Proceedings of the Second NASA Aviation Safety Program Weather Accident Prevention Review

NASA / CP--2003-210964

Proceedings of the Second NASA Aviation

Safety Program Weather Accident

Prevention Review

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Proceedings of the Second NASA Aviation

Safety Program Weather Accident

Prevention Review

Proceedings of a conference held at the Hilton South sponsored by NASA Gl.enn Research Cen.ter Independe_Ke, Ohio June 5-7, 2001 N ational Aeronautics and Spa ce Administration Glelm Research Center January 2003 Trade names or manufacturers' names are used in this report for identificatio_ only. This usage does not constitute a_ official endorsement, either expressed or implied, by the Natio_ml Aeronautics and Space Administration.

Available frorn NASA Center for Aerospace Information 71121 Standard Drive Hanover, MD 211076 Available electronically at http: //gltrs.grcnasa.gov TABLE OF CONTENTS Aviation Safety Program Weather Accident Prevention Annuai Prqject Review ................................................................... vi Review Objec._ives vii Attendees of Re;dew. ........................................................................................................................ ix Survey ................................................................................................................................................ x Mee.':ir_g [x)gJstics ............................................................................................................................. xi Agenda ............................................................................................................................................. xii Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) Project Overview and Status Shari-Beth Nadeli, NASA Glenn Research Center .......................................................................... I Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) Development of WxAP System Architecture and Concepts of Operation David Gran'_ier, NASA Glenn Research Center 18 Aviation Weather Information Overview and Status Pa_i Stough, NASA Langley Research Center 33 Weather Information Communications (WINCOMM) Overview and Status K. Mar_zakIis, N ASA Glerm Research CerJter _ • ................................................................................ , ± Turbulence Detection and Mitigation Element Weather InformatioN Network Overview NASA Langley WINN System Operational Assessment United' s SKY-PAD TM Project Joe Burns, Upited Airlines 1i 2 Enhanced Weather Radar and Aviation Weather Awareness and Reporting Programs ) ..... _ : "y4 Kevin Kronfeid, Ro,Mxe11 Co11_..L._ 134 Satellite Weather Information Service R.S. Haende], Rockwell _..o_lms .................................................................................................... 1, .6 Pilot Weather Advisor TM The Results of the Evaluation of Using Lightning Data to Improve Oceanic Convective Forecasting for Aviation Oceanic Weather Information: Oceanic Convective Nowcasting Demonstration (OCND) VHF Datalink (Mode 2) for Cockpit Weather for Air Transports {; ] _,_):l"11:h.li?1v atl,):lS ............................................ Z, ,, ,) Thomas E. ']7anger, _ockbeed Martin GlobaI" " .......... -,,, , _ , ,c_.."

Preliminary VDL Mode 2 Bench and Flight Test Results Trent A. Skidmore and Aaron A. Wilson, Ot-Jio Up..iversity Avionics Engineering _ .... __" NASA/CP--2002-210964 iii Decision-Making inFlight With Different Convective Weather Information Sources:

Preliminary Results from the Langley CoWS Experiment

Jim Chambe.rlain and Kara Latoreila, NASA Langiey Research Cemcr. 229

General Aviation Cockpit Weather Information System Simulation Studies

Ray McAdaragh, NASA AW1N Program; and Paul Novacek, Research Triar:@e

General Aviation FIS Broadcast System FIS Architecture Study Plan TAMDAR Development Strategy TAMDAR Capabilities Development TAMDAR Datalink Development Mor:..ty Andro and S._epher:.. C. Wiersma, NASA Glenn Research Center 364 OVERVIEW: Business Feasibility of the TAMDAR System Impact of Meteorological Data Collection and Reporting System (MDCRS)/Tropospheric Carl Weiss, National Weather Service 4i 3 Airborne Turbulence Warning System Development Rod Bogue, N AS A Dryden Fiight Research Center 429 Meteorological Case Studies of Turbulence Encounters Weather Associated With the Fall 2000 Turbulence Flight Tests David W Hamilton ar:..d Fred H. Proc_;r, NASA Langley Research Cemer 476 Numerical Simulation of Even 191-6 of NASA' s Flight Tests Unbalanced Supergradient Flow: Its Role in Organizing Severe Turbulence in Both Convective and Clear Air Case Studies Simulations of Continuous and Discrete Event Turbulence R. Sharman, National Center for Atmospheric Research 555 Development and Flight Test of In Situ Turbulence Algorithms Turbulence Lidar Development Status ivan Clark NASA Langley Research Cemer; ar:..d Philip Gatt and Flight Test Results for a Turbulence Detection Radar NASA/CP--2002-210964 iv

Market Assessment ofForward-Looking Turbulence Sensing Systems

Secure Cabin Exercise Rod Bogue, NASA Dryden Flight Research Center .................................................................... 70:l Feasibility Study of Transport-Aircraft Control Systems for Turbulence Effects Mitigation Turbulence JSIT Status NASA-FAA-NOAA Partnering Strategy Flight Information Services Data Link (FISDL) Airline Implementation of Cockpit Weather Systems FIS Implementation National Business Aviation Association (NBAA) Tenny I,indhoim, The Nai:ional Center tor Atmospheric Research Cockpit 1972 ......................................................................................................................................... 79'7 NASA/CP--2002-210964 v

Weather Accident Prevention

Annual Project Review

Cleveland, Ohio June 5-7, 2001

Review Objectives

• Communicate progress to NASA Stakeholders, Partners, and Customers • Solicit feedback on NASA's Weather Safety Plans and activities from the aviation community.

• Q&A session after presentations • Discussion sessions following each topical session • Panel Discussion during last morning session (June 7) • Survey of NASA WxAP plans/products • Catalyst for future partnerships and collaboration with aviation community • Enhanced integration of NASA Weather Accident Prevention Project Elements • Preparation for NASA FY02 detailed planning activities

Review Objectives

Attendees of Review

NASA A vSP Management Researchers

NASA Base Management Researchers

FAA

NWS

NTSB

Avionics Industry

Airlines

Aircraft Manufacturers

Pilot Associations

Aircraft Associations

Academia

DoD

Survey

• Evaluate NASA's weaknesses/strengths • Evaluate NASA products being developed • Technical Issues • Coordination Issues • Implementation Issues • Others • Identity disclosure is voluntary • Use postage-paid envelope • Summary of surveys will be forwarded to all attendees

Meeting Logistics

• Message Board available at registration table • Telephone Messages: 216-447-1300 • FAX: 216-642-9334 • Coffee and snacks available during breaks • Lunch available in the pool area Tuesday and Wednesday ($10 each) - Sign-up sheet at registration table • List of local restaurants is available at registration table • Presentations are on CD-ROM • Break-out room available for side meetings - Sign-up sheet at registration table

Day 1 Morning Agenda

8:00 a.m. Welcome Sehra, GRC Rohn, GRC 8:15 a.m.

Nadell, GRC Meeting Objectives and Logistics 8:30 a.m.

Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) Project Nadell, GRC Overview and Status 9:00 a.m.

Grantier, GRC Development of WxAP System Architecture and Concept of Operation 9:30 a.m. Aviation Weather Infon'nation Overview and Stough, LaRC Status 10:15 a.m. Break 10:30 a.m. Weather Infon'nation Communications Overview Martzaklis, GRC and Status 11:15 a.m.

Turbulence Detection and Mitigation Overview Bogue, DFRC and Status Watson, LaRC 12-1 p.m. Lunch

Day 1 Afternoon Agenda

Cockpit Weather Information Systems 1:00 p.m. Weather Information Network Leger, Honeywell Jonsson, LaRC 1:15 p.m. NASA Langley WINN System Operational Assessment 1:30 p.m. United's SKY-PAD TM Project Bums, UAL 1:45 p.m. Enhanced Weather Radar and Aviation Weather Kronfeld, Awareness & Reporting Programs Rockwell Kerczewski, GRC 2:15 p.m. Satellite Weather Information Service 2:35 p.m. Pilot Weather Advisor TM Hoffler, Vigyan, Inc.

2:55 p.m. The Results of the Evaluation of Using Lightning Nierow, FAA Data to Improve Oceanic Convective Forecasting for Aviation 3:00 p.m. Oceanic Weather Information: Oceanic Convective Lindholm, NCAR Convective Nowcasting Demonstration (OCND)

Day 1 Afternoon Agenda (cont.)

Cockpit Weather Information Systems (cont.)

3:15 p.m. Break 3:30 p.m. VHF Datalink (Mode 2) for Cockpit Weather Tanger, LMGT for Air Transports 3:40 p.m. Preliminary VLD Mode 2 Bench and Flight Test Skidmore, OU Results 4:00 p.m. Decision-making In Flight With Different Latorella, LaRC Convective Weather Information Sources: Chamberlain, LaRC Preliminary Results 4:30 p.m. GA Cockpit Weather Infon'nation System McAdaragh, FAA Simulation Studies Novacek, RTI 5:00 p.m. Discussion: Cockpit Weather Systems 5:30 p.m. Conclude for the Day

Day 2 Morning Agenda

Cockpit Weather Information Systems (cont.)

8:00 a.m.

General Aviation FIS Broadcast System Joyce, Honeywell 8:20 a.m.

FIS Architecture Study Plan Tanger, LMGT Nichols, Johns Hopkins APL Airborne Weather Reporting System 8:45 a.m.

TAMDAR Development Strategy Schmidt, FAA 8:55 a.m.

Daniels, LaRC TAMDAR Capabilities Development 9:25 a.m.

TAMDAR Datalink Development Andro, GRC 9:45 a.m.

Kauffmann, ODU Overview of the Business Feasibility of the TAMDAR System 10:15 a.m. Break 10:30 a.m.

Impact of MDCRS/TAMDAR data on National Weiss, NWS Weather Service (NWS) Operations

Day 2 Morning Agenda (cont.)

10:50 a.m.

Discussion: Airborne Weather Reporting System Airborne Turbulence Warning System 11:25 a.m. Airborne Turbulence Warning System Development Bogue, DFRC 11:40 a.m. Meteorological Case Studies of Turbulence Fen'is, MIT Encounters Lincoln Labs.

Lunch Weather Associated With the Fall 2000 Turbulence Hamilton, LaRC Flight Tests Numerical Simulation of Event 191-6 of NASA's Proctor, LaRC 1:20 p.m.

Flight Tests 1:40 p.m. Unbalanced Supergradient Flow - It's Role In Kaplan, NCSU Organizing Severe Turbulence In Both Convective and Clear Air Case Studies Simulations of Continuous and Discrete Sharman, NCAR 2:00 p.m.

Turbulence Events

Day 2 Afternoon Agenda (cont.)

Airborne Turbulence Warning System (cont.)

2:20 p.m. Development and Flight Test of In Situ Turbulence Robinson, Algorithms AeroTech 2:45 p.m. Turbulence LIDAR Development Stares Clark, LaRC 3:00 p.m. Break 3:15 p.m. Flight Test Results for a Turbulence Detection Schaffner, LaRC Radar 4:00 p.m. Market Assessment of Forward-Looking Kauffmann, ODU Turbulence Sensing Systems 4:30 p.m. Turbulence Secure Cabin Exercise Bogue, DFRC 5:00 p.m. Discussion: Airborne Turbulence Warning System 5:30 p.m. Conclude for the Day

Day 3 Morning Agenda

Airborne Turbulence Warning System (cont.)

8:00 a.m. Feasibility Study of Transport-Aircraft Control Borland, Boeing Systems for Turbulence Effects Mitigation CAG 8:20 a.m. Turbulence JSAT/JSIT Status Bogue, DFRC Implementation, Operation, and Technology Development Colantonio, GRC 8:40 a.m. NASA-FAA-NOAA Partnering Strategy 9:00 a.m. Flight Information Services Data Link (FISDL) Moosakhanian, FAA 9:20 a.m.

Airline Implementation of Cockpit Weather Systems Sambrano, UAL 9:40 a.m. Break 10:00 a.m.

Panel Session: Cockpit Weather Infon-nation Systems: Current and Future Challenges for Implementation, Operation, and Technology Development 11:45 a.m.

Annual Review Wrap-up 12:00 noon Annual Review Concluded

Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP)

Project Overview and Status

Shari-Beth Nadell, Acting Project Manager

NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC)

Cleveland, OH

Outline

• Weather Accident Prevention Project

Background/History

• Project Modifications

• Project Accomplishments

• Project's Next Steps

Weather Safety Benefits Needed

> 41% during cruise "_ Weather-related Non-weather-related 27% due to visual flight (27%) (73%) operation in instrument flight conditions GA Aviation Accidents 1982-1993 (22,053 total accidents) Source: AOPA Air Safety Foundation Turbulence Injuries (33%) Non-weather-related Weather-related Non-Turbulence-related _a_ _'_d_,I t .f_,r _;@_:Hc,_' (67%) (33%) Injuries (67%) Commercial Carrier Commercial Transport Serious Accidents 1983-1995 Injuries 1990-1996 Source:NTSB Fatal/Non-fatal Accidents Source: NTSB Data

Project Evolution

FAA-NASA Weather ._. Aviation Safety National Aviation Safety Memorandum ....................................... Investment Weather Initiatives Of Agreement _!..!_! Strategy Team *Signed June, 2000* NASA-Other Agency FAA-NASA Memorandum White House Commission on Weather Safety Of Understanding Signed Safety and Security Sets Goal Memorandum Of On Aviation Safety of 80% reduction in fatal Agreements accidents within l O years (in progress) Commercial Aviation Safety Team National Aviation Weather and GA Joint Steering Committee activities initiated Program Strategic Plan- Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorology

NASA AvSP Organizational Structure

llll_ Proje_ r, I | Accident | Nenitorh_g & /

/ "°de'i_{_ / l °":°° !1 "'"°° /

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WxAP Project Goals/Objectives/Products

o Goal Provi de th e Fligh t D ec k w ithHi g h e r Detect&Mitigate Obj_c_iv_s Fideli_i More Timely Intuitive Weather Hazards G raphical Information 1. Cockpit weather display technologies and design guidelines and pilot decision support tools 2. Weather Information data link technologies, architecture, and design guidelines Pro_:_uc_s 3. Improved low-altitude Automet technologies and design guidelines 4. Turbulence hazard characterization 5. Forward-looking turbulence sensor technologies and system design guidelines 6. Turbulence mitigation procedure guidelines

Project Schedule and Milestones

National AWIN Capability National Datalink Capability Turbulence Flight Management System Demo Flight Demonstration Of Forward-Looking Turbulence Warning System ;_ 4'd)MPL E }'EJ," ;_ International AWIN Capability International Datalink Capability

Product Development Strategy

• Strong Industry cost sharing through Cooperative Research Agreements (CRA) • Airline/operator participation in CRAs • Cost/Market assessment studies funded • FAA/NASA/NWS Working Groups being established • Participation in Industry/Government working groups dealing with technology and standards development: RTCA, ICAO Joint Safety Assessment/Implementation Teams, etc.

• Strong National Turbulence Research Coalition assisting in defining NASA direction

Project Modifications

• Reasons for modifications >> Resource fimitations (funding, staff) >>Customer feedback and recommendations • Content of changes _> Research area focus modifications _ WBS modifications • Research area focus modifications _ Nowcasting/Forecasting technology development eliminated • Feedback from joint Turbulence PDT and FAA meeting • FAA responsible for developing nowcasting/forecasting products • NASA responsible for investigating turbulence characteristics and defining hazard metrics _ Turbulence Mitigation technology development refocused • Flight System Controls development descoped to investigation of autopilot usage in turbulence encounters • Integration of turbulence warning information on the flight deck added

Project Modifications (concl.)

• Research area focus modifications (concl.)

_> Specific technology development focus on commuter aircraft and rotorcraft eliminated • Addresses the spectrum of users and key accident areas _ Graphical weather presentation and usage research and technology development limited to cockpit systems • FAA responsible for developing ATC and AOS products and technologies _ Research focus on AutoMET sensor and datalink technology development increased • GA Wx JSIT Recommendation • National Aviation Wx Program Council feedback • FAA Wx requirements office input • WxAP Project Review feedback _ Research focus on Satellite Datalink Communications technology development increased

Modified WxAP Products

Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP) Shari-Beth Nadell, GRC Turbulence _ Aviation Weather _ fWeather Inf°rmati°n_ Detection & | Communications | Information _ | GusMartzaklis, Mitigation =

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Project Accomplishments

• Completed Project Milestone #1: Initial AWIN and Forward-Looking Turbulence Detection Flight Evaluation • Total of six flights between September and December 2000 (including two ferry flights to DFW) • Four WxAP experiments were conducted: • In-Situ Turbulence Algorithm • Turbulence Radar • AWlN-Weather Information Network (WlNN) System • Enhanced Weather Radar EWxR multifunction display with ship's weather radar data WINN Display Mounted in to 50 nmi and NEXRAD data beyond.

the B757 Cockpit Turbulence Radar Installation on B757

Project Accomplishments (cont.)

• Successful completion of the first test subject data collection flight of the AWlN Convective Weather Sources (COWS) experiment on August 9, 2000 • Experiment investigates how situation awareness and flight deck decision making is affected by access to different sources of weather information • Conditions investigated included: conventional audio information only, out-the-window visual cues plus conventional audio information, and a composite radar image (a tethered AWlN display) plus the conventional audio information Honeywell A WIN Display in King Air Cbclcait NASA BE-200 King Air

Project Accomplishments (cont.)

• TAMDAR Sensor tested in NASA GRC Icing Research Tunnel, March 21-23 > Preliminary results indicate the overall infrared sensing principle is sound and detected both glaze and rime ice > Probe de-icing method needs to be reworked with respect to heater size and placement and the software algorithm that tried to melt the ice or declare the sensor "contaminated" > Next-generation unit will have the temperature sensor better isolated thermally from the heater TAMDAR sensor development task initiated with GTRI and ODS; kickoff meeting April 25 ODS TAMDAR sensor (left), ODS Model 1000 TAMDAR Icing Sensor (right) in IRT sensor

Project Accomplishments (cont.)

• Continued to develop Broadband SATCOM Datalink > Enabling technologies: phased array antennas, broadband mobile terminal > Joint NASA/Boeing development > Up to 1000x capacity increase > Ground-mobile experiments > Proof flight test Dec, 2000 (DC-8) > Upcoming B-757 experiments > Enabling to new Connexion by Boeing datalink service NASA DC-8 Flight Test Ku-band Receive and Transmit Phased Array Antennas

Project Accomplishments (concl.)

• Test development planning for Turbulence Secure Cabin Exercise First implementation will use FAA CAMI B747 Cabin Evacuation simulator training facility Secure Cabin Exercise team includes NASA, FAA, airlines, cabin attendants associations, etc.

Three cabin scenarios will be used to develop requirements for "securing" a cabin prior to a turbulence encounter Will provide important input to the development of Airborne Turbulence Warning System requirements and procedural guidelines i!iiiii!_i_i_!_i_iiiii_iiiiiiiiiii!iiiiiiii_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii_i_iiiiiiiiiiiii_i_ii FAA CAMI B 74 7 Cabin Evacuation Simulator

Project's Next Steps

• Develop systems architecture and concept of operations for WxAP technology products.

• Revisit and redefine project milestones based on accomplishments over first two years of the program.

• Update NASA plans per stakeholder comments (i.e. THIS REVIEW), requirement studies, joint team recommendation etc.

• Continue to integrate and leverage activities with FAA, NWS and DoD.

• Continue to seek greater participation with aviation user community.

Z

L

o o

Weather Accident Prevention (WxAP)

oo

Development of WxAP System Architecture

And Concepts of Operation

David Grantier, WxAP LII Systems Engineer

7800 Systems Engineering Division

NASA Glenn Research Center

Cleveland, OH

Outline

Z ;> ;> o o

• Background Information on System

Architecture/CONOPS Activity

• Activity Work In Progress

• Anticipated By-Products

Z o o bo

WxAP Project Evolution FY'01

• Prior Systems Engineering Activities

• AvSP LI Product Notebooks • Bob Sutton, Pat Corcoran ARI, AvSP LI Systems Engineers bo O

• Project philosophy/structure towards Product

B ased Development

• Acceptance to modify Level II, III Milestones • Define, identify NASA WxAP Products

• Focus on WxAP technologies, not an optimized

NASA WxAP System

• AWIN, WINCOMM, TDAM • 2/7-8/01 GRC LII/LIII TIM

Task Origin

Z > > o o

• 3/27/01 WxAP LIII Integration Meeting at LaRC

b_ • Scope: • To create a NASA WxAP System Architecture and associated Concept of Operations Document.

b_ • Demonstrate a system implementation that includes AWIN, WINCOMM, and TDAM technologies for Commercial Transport and GA (where applicable).

• Systems may not fully utilize the full scope of capabilities that are available from any one of the WxAP LIII elements.

• System will be the WxAP Level II and Level III's vision of potential applications of these technologies.

Task Origin (cont.)

Z > > • Justification: o o bo • To date, WxAP Level III development has been largely a bottoms-up effort with limited systems guidance from WxAP Level II due in large part to the maturity level of the LIII technologies.

• The Level III Elements are moving into a more critical period bO bO of technology development and demonstration and the need for a WxAP System Architecture is evident.

• The products of this activity will allow the WxAP Level III elements to refine their development activities and to accommodate WxAP system level requirements in their technologies.

• Anticipated by-products of this activity include WxAP '02 (and '04) Flight Requirements.

Modified WxAP Products

Z > > Weather Accident Prevention o (WxAP) o bo Shari-Beth Nadell, GRC Turbulence I Avlali°r nj_Weather _ Wcathemrlniir_iati°n Detection & Mitigation ¢J ==

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Architecture Task Goal"

o o

Map WxAP Products on System Architecture

WxAP Proposed Products: • Cockpit Weather Display Technologies and Pilot Decision Support Tools • Airborne Weather Reporting Sensor Technologies 4_ •Weather Information Datalink Systems Technologies for Ground-to-Air Dissemination •Weather Information Datalink Technologies for Air-to-Ground and Air-to-Air Dissemination • Turbulence Characterization Technologies • Forward-looking Turbulence Sensor Technologies • Turbulence Mitigation Procedures Z

5/10-11/01 WxAP LII/LIII SE Meeting at LaRC

o o Attendees: Dave Grantier/GRC WxAP LII SE WxAP LII SE Dwayne Kiefer/GRC/QSS John Bowen/GRC/ZIN WxAP LII SE Ed Johnson/LaRC AWIN LIII SE WINCOMM SE Tom Tanger/GRC/CMST Dale Force/GRC WINCOMM SE Jim Watson/LaRC TDAM SE (acting) Pat Corcoran/ARI AvSP LI SE Meeting Summary: The objective of this meeting was to familiarize each of the WxAP, AWIN, WINCOMM and TDAM personnel with each other, and to uncover the basic composition of each element. The meeting consisted of the WxAP LII System Engineers presenting their understanding gleaned from the available Level III documentation. The presentations were then supplemented and where necessary, corrected by the Level III System Engineers. The overall result of the meeting laid the informational and personal groundwork for future collaborations within the groups, and a starting point for the genesis of a NASA WxAP System Architecture.

Z o o

NASA WxAP CONOPS Issues Currently Identified

(5/11-12/01 WxAP SE TIM at LaRC) • NASA WxAP Implementation Time Phasing ¢" Past, Present, 2007, beyond 2007 • NASA WxAP Flight Phase ¢" Preflight, Take-off, Enroute, Landing, Postflight • Aircraft Classifications ¢" GA, Transport, Other?

• Communications Protocols ¢" VDL-2,3, UAT, Mode S, SatCom • Aircraft Hardware ¢" Radio, Processors, Sensors, Cockpit Displays • Aircraft Services ