AP CONTROLLER COMM 2 NAV 2 GLIDESLOPE 2 DME RNAV RADAR ALT AVIONICS FAN AUDIO AMPLIFIER FUEL SELECTOR WARN WX RADAR CONTROLLER WX RADAR ANTENNA Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 50 Miscellaneous Systems Audible Warning Tones This version of the Caravan comes equipped with several warning tones to alert the operator to important configuration changes, or potentially dangerous situations. These tones can be disabled by pulling the circuit breaker for the respective tone’s underlying warning system. These tones are as follows: ● Altitude Alerter Tone: A beeping tone will sound five times quickly when the aircraft is within 1,000 ft of the selected altitude displayed on the KAP140 Autopilot. ● Autopilot Disconnect Tone: Whenever the autopilot is disconnected via the autopilot master push button, the control yoke mounted disconnect buttons, or automatically disconnects when overpowered, a soft warning chime will sound. ● Stall Warning Horn: When the aircraft is within approximately 5-10 knots of stalling speed, a constant tone warning horn will sound. ● Overspeed Horn: When the aircraft exceeds the VNE (red line) airspeed on the airspeed indicator, a repeating beeping tone warning will sound until the speed of the aircraft is reduced to below VNE. ● Engine Fire Siren: When a fire is detected in the engine, a loud siren will sound to alert the pilot to take immediate action. This tone cannot be canceled or silenced except by extinguishing the engine fire, or pulling the fire detector circuit breaker. Through completing the engine fire checklists, the pilot will close the firewall valve of the affected engine, and disable the aircraft’s power sources. This will cease the warning sound should. The fire warning siren can be tested by pressing the red fire detector test button adjacent to the annunciator panel. This warning siren will be accompanied by the RED “ENGINE FIRE” annunciator. ● Fuel Selector Off Tone: Added to later model Caravans as the result of early accidents, a warning tone is incorporated to alert the pilot of when the engine has been disconnected from all potential fuel supplies, either by the overhead fuel selectors, or by the firewall valve pull handle on the lower throttle quadrant. The warning system is also activated anytime either fuel selector is off during engine starting, or when only one fuel tank is feeding, and that fuel tank’s quantity is less than approximately 25 US gallons. This warning tone can be disabled by pulling the fuel selector warning circuit breaker at the bottom of the circuit breaker panel, but the annunciator will continue to indicate normally. The system can be completely disabled by pulling both the fuel selector warning circuit breaker, and the starter controller circuit breaker. The tone can be tested by pressing the annunciator test button when Avionics Bus #1 is receiving power. This warning tone will be accompanied by a RED “FUEL SELECT OFF” annunciator. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 51 VOR & ADF Signal Degradation Unlike in the real world, navigation receivers in Microsoft Flight Simulator produce only ideal readings. Signal strength is not affected by distance, altitude, terrain, or atmospheric conditions. When a station is out of range, the signal is abruptly switched off. This is unrealistic, and does not give the feel of navigating with the physical systems of the real aircraft. All Steam Gauge Overhaul and future Black Square aircraft solve this problem by providing variables for VOR and ADF indications with distance and height above terrain based signal attenuation and noise. This noise is mathematically accurate for the type of signal (phased VHF for VOR, and MF for NDB), and adheres to the international standards for station service volumes. Combined with the two-pole filtering and physics of the instrument’s needles in the cockpit, this creates a very convincing facsimile of the real world instrument’s behavior. The To-From indicators of the VOR instruments will even exhibit the fluttering that is characteristic of the “cone of confusion” directly over the ground-based stations that pilots are taught to recognize during instrument training. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 52 Overview Electrical Schematic Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 53 Using the KNS-80 RNAV Navigation System The Concept When most pilots hear the acronym “RNAV”, they probably think of the modern RNAV, or GPS approach type, or precision enroute navigation for airliners; however, long before this type of navigation, there was the onboard RNAV computer. This 1980’s era piece of early digital computer technology allowed pilots to fly complex routes with precision away from traditional ground-based radionavigation sources, such as VOR’s and NDB’s, and fly much shorter routes as a result. As the technology improved, even an early form of RNAV approaches became possible. Before GPS, the onboard RNAV computer allowed for GPS-like flying in a sophisticated package of digital electronics, marketed towards small to mid-size general aviation aircraft. How it Works To understand how the RNAV computer works, consider the utility of being able to place a ground-based VOR antenna anywhere you like along your route. If your destination airport does not have a radionavigation source on the field, you could simply place one there, and fly directly to or from it. You could also place an antenna 10 miles out from a runway to set up for a non-precision approach. You could even place an antenna on the threshold of a runway, set your HSI course to the runway heading, and fly right down to the runway with lateral guidance; in fact, this is how an ILS receiver works. The KNS-80 Navigation System allows the user to “move” a virtual VOR antenna anywhere they like within the service volume (area of reliable reception) of an existing VOR antenna. “Moving” a VOR To “move” a VOR antenna to somewhere useful, we must know how far from the tuned VOR station we would like to move it, and in what direction. These quantities are defined by a Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 54 nautical mile distance, and a radial upon which we would like to move the antenna. For example, to place a virtual VOR 10 miles to the Southwest of an existing station, we would need to enter the station’s frequency, a displacement radial of 225°, and a displacement distance of 10.0 nm. Once we have entered this data into the RNAV computer, the resulting reading from this new virtual VOR station will be indicated on our HSI in the same manner as any other VOR, assuming the HSI source selector switch is set to “RNAV”, and not “NAV1”. This means that you can rotate the course select adjustment knob to any position you like, to fly to/from from the new virtual station on any radial or bearing, so long as you stay within the service volume of the tuned VOR station. Data Entry Now that you understand the basics of RNAV navigation, let's learn how to enter the data from above into the KNS-80. On the right side of the unit, you will find the “DATA” push button, and the adjacent data entry knob. Between the two exists a marking, reading, “FREQ-RAD-DST”, to remind you of the order in which data should be entered, frequency first, then radial, and finally distance. At any given time, either “FRQ”, “RAD”, or “DST” is shown on the LCD screen to indicate which type of data is being entered. Press the “DATA” push button to cycle through the data entry process, and use the data entry knob to tune a frequency, enter a radial, and finally a distance. Data Storage Bins Below the data entry area on the screen, there are two numbers shown, 1-4, in either the “USE” or the “DSP” (Display) positions. The KNS-80 can hold up to four different combinations of frequency, radial, and distance data at one time. This can be greatly useful while planning a flight on the ground. The data channel being edited is indicated by the “DSP” number, and the data being used by the computer and subsequently displayed on the HSI is indicated by the “USE” number. To cycle through the two numbers, press the “USE” or “DSP” push buttons to the left of the “DATA” push button. Whenever the two numbers are different, indicating that one data channel is being edited, but another is being displayed on the navigation equipment, the “USE” numeral will flash continuously. Distance Measuring Equipment On the top left-hand side of the LCD display is a traditional Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) display, with a nautical mile distance to the virtual VOR station, a current speed of the aircraft relative to the station, and a time-to-go until over the station. It should be noted that, like all other DME displays, this one is similarly dependent on being within the VOR service volume, and having good line-of-sight reception of the station. It should also be noted that these distances, speeds, and times, are based on slant-range to the station, not distance along the ground, as one would draw on a map. For most procedures, it was determined that this fact did not make such a large difference as to be detrimental to the procedure, but pilots should still be aware of the distinction. Pressing the “HOLD” push button will