Use of Cockpit Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical Information

U.S. Department of Transportation Federal Aviation Administration

Advisory

Circular

Subject: Use of Flight Deck Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical Information

Date: 6/3/24 AC No: 00-63B Initiated by: AFS-400 Change:

1 PURPOSE OF THIS ADVISORY CIRCULAR (AC). This AC provides guidance to flightcrew members and other airmen on the best practices for the use of data link to access Flight Information Services (FIS). This AC addresses both the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) FIS–Broadcast (FIS-B) provided through the Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B) Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) network and non-FAA FIS systems provided through commercial data link services. The contents of this document do not have the force and effect of law and are not meant to bind the public in any way, and the document is intended only to provide information to the public regarding existing requirements under the law or agency policies.

1.1 Flight Information Services (FIS). FIS is a service that provides meteorological information (METI) and Aeronautical Information (AI) to enhance pilot awareness of weather and/or airspace constraints while providing information for decision support tools and improving safety. METI and AI data link services enable flightcrews to support the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) concepts of information sharing and provide airmen with a common operating picture necessary to support the evolving global air traffic management (ATM) concepts.

1.2 Advantages of FIS METI and AI. FIS of METI and AI can augment pilot voice communications with Flight Service Stations (FSS), other air traffic control (ATC) facilities, airline dispatch centers, flight following facilities, or other Operations Control Centers (OCC), typically referred to as System Operations Control (SOC). In addition, internet connectivity provides the capability for Baseline Synchronization Services (BSS) to be utilized to update the aircraft’s navigational and other databases prior to flight.

2 AUDIENCE. The guidance contained in this AC applies to all certificate holders (CH), program managers, and operators using FAA and non-FAA FIS systems.

3 WHERE YOU CAN FIND THIS AC. You can find this AC on the FAA’s website at https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars and the Dynamic Regulatory System (DRS) at https://drs.faa.gov.

4 WHAT THIS AC CANCELS. AC 00-63A, Use of Cockpit Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical Information, dated April 7, 2014, is canceled.

5 RELATED REGULATIONS AND DOCUMENTS. 5.1 Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR). Specific portions of 14 CFR to which this guidance applies include:

• Part 1, § 1.1. • Part 43, § 43.3(k). • Part 61, §§ 61.65(b)(6), (8), (9), and (10); 61.93(e)(3), (f)(3), (g)(3), (i)(3), and (k)(3) and (12); 61.97(b)(5) and (11); 61.105(b)(6) and (12); 61.125(b)(4), (11), and (15); and 61.155(c)(2), (3), (5), and (12). • Part 63, § 63.53(a)(3) and (8); Appendix A, Subparagraph (e)(46); Appendix B, Subparagraph (a)(2)(iii); and Appendix C, Subparagraph (a)(2)(iii). • Part 65, § 65.55(a)(2) and Appendix A, Section II. • Part 91, §§ 91.21 and 91.103. • Part 107, § 107.49. • Part 121, §§ 121.101(a), (b), (c), and (d); 121.119(a) and (b); 121.419(a)(2)(vi); 121.441; 121.655; and 121.711. • Part 125, §§ 125.287(a)(6), (7), and (8); and 125.353. • Part 135, §§ 135.213(a); 135.225(a), (b), and (c); 135.293(a)(7); and 135.345(b)(6). • Part 141 Appendix A, Subparagraphs 3(e) and (k); Appendix B, Subparagraphs 3(b)(6) and (12); Appendix C, Subparagraphs 3(b)(6) and (8); Appendix D, Subparagraphs 3(b)(4) and (11); and Appendix E, Subparagraphs 3(b)(4), (5), (6), (12), and (13).

5.2 Related Reading Materials (current editions). 5.2.1 ACs:

• AC 20-149, Installation Guidance for Domestic Flight Information Service - Broadcast. • AC 20-173, Installation of Electronic Flight Bag Components. • AC 91-63, Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR) and Flight Limitations. • AC 120-76, Authorization for Use of Electronic Flight Bags.

5.2.2 Handbooks. FAA-H-8083-28, Aviation Weather Handbook. 5.2.3 FAA Orders:

• Order JO 7110.10, Flight Services. • Order 7930.2, Notices to Air Missions (NOTAM).

5.2.4 Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM):

• Chapter 4, Section 5, Surveillance Systems.

• Chapter 7, Section 1, Meteorology.

5.2.5 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Documents. (Refer to https://store.icao.int/.)

• Annex 14, Aerodromes.

• Annex 15, Aeronautical Information Services, Chapter 2, Responsibilities and Functions.

5.2.6 RTCA/European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment (EUROCAE) Documents. (Refer to https://my.rtca.org/nc__store and/or https://eshop.eurocae.net/eurocae- documents-and-reports/.)

• RTCA DO-200, Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data.

• RTCA DO-201, User Requirements for Navigation Data.

• RTCA DO-267, Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards (MASPS) for Flight Information Services–Broadcast (FIS-B) Data Link.

• RTCA DO-308/EUROCAE ED-151, Operational Services and Environment Definition (OSED) for Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) and Meteorological (MET) Data Link Services.

• RTCA DO-324, Safety and Performance Requirements (SPR) for Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) and Meteorological (MET) Data Link Services.

• RTCA DO-340, Concept of Use for Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) and Meteorological (MET) Data Link Services.

• RTCA DO-358, Minimum Operational Performance Standards (MOPS) for Flight Information Services–Broadcast (FIS-B) with Universal Access Transceiver (UAT), Aeronautical Information Services (AIS) and Meteorological Data Link Services.

5.2.7 SAE International Documents. SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice (ARP) 5621, Electronic Display of Aeronautical Information (Charts).

6 BACKGROUND. ACARS data link of textual METI and AI has been available for many years, primarily to transport category aircraft. Beginning in the mid-1990s, METI and AI textual and graphical data link services became available to GA aircraft, and more recently to uncrewed aircraft (UA). Additionally, the internet was and is used to send aeronautical database revisions (BSSs) to users to update both certified as well as noncertified devices. The recent proliferation of less expensive receivers has made accessing data links, such as commercial satellite and the FAA’s ADS-B UAT network, more feasible to a larger user population. Additionally, onboard broadband internet connectivity through ground or satellite systems, along with the advancement of portable

electronic devices (PED) permitted for flight deck use, provides flightcrews of equipped aircraft increased access to METI and AI.

6.1 Data Link Service Providers (DLSP). DLSPs deploy and maintain airborne, ground-based, and, in some cases, space-based infrastructure that support the transmission of AI/METI over one or more data links. DLSPs may also transmit information other than METI and AI over these links, such as ATM information or specific company Airline Operational Control Center (AOCC) information. They also may provide a free of charge or for-fee service that permits end users to uplink and downlink AI/METI and other information. For example, the introduction of high bandwidth wireless data link to the aviation sector enables frequent transmission of graphic intensive content.

6.2 Examples of DLSPs.

6.2.1 FAA FIS-B. A ground-based broadcast service provided through the UAT network. The service provides users with a 978 MHz data link capability when operating within range and line of sight of a transmitting ground station. FIS-B enables users of equipped aircraft to receive and display a suite of broadcast weather and AI products. FIS-B is available NAS-wide. You can find detailed information concerning FIS-B METI and AI products available using UAT FIS-B in the AIM and in Appendix A, The FAA’s Flight Information Service–Broadcast Over Universal Access Transceiver Data Link.

6.2.2 Non-FAA FIS Systems. Several commercial vendors provide customers with FIS data over both the aeronautical spectrum and on other frequencies using a variety of data link protocols. Services available from these providers vary greatly and may include tier-based subscriptions. Advancements in bandwidth technology permit preflight as well as in-flight access to the same METI and AI available on the ground. Pilots and operators now routinely load their databases using such services. Pilots and operators using non-FAA FISs for METI and AI should be knowledgeable regarding the weather services the commercial vendors provide, as some commercial vendors may be repackaging National Weather Service (NWS)-sourced weather, while other commercial vendors may alter the weather information to produce vendor-tailored or vendor-specific weather reports and forecasts.

6.3 System Wide Information Management (SWIM). The NextGen Implementation Plan identifies seven transformational programs required to implement NextGen. One such transformational program is the SWIM program. SWIM provides enterprise messaging infrastructure to enable systems to request and receive information when they need it, subscribe for automatic receipt, and publish information and services as appropriate. This will provide for sharing of information among diverse systems. SWIM allows a more cohesive and efficient decision-making process and also enables such new aviation concepts as trajectory-based operations and Optimum Profile Descents (OPD). SWIM infrastructure is designed to use a Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) to communicate aviation data and services without the restrictive, time-consuming, and expensive process of developing unique interfaces for systems used in the NAS.

6.3.1 Publishing to SWIM. One publisher to SWIM will be the FAA’s Common Support Services–Weather (CSS-Wx). CSS-Wx will publish aviation weather information to SWIM, provide for filtering of the information by user-specified criteria, provide for access to information via web services, and over time replace the legacy weather dissemination systems.

6.3.1.1 CSS-Wx will enhance the collection and dissemination of weather information and provide access to all users throughout the NAS. CSS-Wx will be the single source of aviation weather information to the FAA for ATM decisions. Standardization of weather information will provide for flexibility in the integration of weather information into ATM decisions. CSS-Wx provides all categories of weather users with improved access to timely and accurate weather observation and forecast information to support improved decision making while enhancing safety.

6.3.1.2 In addition, as the CSS-Wx and NextGen Weather Processor (NWP) implementation evolves, new categories of aviation weather information and its effect on NAS operations will be available. This information will include projections of weather-constrained NAS airspace, which can be used to assess weather-related effect on flows and individual trajectories, and to assist in development of mitigation strategies.

