Pilot Training Manual for the C-47

Burma. A C-47 carried a 6100-lb. pinion gear 5300 miles in 3 days so that a damaged Amer- ican cruiser in a foreign port could he put back into service in a week. And the C-47 airplane can hold up under pun- ishment. During the Sicilian invasion, a large- caliber naval shell passed directly through a C-47, yet the airplane got back to its base. A C-47 got home after one engine had been com - pletely torn out when it struck a group of high-tension wires. Another C-47 was so rid- dled by shellfire the pilot decided to ditch, but the airplane bounced from the water and the pilot flew it home. Time and time again the C-47 has proved itself a reliable and safe airplane. It has done its job well in a civilian role and in combat . It is an easy plane to handle, has no bad flying characteristics and gives maximum perform- ance under the most adverse conditions. How- ever, it is an airplane that you can't stunt or dive. You will find it a pleasure to fly. 7 RESTRICTED FLYING THE C-47 Here is your airplane. As you have seen from the story of its work, it is the workhorse of this war. When the tall tales are spun in the nights to come it will take its place with the 8 chevaux - 40 hommes of the last war . Your transition training in this airplane cov - ers normal flight procedure, plus the emergency procedures to bring you safely through the 8 tight spots that come to most pilots at one time or another. The C-47 has no bugs. It has been around a long time doing a magnificent job. The only troubles you will have are those you bring on yourself. Know your airplane. When you check it before a flight know enough about it to spot trouble . Maintenance men are human too- they make mistakes . Your job is to check their work just before you fly. Know your procedures . Confusion in the cockpit causes far too many accidents. Practice emergency procedures until they are as famil- RESTRICTED iar, and as easily accomplished as normal oper- ation. Some of these procedures you can prac- tice in the airplane . For others, you must use mockups, but know them all. Make the most of transition training. Spend every hour you can in the cockpit. If you can't THE AIRPLANE COMMANDER AND HIS CREW You are the commanding officer of the air- plane. It is your responsibility to know your airplane and its accessories and to be familiar with normal and emergency procedures. This manual covers these matters in detail. As commanding officer of the airplane's crew you must see that each man knows hi s duties and performs them properly. The airplane and its crew are your responsibility. A C-47 crew normally consists of: 1. Airplane commander or first pilot 2. Copilot 3. Navigator 4. Radio operator 5. Aerial engineer Your crew must learn to work together as a unit. Under emergency or unpleasant condi - tions there is no place for lack of understanding of the next man 's job, or for clashes of tempera- ment . It is up to you to weld your crew into a working team. Each member of your crew s ho u ld learn as much as possible about other crew members' RESTRICTED RESTRICTED take the C-47 up, sit in the cockpit and check yourself on procedures. Get to know your air- plane so well that you can close your eyes and visualize every part and just how it works.' When you know your airplane that well, you won't make mi s takes during tough sledding. I duties so that each can relieve any other under emergency conditions, or in case one is unable to perform his duties. Besides their particular duties, your crew must know: 1. Position of em e rgency equipment and its use. 2. Bailout procedures. 3. Ditching stations and procedures. 4. Life raft launching. 5. Lost plane procedure . S. Health and sanitation precautions in flight. 7. Security precautions and instructions for destroying confidential equipment. Inspect your crew members before and after each flight. Make sure they have fitted para - chutes and proper clothing for long flights and for cold weather operation. Make these inspec- tions a habit, beginning with the first train i ng flight with your crew. Schedule practice for emergency procedures, including ditching and life raft launching. Drill your crew until it functions as a team. 9 RESTRICTED , , ;+-- 26 FEET 8 INCHES ~ TRIM TAB TAIL LIGHTS RUDDER ELEVATOR HORIZONTAL STABILIZER VERTJ(AL STABILIZER AILERON TRIM TAB I I CENTER SE(TJON OF WING • , t LA"" N0""1N""'G""L1~ G HT , FRONT CARGO DOOR ~, I \ \ ....../ 9S FEET ~ 64~ FEE T] , , , , ASTRODOME ESCAPE HATCH REAR CARGO DOOR I , --,--t- - - - - - - ,- -:..<-:z:-~--,,--- ~ 1 REMOVABLE PANEL RADIO -=:l::-~~~~../ I&; LOOP.... .... ;; ANTENNA y PITOT TUBES CAliiRB~FI~LT~ER~t~--.L--~~d.......~~~;f LANDING WHEELS 10 RUDDER TRIM TABS TAIL LIGHTS ELEVATOR RESTRICTED THE AIRPLANE The C-47, and its modified versions, C -4 7A and C-47B, is a 2-en~ine, all-metal, low-wing monoplane, used for transport of supplies, paratroop operation, glider towing, and the evacuation of wounded. Th~ airplane has two 1200-Hp Pratt & Whit- ney, 14-cylinder, R-1830-92, Twin Wasp en- gines, with Hamilton Standard hydromatic full- feathering 3- bladed propellers . The C-47B is designed for high-altitude flying. It has R-1830- 90C engines, each with a 2-speed internal blower. The hydraulic landing gear is of the conven- tional type. Main wheels retract vertically into the eI' gine nacelles and extend approximately 11 inches out of the nacelles when fully re- tracted. In this position they are free to rotate and are subject to normal brake action. The tailwheel is non-retractable. RESTRICTED There is a large cargo door at the left of the main cabin and a smaller cargo door on the left side of the airplane behind the pilots' com- partment. The plane has four emergency exits: a window on each side of the main cabin, .just aft of the wings, an escape hatch over th e pilots' compartment, and a removable panel in the main cargo loading door. The airplane has two main sections. In the forward . section is the pilots' com- partment, radio operator's and navigator's com - partment, and a space for cargo behind the co- pilot's seat. Radio equipment is in the forward section . The rear section consists of main cabin, lava- tory, and spare parts compartment. The main cabin is marked off in stations for cargo l oad- ing; it has two rows of seats for troop carrying and a static line for operation with paratroops. For long-range operation it carries from two to eight auxiliary fuel tanks in the forward part . of the main cabin . There are litter attachments in the main cabin for use when the airplane is employed in the evacuation of wounded. !AD!O DI'fUTO~ FOLDING SEATS t ...