Document
Special Thanks to !
National Aeronautics and Space Administration !
AFRC Researchers: !
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Kurt Kloesel , EE, AE !
Propulsion Branch !
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Yohan Lin, AE !
Enabling
Vehicle Integration and Test Branch !
!
Electric
Sean Clarke, EE !
System Development Branch !
Propulsion
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Matt Redifer , AE,EE !
for Flight
System Development Branch !
Starr Ginn !
!
Jim Murray, AE !
Deputy Aero Director and Chief Aerodynamics Branch !
Engineer for Aeronautics Research !
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NASA Armstrong Mark Moore, AE !
Flight Research Center NASA LaRC !
Vehicle Systems Branch !
www.nasa.gov !
Aeronautics Research Strategic Thrusts
Safe, Efficient Growth in Global Operations !
Enable full NextGen and develop technologies to substantially reduce aircraft safety risks !
Innovation in Commercial Supersonic Aircraft !
Achieve a low-boom standard !
Ultra-Efficient Commercial Vehicles !
Pioneer technologies for big leaps in efficiency and environmental performance !
Transition to Low-Carbon Propulsion !
Characterize drop-in alternative fuels and pioneer low-carbon propulsion technology !
Real-Time System-Wide Safety Assurance !
Develop an integrated prototype of a real-time safety monitoring and assurance system !
Assured Autonomy for Aviation Transformation !
Develop high impact aviation autonomy applications !
2 !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Aeronautics Mission Programs
All of the new programs address more than one, or all, of the research thrusts.
Airspace Operations Advanced Air Vehicles Integrated Aviation and Safety Program Program Systems Program AOSP AAVP IASP Safe, Efficient Ultra-Efficient Flight research- Growth in Global Commercial Vehicles oriented, integrated, Operations system-level R&T Innovation in that supports all MISSION PROGRAMS Real-Time System- Commercial six thrusts Wide Safety Supersonic Aircraft Assurance X-planes/ Transition to Low- test environment Assured Autonomy Carbon Propulsion for Aviation Transformation Assured Autonomy for Aviation Transformation Transformative Aeronautics Concepts Program TACP High-risk, leap-frog ideas that support all six thrusts SEEDLING PROGRAM Critical cross-cutting tool development Armstrong Flight Research Center ! 3 !
Armstrong Electric Propulsion Roadmap
FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 1-2 MW Flight Project !
Adv Air !
Capturing Transport Complexities of Technology !
Hybrid AFRC/GRC !
Architectures !
Performance and Control of Integrated Systems Testing in Preparation for 1-2MW flight demonstrator !
Convergent Aeronautics Solutions !
Spiral Development !
AFRC/LARC/GRC !
for MW scale !
ESAero / Joby Aviation !
~2500lb !
Team Seedling !
Risk Reduction for AFRC/LARC !
kW airplane !
ESAero / Joby !
Risk Reduction Testing for Airplane !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
LEAPTech
Leading Edge Asynchronous Propeller Technology !
Primary Objective: Coefficient of lift of ~5 Lessons to be Learned: Battery weight/capacity/Test Time Experience motor/motor controller/BMS EMI Propeller fatigue due to vortex shedding Instrumentation for Safety and Research Qualitative acoustics Characterize open loop control Testing capability for future wing designs Photo Courtesy of Tom Tschida NASA AFRC Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Convergent Aeronautics Solutions DEP Airplane
PHASE I PHASE II PHASE III PHASE IV Requirements Definition, Systems Analysis, Wing System Design, Design Reviews DEP wing development and fabrication Flight test with integrated DEP motors and folding props (cruise motors Ground validation Flight test electric remain in wing-tips).
of DEP highlift motors relocated to system wing-tips, with DEP wing including nacelles (but no DEP motors, controllers, or folding Ground and flight test props).
validation of electric motors, battery, and Flight testing of instrumentation.
baseline Tecnam Achieves Secondary Achieves Primary P2006T Objectives Objective of High Goals: Goals: • DEP Acoustics Speed Cruise Efficiency • Establish Electric • Establish Baseline Testing Power System Flight Tecnam • Low Speed Safety Performance Control Robustness • Establish Electric • Test Pilot • Certification Basis Tecnam Retrofit Familiarity of DEP Baseline Technologies Armstrong Flight Research Center !
DEP System Level Impacts
Primary Objective • Goal: 5x Lower Energy Use (Comparative to Retrofit GA Baseline @ High Speed Cruise) • Minimum Threshold: 3.5x Lower Energy Use Derivative Objectives • 30% Lower Total Operating Cost (Comparative to Retrofit GA Baseline) • Zero In-flight Carbon Emissions Secondary Objectives • 15 dB Lower community noise (with even lower true community annoyance) .
• Flight control redundancy, robustness, reliability, with improved ride quality.
• Certification basis for DEP technologies.
• Analytical scaling study to provide a basis for follow-on ARMD Hybrid-Electric Propulsion (HEP) commuter and regional turbo-prop research investments.
Primary Objective Basis • Electric only conversion of the baseline aircraft results in a 2.9 - 3.3x efficiency increase (i.e. 28% to 92% motor efficiency).
• Integrating DEP results in an additional 1.2 - 1.5x efficiency increase.
• Minimum threshold is 2.9 x 1.2 = 3.5, with goal of 3.3 x 1.5 = 5.0 goal.
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Spiral Development
From Ground to Flight !
kW System Understanding !
Aero and Acoustic Tool Validation !
Verification and Validation of Flight Motors and Motor Controller !
Establish Standards for Air Worthiness Propulsion Motors !
Battery weight/capacity for various flight profiles !
Weight Restrictions !
Volume Restrictions !
Thermal Management, Cooling for Motor/Motor Controller and DEP !
Dynamic Aero/Propulsive Loading !
DEP Crossflow Characterization and Aero/Propulsion interaction Thrust/ Stall Margins and Cruise !
EMI Concerns !
Pilot Input to Basic Fly-By-Wire Propulsion Control, not autonomous !
Emergency Recover from DEP Motors and Wing-Tip Cruise Motors failures !
8 !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Advanced Air Transport Technology Research
Aircraft Hybrid Electric Propulsion !
Projected Timeframe for Achieving Technology Readiness Level (TRL) 6 !
!
• Turbo/hybrid electric Technologies benefit more electric and all-electric aircraft architectures: !
distributed propulsion 300 PAX !
• High-power density electric motors replacing hydraulic actuation !
• Electrical component and >10 MW !
transmission system weight reduction !
5 to 10 • Hybrid electric 150 PAX !
• Turboelectric 150 PAX !
MW !
• Hybrid electric 100 PAX regional !
2 to 5 • Turboelectric distributed propulsion 150 PAX !
MW class !
• All electric 50 PAX regional (500 mile range) !
• Hybrid electric 50 PAX regional !
1 to 2 • Turboelectric distributed propulsion 100 PAX regional !
MW class !
• All-electric, full-range general aviation !
Power Level for Electrical Propulsion • All-electric and hybrid-electric kW class !
general aviation (limited range) !
Today ! ! ! 10 Year 20 Year 30 Year 40 Year !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Ironbird – HEIST Hybrid Electric Integrated System Testbed !
Integration and Performance Challenges are Studied so Larger, More Advanced Electric Propulsion System Testbeds Can Be Designed !
Autonomous Flight Controller !
Study system complexities of 2 power sources !
COTS and low TRL components !
Laid out in the actual configuration of the aircraft, using real line lengths !
Verify vital aircraft system !
Effects of failure and subsequent treatment !
Electric switch w/variable interruptions, times are studied to assess their impact on the computers and components !
EMI/EMC effects !
Ironbird is controlled from a flight simulator !
Provides configurable test configurations and conditions !
Armstrong Flight Research Center ! 10 !
AirVolt Single String Propulsor System !
Collect high-fidelity data of motor, motor controller, battery system efficiencies, thermal dynamics and acoustics !
V&V of components and system interfaces !
Evaluation of low TRL components !
Model single system before transitioning to multiple motors !
Gain knowledge in test methodologies, processes, and lessons learned !
Measurements !
300 lbf thrust, 500 ft * lbs torque, 0-40,000 RPM , 500V, 500 Amps !
Static and Dynamic Testing !
Armstrong Flight Research Center ! 11 !
Spiral Development
From kW to MW System Interfaces !
kW System Integration !
EMI Concerns !
Pilot Input to autonomous Fly-By-Wire Propulsion Control !
Flight control development for dep pitch, yaw and roll !
Emergency Recover !
Understand cooling systems for motors and batteries !
System controllers for bus architectures with multiple power sources !
Verification and validation of Hybrid Electric turbine/motors, DEP and controllers for flight airworthiness !
12 !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Armstrong Electric Propulsion Roadmap
FY13 FY14 FY15 FY16 FY17 FY18 FY19 FY20 1-2 MW Flight Project !
Adv Air !
Capturing Transport Complexities of Technology !
Hybrid AFRC/GRC !
Architectures !
Performance and Control of Integrated Systems Testing in Preparation for 1-2MW flight demonstrator !
Convergent Aeronautics Solutions !
Spiral Development !
AFRC/LARC/GRC !
for MW scale !
ESAero / Joby Aviation !
~2500lb !
Team Seedling !
Risk Reduction for AFRC/LARC !
kW airplane !
ESAero / Joby !
Risk Reduction Testing for Airplane !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !
Small Business Initiative Research
SBIR/METIS/Phase II !
Turbo-Generator !
Lightweight turbine generator (40 kW) !
SBIR/ ESAero /GA/Phase II !
ePHM !
Fault tree and failure mode, effects and criticality analysis !
SBIR/ ESAero /Phase III !
HEIST !
IronBird instrumentation and data acquisition !
LEARN/RHRC/Phase II !
Boundary Characterize propulsion airframe Layer Ingestion Efficiency !
interaction using closely spaced ducted electric motors !
STTR/RHRC/Phase II !
A/C Conversion Modular flight testbed for studying Study !
various hybrid architectures !
(The purpose of flight research) is to separate the real
from the imagined problems and to make known the
overlooked and the unexpected. !
— Hugh L. Dryden !
Questions? !
15 !
Armstrong Flight Research Center !