6.3.2 Global Information Sharing. To facilitate global information sharing and interoperability, data exchange models are being developed based on Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards. The FAA and Eurocontrol are jointly developing the Weather Information Exchange Model (WXXM) and the Aeronautical Information Exchange Model (AIXM). WXXM will be utilized in the worldwide ground exchange of METI data and products. AIXM will be utilized in the worldwide ground exchange of AI. FIS data link systems will use more efficient (compressed) data formats for transmitting METI and AI data to aircraft.

6.4 AI and METI Data Link Services. These are a compilation of systems that can be useful for communications to and from aircraft, including being a source of AI and METI to meet aviation regulatory requirements on which to base operational decisions. Pilots and operators may use AI and METI data link services for preflight, as well as in-flight, updates to support operational decisions and assist in the safe conduct of flight. Users may act on products and information delivered by AI and METI data link services while considering the quality, latency, and integrity of information. If the AI and METI data link service becomes inoperative, there must be procedures or mitigation methods established and in place on board the aircraft and on the ground to transition to an alternative means of communication of pertinent information without a degradation to safety.

7 DISCUSSION. The timely, efficient exchange of AI and METI will contribute to safety, efficiency, and utility in aircraft operations. Stakeholders will need timely access to accurate AI and METI to plan, revise, assess, and safely execute flight operations. Data link provides the means for timely access for pilots/aircrew.

7.1 Benefit of AI and METI Data Link Services.

7.1.1 Enhanced Operational Safety. Pilots that understand the limitations of the data link METI and AI are better able to make sound decisions regarding safety of flight. In part 121 operations, decisions may require concurrence by an aircraft dispatcher (domestic and flag) or person authorized to exercise operational control (supplemental), unless the pilot is declaring an emergency. For additional information on pilot and dispatcher roles and responsibilities, refer to AC 120-101, Part 121 Air Carrier Operational Control.

7.1.2 Increased Situational Awareness (SA). AI and METI data link products, especially graphical products, significantly improve the pilot’s SA level and ability to quickly interpret AI and METI.

7.1.3 Better Airline and GA Economics. Improved flight efficiencies can increase schedule predictability, aircraft utilization, passenger comfort, and the return on investment while reducing fuel consumption.

7.1.4 Better Alternate Airport Planning. Improve the pilot’s ability (along with the aircraft dispatcher or person authorized to exercise operational control in part 121 domestic, flag, or supplemental operations) to select the best alternate airport while preflight planning, or en route, because of access to near-real-time alternate airport field conditions available in the flight deck.

7.1.5 Reduced Aircraft Maintenance. Display of weather hazards, such as hail and severe turbulence, will assist the pilot in avoiding these hazardous areas, which will reduce, if not eliminate, maintenance that would be otherwise needed to inspect the aircraft and return it to service.

7.1.6 Reduced Pilot Workload. Decreases the pilot’s actions required to obtain a specific piece of information (e.g., NOTAMs), or can increase the amount of AI and METI gathered, reviewed, and understood with the same effort as required with the current method of AI and METI gathering.

7.2 Three Data Link Modes. There are three data link modes that are used for transmission of AI and METI to aircraft. The intended use of the AI and/or METI will determine the most appropriate data link mode.

• Broadcast Mode.

• Publish-Subscribe Mode.

• Request-Reply Mode.

7.3 AI Data Link Services. AI uplink services offer the potential to harmonize AI among stakeholders to increase safety, capacity, efficiency, and economic and environmental benefits, and to minimize the risks associated with information overflow. Today, NOTAMs are mainly text-based.

7.3.1 The FAA has created a single place for pilots, operators, dispatchers, and software developers to find all FAA NOTAMs. This benefits all aviation stakeholders by reducing the number of places pilots need to check for NOTAMs.

7.3.2 Pilots, operators, and dispatchers can access NOTAMs through the FAA’s NOTAM Search website which provides search, sort, and filter capabilities.

7.3.3 Access for machine-to-machine data connections is provided through the Federal NOTAM System NOTAM Distribution Service (FNS NDS) via the SWIM Cloud Distribution Service and the NOTAM Application Programming Interface (API).

7.3.4 The Notice to Airmen Publication (NTAP) and Pilot Web applications have been sunsetted. Information previously found in the NTAP is now available through the Domestic Notice and International Notices webpages.

7.3.5 Information from the International and Domestic Notices sections of the NTAP will be transferred to these new websites. In addition, links to International Notices and Domestic Notices will be available on the FAA NOTAM Search website (at https://notams.aim.faa.gov/notamSearch/) and on the Air Traffic Plans and Publications website (at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/).

7.3.6 More information, including notice submission procedures and submission cut-off dates, will be published on the International Notices website at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/ publications/internationalnotices/ and on the Domestic Notices website at https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/domesticnotices/, when available.

7.3.7 Graphical depiction in combination with text would in many cases make the information more intuitive and easier to interpret, such as with TFRs, thus increasing safety. In the transition to the digital world, there are two distinct services.

7.3.7.1 Data Link BSS. This service provides complete and/or update synchronization of the aircraft AI databases. BSS is envisioned to replace or update, in whole or in part, all AI resident in onboard databases. Pilots in part 91 operations already update their installed avionics using BSS, usually by downloading a new database to a memory card and then inserting the card into the aircraft avionics. Pilots update their portable device databases using BSS directly from the internet. Section 43.3(k) now permits pilots to update BSS in certain types of avionics without a logbook entry. As technology advances, these avionics systems may be updated via data link BSS, which will simplify the update process, as well as provide more frequent updates than the 28-day Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control (AIRAC) cycle.

1. Examples include:

• The 28-day navigation, terrain, obstacle, and aerodrome mapping data updates.

• Updates to precomposed as well as data-driven charts. (Data-driven charts are described in SAE ARP 5621.)

2. Complete or update BSS synchronization:

• Complete Sync is the replacement of an entire database in the aircraft’s data system.

• Update Sync is the replacement of AI that has changed since the previous sync specific to the dataset.

7.3.7.2 Data Link Aeronautical Update Service (AUS). This service provides temporary and permanent changes to aeronautical data to the flight deck throughout the current 28-day AIRAC cycle (e.g., NOTAMs).

7.3.7.2.1 The original onboard data file does not change. Updates are independent of the databases resident on the flight deck and are only intended to be graphically “overlaid” on aeronautical data already stored onboard an aircraft. (In practice, though, AUS data could be merged with data-driven files, providing the AUS changes were brought to the attention of the flightcrew.)

1. Updates may include both permanent and/or temporary changes to onboard or stored information.

2. AUS may include official State NOTAMs as well as company and other data integrator bulletins.

3. AUS services (as distinct from BSS) generally inform the pilot about abnormal conditions. Since the message will be based on specific conditions that exist for that time and date, each message will be unique. However, some examples of messages include:

• Relevant flight trajectory airspace changes (e.g., Systems Application Architecture, including TFRs) to address operational constraints and/or provide changes in routing opportunities; • Updated nonroutine bulletins (e.g., Bird Notices to Air Missions (BIRDTAM), NOTAMs) to address changes along the route of flight; • Updated airspace capabilities (e.g., Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) outage depictions) resulting in reduced surveillance and navigation system capabilities; • Flight optimization information (e.g., noise-sensitive environmental affected areas, North Atlantic Organized Track System (NAT OTS) and Pacific Organized Track System (PACOTS) track routings); • Airport/aerodrome surface moving map changes, including runway/taxiway closures, construction areas; and • Gate-accessible, gate-linked dispatch/flight release documents.

7.3.7.2.2 AUS information has specific effective times when overlaid upon a valid BSS database. The AUS relies on ground-air communication of AI effective during the planned flight (from pushback to arrival at the destination gate or parking

area, including contingencies and anticipated delays). Therefore, when a request for aeronautical updates is made, the information considered for transmission is based upon an assessment of what information will be effective during the scheduled and actual flight time based on the time the request was made, and the planned route. Sometimes, though, crews may request NOTAMs for other airports, for contingency planning purposes. Updates are issued for the effective period of the updated information.

7.4 Aircraft Crosslink and Downlink of Meteorological Data.

7.4.1 Transmitted Data. Aircraft sensors and equipment can detect and transmit meteorological and environmental data to the ground and other nearby aircraft. These transmissions include such information as temperature, wind, humidity/water vapor, turbulence, icing conditions, precipitation/convection, wind shear, trends in rapidly developing/evolving convection, and volcanic ash. In addition, nonmeteorological aircraft parameters supporting wake vortex avoidance applications can be transmitted.

7.4.2 Downlinked Data. Data from aircraft that are downlinked to the ground (e.g., WMO AMDAR program) can be used for validation of data from other sources and used as input to other downlinked METI to form enhanced or new products.

7.4.3 Crosslinked Data. Data received by proximate aircraft are referred to as crosslink data. Proximate aircraft can use the information as point data for conditions at the location of the aircraft that transmitted the information (e.g., reports of adverse conditions such as severe to extreme turbulence).

8 RESPONSIBLE FLIGHT DECK USE OF DATA LINK AI AND METI. METI and AI are highly dynamic and time-sensitive. The goal of AI and METI data link service is to provide timely distribution of AI and METI data both to and from the aircraft. Through these AI and METI data link services, pilots and/or flight deck applications should have timely access to information consistent with the information available to the ATM ground community.

• It should be noted that currently available AI and METI services to the flight deck cannot be solely used to fulfill the part 121 regulatory requirement for aircraft dispatchers to provide the pilot in command (PIC) with the most current available weather information.