place the unit in DME hold mode, which will hold the current DME frequency and information on the unit’s display while allowing Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 55 the user to change the tuned NAV frequency. This can be useful for some specific instrument approaches. This feature cannot be used in RNAV modes of operation. Modes of Operation Lastly, in the bottom left-hand corner of the LCD display, the KNS-80’s many modes are annunciated. The KNS-80’s modes fall into two categories; VOR and RNAV, and are activated by the “VOR” and “RNAV” push buttons. Further subcategories of modes are activated by pressing the appropriate push button multiple times. The VOR modes allow for the driving of an HSI with traditional VOR and ILS (including glideslope) data from the unit’s third VHF navigation receiver. The VOR mode allows for behavior identical to a standard VOR receiver, with 10° of full-scale deflection to either side of the HSI’s course deviation indicator (CDI). Pressing the VOR button again will enter PAR mode, which puts the CDI in a “PARallel” mode of operation, and linearizes the course deviation to +/- 5 nm full-scale deflection. This can be useful for tracking airways more accurately. Pressing the RNAV push button will enter the RNAV modes, where the CDI deflection is based on the displaced virtual VOR shown in the “USE” numeral. There are two RNAV modes, “RNAV/ENR” (Enroute), which drives the CDI with linear deflections of +/- 5 nm full-scale, and “RNAV/APR” (Approach), which drives the CDI with linear deflections of +/- 1.25 nm full-scale. Finally, when an ILS frequency is tuned in the currently USEd RNAV data, “ILS” will annunciate on the screen. Modes in Summary: VOR: Angular course deviation, 10° full-scale deflection, just like a third NAV radio. VOR/PAR: Linear course deviation, 5 nm full-scale deflection, useful for existing airways. RNAV/ENR: Linear course deviation, 5 nm full-scale deflection, displaced VOR waypoints. RNAV/APR: Linear course deviation, 1.25 nm full-scale deflection, displaced VOR waypoints. Other Possible Uses Another possible use for the RNAV Navigation System is simply determining your distance away from an arbitrary point within a VOR service volume. This can be useful for many applications, such as ensuring that you remain clear of controlled airspace, or a temporary flight restriction (TFR). It could also be used for maintaining a certain distance away from a coastline, or flying circles around a target on the ground. A further possible use for the RNAV Computer is enhanced VOR “Fencing”, such as for avoiding special use airspace, military operations areas, international airspace borders, or Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ), or descent planning, or radionavigation switchover points. Finally, one of the most useful applications of the RNAV System is in establishing holding patterns. Before GPS, holding pattern entry and flight could be even more confusing than it already is today. With an RNAV computer, a holding point entry waypoint can be placed anywhere, and flown around like there is a purpose-placed ground-based transmitter at the entry point. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 56 Recommended Skills 1. Direct Route Navigation 2. Parallel Flight along Airways 3. Location & Distance from Waypoints 4. Enhanced Geo-Fencing 5. Maintaining Distance from Ground Points 6. Holding Pattern Entries 7. Fly a Rectangular Course Direct Flight to Airport Tutorial Lastly, as a first illustration of the power within the RNAV navigator, follow these steps to fly from any location within the chosen VOR service volume directly to an airport of your choosing without the need for any colocated navigational aid. 1. Locate the nearest VOR station to your desired destination, and its frequency, radial, and distance from the destination airport. While other station frequencies, radials, and distances can be found on approach, arrival, and departure charts, the easiest place to start is often with a mobile app or website that lists nearby stations along with other airport information. Examples include: ForeFlight, Garmin Pilot, FltPlan Go, SkyVector.com, and Airnav.com. These radials and distances can also be calculated during preflight planning by hand with a plotter, or with most flight planning software applications. In this case, we will use SkyVector.com to search for a destination airport, in this case, Beverly Airport in the US state of Massachustts. In the fourth block of data, we are presented with four nearby VOR stations (on the left), all providing good coverage to Beverly Airport. To assess whether or not a VOR provides good service to your destination, reference the following chart for VOR service volumes published by the Federal Aviation Administration. For the vast majority of VOR stations, reception will be acceptable within 40 nm of the station while in-flight, and is usually the only volume worth considering for low altitude general aviation flights. For this example, we will choose the nearest VOR at Lawrence Airport, (LWM). This VOR has a frequency of 112.50 Mhz, a radial to Beverly Airport of 154°, and a distance of 12.3 nm. These are all three pieces of data that we need to fly directly to Beverly. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 57 2. Enter the three pieces of data we located above into the KNS-80 RNAV computer. Once the KNS-80 is powered on, all your data entered during previous flights will be loaded from memory, and the active “display”, and “use” data channels will be set to 1, and 1. First, we will use the dual concentric rotary knobs on the right of the unit to enter the frequency 112.5 Mhz into data channel 1, just as we would with any other navigation radio. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 58 3. Once our desired frequency has been set we will use the “DATA” push button to page through the three required pieces of data in this data channel in the order “FREQ-RAD-DST”. Press the “DATA” button once, and then enter the radial 154.0, again with the dual concentric rotary knobs. Should your desired radial include a decimal component, the inner rotary knob can be pulled and rotated for decimal entry. 4. When our desired radial is set, press the “DATA” push button once again to enter our desired distance offset of 12.3 nm. Again, should your desired distance include a decimal component, the inner rotary knob can be pulled and rotated for decimal entry. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 59 5. Data entry is now complete; however, before we can begin following the CDI to the airport, we need to choose an RNAV mode of operation, probably RNAV/ENR for enroute operation, unless we need increased precision for some reason. Press the “RNAV” push button until “ENR” and “RNAV” are annunciated above the button. In RNAV modes of operation, our CDI will guide us to the displaced VOR waypoint at Beverly Airport that we just created, and all displayed DME information will be relative to that new waypoint. NOTE: VOR modes of operation WILL NOT provide CDI or DME information relative to the active waypoint. They are for operation as a conventional navigation radio with reference to existing VOR stations, in either angular or linear course deviation mode. 6. Lastly, make sure the HSI SOURCE switch in your aircraft is set to RNAV; otherwise, we will not see the RNAV information displayed on the HSI. 7. To fly directly to the displaced VOR waypoint at our destination airport, simply rotate the omni-bearing selector (OBS) or course (CRS) knob on your HSI, as you would to fly to a VOR, and follow the CDI needle with a TO indication. Countdown the distance and time remaining until arriving at your destination with the DME information provided on the KNS-80. When you have arrived, the TO/FROM indication will reverse, and DME distance will approach zero, just like with a conventional VOR receiver. Even at distances of 40 nm, this system is usually precise enough to place your route of flight inside the airport perimeter fence at your destination. Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 60 Normal Checklists Before Starting Engine Preflight Inspection Complete Passenger Cabin Doors Unlocked Cabin Doors Latched Parking Brake Set Control Lock Removed Seats & Seatbelts Secure Switches Off Ignition Switch Norm Circuit Breakers All In Fuel Selectors Both On Oxygen Pressure 1850 psi Ventilation & A/C Off Bleed Air Heat Off Cabin Mixing Air FLT-PUSH Emergency Power Lever Normal Power Lever Idle Propeller Lever Full Forward Fuel Condition Lever Cutoff Fuel Cutoff Pushed In Firewall Valve Pushed In Battery Switch On Annunciators Test Fire Detector/Warning Test Flap Lever Up No Smoking/Seatbelt Lights As Required Engine Start (Battery) Beacon Light On Avionics Switch 1 On Bus Volts 24V Min. Emergency Power Annun Extinguished Propeller Area Clear Fuel Boost Pump On Fuel Press Low Annun Extinguished Fuel Flow None Starter Switch Start Oil Pressure Rising Ng RPM Stable Greater than 12% Fuel Condition Lever Low Idle Fuel Flow 90 to 140 lb/hr ITT 1090 max. 2s Ng RPM Greater than 52% Starter Switch Off Starter Engaged Annun Extinguished Engine Instruments Check Generator Switch Reset Generator Load Positive Battery Charging Current Negative Gen Off Annun Extinguished Fuel Boost Pump Off Fuel Boost Pump Annun Extinguished Weather Radar Off/Standby Avionics Switch 2 On Nav Lights As Required Suction Check Remote Compass Slaved & Aligned Ventilation & Defrost As Required Radios Check Engine Start (External Power) Beacon Light On Avionics Switch 1 On Battery Volts 20V Min. External Power Bus Bus Volts 24-28.5V Emergency Power Annun Extinguished Propeller Area Clear Fuel Boost Pump On Fuel Press Low Annun Extinguished Fuel Flow None Starter Switch Start Oil Pressure Rising Ng RPM Stable Greater than 12% Fuel Condition Lever Low Idle Fuel Flow 90 to 140 lb/hr ITT 1090 max. 2s Ng RPM Greater than 52% Starter Switch Off Starter Engaged Annun Extinguished Engine Instruments Check Generator Switch Reset Generator Load Positive Gen Off Annun Extinguished External Power Off Battery Charging Current Negative Fuel Boost Pump Off Fuel Boost Pump Annun Extinguished Weather Radar Off/Standby Avionics Switch 2 On Nav Lights As Required Suction Check Remote Compass Slaved & Aligned Ventilation & Defrost As Required Radios Check Taxi Flight Instruments Set & Check Cabin Lights Off Cockpit Lighting Dim for Taxi Taxi/Recog Light As Required Inertial Separator As Required Parking Brake Release Brakes Test Remote Compass Aligned Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 61 Before Takeoff (Runup) Parking Brake Set Seats & Seatbelts Secure Flight Controls Free & Correct Standby Alternator On Standby Alternator Check Zero Amps Generator Load Load to 30-60 Amps Generator Switch Trip Standby Alternator Load Positive Generator Switch Reset Fuel Boost Pump Norm Fuel Selectors Both On Fuel Quantity Check Fuel Cutoff Push In Trims Set for T/O Flaps 10 (Norm) 20 (Short Field) Power Lever 400 ft-lbs Suction Check Bus Volts 24V Min. Inertial Separator On ITT Check Increase Inertial Separator Off Engine Instruments Check Power Lever 1800 RPM Overspeed Governor Press & Hold Propeller RPM Check (1750 +/-60 RPM) Power Lever Idle Pitot Heat On Generator Load Increase Pitot Heat Off Windshield Anti-Ice On Generator Load Increase Windshield Anti-Ice Off Propeller De-Ice On Propeller Amps 20-24 Amps Propeller De-Ice Off Airframe De-Ice On Airframe De-Ice Annun Observe Cycle Airframe De-Ice Off Pitot Heat On if OAT less than 4c Ice Protection As Required Heading Bug 30 Degrees Left Autopilot Heading Mode Engage Yoke Movement Observe Heading Bug 30 Degrees Right Yoke Movement Observe Autopilot Disconnect Test Autopilot Set for Climb Battery Charging Current Less than 10A Weather Radar As Required Strobe Lights As Required Annunciators Test & Consider Flight Instruments Set & Check Storm Windows Closed Cabin Mixing Air FLT-PUSH Fuel Condition Lever High Idle Parking Brake Release Takeoff Transponder ALT Mode Landing Lights On Inertial Separator As Required Power Lever Set for T/O (See POH) Annunciators Check Engine Instruments Green Brakes Release ITT 805 max Flaps Retract at 95kts Max Performance Climb Propeller Lever 1900 RPM Power Lever 1865 ft-lbs ITT Less than 765 Air Conditioning / Heat As Required Enroute Climb Pitot Heat On if OAT less than 4c Ice Protection As Required Propeller Lever 1600-1900 RPM Power Lever 1865 ft-lbs ITT Less than 740 Air Conditioning / Heat As Required Cruise Landing & Taxi Lights Off Pitot Heat On if OAT less than 4c Ice Protection As Required No Smoking/Seatbelt Lights As Required Oxygen As Required Inertial Separator As Required Propeller Lever 1600-1900 RPM Power Lever Set for Cruise (See POH) Descent Pitot Heat On if OAT less than 4c Ice Protection As Required No Smoking/Seatbelt Lights On Propeller Lever 1600-1900 RPM Power Lever Reduce Before Landing Seats & Seatbelts Secure Fuel Selectors Both On Oxygen Off Landing Lights On Inertial Separator As Required Condition Lever High Idle Propeller Lever Full Forward Flaps As Required Autopilot Disconnect Landing Flaps Full Power Lever Beta after Landing Brake As Required Power Lever Idle before 25kts Black Square - Analog Caravan User Guide (2023) 62 Balked Landing Power Lever Set for T/O (See POH) Flaps 20 Degrees Airspeed 80kts min. Flaps Retract when Safe After Landing Flaps Up Pitot Heat Off Ice Protection Off Strobe Lights Off Taxi/Recog Light On Landing Lights Off Condition Lever Low Idle Weather Radar Off/Standby Inertial Separator As Required Shutdown & Securing Parking Brake Set Avionics Off Standby Alternator Off Fuel Boost Pump Off Heat & A/C Off Power Lever Idle for 1 min Propeller Lever Feather Condition Lever Cutoff Exterior Lights Off Battery Switch Off Fuel Selectors Both Off Oxygen Off Inertial Separator Off I