~, (~RJEL ,., .. ,-----.1 C=:=J' NUIGUOI FOUliNG SEAn Dimensions: Span ....... . ....... .. ........... 95 feet Length .. ............. . 64 feet 5'12 inches Height (at rest) ..... . ......... . .. 17 feet Weight: Empty: C-47 ............•........ .. .. . 17,087Ibs . C-47A ... .. . . .... . ... . ........ 17,257 Ibs. Basic: C-47 . . .......... . ...... . ... . . . 17,400 Ibs. C -47A ... . ......... .. ....... . . 17,700 Ibs. Recommended takeoff, maximum gross ... . . . . . . . . . : ............. . ...... 29,300 Ibs. RESTRICTED Restricted takeoff, maximum gross .. . ... . . ........ . ... . ............. . . .. 31,000 Ibs. Recommended landing, maximum gross .. . .. . .................. . ....... . 26,000 Ibs. Other Figures of Interest: Cruising speed at 10,000 feet. ..... . ... .. . . . .......... . a~roxirnatelY 185 mph TAS Stalling speed ........... . ... 67 mph TAS Service ceiling .. . . ... ..... .. .. 24,100 feet Wingloading ...... 25.3 Ibs. per square foot Power loading ... , . . ... . .. 12.0 Ibs. per Hp Seating capacity ... . . . ..... . 28 passengers 11 RESTRICTED C-47 SERIES CHANGES paratroops, to drop supplies , to evacuate wounded. Your airplane, like all airplanes used by the Air Forces, has been changed to meet the ever shifting needs of tactical operations. To fly the Hump run in CEl the C-47 needed more power at higher altitudes, so two-speed superchargers replaced the single speed superchargers then installed. To make long overwater hops addi- tional fuel was needed. Fuselage tanks were added to all airplanes doing this work. Changes were made on all series of the airplane to carry At the present time three series of the air- plane are in use, the C-47, the C-4 7A, and the C-47B. There is an occasional reference in the text of this manual to early and late series air- planes . The following chart gives you the major changes that have been made in the different airplanes. If at any point the references are puzzling, refer to this chart or to the technical orders tor the specific series. R-1830-92 Engines • . .......... . ..... . . .... ............................... . .. R-1830-9OC Engines .. .....••....... . .......... . .........•....... •. •......••. Needle Blade Prop . .......•................... • ............................•. Paddle Blade Prop . . ........ ... . . . ... . ............................ . ......... . Non~Ram Airscoop ... ...............•........•.........•.......• . ........... Electric Solenoid Primer .... ..........•.........•.......................... .; .. Wobble Pump . .............•...................•........ • ........ •... .....•. Electric Booster Pumps . ....... .......... ..... .. ..... .......... .. ...... . .. ... . Cross Feed . ................. ... .... . ........... ....... .. .................. . 2~switch Ignition . ......................... .. . . . ... . ................ . ....... . 1-switch Ignition .. ................................ .. . . .................. : .. . Demand Oxygen System . ..................... • ...... ... ......... • ....... .... Sperry A-3 Auto Pilot . ............... . .................. • ....... . ............ Jack & Heintz A~3A Auto Pilot . ....•.........•...................•... .. .. . .... Steam Heat System . ................ • ........ .. .... .... ... ... .. . •............ Hot-Air Heat System . .............. . ................. -.•... ..... •. ............ Elastic Bun ... (I_Hi nil lI_r) . ............ .... ..... ... ...................... . ; Hydraulic Cushion (landing gear) . ........... .. . ................. .. . . .... ... . . Electrical Altimeter . ........................ •. ..... '" ., ........ . ........... . Glide Path Indicator . ....................................................... . Remote Indicating Compass . ................•..................•........ • .... Venturi Voltage Regulator Cooling .. ........................... • ....... ..... ... Hydraulic Blower Control . ................... • ............... .. . ..... . ... ..... Circuit Breakers (Main Elec. Junction Box) . ............. • ........ • .............. C-47 * * * * * * * * * Fuses (Main Elec. Junction Box). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . . . * VHF..... .......................... ..... ................... ....... ......... *A Wooden Personnel Seats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . *B Canvas Personnel s..ts . .................................................... . Aluminum litter Racks (3~high). . • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • • • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . *A Canvas (web-straps) litter Racks (~high) . ........•.•. . •....•...... ..... ...... , A. INCLUDED IN MODIFICATION I. PART OF SERIES 12 C-47A * * * * * *B *8 *B *- * *- *. *B * *- C-47_ * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * RESTRICTED RESTRICTED CONTROL PEDESTAL Throttles 8 Carburetor oir temperature control lock 2 Propeller controls 9 Right engine fuel tank selector valve control 3 left engine fuel tonk selector valve control 10 Throttle friction broke 4 Rudder trim tob control 11 Tailwheel lock 5 Automatic pilot servo units ON~OFF control 12 Parking broke 6 Carburetor mixture controls 13 Aileron trim tob control 7 Carburetor air temperature controls 14 Oil cooler control levers RESTRICTED 13 ,. m '" ...,. n ...m C FRONT PANEL ,. m '" ...,. n ...m C '" m en ... '" n ...m o Front w indshield anti-icer alcohol valve 2 Windshield wiper control valve 3 Marker beacon indicator 4 Airspeed indicator 5 Altimeter 6 Artificial horizon 7 Clock 8 Automatic pi lot 9 Airspeed indicator 10 Free air temperature 11 Cylinder-head temperature 12 Alti'[leter 13 Carburetor air temperature 14 Heating system warning lights 15 Landing gear warning lights 16 Radio compass 17 Wing flap position indicator 18 Bonk-cnd-turn indicator 19 Magnesyn compass 20 Radio altimeter 21 Rate of climb indicator 22 Altitude limit indicator 23 Manifold pressure gage 24 Manifold pressure selector valve control 25 Tachometer 26 Oil pressure gage 27 Fuel pressure goge 28 Fuel quantity goge 29 Oil temperature goge 30 De-icer pressure gage 31 Static pressure selector valve control 32 Automatic pilot oil pressure gage 33 Door open warning light '" m en ... '"n ...m 0 1 Parachute packs salvo switch 1 1 2 Bailout warning bell switch 12 3 Compass light switch 13 4 left propeller feathering control 14 5 Instrument panel lights switch 15 "'. m 6 Propeller de-ieer switch 16 11\ 7 Oil dilution switches 17 .... 8 Radio compass remote control unit 18 '" n 9 VHF command set switch 19 .... 10 Flux gate compass ON-OFF switch 20 m 21 C ELECTRICAL PANELS IFF ON-OFF power switch Carburetor de-ieer switch Formation lights switch' Voltmeter light Parachute troop signal light switch Bottery moster switch Passing light switch landing lights switches Running li ghts switch Toil light switch Windshield de-icer pump switch 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Pitot heater switches Altitude limit switch Engine ignition switches Engine starter sw itch es Cockpit lights switch Booster pump switches Inverter switch Recognition lights switches Right propeller feathering control Voltmeters '" m 11\ .... '"n .... m C RESTRICTED LEFT SIDE PANEL 1 Pilot's radio receiver crystal filter 5 Pilot's oxygen outlet 2 Pilot's interphone iockbox 6 left-hand pilots' comportment light 3 left side windshield anti-ieer valve control 7 Fluorescent light 4 Pilot's hand microphone 8 Left-hond instrument ponel light 8. RIGHT SIDE PANEL Landing gear hydraulic pressure gage 2 Hydraulic system pressure gage 3 Side windshield anti-ieer hand pump 4 Fluorescent Ii.ght 5 Engine cowl flop valve control 6 Copilot's oxygen outlet RESTRICTED 7 Right hand pilots' compartment light 8 Copilot's hand microphone 9 Windshield anti-ker valve control 10 Copilot's inter phone jackbox 11 Copilot's radio receiver crystal filter 17 RESTRICTED , SURFACE CONTROL SYSTEM This system consists of elevators, . ailerons, and rudder, which are made of metal frames covered with fabric. There are all-metal trim tabs on the elevators, the right aileron, and on the rudder. Operate trim tabs for the eleva- tors by means of a wheel on the left side of the pedestal. Operate trim tabs for ailerons and rudder by means of hand cranks on the lower part of t he pedestal. 18 RESTRICTED HYDRAULIC SYSTEM The C-47 has a pressure accumulator type hydraulic system. It operates normally be- tween 675 and 925 psi. The hydraulic system operates the landing gear, wing flaps, cowl flaps, windshield wipers, automatic pilot, and brakes on all series of the airplane. It operates the non-ram carburetor air filter mechanism when it is installed, and the blower controls on C-47 airplanes using R-1830-90C engines. The control panel is in th0 center aisle, be- hind the copilots' seat. The hydraulic gauges are at the right of the copilots' seat. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Two engine-driven hydraulic pumps supply pressure-"for the hydraulic system. One pump. supplies pressure for the main hydraulic sys- tem; the other, for the automatic pilot. You can select either engine pump by means of a se- lector valve on the hydraulic control panel. There is a hydraulic hand pump between the pilot's and copilot's seats. A valve on the hydraulic panel controls flow of pressure from the pump. When you open ~e valve, pressure is built up in the accumulator. When you close it, the accumulator is separated from the hy- draulic system and pressure is applied to the hydraulic lines. Never operate system at less than 500 psi. 19 ...0 ,., m II> ....,., n .... m C ,..mUIE (KG I"E 'UM' smoot AUTOPilOT SHUT-Off YA.lVE TO AUTOPilOT SYSTEM mSSUlE HUD 'UM' mASS VAlVE PUM' WING FLAP SEllaOR YAlYE LANDING GEAR 5EUCTOI '1AlYE LANDING GEAl rUSSURE GAGE HAND WING flAP - OrtlATlNG - --= """'"' = = " ,., - m II.SEIYOII ~ II> Q ....,., =aFLUID mEL GAGE ~ n .... PlESSURE IfGULJ.TOI YAm ~ m C 0 "1'1 :r: -<(HECK VALVE " WINDSHiElD WIPU =a roWEl UNIT ~ C ... n III -<III ...In ~ TO COWL n,v O'EUTING milTS LEGEND FlUlo .sml.Y PRESSURE sumy mURN LIIiE DOWN LINE U' UHE IIAIE LINE LANDING GEAR Three controls govern the operation of the C-47 landing gear. A lever on the main hy- draulic control panel raises and lowers the two main wheels . A tailwheel lock on the pedestal centers and locks the tailwheel. The tailwheel does not retract, but swivels through 360 de- grees when not locked. The third control, a safety latch, on the floor by the pilots seat, con- n ~I- (J)- RESTRICTED troIs movement of the safety latch and the land- ing gear lever. This latch has three positions: full down, half up, and full up. Full down (positive lock) - In this position the latch is locked and can be moved only by the latch control. The landing gear lever can- not be moved UP with the latch full down. Half up (spring lock)-In this position the latch is spring locked. The landing gear lever cannot be moved UP with the latch spring locked. I"" Landing Gear Hydraulic System landing G.ar Down Landing Gear Up RESTRICTED 21 RESTRICTED _ PR ESSURE OIL LANDING GEAR CONT ROL VALVE NEU TRAL POSITI ON UP POSITION PR ES SURE MAH lfO LO ~- STRUT ROD EXTENDED How Fluid Is Trapped in Lines Full up (unlocked)-In th is po siti on the latch is un l ocked and the gear lever is free to move UP. Move the gear lever 'UP , when the gear raises, move the gear lever to NEU T RAL and the latch will aut o matically move to spring lock position. The latch lever remains in this position until you have lowered the gear and are ready to lock it down . 22 CAUTION: Keep the safety latch full down and secured by the catch on the floor until the pilot signals "gear up." Never move the latch to full down or pos itive l ock until the gear lever is in NEUTRAL. Keep the gear and flap levers in NEUTRAL for normal operation. This traps fluid in the li ne and provides a fluid lock to hold gear and flaps in tte desired position . RESTRICTED Pressure Drop When Gear Is Down If landing gear pressure falls below 500 psi, place gear handle in the DOWN position until pressure is equal to the hydraulic system pressure. Pressure Rises When gear is retracted and the handle is in neutral, landing gear pressure should be zero. If pressure creeps up, place latch in vertical position and move handle to full UP position, then return to neutral. Warning horn: Horn sounds when either throttle is closed if: (a) One or both wheels are retracted. (b) One or both wheels are unlatched. (c) Valve handle is not in neutral. Warning lights: There are green and red warning lights at the right-hand . corner of the instrument panel. The green light burns or.L~Y when the gear is down and latched and the valve handle is in neutral. Under any other condition the red light burns. 2. Wing flaps: Your airplane has all-metal wing flaps . A valve lever just above the landing gear lever operates these flaps. To raise or lower the flaps, first clear the slot that holds RESTRICTED RESTRICTED it in neutral by swinging the lever toward the aisle. Move the lever down to lower the flaps, up to raise them ; and return to neutral when flaps are in position. There is a flap position indicator below the instrument panel directly in front of you. 3. Cowl flaps: The C -47 has cowl flaps around each engine directly behind the engine cowling. They control engine temperature by regulating airflow through the cowling. Cowl flap controls are on the right side of the copilot's seat. They are marked: CLOSED, OFF, TRAIL, OFF, OPEN. Operate by moving them clockwise and counterclockwise. 4. Brakes: Conventional toe-operated brake pedals on the rudder controls give independent braking action on each wheel, with immediate reaction to toe pressure. Since the wheels do not retract fully into the nacelles you have braking action on the wheels even though they are retracted. Thus, when the C-47 makes a belly landing, it can be steered by the brakes just as though the wheels were extended. y ou mu~t have a minimum of 500 psi pres- sure in the brake system to get satisfactory brake action. 23 RESTRICTED - •• ••: ••-•• -- -.It • Apply brakes smoothly and evenly in order to avoid swerving 24 Parking brake: Set parking brake by pushing the brake pedals all the way down and pulling out the parking brake knob on the lower part of the pedestal. While holding knob out, release the brake pedals. To release parking brake, push the brake pedals down again. If the park- ing brake doesn't release when you push brake pedals down, push the knob manually. 5. Carburetor air filter: The C-47 has three types of carburetor air filters. You will find electrical, manual, and hydraulically operated filters on different series of the airplane. These filters are installed to protect the inte- rior of the engine from thick dust and blowing sand. They should not be used under any other conditions. The electrical and manually operated filters are ram filters screening air from the front of the nacelle into the carburetors. The hydrauli- cally operated filters allow the engine to use ram and non-ram air. The non-ram intake is on top rather than in the front of the nacelle. A control lever behind the pilots seat oper - ates the hydraulically controlled filter. It has 3 positions: Filter, Unfilter, and Lock. Turn the control to FILTER , then back to LOCK in order to open the filter gate. Turn the control to UNFIL TER, then back to LOCK in order to close the filter gate and use ram air. 6. Automatic pilot: The automatic pilot con - trol box consists of a directional gyro, ball bank indicator, bank-and-climb gyro, horizon bar, and suction gauge. It is on a panel in the center RESTRICTED of the instrument board. The automatic pilot ke~ps your airplane in straight and level flight by mechanical control of the rudder, ailerons, and elevators. Its operation is described in the section entitled "Cruise." 7. Superchargers: Early series of the C-47 have integral single - speed blowers with an im- peller ratio of 7.15 to 1. For operation at higher altitudes late series were equipped with 2-speed single stage blowers. These superchargers have an impeller ratio of 7.15 to 1 in low blower and 8.47 to 1 in high blower. Controls for the blower are at the pilot's left. To check for proper operation: 1. Prop controls .. .. ............ INC. RMP 2. Throttles .................... 1700 RPM A minimum of 45 psi oil pressure is required to operate the blower clutch. If oil pressure is low at 1700 RPM advance the throttles until oil pressure reaches 45 psi. 3. Blower control ............ HI BLOWER Panel of Automatic Pilot RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Shift blower controls quickly. 4. Throttles ............... . ....... 30" Hg. 5. Blower controls ........ LOW BLOWER Watch the manifold pressure. A drop in mani- fold pressure indicates proper clutch operation. CAUTION Superchargers must be de- sludged before every flight and at least once every two hours in flight. To de-sludge: 1. Throttle ................ 1400-1600 RPM 2. Blower controls ........... HI BLOWER 3. Adjust RPM and manifold pressure as re- quired if in flight. 4. After 10 minutes return blower controls to LOW BLOWER. Don't use high blower at low altitudes. The impeller is geared to the engine and is driven by the engine. At low alti- tudes it takes more power to drive the impeller in HI BLOWER than you gain by the shift. 25 RESTRICTED DIAGRAM OF FUEL SYSTEM 26 207 'n.ns I I I RESTRICTED FUEL SYSTEM Use Grade 91 fuel under normal con- ditions, Grade 100/130 fuel under critical and combat conditions. 1. Fuel tanks: The C-47. airplane has four center section tanks , two on each side of the fuselage . Main tanks are forward; each has a capacity of 202 U. S. gallons. Auxiliary tanks are aft of the main tanks; each has a capacity of 200 U. S. gallons. Each tank is independent of the others. Fuel Selector Valve (One for Each Engine) 2. Fuel selector valves: On each side of the pedestal is a.fuel selector valve. The right valve controls flow of fuel to the right engine, the left valve to the left engine. Valves read: LEFT MAIN, RIGHT MAIN , LEFT AUX., RIGHT AUX., and OFF. Select fuel tank for either engine by turning selector valves to the desired position. 3. erossfeed system: Some C-47 series have a fuel crossfeed system that permits either fuel pump to supply both engines. In those series, if one pump fails, you can maintain fuel pres- sure on both engines by turning the crossfeed system control Or:<. Crossfeed control is at the lower right - hand ' corner of the pedestal. Turn the control ON only when needed; otherwise, keep it in the OFF position. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Crossfeed Control 4. Booster pumps: On late series of the C-47 booster pumps replace the crossfeed system. The booster pumps maintain pressure in the fuel lines if an engine - driven fuel pump fails. Booster pump switches are on the right-hand electrical panel. For normal operation, turn the booster pumps ON for all operation below 1000 feet and above 10,000 feet. If fuel pressure drops on either engine, while fuel remains in the tank, turn on that booster pump. If this fails to return fuel pressure to normal, turn the fuel selector valve to the tank from which the other engine is oper- ating. If this fails, feather the engine . Land as soon as possib)e if you cannot keep both engines operating normally. 5. Wobble pump: C-47 models have a hand or wobble pump to supply fuel pressure man- Wobble Pump ually. It is behind the pilot's seat: Some C-47A airplanes have a wobble pump, others have re - placed the wobble pump by electric fuel booster pumps. 27 RESTRICTED 6. Carburetor mixtures: Carburetor mixtures are controlled automatically for most efficient engine operation at different altitudes. There are four mixture control positions : EMER- GENCY, AUTO RICH, AUTO LEAN, and . IDLE CUT-OFF. Mixture controls are at. the right top of the pedestal. Carburetor Mixture Controls To lean the mixture move the controls from EMERGENCY to AUTO RICH, and AUTO RICH to AUTO LEAN. Move them back to en - rich the mixture . Here are the effects which the controls pro- duce at different positions: EMERENCY-full rich mixture. This position eliminates the automatic feature of the carbure - tor. AUTO RICH-rich mixture. AUTO LEAN - lean mixture. An automatic feature of the carburetor func- tions in either of these positions. This feature is an altitude compensator unit. As the airplane climbs or descends a diaphragm in this unit measures the pressure of the outs i de air . It is very sensitive, reacting to the minute ch anges 28 in pressure and temperature. As the diaphragm expands and contracts} it meters fuel into the induction system to keep the fuel/air ratio at its most efficient level. IDLE CUT-OFF -stops flow of fuel. Note: AUTO RICH and AUTO LEAN are sometimes called, respectively, "Takeoff and Climb" and "Cruise." 7. Carburetor heat controls: Controls are lo- cated below the instrument pane l on the right side of the pedestal. Positions: HOT and COLD. When you need carburetor heat to offset icing conditions, move the controls to HOT. This brings heated air from around the cylinder heads into the induction system. Leave this control in COLD for all normal operations. Carburetor Heat Controls RESTRICTED OIL SYSTEM There are "two oil tanks , one in each nacelle, with a capacity of 29 gallons each. Servicing these tanks with 25 gallons of oil allows ade - quate space for foaming and expansion. Check the quantity in the tank by removing the filler cap and observing the fluid leveL When the fluid level is at the top baffie the tank contains 25 gallons of oiL There is a two-gallon reserve supply in a standpipe at the bottom of each tank. By this means you can feather the prop even though all normal engine oil supply is lost. Oil pressure and temperature gages and oil pre s sure warning lights are on the instrument panel in front of the copilot. Keep oil pressures between 75 and 90 psi in normal flight operation. Don't let them go below 60 or above 100 psi, if you are flying under emergency conditions. If pressure falls below 50 psi, the red warning light abolTe the pres-' sure gage lights. Oil cooler shutter controls are at the left ' side of the pedestaL Adjust shutters to keep tem- peratures within operating limits of between 60°C and 75°C, or , under emergency conditions, between a minimum of 40 °C and maximum of 100°C. ELECTRICAL SYSTEM Two engine-driven generators supply electric current to your airplane and charge two 88 ampere - hour batteries . Early series of the C-47 have a 12 volt ground-return electrical system . Late series of the airplane have a 24 volt ground - return system. There is a generator on each engine. One alone, or both of them, supply current to tl1e; batteries. Select generators with one 0'£ two switches in the main electrical junction box. On some early series the switches are on the right hand electrical panel. Open or close battery circuits with switches on the left-hand el ectrical panel. On late series airplanes there is only one switch . Fuses or circuit breakers are installed to pro- tect instruments and equipment from overloads. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED MAIN MAIN LINE LINE ON e ON e I I~ OFF ~ OFF GEM GEM LEFT RIGHT Generator Switches Spare fuses for the system are in the main elec - trical junction box on early airplanes. These have been ' replaced by circuit breakers on late airplanes. Ballery Cart Plug Always start engines by use of ~ a battery cart, if a cart is available. Battery cart plug - in is under the fuselage, forward of the leading edge of the wing . When a battery cart is con - nected, keep the master switch or switches in t he OFF position. Turn switches ON only when engines are started and battery cart is disc.on- nected, or when battery cart is not used. PROPELLERS The C-47 has three bladed Hamilton Stand - ard Hydromatic propellers. These propellers wiII feather and unfeather quickly in an emer - gency. A governor, operated by engine oil pres- sure keeps the props at a constant speed. A standpipe in the oil tank reta i ns a two gallon supply for emergency feathering if the engine oil supply is. lost. Loss of oil pressure, or oil supply, allows the prop blades to move to full low blade angle. Don't feather this propeller completely more than once every 15 minutes. The feathering pump motor will heat up and probably burn out if it is not allowed to cool. Don't keep a prop feathered more than · 20 minutes for single engine practice. Oil collects in the bottom cylinder heads making starting dangerous. This fluid can cause a fluid lock and blow off the cylinder heads when you attempt to start. 29 RESTRICTED AUXILIARY 1:QUI PMENT 1. Heaters; Your airplane has either a hot air or a steam type heating system. Hot air heating system: In this type of heater, scooped air is warmed by heat exchangers attached to the engine exhaust tail pipes and mixed with cold air to obtain desirable tem- peratures. Heat from the right engine exhaust goes to the pilots' compartment. Heat fro.m the left engine exhaust goes to the forward cargo, radio operator's, navigator's, and the main cargo compartments, and to the defrosting system. Valves regulate the amount and flow of air, either to the defrosting system or to the main cargo compartment or both. The valves are in the navigator 's compartment. 30 A valve to regulate mixture of heated and co ld air, heat controls for ' the pilots', naviga- tor's and radio operator's compartments; va lves to spill excessively heated air, and a red warn- ing light that indicates excessive air tempera- tUres in the system, are all in the radio opera- tor's compartment. A red warning light that indicates excessive temperatures also is on the pilots' right-hand instrument panel. . In some series there is a bypass control valve in the -radio operator's compartment to direct the flow of hot air from either exhaust to the entire heating system. Dampers that control the amount of hot air flow are in each outlet. ' Restrict system to cold air (ventilation) by valve mixture control in the radio compart~ent. • RESTRICTED Main Cargo Cc.mlpa,rhT,er,t Air Duct Water Supply Steam heating system: In this type of heater, steam, supplied by a boiler in the right nacelle, heats air introduced by airscoop to a radiator in the top left side of the forward section. A valve in the radio operator's compartment con- trols the flow of steam from boiler to radiator. Flow of air from the radiator to the pilots' and radio operator's compartments is controlled by a valve near the ceiling, between the radio operator's and navigator's compartments. An - other valve, to the left of the air duct in the main cargo compartment, controls the flow of air to this compartment. A slide valve, near the floor of the radio operator's compartment, con- trols the flow of air into that compartment. Use system for ventilation by bypassing air around radiator. A mixture control, directly forward of the radiator, allows air to flow through the radiator, the bypass duct, or both. Drain system by opening drain cock in bot - tom of steam boiler. RESTRICTED RESTRICTED 2. De -ieers: De-ieers are installed to remove ice from the leading edges of the wings and the vertical and horizontal stabilizers. The de- icer control, behind the copilot's seat, has ON and OFF positions. To remove ice, turn the control ON after a film of ice builds up on the surfaces. Turn the control .OFF after the film is cracked and re- moved. Repeat this operation WItil you are out of the icing conditions. Don't turn the de - icers ON and leave them ON. Ice may form a shield around them leaving the de-ieers in operation inside the shield of ice. When you turn de-ieers ON, a vacuum pump on each engine pumps ai.r through a de-ieer rotary distributing system, which in tUrn pul - sates the air to bladders within removable de- icing boots that form the leading edge of the wings and tail surfaces. Alternating inflation and deflation of the bladders causes ice to break off these edges. 31 RESTRICTED 3. Anti-ieers: Anti-jeers remove as well as prevent ice from forming on a surface of the airplane. A fluid, usua ll y alcohol or alcohol - glycerine, pumped to the surface, spreads and causes ice to loo sen and break off. Note: Anti- ieer fluid works well w ith rime ice , is not very effective against freezing rain or snow . Propeller anti - icer system: A pump behind the pilot's seat supplies anti -jeer fluid from a 4- gallon (U . S.) tank, next to the pump, to a slinger ring aft of the propeller hub. Start flow of anti-icer fluid by turning on petcock at tank and turning on pump switch on left - hand elec- trical panel. Regulate volume of flow by means pf the rheostat next to supply tank. Carburetor anti - icer system: A pump in the forward cargo compartment supplies anti-jeer fluid to the carburetor from a lO-gallon (U. S.) tank, also in this compartment. Pump switch is on the rjght-hand electrical panel. Turn ON for continuous operation, to MOM for momen - tary operation; OFF to stop pump . Windshield anti -jeer system: There are two windshield anti-ieer systems. Each is· suppli ed by a 6-gallon (U . S .) tank of anti - icer fluid in the forward baggage compartment. To open and close panels frozen tight by ice: Pump fluid to perforated tubing around panels by means of hand pump below the lower right - hand corner of the instrument panel. While using pump, two ON - OF F control valves, below window level on either si de of pilot s' compart - ment, allow you to free either one pane l or the 32 other or both panels at once. Note: Some models have a plunger under each panel. Use plungers as you would a hand primer. To remove ice from surface of windshie ld: Open line valve on sm all panel on the left side of the instrument panel. When the line is open, turn on electric alcohol pump switch found in some C-47 models on the same panel; in others, on the left-hand electrical panel. Pitot heater: Two switches on the left-hand electrical panel operate integral heaters, in- stalled in pitot static tube heads . These heaters prevent ice from forming in these heads. PITOT H EATE.RS · ON tl ON (), •• OFF ·FORWD, LFF AFT 4. Vacuum system: Two engine-driven pumps operate the vacuum system . They provide air suction for the operation of the artificial hori - zon, directional gyros and the turn indicator. Check suction gage on automatic pilot in- strument panel for vacuum indication of 3.75" to 4.25" Hg. The normal reading is 4" Hg. If reading is not withi n these limits, ha ve system checked. RESTRICTED 5. LIGHTS Light Switch Location: On the pilots' overhead electrical panels RESTRICTED RESTRICTEI A. Landing lights- on leading edge of the wings. B. Red passing light - incorporated in l eft landing light. C. Navigation lights-red on left wingtip, green on right. D. Tail light- extreme end of t ail, below rudder. E. Recognition lights-top and bottom. of fuselage. F. Formation li ghts-(later model airplanes) top of wings ane ta il assembly . 3: RESTRICTED On pi lots' overhead electrical panels On pilots' upper right-hand electrical panel. Later models - on right of instrument panel On side of light Near lights Single switch on side of air duct near for- ward bulkhead Pilots' left-hand electrical panel Near light Automatic On pedestal, below propeller pitch controls 34 Interior Lights Instrument panel light-at bottom of instrument panel on pedestal. Pilots' compartment lights-on both sides of pilots' compartment at lower front of window panel. Compass and automatic pilot lights-incorporated in instruments. Command receiver remote tuning unit light-to right of dial. Voltmeter light - above and between voltmeters. Fluorescent lights- one on each side of pilots' compartment, and one at fron~ of pedestal. Companionway light-over companionway. Radio operator's , navigator's compartment lights-in respective compartments. Main cabin lights-along air duct. -Parachute troop signal light-right ·of main cargo door. lavatory light-in lavatory. Door light- on right-hand side of instrument panel. When on, indicates main cargo door is open. Red signal light-astrodome. RESTRICTED 6. Oxygen system: All l ate series of the C-47 have a l ow -pre ssure demand oxygen system. It is supplied either by ten sma ll or five large oxygen bottles located under the main cab in floor. New series have five oxygen outlets: two for the pilots' compartment; one to the right of the companionway, behind the copilot; one in the radio 'operator's compartm ent, and one in the navigator's -compa rtment. Each outlet is an individual unit, complete with pressure gage and flow indicator. Most new series hav e three 'or more A-4 walk-around bottl es . Two are in the forward cargo compartment and one in th e navigator's compa rtment. Some older series have no oxyg en outlet in the companionway. As a rule, the oxygen sys- tem in these series is of the high-pressure type and is supplied by one large bottl e in the for- ward cargo compartment. On this bottle are a high-pressure oxygen gage, an oxygen regula- tor, and a shut -o ff valve. An altitude pressure gage for this system is on the instrument panel. 7. Communications system: The following communication equipment is in your airplane: In t he radio operator's compartment: Liaison Receiver RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Command S et SCR-274N-For plane - to-plane ' and plane-to-station short-range voice or MeW communication. Operate from either the pilots' or radio operator's compartment. Liaison Set SCR-187 A or SCR-287A-For plane- to-plane or plane-to - station long-ran ge com- munication. Operate from radio operator's compartment, and from pilots' compartment once necessary adju stm ents are made from radi o operator's compartment. Interphone Set RC- 36- For communications among crew. Install ations at pilot's, cop ilot' s, navigator 's; radio operator's and jump- mast er's po sitions. Intercommunication fur- nished at all positions with selector at INTER position. VHF Set SCR 522-For two-way voice com - munication from plane-to-plane or plane-to- ground station. The rece i ver-transmitter unit and dynamotor are forward of the radio oper- ator's position . The VHF contro l box is aft of the copilot's seat and the VHF-MED FREQ switch is at the . right of the radio compass control box. Move this switc h to VHF position before operating the VHF control box. Liaison Transmitter 35 RESTRICTED In companionway: Radio Compass SCR-269G~For homing, loop work and for other navigational purposes. Operate at radio compass control panel, on ceiling of pilots' compartment. Marker Beacon Receptor RC-39 or RC -43-2. Operate by turning on radio compass which supplies the necessary power for the receiver. Indicator lamp, on pilots' left-hand instru- ment panel, lights when passing marker beacon transmitters. Frequency Meter SCR - 211~For checking fre- quencies on radio receivers and transmitters. To use, attach an antenna to antenna terminal on top of frequency meter cabinet. Plug in headset and turn on set's switch to CHECK position. Once warmed up, rotate tuning con- trol until desired reading is observed. At rear of main cargo compartment: Identification Set SCR-595-A or 695A~IFF (Identification, Friend or Foe). Operate by turning ON - OFF power switch in the pilots' CHECKLISTS compartment and radio operator's compart- ment. When set is ON, turn selector switch to desired numbered position . For emergency operation, use emergency switch either in pilots' compartment or radio operator's com- partment . If necessary, destroy set by simu l- taneous pressure on two push-switches in pilots' compartment. Emergency Radio Set SCR -578 A or B (emer- gency dinghy transmitter) ~For emergency use after ditching. Instructions for operation on radio. AN-APNl ~ Radio Altimeter. When properly set, it indicates changes in ground altitudes. Set at required altitude by means of altitude limit switch above center of windshield. Red, green, and white lights and an altitude indicator are on the instrument panel in front of the pilot . High and l ow deviations, above and below set altitude, are indicated by green and red lights. AN-APN2~Rebecca. Homing device. INSPECTIONS AND CHECKS As you know, th e re is a checklist in the cockpit of every army airplane. AAf Regulations require that it be used on every flight. If you have 200 hours, or 12,000 hours, use it. That checklist is designed for qualified first pilots on a par- ticular series and type airplane . When you are checked out as first pilot on the C-47 use !ha! checklis!. The checklist in this manual is designed for you. It is a set of operating in- structions you need for transition training. Use it on every flight. It not only gets you into the air safely, and down safely, but teaches you to know your airplane. Visual Outside Inspection- pressure in the fuel system. With pressure , up you can visually check fuel system leaks. Also check the hydraulic gages to be sure that hy - draulic pressure is up. NOTE: Before you make this inspection, turn on the battery switch and booster pump to raise 36 RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Wheel Chocks .. .. .... . ..... .. ....... In place Control Locks ..... ... • . .. .• .. . .. . .... Removed Pitot Head Cover . . . ... • . .. . . .. ....... Removed Landing Gear Pins .. . . . . ... .. . .. .. ... . Removed (only when hydraulic pressure is up) Control Surfaces .... .. ... . . . . . ....... Freedom of tion'; hinges movement, fabric for general (andi- for co~dition, trim tabs for condition De~ i cer Boots .. ... ....... . . .... . ..... For condition and security . Nacelles (outside) .... . . . . . . .. . .... ... Excessive oil, wheel . wells for leaks in fuel and hydraulic lines Tires . .. .... . . . . . ... : . ... . ... . . .. . . Proper inflation, slippage, general condition Brake Hydraulic lines . .. . .. .. . . .... Leaks, condition Fuel Sumps .. . . .. . . .. ..... ... .. . . . . . Safetied Landing and Running Lights . .. .. . • ..... Lenses for condition Fue l and Oi l Caps . ... . . . . ... . . . .• ... . Secure Pr opellers . . ....... . ... ..... . .. .. .. . . Blades for nicks and general condition Glider Pick-up Equipment (if installed) . . Security Glider Tow Hitch . .. ...... . ..... . , ME:tering pin, freedom of action REST R ICTE D ~ VISUAL INSIDE INSPECTION Cargo and Ballast . . ... Position check against Form F or FM 1, security Cabin Tanks ...• ... .. Tanks and lines for leaks, valves. closed Safety Belts .....•.... In place for each passenger Parachutes .... • ..... Available for each passenger Emergency Equi pment. ,As necessary, proper position and security BEFORE STARTING ENGINES Forms 1 and IA ....... Status of aircraft (con- sult aerial engineer) Hydraulic Fluid level. , Normal Hydraulic Pump Selector ..... . ... ,Left engine operating hydraulic system Gear latch .. . . . ..... Down and locked Flap Handle ......... Flaps up, then to neutral Gear Hand le .... . .. . . Neutral Battery Switch .. . . .. . Off (if battery cart not available, On) Generators ........•• On Fuel Gages ...... . ... Amount of fuel Cowl Flaps ..... . .... Open De-ieers ..... . ...... Off Anti- icer Pumps and Valves .. . .. .. . Off 38 Automatic Pilot Off Lights ... ..... ...... On (night only) Flight Controls ....... Free Carburetor Air Filter ... Unfilter, then lOCKed Crossfeed Trim Tabs .... ... ... Off ........... Neutral p , ' king Brake . . ..... . On Tailwheel ........... Locked Throttle Fr iction Brake .. Snug Oil Shutters Carburetor Air ....... Adjust as required .... ... Cold Fuel Selector Valves ... Left to left main; right to right main Propellers ....... . ... Full forward, high rpm Throttles ....... .... .. Cracked Mixtures .. ... ... .... Idle cut-off Pitot Heater ......... Off Inverter ............ . On STARTING NOTE: Have member of ground crew pull propellers through at least three revolutions, and post fire guard before starting. Battery Switch . .. ... Off (if battery cart is not available, On) liuel Booster Pumps .. On Call "Clear" to ground crew, energize 10 to 15 seconds, and engage starter Master and Ignition Switches ... . . .. ,On (after prop is turning) RESTRICTED AFTER ENGINES ARE RUNNING Fuel Booster Pumps ... . Off Battery Switch ....... On Fuel Pumps ... .. . . .. . Checked BEFORE TAXIING Crew and Passengers Aboard and Door Secured Hydraulic Pressure ... · 675-925 psi Radio . . ......... ... On and checked Altimeters . ......... . Set . Clock ......... .. . ..• Set Gyros ... ....... •. .. Set and uncaged Flight Controls . ..•• •• Free WHEN GIVEN TAXI CLEARANCE FROM CONTROL TOWER Parking Brake ........ Off Ta i lwheel .... ... ... Unlocked ENGINE RUN-UP Parking Brake . . ..... . On Taifwheel .. . .... . ... Locked Fuel Booster Pumps . . .. Off Oil Cooler Shutters ... . As desired - RESTRICTED RESTRICTED Mixtures. . . . . . . . . .. Auto Rich Cowl Flaps . . . . . . • •• Open Fuel Selectors ........ Main tanks Propellers Through Full Range Carburetor Heat. Genera.tors Ignition Hydraulic Pumps All Instruments and Gages BEFORE TAKEOFF Mixtures ............ Auto Rich Cowl Flaps . . . . . . . . . Trail Oil Shutters. . . . . . . .. As required Propellers . .. ... . . . . .. Inc. rpm Gyros . .. : ... :..... Set and uncaged Fuel Booster Pu",.ps. .. On Friction Brake . . . . . .. Tightened Tailwheel ....... ' . . . Locked (when lined up with runway) AFTER TAKEOFF Landing Gear ........ Up Wheels .......... . .. Stop rotation with brakes Power Reductions Fuel Booster Pumps. .. Off 39