• Users of FIS should familiarize themselves with the operational characteristics and limitations of their systems. Sources of information that may provide this specific guidance include manufacturer’s manuals, training programs, and reference guides.

8.1 Using Data Link Services for FAA Flight Services and/or Weather Briefing Documents/Dispatch Paperwork via AI and METI Data Link Service. Flight planning via a data link service and using a portable or installed Electronic Flight Bag (EFB), whether on the ground or airborne, is an acceptable use of AI and METI data link services.

8.1.1 Pilots conducting flights not certificated under the provisions of 14 CFR part 119 are encouraged to use FAA/NWS products through FSS and/or FAA Flight Services. Pilots that are comfortable with self-briefing, via FAA Flight Services, or an equivalent means, may use the EFB to display the METI and AI as well as to file flight plans. There are numerous commercial applications that facilitate the pilot’s ability to access METI and AI that conform to the weather briefings standard defined in the Aviation Weather Handbook, Chapter 3, Overview of Aviation Weather Information, Paragraph 3.3.1.1, Standard Briefing. Pilots should be familiar with any applicable disclaimer related to the accuracy of the information provided by the subscribed commercial service.

8.1.2 Certificated operators using weather briefing documents and/or dispatch documents may use data link to provide METI and AI displayed on an EFB to deliver the flightcrews’ weather briefing documents per the operator’s flight dispatch, flight following, or operational control system. The EFB should be capable of displaying the METI and AI and/or dispatch/flight release package. The EFB should be easily accessible to the pilot for quick access to information when needed.

8.1.3 Certificated operators may also choose to dispatch and release flights electronically while on the ground or airborne using data link and an EFB, similar to the process some operators use via ACARS today. It should be noted that any signatures to an electronic dispatch or flight release should meet the FAA’s criteria for what constitutes a valid digital/electronic signature. Criteria for the validity of digital/electronic signatures are described in AC 120-78, Electronic Signatures, Electronic Recordkeeping, and Electronic Manuals. All certificated operators must comply with all applicable 14 CFR parts, including dispatch and flight release rules, and the retention of records and reports (§ 121.687(b)). In accordance with the requirements of parts 121 and 125, CHs must include (or attach) weather reports and weather forecasts to each dispatch or flight release. The operator must retain these dispatch and flight releases in accordance with part 121 or 125 requirements, as applicable.

8.1.4 To replace a traditional paper copy of the weather package that is printed on the ground (or airborne, via ACARS), the EFB must be capable of displaying/storing the METI and AI (§ 121.687(b)).

8.2 Pilot Actions. While data link has proven, significant potential to improve safety, realization of the derived safety benefits depends heavily upon the pilot’s knowledge and understanding of the specific system’s capabilities and limitations. With data link METI and AI, pilots should pay particular attention to the service provided and any system particularities and limitations.

8.2.1 Product Latency. Be aware of the product time or “valid until” time on the particular data link information displayed in the flight deck. (For example, since initial processing and transmission of Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) data can take several minutes, pilots must assume that data link weather information will always be a minimum of 7 to 8 minutes older than shown on the time stamp. Thus, pilots should only use data link weather radar images for broad strategic avoidance of adverse weather.) Pilots operating part 121 domestic or flag flights should contact their dispatcher for verification

of adverse non-forecast weather information. This is particularly important when adverse weather phenomena are encountered and a change to the route or alternate may be required.

8.2.2 Product Update Cycles. Be aware of when and how often a product is updated as well as the DLSP update rate for particular products.

8.2.3 Indication of System Failure. Be aware of partial or total system failure indications and the actions necessary to obtain affected METI and AI through other sources.

8.2.4 Coverage Areas/Service Volume. Coverage limitations are associated with the type of data link network in use. For example, ground-based systems that require a line of sight may have relatively limited coverage below 5,000 feet above ground level (AGL). Satellite-based data link weather services can have limitations stemming from whether the network is in geosynchronous orbit or low Earth orbit. Also, NWS NEXRAD coverage has gaps, especially in the western states.

8.2.5 Content/Format. Since service providers often refine or enhance data link products for flight deck display, pilots should be familiar with the content, format, and meaning of symbols and displays (e.g., the legend) in the specific system.

8.2.6 Data Integrity/Limitations to Use. This refers to the reliability of information depicted. Be aware of any applicable disclaimer by the service provider.

8.2.7 Use of Equipment/Avionics Display. Pilots remain responsible for the proper use of an EFB or installed avionics.

8.2.8 Overload of Information. Most DLSPs offer numerous METI and AI products with information that can be layered on top of each other. Pilots should be aware that too much information can have a negative effect on their cognitive workload. Pilots need to manage the amount of information to a level that offers the most pertinent information to the specific phase of flight without creating a flight deck distraction (§ 91.13). Pilots may need to adjust the amount of information based on numerous factors including, but not limited to, the phase of flight, single-pilot operation, autopilot availability, class of airspace, and the weather conditions encountered.

9 USE OF AI AND METI BY CERTIFICATED OPERATORS AND PROGRAM MANAGERS.

9.1 Integration of AI and METI. Part 91 subpart K (part 91K) program managers and parts 121 and 135 CHs may integrate data link METI and AI into their respective aviation weather information system. When authorized, data link METI and AI data should support all phases of flight. CHs/program managers should ensure that the METI via FIS comes from an approved source of weather reports and forecasts as listed on the CHs/program manager’s Operations Specification (OpSpec)/Management Specification (MSpec) A010, Aviation Weather Information.

9.2 Use of EFBs. An EFB is an acceptable means to view METI and AI in the flight deck. As the EFB requires software and data connectivity, the EFB at a minimum is classified as either a portable or installed EFB using Type A or Type B software. Operations under 14 CFR (i.e., parts 121, 135, or part 91 subpart F, and part 91K) require an authorization for use via OpSpec/MSpec/Letter of Authorization (LOA) A061, Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) Program (refer to ICAO Annex 6, Operation of Aircraft, paragraph 6.25.3, EFB Operational Support). CHs/program managers using an EFB to display METI and AI to the flight deck should comply with the guidelines related to EFBs found in AC 120-76, AC 20-149, and AC 20-173.

9.3 Use of Software Applications Requiring METI or AI Input. Some Type B software applications, as defined in AC 120-76, may require METI or AI to function as intended (e.g., ground deice/anti-ice holdover table applications). This is an acceptable use of AI and METI data link service and requires an authorization for use via OpSpec/MSpec/LOA A061 (refer to ICAO Annex 6, paragraph 6.25.3).

9.4 Broadcast FIS. Broadcast METI products have several advantages over in-flight weather radar, particularly with respect to coverage (availability of information well in front of the aircraft). These products also have performance limitations, particularly with respect to the timeliness of the data that is available and the applicability to a particular flight altitude. Operators should not rely on these products to determine that adverse weather phenomena have cleared or to select a route through adverse weather phenomena.

9.5 Internet-Based Connectivity—Publish-Subscribe Mode. CHs/program managers may choose to provide METI and AI in the flight deck, similar to the flight release information provided to flightcrews and aircraft dispatchers (or persons authorized to exercise operational control) during preflight planning on the ground. The CH/program manager should develop protocols for using an internet-based system in the flight deck, to include:

9.5.1 Adherence to all pertinent 14 CFR parts. In particular, CHs conducting part 121 operations who desire to use an internet-based system and EFB to communicate with a flightcrew must comply with communication and record retention requirements of §§ 121.99, 121.122, 121.695, 121.697, and 121.711.

9.5.2 Security. If leveraging onboard internet systems, a network security plan should exist for ensuring data confidentiality, integrity, and availability for flight deck access to the cabin system. CHs and program managers using public internet for weather information are responsible for assuring timely delivery of information without data corruption during the transmission.

9.5.3 Restrictions to flightcrew use of nonpertinent information via the internet during all aircraft movement operations.

9.6 AI and METI Requirements.

9.6.1 CHs/program managers should develop METI and AI guidance to flightcrews for safe and effective use of data-linked FIS. This includes changes to manuals, operational

procedures, minimum equipment lists (MEL), and the qualification of flightcrews through the approved training programs.

9.6.2 Additionally, CHs conducting part 121 operations should develop guidance for aircraft dispatchers (domestic and flag) and operational control personnel (supplemental) that addresses the use of METI and AI in the flight deck. The procedures must include the method by which the CH’s pilots and dispatchers/operational control personnel have access to the same METI and AI for preflight planning and conduct of all flights.

9.6.3 CHs conducting part 121 domestic and flag operations must also have policies and procedures that address the requirements of § 121.601, which requires aircraft dispatchers to provide the PIC with the most current available information before a flight departs and while a flight is en route.

9.7 Safety Management System (SMS). The CH/program manager should conduct Safety Risk Management (SRM) and Safety Assurance (SA) of the data link system per their SMS program. The SRM process, at minimum, should assess situations of conflicting, incomplete, or missing METI and AI as well as for the loss of the complete METI and AI data link system. The risk assessment should result in a risk severity of no worse than “Minor.”

9.8 Manuals and Other Publications. Airplane Flight Manuals (AFM), operating manuals, maintenance manuals, general policy manuals, other manuals, publications, or written material, as applicable, must be appropriately amended to describe data link FIS equipment, procedures, and operational policies according to the appropriate regulation (§§ 91.9 and 121.141).

9.9 FIS Training Program Requirements.

9.9.1 FIS Initial Training. FIS curriculum should contain, at a minimum:

• Textual description of each METI and AI product available; • Graphical example (if applicable) of each METI and AI product available; • Description of time stamping, color, and symbology schemes; • Limitations in specific products; • Differences between flight-planning METI and AI products, and in-flight-deck METI and AI products (if applicable); • For part 121 operations, communication protocols with the dispatch center or flight following facilities regarding the METI and AI available in the flight deck vs. what is available in the dispatch center or flight following facility. Emphasis must be on commonality of information available to both the flightcrew and the dispatcher (§§ 121.599 and 121.601); • Comparability between onboard weather radar and NEXRAD images; and • Restrictions to using nonapproved METI and AI products.

9.9.2 Initial Evaluation of FIS Knowledge and Skills. Evaluate individual flightcrew members’ FIS knowledge and skills prior to FIS use. Acceptable means of initial assessment include the evaluation by an authorized instructor or check pilot using written, computer-based, or oral tests, and a flight simulation training device (FSTD) or an aircraft.

9.9.3 FIS Recurrent Training. Integrate FIS recurrent training into other established recurrent training programs. Recurrent training should address any significant issues identified by in-service experience, system changes, procedural changes, or unique characteristics, such as the introduction of new aircraft/display systems or operations.

9.9.4 FIS Recurrent Evaluation. Integrate FIS recurrent evaluation into recurrent proficiency and/or competency checking.

9.9.5 Line Checks and Route Checks. When using FIS-equipped aircraft during line or route checks, check pilots should routinely incorporate proper FIS use as a discussion item.

9.9.6 Crew Resource Management (CRM). CRM programs should address effective teamwork for using FIS information while in the flight deck.

9.10 Master Minimum Equipment List (MMEL)/MEL. CHs/program managers should formulate necessary revisions to their MEL for each specific fleet type. At no time may FIS METI data mitigate current MMEL/MEL restrictions related to any of the aircraft’s onboard systems, such as weather radar.

9.11 FIS Issues Unique to a CH/Program Manager. CHs/program managers should address any FIS issues that may be unique to their particular route environment, aircraft, procedures, or FIS display and control features. Examples include the following:

• Special Areas of Operation (SAO); • Oceanic operations; and • Polar/remote operations.

9.12 AI and METI Additional Considerations.

9.12.1 Availability. Accessibility to data within a designated service volume.

9.12.2 Continuity. The probability that a communication transaction could be initiated and completed when needed.

9.12.3 Currency. A temporal attribute indicating that displayed data received is up to date.

9.12.4 Data Quality. The quality of aeronautical data and the way it is processed is characterized by: accuracy, resolution, assurance level, traceability, timeliness, completeness, and format. The degree to which a data element meets the users’ requirements determines its fitness for use. Ensuring data quality will be a key metric in enabling future FIS data link services.

9.12.5 Human Factors. Use of best recommended human factor design practices for promoting both effective and efficient human-machine interaction. Acceptable designs need to address both general and product-specific requirements.

Note: Acceptable AI and METI human factors guidance is currently published in RTCA DO-358 and SAE ARP 6467, Human Factors Minimum Requirements and Recommendations for the Flight Deck Display of Data Linked Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs); and SAE ARP 5740, Cockpit Display of Data Linked Weather Information (ICAO Annex 6 and ICAO Doc 10020, Manual on Electronic Flight Bags (EFBs)).

9.12.6 Integrity. The probability that communication transactions are completed without errors.

9.12.7 Mitigations. Mitigations reduce the level of risk of an operational hazard to within acceptable limits. Operational hazards and mitigation procedures pertaining to aeronautical and weather data link services are identified in RTCA DO-324. For example, an alternative means of communications (e.g., use of another data link or voice link) could be used as a means to provide the same or equivalent information to an aircraft in the event of lost data link or the detection of corrupted communication over the intended communications link.

9.12.8 Preemptive Prioritization. The ability of an onboard system-level server to permit data intended for both cabin and flight deck use to be prioritized, so as not to adversely affect the ability to send or receive data-linked messages to the flight deck. Preemptive prioritization ensures that if an aircraft’s data link system is used to provide both flight deck operational use and cabin entertainment data, the flightcrew has prioritized access, such that the operational use of that data will not be affected.

9.12.9 Security. An end-to-end, systems-level analysis of present and future vulnerabilities, based upon a threat analysis, along with the introduction of appropriate mitigations to manage risks and maintain data assurance.

9.12.10 Suitability. In the context of this AC, suitability is defined as the ability of the overall data link system to transfer trusted (e.g., quality assured) and current AI and METI from the data originator to the flightcrew to meet regulatory requirements. Suitability is the quality of having the needed attributes and properties appropriate for a specific intended function.

9.12.11 Transaction Time, Maximum (TTmax). The total maximum time required to initiate and complete an information transfer. Transaction time applies to Publish-Subscribe, Request-Reply, and Broadcast Modes. Transaction time, by definition, may include an additional voice or electronic acknowledgement that a communication has been received by the flightcrew and/or the onboard automation. TTmax may include two-way communications if the message is to be used to comply with the operating rules (i.e., an acknowledgement of receipt). Transaction time is denoted in seconds.

10 AC FEEDBACK FORM. For your convenience, the AC Feedback Form is the last page of this AC. Note any deficiencies found, clarifications needed, or suggested improvements regarding the contents of this AC on the Feedback Form.

Jackie L. Black for Lawrence Fields Executive Director, Flight Standards Service

Appendix A

APPENDIX A. THE FAA’S FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE–BROADCAST OVER UNIVERSAL ACCESS TRANSCEIVER DATA LINK

Flight Information Service–Broadcast (FIS-B) over Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) data link service provides meteorological information (METI) and Aeronautical Information (AI) to the flight deck for aircraft operating in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS). These products are broadcast over the Automatic Dependent Surveillance– Broadcast (ADS-B) UAT link so pilots have timely information of regional weather and NAS status/changes that might affect flight. It is critical that pilots understand that FIS-B METI and AI products provide strategic in-flight-deck information that enhances a preflight briefing. FIS-B METI and AI do not include all the weather products or Notices to Air Missions (NOTAM). As a result, FIS-B METI and AI may not include all the weather products or NOTAMs that a preflight briefing includes. (NOTAM information is limited to the past 30 days. The pilot in command (PIC) is responsible for reviewing all necessary information prior to flight (Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 91, § 91.103 and part 107, § 107.49). Therefore, AI information obtained via FIS-B may not be relied on for a thorough preflight briefing.) For additional information on standard briefing, refer to the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), Chapter 7, Section 1, Meteorology, Subparagraph 7-1-5b, Weather Products.

NOTE: Temporary flight restrictions (TFR) NOTAMs and NOTAMs with end dates will not be purged after 30 days.

FIS-B information may be used by the pilot for the safe conduct of flight and aircraft movement. However, FIS-B does not replace a thorough preflight briefing that may be from one or several METI and AI sources. Pilots are encouraged, but not required, to use the dispatch/System Operations Control (SOC) (if applicable) or to access a Flight Service Station (FSS) via the phone. Sections 91.103 and 107.49 require the PIC to be familiar with all available information concerning that flight. Depending on the operation being conducted (e.g., visual flight rules (VFR) local area flying), FIS-B data may meet the requirements for a thorough preflight briefing. A pilot should be particularly alert and understand the limitations and quality assurance (QA) issues associated with individual products. This includes graphical representation of Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) imagery and NOTAM/TFRs.

Appendix A

A.1 Current FIS-B Products. Here is a listing of the FIS-B over UAT products currently being provided:

FIGURE A-1. UAT FLIGHT INFORMATION SERVICE–BROADCAST (FIS-B) PRODUCTS

Product Description Format

AIRMET Airmen’s Meteorological Information (AIRMET) is a weather advisory issued by a meteorological watch office for aircraft that is potentially hazardous to low-level aircraft and/or aircraft with limited capability. AIRMETs cover moderate turbulence, moderate icing, sustained surface winds of 30 knots or more, widespread areas of ceilings less than 1,000 feet and/or visibilities less than 3 miles, and extensive mountain obscurant.

Text/Graphic

SIGMET Significant meteorological information (SIGMET) is a concise description of the occurrence or expected occurrence of specified weather phenomena which may affect the safety of aircraft operations. SIGMETs are intended for dissemination to all pilots in flight to enhance safety. A SIGMET is issued for severe (or greater) turbulence, severe icing, widespread dust storm/sandstorm, and volcanic ash.

Text/Graphic

Convective SIGMET A convective SIGMET will be issued when the following conditions are occurring or, in the judgment of the forecaster, are expected to occur:

a. A line of thunderstorms at least 60 miles long with thunderstorms affecting at least 40 percent of its length. b. An area of active thunderstorms affecting at least 3,000 square miles covering at least 40 percent of the area concerned and exhibiting a very strong radar reflectivity intensity or a significant satellite or lightning signature. c. Embedded or severe thunderstorm(s) expected to occur for more than 30 minutes during the valid period regardless of the size of the area.

Text/Graphic

METAR Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) is a format for reporting weather information. METARs are predominantly used by pilots in fulfillment of a part of a preflight weather briefing. METARs typically come from airports or permanent weather observation stations.

Text

CONUS NEXRAD NEXRAD is a nationwide network of high-resolution Doppler weather radars, which detect precipitation and Graphic

Appendix A

Product Description Format

atmospheric movement or wind. NEXRAD returns data which when processed can be displayed in a mosaic map which shows patterns of precipitation and its movement. The “Continental United States (CONUS) NEXRAD” FIS-B product is a graphical representation of the most recent mosaic of available NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity radar imagery.

Regional NEXRAD The “Regional NEXRAD” FIS-B product is a graphical representation of the most recent mosaic of available NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity radar imagery in a local area, showing a more detailed image than the “CONUS NEXRAD” product.

Graphic

NOTAM NOTAMs are created and transmitted by the FAA under guidelines specified by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Annex 15, Aeronautical Information Services. NOTAMs are filed by various agencies with an aviation authority to alert aircraft pilots of any hazards en route or at a specific location. FIS-B NOTAM products consist of Uplink NOTAMS provided by FAA NOTAM systems as either NOTAM-Temporary Restricted Area (TRA), NOTAM-Temporary Military Operation Area (TMOA), NOTAM-Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR), NOTAM-Flight Data Center (FDC), or NOTAM-Distant (D)

Text and graphical data are transmitted. (Onboard software may render as graphic.)

PIREP Pilot Weather Reports (PIREP) are reports of actual weather conditions encountered by an aircraft in flight. This information is usually radioed by pilots to the nearest FSS. The PIREP is then encoded and made available to other weather offices and Air Traffic Service Units (ATSU).

Text

SUA Status Special Use Airspace (SUA) is an area designated for operations of a nature such that limitations may be imposed on aircraft not participating in those operations. Often these operations are of a military nature. The designation of SUAs identifies for other users the areas where such activity occurs, provides for segregation of that activity from other users, and allows charting to keep airspace users informed of potential hazards. SUAs are usually depicted on aeronautical charts.

Text

TAF The Terminal Aerodrome Forecast (TAF) is a format for reporting aviation weather forecast information. Each TAF is valid for 24 hours or 30 hours; is updated four times a day

Text

Appendix A

Product Description Format

at 0000Z, 0600Z, 1200Z, and 1800Z; and is amended (updated) as conditions require. TAFs complement and use similar encoding to METARs. They are produced by a human forecaster based on the ground. For this reason, there are fewer TAF locations than there are METARs.

Winds & Temperatures Aloft

Winds & Temperature Aloft Forecast is forecast for specific atmospheric conditions in terms of wind and temperature in a specific altitude measured mostly in feet above mean sea level (MSL).

Text

Lightning Provides strike count and polarity information on lightning strikes. Data is received and uplinked every 5 minutes. Age of lightning strikes can be determined from accumulating successive transmissions. Lightning strike information is displayed on a map to assist pilots in determining the most severe areas of convective activity within areas of potentially dangerous weather. (Note: This data is not available in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, or Puerto Rico.)

Graphic

Turbulence Uplink of Graphical Turbulence Guidance (GTG), which is an automatically generated turbulence forecast product that identifies areas of turbulence. Includes both Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) and Mountain Wave Turbulence. Uplinked every 15 minutes. Altitude levels are from 2,000 to 24,000 feet in 2,000-foot increments. This product assists pilots in determining the level and severity of turbulence. (Note: This data is not available in Alaska, Hawaii, Guam, or Puerto Rico.) NOTE: GTG Max combined intensity (1,000 feet MSL to flight level (FL) 500).

Graphic

Cloud Tops Uplink of cloud-top data to indicate the altitude of cloud layers and how high the tops of clouds extend. Informs pilots on remaining clear of clouds or in helping them determine a comfortable cruising altitude. Uplinked every 15 minutes. Altitude levels are from 1,500 to 15,000 feet in 1,500-foot increments and from 15,000 feet to 24,000 feet in 3,000-foot increments.

Graphic

Icing Uplink of Current Icing Product (CIP) and Forecast Icing Product (FIP) probability and severity along with the probability of Supercooled Large Drops (SLD) being present. Uplinked every 15 minutes. Altitude levels are from 2,000 to 24,000 feet in 2,000-foot increments. This

Graphic

Appendix A

Product Description Format

product provides pilots with icing information that helps them avoid areas which could be hazardous to flight. NOTE: CIP/FIP are intended for flight planning purposes and should always be used in combination with icing information from all available sources including AIRMETs, SIGMETs, and PIREPS. CIP and FIP aid flight planning and situational awareness (SA) through graphical depiction of current and forecast icing conditions across an area or along a route of flight.

G-AIRMET Graphical AIRMET (G-AIRMET) is a decision-making tool based on weather “snapshots” displayed at short time intervals: • Identifies hazardous weather in space and time. • Provides more precise and informative weather hazard depictions than the text-only AIRMET. • Provides graphical forecasts of en route weather hazards valid at discrete times: – Instrument flight rules (IFR) conditions. – Mountain obscuration. – Icing. – Freezing level. – Turbulence. – Low-Level Wind shear (LLWS). – Strong surface winds.

Graphic

CWA Center Weather Advisory (CWA) is an aviation weather warning for conditions meeting or approaching national in-flight advisory (AIRMET, SIGMET, or convective SIGMET): • Used by aircrews to anticipate and avoid adverse weather conditions in the en route and terminal airspace. • Valid for up to 2 hours and may include forecasts of conditions expected to begin within 2 hours. • Issued for any of the following events: – Conditions meeting convective SIGMET criteria. – Icing (moderate or greater). – Turbulence (moderate or greater). – Heavy precipitation. – Freezing precipitation. – Conditions at or approaching low IFR. – Surface winds/gusts >30 knots. – LLWS (surface to 2,000 feet). – Volcanic ash, dust storms, or sandstorms.

Text and Graphic

Appendix A

Product Description Format

FIS-B Outage Notification This message informs the user that a particular product is unavailable from the FIS-B Data Source; therefore, there will not be any update for this product type beginning at the time specified in the message. FIS-B starts broadcasting this message within 30 seconds of the product outage and keeps retransmitting it periodically until the product has come back online.

Text

A.2 FIS-B Data Link “Tiering.” To make more efficient use of the available bandwidth for the FIS-B UAT uplink, a network of “tiers” of UAT radio stations have been established, in which UAT radio stations are assigned to one of four altitude tiers: high, medium, low, or surface. This allows the system to provide tailored sets of products that most effectively serve the different customer groups at each altitude tier. Pilots need to consider how the FIS-B tiers affect their specific flight scenario. The availability of certain FIS-B products depends on:

• Altitude tier an aircraft operates in.

• Look-ahead distance factor.

• In some cases, the size factor of an airport (for METAR and TAF reports). (See paragraph A.4.)

NOTE: Pilots need to consider the performance of the aircraft as well as the update rate for a specific product. For example, a pilot of a light twin aircraft, flying at a medium altitude with a tailwind could easily have a groundspeed in excess of 200 knots. Thus, traveling at over 3 nautical miles (NM) per minute, a pilot may not have enough time to receive and decipher a pop-up TFR based on the 100 NM look-ahead and a 10-minute transmission interval.

Appendix A

FIGURE A-2. UAT ALTITUDE TIERS

Tier Altitude Range Description

High Altitude Surface to FL240 (optimum from 9,100’ above ground level (AGL) to FL240)

This altitude band extends up to the upper limit of FIS-B service (24,000’ MSL). These ground stations serve higher performance General Aviation (GA) aircraft (turbocharged or turbine) operating in an en route environment, and also could serve aircraft in climb/descent (and some en route).

Medium Altitude Surface to 14,000’ AGL (optimum from 2,200’ AGL to 14,000’ AGL)

These ground stations serve the majority of GA aircraft operating in an en route environment. The upper band of 14,000 feet was chosen as this is typically at or above the service ceiling of the world’s most produced aircraft (Cessna 172: over 43,000 built); thus, this band includes the largest quantity of aircraft.

Low Altitude Surface to 3,000’ AGL These ground stations serve the majority of aircraft (of all types) operating in a terminal environment.

Surface Surface These ground stations consist of Surface Service Volume radios which serve aircraft in the immediate vicinity of major airports.

NOTE: While the required ceiling for FIS-B is FL240, it is expected that users can access the FIS-B service above that altitude. In the present design, approximately 90 percent of the implemented Service Volumes have FIS-B coverage at FL400.

Appendix A

A.3 FIS-B Look-Ahead and Transmission Intervals. Figure A-3 presents the product look-ahead ranges for low, medium, and high altitude tier radio stations, as well as surface stations.

FIGURE A-3. UAT PRODUCT PARAMETERS FOR LOW/MEDIUM/HIGH ALTITUDE TIER RADIOS

Product Surface Radios Low Altitude Tier Medium Altitude Tier High Altitude Tier CONUS NEXRAD N/A CONUS NEXRAD not provided

CONUS NEXRAD imagery

CONUS NEXRAD imagery Winds & Temps Aloft 500 NM look-ahead range 500 NM look-ahead range 750 NM look-ahead range 1,000 NM look-ahead range METAR 100 NM look-ahead range 250 NM look-ahead range 375 NM look-ahead range CONUS: CONUS Class B & C airport METARs and 500 NM look-ahead range Outside of CONUS: 500 NM look-ahead range TAF 100 NM look-ahead range 250 NM look-ahead range 375 NM look-ahead range CONUS: CONUS Class B & C airport TAFs and 500 NM look-ahead range Outside of CONUS: 500 NM look-ahead range Regional NEXRAD 150 NM look-ahead range 150 NM look-ahead range 200 NM look-ahead range 250 NM look-ahead range NOTAM-TRA, NOTAM-TMOA, NOTAM-TFR, NOTAM-FDC, or NOTAM-D

100 NM look-ahead range 100 NM look-ahead range 100 NM look-ahead range 100 NM look-ahead range

AIRMET/SIGMET 100 NM look-ahead range 250 NM look-ahead range 375 NM look-ahead range 500 NM look-ahead range PIREP/SUA N/A 250 NM look-ahead range 375 NM look-ahead range 500 NM look-ahead range

Appendix A FIGURE A-4. FIS-B OVER UAT PRODUCT UPDATE AND TRANSMISSION INTERVALS Product FIS-B Over UAT Service Update Intervals 1 FIS-B Service Transmission Intervals2 AIRMET As available 5 minutes Convective SIGMET As available 5 minutes METAR 1 minute/as available 5 minutes NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity (CONUS) 15 minutes 15 minutes

NEXRAD Composite Reflectivity (Regional) 5 minutes 2.5 minutes

NOTAM-TRA, NOTAM-TMOA, NOTAM-TFR, NOTAM-FDC, or NOTAM-D

As available 10 minutes

PIREP As available 10 minutes SIGMET As available 5 minutes SUA Status As available 10 minutes TAF 8 hours/as available 10 minutes Temperature Aloft 12 hours 10 minutes Winds Aloft 12 hours 10 minutes Lightning Strikes 5 minutes 5 minutes Turbulence 15 minutes 15 minutes Icing Forecasts 15 minutes 15 minutes Cloud Tops 15 minutes 15 minutes G-AIRMETs 00Z, 03Z, 06Z, 09Z/ 12 hour forecast 3 hours

CWAs As available As available 1 The Update Interval is the rate at which the product data is available from the source. 2 The Transmission Interval is the amount of time within which a new or updated product transmission must be completed and the rate or repetition interval at which the product is rebroadcast.

Appendix A

A.4 Use of Airport Size as a Parameter. For selected FIS-B products (METAR and TAF), the size of the airport is used as a filtering parameter for FIS-B broadcasts. Out of the total of U.S. METAR reporting locations:

• Less than 2 percent are Class B airports (with the highest volume of air traffic).

• Less than 6 percent are Class C airports (with medium traffic volume).

A.4.1 METARs. High-altitude radio stations provide METARs for the largest airports across all of CONUS (all class B and C airports), while low-altitude radio stations provide METARs for all stations (regardless of airport size) within a more limited look-ahead range. This provides high-altitude en route users with nationwide weather information (as every location in CONUS is within at most 382 NM of a Class B or Class C airport), at a significant savings in radio bandwidth.

A.4.2 TAFs. The same filtering applies to the TAF product. Out of the total U.S. TAF forecast locations, 28 percent are Class B or C airports (three Class C airports do not have TAFs). Airport-size filtering is only applied to high-altitude CONUS radio stations, as locations outside of CONUS do not have the same bandwidth concerns (due to much lower geographic density of reporting stations), and locations outside of CONUS do not have a sufficient number of Class B and C airports to offer a reasonable en route view of weather.

A.4.3 Example for the User (Pilot) Perspective. On a 650 NM flight from Washington Dulles International (KIAD) to Orlando Executive Airport (KORL), the pilot will only receive the METAR for Orlando International Airport (KMCO) in the early portion of the flight (while within coverage of high altitude tier radios). Once arriving within a closer radius (within 500 NM if under coverage of a high altitude tier radio; 375 NM if under coverage of a medium altitude tier radio; or 250 NM under coverage of a low altitude tier radio), the METAR for the smaller airport that is the specific destination (KORL) would become available.

Appendix B

APPENDIX B. EXAMPLES OF AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION BASELINE SYNCHRONIZATION SERVICE/AERONAUTICAL UPDATE SERVICE

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Aerodrome/Airport Mapping Data quality standards defined in RTCA DO-272D/EUROCAE ED-99D. Data exchange standards defined in DO-291C/EUROCAE ED-119C. Database format standards defined in ARINC 816-2.

Includes land-and-hold-short operations (LAHSO) information. Also includes the virtual Aerodrome Surface Routing Network (ASRN). ASRN supports RTCA SC-217/ EUROCAE WG-44 Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC) and manual entry Data Link Taxi (D-Taxi) application.

Aerodrome/Airport Information Standards not defined. Includes advisory information such as airport traffic pattern and altitude information; Fixed-Base Operator (FBO) information; hotel, restaurant, and rental car information; phone and contact numbers for air traffic control (ATC); and available services, including medical and fuel availability and fuel type and quality (e.g., the Department of Defense’s (DOD) “F” number) for diversions.

Airspace and Communications Partially defined in RTCA DO-201/ARINC 424. Could include Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B)/Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Rebroadcast (ADS-R) and Flight Information Service–

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Broadcast (FIS-B) Universal Access Transceiver (UAT)/1090 Extended Squitter (ES) Ground Broadcast Transceiver (GBT) service volumes. Includes static Special Activity Airspace (SAA) data exclusive of dynamic temporary flight restrictions (TFR).

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Mode S Aircraft Addresses and ADS-B Aircraft “Clip Art” Silhouettes

Standards not defined. Enables 3D ADS-B traffic depictions.

Electronic Charts Standards for electronic charts are not defined. Chart definitions are defined in SAE ARP 5289, Electronic Aeronautical Symbols, and ARP 5621, Electronic Display of Aeronautical Information (Charts).

• Airport/Aerodrome/Heliport X • Standard Instrument Departures (SID) X • Engine Out Procedures X • Instrument flight rules (IFR) en route charts (low and high altitude)

Includes static SAA definition data.

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

• Standard Terminal Arrival Routes (STAR) X • Instrument Approach Procedures (IAP) X • Charted Visual Approach Procedures Example: KDCA Runway 19 Visual. X • Noise Abatement Procedures X • Visual Aeronautical charts (e.g., visual flight rules (VFR) sectionals and VFR terminal area charts)

Also includes static SAA data.

• Special Airport/Aerodrome Qualification Page Example: Jep Page “10-18.” Future depiction applications may make use of animation.

6 Geopolitical Standards not defined. Includes cities, county, and state borders. Includes major roads. X

7 Magnetic Field/ Magnetic Flux Standards not defined. X

Navigation Data quality standards defined in RTCA DO-201A. Data exchange standards defined in ARINC 424-20. Database format standards defined in ARINC 424A.

At the last Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee (AEEC)/System Architecture and Interfaces (SAI) meeting before April 7, 2014, three ARINC Project Initiation/Modifications (APIM) were presented that will: (1) split the work being done in ARINC 424 into two different documents, and

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

(2) introduce a new format standard for terrain and obstacles DBs. These APIMs are as follows:

• APIM 11-005A – Classic; • ARINC 424 – NDB introducing XML and the XSD (data exchange standard); and • APIM 12-006 – Terrain and Obstacle Databases (TODB) (new DB format standard).

Additionally, there was also an APIM introduced to address standards for data compression: APIM 12-007 – XML Encoding and Compression Standard.

Noise-Sensitive Areas Standards not defined. Static data. Affects VFR operations, advisory circular (AC) category of use, and Area Navigation (RNAV)/Required Navigation Performance (RNP) approach selection during any 24-hour period.

Obstacles Data quality standards defined in RTCA DO-276C/ EUROCAE ED-98C. Data exchange standards defined in DO-291C/EUROCAE ED-119C. Database format

See item 8, above.

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

standards may be defined in a future ARINC specification.

Terrain Data quality standards defined in RTCA DO-276C/EUROCAE ED-98C. Data exchange standards defined in DO-291C/EUROCAE ED-119C. Database format standards may be defined in a future ARINC specification.

See item 8, above.

Miscellaneous Standards not defined. Scope includes:

Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD) X State Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP) (Includes AIP supplements and amendments, Preflight Information Bulletin (PIB), and Aeronautical Information Circulars (AIC)) Location of sporting stadiums, critical infrastructure, and ADS-B GBTs

Support issuance of Aeronautical Update Service (AUS) status Notices to Air Missions (NOTAM).

Aerodrome (AD)/Airport Entire AD/Airport and Heliports Public Use Airport/Status Includes commissioning, decommissioning, openings, closings, and abandonments.

Rotating Beacon/Status X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Seaplane Base/Status Includes commissioning, decommissioning, openings, closings, and abandonments.

Helipad/Status Includes commissioning, decommissioning, openings, closings, and abandonments.

Wildlife Hazards (specify bird activity and location) NOTE: ICAO term is Bird Notice to Air Missions (BIRDTAM). Can be listed under AD or Runway (RWY) if a specific runway is involved.

Arresting Gear/Status X Wind Indicator/Status Includes wind socks and wind tetrahedrons. X Weather Reporting Station (on-airport)/Status Commissioning, decommissioning, out of service, or unavailable. X Runway Entire Closure (full length) X Distances Available/Status Includes temporary changes to the Takeoff Distance Available (TODA), Takeoff Run Available (TORA), Accelerate Stop Distance Available (ASDA), and Landing Distance Available (LDA).

Threshold Displacement X Safety Areas/Status X Runway Condition Codes (RWYCC) X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Braking Action X Surface Condition (also called FICON or field conditions) Includes winter conditions, such as depth of snow, plowed runways or portions of a plowed runway, runway sanding or deicing, snow banks, runway light obscuration, and runway cracks or ruts.

Lighting Obscurations Example: Obstructions caused by snow or ice. X Lighted Sign Status X Ground Lighting Status X Direction – Lighting Sign Status X Direction – In-Ground Lighting Status X Direction – In-Ground Marking Status X Approach Lighting System Status Includes approach/minimum decision altitudes. Includes approach lighting system status and visual approach lighting systems (e.g., Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI), precision approach path indicator (PAPI), medium intensity approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights (MALSR), Approach Lighting System With

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Sequenced Flashing Lights (ALSF-2), runway end identification lights (REIL)).

Pilot Controlled Lighting (PCL) Status NOTE: May be listed under keyword AD or RWY. X PCL Frequency Change X Construction Status X Wildlife Hazards (specify bird activity and location) NOTE: Bird activity listed either under AD or RWY, the latter if a specific runway is involved.

Runway Visual Range (RVR) System/Status NOTE: May be listed under keyword RWY or SVC. X VFR Traffic Pattern/Status Permanent procedures listed under Baseline Synchronization Service (BSS).

Properties Change X Taxiway Closure (e.g., partial, full length, and crossing restriction changes) X Construction/Status X Designated Movement and Non-Movement Areas X In-Ground Lighting/Status X Lighted Sign/Status X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Work-in-Progress (WIP). Also known as Personnel and Equipment Working (PAEW) Ground Markings/Lighting Status X Taxiway Surface Condition (FICON) X Braking Action X Apron (including ramp areas and parking) Construction Status X In-Ground Marking Status X In-Ground Lighting Status X Apron Surface Condition (FICON) X Lighting (Aerodrome/ Airport/Heliport) Ground Lighting System Status Commissioning, decommissioning, outages, changes in classification or operation. Includes various lighting systems. Includes approach and runway lighting and PCL status and frequency change. NOTE: Ground lighting status needs to be harmonized with lighting listed under runway, taxiway, and apron areas.

Services (Aerodrome/ Airport/Heliport) Emergency Services Aircraft Rescue and Fire Fighting (ARFF) availability. X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Fuel Availability Includes potential effect on flight operations (e.g., delays possible in fueling diverting aircraft).

Fuel Quality Indicator Status Changes Fuel quality for type aircraft (e.g., the DOD issues an “F” series NOTAM for denoting compatibility of fuel in foreign countries).

Fuel Price Status NOTE: This is not a State-provided NOTAM. X Customs Availability/Status X

Airspace Airspace Restrictions – Prohibited/Restricted/ Danger (P/R/D) areas (ICAO) and Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) SAA

SAA initiatives are broken down into first-tier and second-tier initiatives. Most DOD SAA would activate static SAA data resident in an onboard database. SAA data also includes dynamic TFR status information.

SAA – First Tier Aerial Refueling Tracks X

Aerial Refueling Anchors NOTE: Not listed in SAA Concept of Operations (CONOPS). X

Altitude Reservations (ALTRV) – Stationary X ATC Assigned Airspace (ATCAA) X (Military) Visual Routes (VR) X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

(Military) Instrument Routes (IR) X

Military Operations Areas (MOA) X Orbit Areas X

Prohibited Areas X

Restricted Areas X

Special Flight Rules Areas (SFRA) X TFRs X

Title 14 CFR part 91, § 91.137(a)(1) – Protect persons and property on the surface or in the air from a hazard associated with an incident on the surface. Example: Chemical spills, volcanic eruptions.

Section 91.137(a)(2) – Provide a safe environment for the operation of disaster relief aircraft. Example: firefighting, avalanche control.

Section 91.137(a)(3) – Prevent an unsafe congestion of sightseeing and other aircraft above an incident

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

or event which may generate a high degree of public interest. Example: Outdoor assembly, aircraft accident site.

Section 91.138 – TFRs in national disaster areas in the State of Hawaii. X Section 91.141 – Flight restrictions in the proximity of the Presidential and other parties. Example: Presidential and other VIP movements.

Section 91.143 – Flight limitation in the proximity of space flight operations. Example areas include: Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Wallops. Launches include military, commercial, and NASA operations.

Section 91.144 – Temporary restriction on flight operations during abnormally high barometric pressure conditions. Example: Flight operations in Alaska.

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Section 91.145 – Management of aircraft operations in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations and major sporting events. Examples: Super Bowl, Indy 500, air shows involving high-performance aircraft aerobatic teams.

Title 14 CFR part 99, § 99.7 – Special security instructions. Example: Certain military facilities, potential terrorist targets. Examples: Nuclear power plants, specific military installations.

Temporary Special Use Airspace (SUA) Temporarily expands existing airspace in support of DOD requirements.

Warning Areas X

SAA – Second Tier Aerobatics Areas X

Aircraft Manufacturers’ Test Airspace X Alert Areas X

Commercial Space Launch and Reentry Areas X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Glider Operations Areas X

Parachute Jumping Areas X

Controlled Airspace Change in hours of operation of the controlling facility Includes applicable radio frequency connectivity to controlling facility. X

Terminal Maneuvering Area (TMA)/Control area (CTA)/Controlled zone (CTR) Status

Facility providing ATC control closed ICAO TMA/CTA/CTR terms replaced by class of airspace in the United States. X

Services ATC Facility Hours of operation Includes the resulting airspace definition when ATC services are not available. Also includes times of operation of temporary ATC towers and functions.

Weather Automated Weather Services Status X FIS-B/UAT FIS-B Service Volume and Status X ADS-B/Traffic Information Service– Broadcast (TIS-B)

ADS-R/TIS-B Service Volume and Status X GBT Location Changes X Points and Navigational Aids (NAVAID)

Waypoints and Fixes Changes in names, locations, and/or restrictions In the United States, generally handled via Procedure NOTAMs. X NAVAIDs Status of ground-based navigation facilities including commissioning/decommissioning,

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

out-of-service, unmonitored, and unusable areas. NOTE: List is incomplete as there are many more NAVAID products and/or features that could be added here, such as Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS), very high frequency (VHF) omni-directional range (VOR) voice, distance measuring equipment (DME), instrument landing system (ILS), markers, etc.

Whether Class 1 NAVAID monitoring is unavailable X ILS glide slope changes due to snow X Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Infrastructure

GNSS Constellation/Outage Status X

GNSS Unreliable Global Positioning Satellite (GPS) potentially unreliable for navigation

GPS potentially unreliable for surveillance X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Communications Frequencies Frequency Change Notices NOTE: List is incomplete as there are many other Comm NOTAMs and/or features that could be added here.

Surveillance Radar Radar System Status Includes loss of radar coverage due to temporary wind turbine interference, loss of secondary radar coverage.

Other surveillance means TIS-B/ADS-B Status X

Procedures LAHSO Temporary changes Includes changes resulting from temporary changes in the LDA, or temporary changes in runway signage, marking or lighting.

Departures/SIDs Changes to SIDs Includes decluttering logic. X Arrivals/STARs Changes to STARs Includes decluttering logic. X IAP Includes RNAV/RNP procedures available NOTAMs/Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service (D-ATIS) messages when available.

Changes to IAPs X Holding procedure changes Changes to procedures; holding air speed changes X Changes to required minimum climb gradients X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Other (e.g., Obstacle Departure Procedure (ODP))

Changes to minimums due to lighting outages or other environmental reasons Routes Airways Changes in the airway minimum en route altitude (MEA) In U.S., generally handled via procedural NOTAMs. X Tracks North Atlantic (NAT)/Pacific Tracks Daily updates. X

Obstructions Obstructions, including towers, cranes, stacks, etc.

Includes permanent as well as temporary obstruction changes/status Obstruction Lighting Outage Changes/Status X Wind Turbines Includes new single- and multiple-site wind turbine changes/status

NOTE: Charted wind turbines located in BSS section. X

Temporary Obstruction Status Moored Balloons and Kites Example: High-Altitude Aerostat in Florida Keys. X Tall Vessels in a Ship Channel, Near Airports Highly dynamic. Examples: General Edward Lawrence Logan INTL (KBOS); Philadelphia INTL (KPHL).

Unlit Obstructions Applies to uncharted obstructions. X Miscellaneous Airspace Hazard Alerts Laser Light Activity – Planned Planned/scheduled (non-hostile) activity. X Laser Light Activity – Hostile Requires immediate NOTAM issuance by ATC. X

Appendix B

# AI Categories AI Products/Services/ Subcategories Product(s)/Features Type/Comments BSS AUS

Solar Flare Activity Expected effect on the National Airspace System (NAS) and international flight operations.

Noise-Sensitive Areas Daily Noise-Sensitive Areas Activates noise-sensitive areas (stored as BSS). Daily cumulative noise NOTAMs support VFR noise reduction procedures, AC category of use, and RNAV (RNP) approach and departure routings.

Bird Activity Bird Activity – Migratory Bird Activity – Local Off-Airport Areas (e.g., landfills) NOTE: Could affect uncrewed aircraft (UA) operations. X Bird Activity – On or in the vicinity of the airport Could make use of advanced sensor technology such as new foreign object damage (FOD) systems and internet-based data collection systems.

Other Pointer NOTAMs X Graphical NOTAMs Graphical NOTAMs include complex textual and/or graphical procedures.

Published, as required, in support of specific events. X X

Appendix C APPENDIX C. ACRONYMS, ABBREVIATIONS, AND DEFINITIONS Terminology or Acronym Explanation A/FD Airport/Facility Directory AC Advisory Circular ACARS Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System AD Aerodrome ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast ADS-R Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Rebroadcast AI Aeronautical Information AIM Aeronautical Information Manual AIP Aeronautical Information Publication AIRAC Aeronautical Information Regulation and Control AIRMET Airmen’s Meteorological Information AIS Aeronautical Information Service AIXM Aeronautical Information Exchange Model AMDAR Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay AOC Airline Operational Control API Application Programming Interface ARP SAE Aerospace Recommended Practice ATC Air Traffic Control ATM Air Traffic Management ATS Air Traffic Service AUS Aeronautical Update Service

Appendix C Terminology or Acronym Explanation BIRDTAM Bird Notice to Air Missions BSS Baseline Synchronization Service CDM Collaborative Decision Making CFR Code of Federal Regulations CONUS Continental United States CPDLC Controller-Pilot Data Link Communications D-ATIS Digital Automatic Terminal Information System DLSP Data Link Service Provider DOD Department of Defense EFB Electronic Flight Bag ES Extended Squitter FAA Federal Aviation Administration FICON Field Condition FIS Flight Information Service FIS-B Flight Information Services–Broadcast FNS NDS Federal NOTAM System NOTAM Distribution Service FSS Flight Service Station GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GPS Global Positioning Satellite ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization METAR Message d’observation meteorologieque pour l’aviation reguilere (Aviation Routine Weather Report) METI Meteorological Information

Appendix C Terminology or Acronym Explanation NAS National Airspace System NextGen Next Generation Air Transportation System NOTAM Notice to Air Missions NOTAM-D NOTAM Distant NOTAM-FDC NOTAM-Flight Data Center NOTAM-TFR NOTAM-Temporary Flight Restriction NOTAM-TMOA NOTAM-Temporary Military Operation Area NOTAM-TRA NOTAM-Temporary Restricted Area NDS NOTAM Distribution Service NWS National Weather Service PED Portable Electronic Device PIB Preflight Information Bulletin PIC Pilot in Command PIREP Pilot Weather Report RVR Runway Visual Range RWY Runway RWYCC Runway Condition Code SAA Special Activity Airspace SFRA Special Flight Rules Area SID Standard Instrument Departure SIGMET Significant Meteorological Information SUA Special Use Airspace SWIM System Wide Information Management

Appendix C Terminology or Acronym Explanation TAF Terminal Aerodrome Forecast TFR Temporary Flight Restriction TIS-B Traffic Information Services–Broadcast TMA Terminal Maneuvering Area UAT Universal Access Transceiver U.S. United States WMO World Meteorological Organization WXXM Weather Information Exchange Model C.1 Definitions. C.1.1 Advisory. Specific and defined advice and information provided to assist pilots in the safe conduct of flight and aircraft movement. C.1.2 Aeronautical Data. A representation of aeronautical facts, concepts, or instructions in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing. C.1.3 Aeronautical Information (AI). Information resulting from the assembly, analysis, and formatting of aeronautical data. C.1.4 Aeronautical Information Management. The dynamic, integrated management of Aeronautical Information Services (AIS)—safely, economically, and efficiently— through the provision and exchange of quality-assured digital aeronautical data in collaboration with all parties. C.1.5 Aeronautical Information Service (AIS). A service established within the defined area of coverage responsible for the provision of AI/data necessary for the safety, regularity, and efficiency of air navigation. C.1.6 Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS). A non-FAA data link system using two-way very high frequency (VHF) data link air-ground communications for Airline Operational Control (AOC) and ATC messages. FIS request/reply and contract messages can be sent over the ACARS network. C.1.7 Air Traffic Service (ATS). A generic term for (1) ATC service; (2) air traffic advisory service; (3) FIS; and (4) alerting service.

Appendix C

C.1.8 Aircraft Meteorological Data Relay (AMDAR). World Meteorological Organization (WMO) program for automatically collecting and reporting meteorological reports from aircraft.

C.1.9 Broadcast Message. A message that is transmitted via a broadcast mode and does not depend on a request message sent from a user (e.g., an aircraft).

C.1.10 Broadcast Mode. A one-way interaction in which AI and/or METI updates or changes applicable to a designated geographic area are continuously transmitted (or transmitted at repeated periodic intervals) to all aircraft capable of receiving the broadcast within the service volume defined by the system network architecture.

C.1.11 Publish-Subscribe Mode. A two-way interaction in which AI and/or METI are transmitted to an aircraft in response to a specific request.

C.1.12 Subscription Update Mode. A two-way interaction that is an extension of the Subscription Mode. Initial AI and/or METI report(s) are sent to an aircraft and subsequent updates or changes to the AI and/or METI that meet the subscription criteria are automatically or manually sent to an aircraft.

C.1.13 Crosslink. Communication link from one aircraft to another aircraft, either directly or through downlink data interception (such as ADS-B).

C.1.14 Data Link. A wireless telecommunication between two or more locations for the purpose of transmitting or receiving data.

C.1.15 Data Link Application. Implementation of data link technology to achieve specific ATM operational functionalities. Within each application, there may be several (sub) services.

C.1.16 Data Link Baseline Synchronization Service (BSS). Synchronization of a system database with current aeronautical data in effect for a prescribed period.

C.1.17 Data Link Service. (Sub) service under a data link application that describes a particular service from an operational point of view. Within each service, there may be several data link report types.

C.1.18 Database. One or more files of data so structured that appropriate applications may draw from the files and update them.

C.1.19 Downlink. Communication link from the aircraft to the ground.

C.1.20 FAA Flight Services. Provide flight planning, advisory information, preflight planning, in-flight advisory service, and rescue and coordination services.

C.1.21 FAA’s Flight Information Service–Broadcast (FIS-B) Service Provider. A commercial vendor that provides FAA FIS-B on the ADS-B 978 megahertz (MHz) UAT data link under an agreement with the FAA.

Appendix C

C.1.22 Flight Information Service (FIS). A service provided for the purpose of giving advice and information useful for the safe and efficient conduct of flights.

C.1.23 Graphical Product. An FIS product composed of graphics with associated supporting text.

C.1.24 In-Flight. Occurring, carried out, or present during flight (e.g., in-flight icing).

C.1.25 Information. Data that (1) has been verified to be accurate and timely, (2) is specific and organized for a purpose, (3) is presented within a context that gives it meaning and relevance, and which (4) leads to an increase in understanding and decrease in uncertainty. The value of information lies solely in its ability to affect a behavior, decision, or outcome.

C.1.26 Meteorological Data. A representation of meteorological observations, forecasts, and environmental model output in a formalized manner suitable for communication, interpretation, or processing.

C.1.27 Meteorological Information (METI). Information resulting from the assembly, analysis, and formatting of weather data.

C.1.28 Near-Real-Time. Current or immediate information; responding to events or inputs as fast as possible, or as they happen.

C.1.29 Non-FAA FIS. A commercial data link service providing aviation weather and operational information to customers.

C.1.30 Non-FAA FIS Provider. An organization that operates a commercial data link service providing aviation weather and operational information independent of a vendor service agreement with the FAA.

C.1.31 Product. Data set or data set series of METI/AI produced and displayed in accordance with a published or defined format in a manner usable and interpretable to a pilot.

C.1.32 Product Latency. An element of data age. The total latency of METI/AI messages includes the total time between the actual occurrence of the phenomenon, the data collection, processing, transmittal, and the display or application of the information on the flight deck. The amount of total latency may limit the use or application of the information.

C.1.33 Request-Reply Mode. Two-way communication in which AI or METI is transmitted to a requestor in response to a specific request.

C.1.34 Special Activity Airspace (SAA). Any airspace with defined dimensions within the National Airspace System (NAS) wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations. This airspace may be restricted areas, prohibited areas, Military Operations Areas (MOA), ATC-assigned airspace, and any other designated airspace areas. The dimensions of this airspace are programmed into the User Request Evaluation Tool (URET) and can be designated as either active or inactive by screen entry. Aircraft

Appendix C

trajectories are constantly tested against the dimensions of active areas and alerts issued to the applicable sectors when violations are predicted.

C.1.35 Special Use Airspace (SUA). Airspace of defined dimensions identified by an area on the surface of the Earth wherein activities must be confined because of their nature and/or wherein limitations may be imposed upon aircraft operations that are not a part of those activities. Some types of SUA are Alert Area, Controlled Firing Area, MOA, Prohibited Area, Restricted Area, and Warning Area.

C.1.36 Strategic. This term refers to the decision-making process by the pilot. Strategic decision-making addresses decisions related to flight planning, both preflight and in-flight.

C.1.37 Tactical. This term refers to the decision-making process by the pilot. Tactical decision-making involves decisions of an operational nature that need to be applied immediately.

C.1.38 Text Product. An FIS product that is composed of text only.

C.1.39 Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR). A TFR is a regulatory action issued by the FAA via the United States Notice to Air Missions (NOTAM) System (USNS), under the authority of Title 49 of the United States Code (49 U.S.C.). The FAA issues TFRs within the sovereign airspace of the United States and its territories to restrict certain aircraft from operating within a defined area on a temporary basis to protect persons or property in the air or on the ground. While not all-inclusive, TFRs may be issued for disaster or hazard situations such as: toxic gas leaks or spills, fumes from flammable agents, aircraft accident/incident sites, aviation or ground resources engaged in wildlife suppression, or aircraft relief activities following a disaster. TFRs may also be issued in support of VIP movements; for reasons of national security; or when determined necessary for the management of air traffic in the vicinity of aerial demonstrations or major sporting events.

C.1.40 Universal Access Transceiver (UAT). A U.S.-centric surveillance radio system providing other data link services that is intended to serve the majority of the General Aviation (GA) community. UAT transmits on 978 MHz and is approved per § 91.225 for use in all airspace below 18,000 feet mean sea level (MSL). UAT supports ADS-B, Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Rebroadcast (ADS-R), FIS-B, and Traffic Information Services–Broadcast (TIS-B).

C.1.41 Uplink. Communication link from the ground to the aircraft.

Advisory Circular Feedback Form If you find an error in this AC, have recommendations for improving it, or have suggestions for new items/subjects to be added, you may let us know by contacting the Flight Technologies and Procedures Division at 9-AWA-AFS400-Coord@faa.gov or the Flight Standards Directives Management Officer at 9-AWA-AFB-120-Directives@faa.gov. Subject: AC 00-63B, Use of Flight Deck Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical Information Date: _____________________ Please check all appropriate line items: An error (procedural or typographical) has been noted in paragraph ____________ on page _______. Recommend paragraph _____________ on page __________ be changed as follows: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ In a future change to this AC, please cover the following subject: (Briefly describe what you want added.) ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ Other comments: ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ I would like to discuss the above. Please contact me.

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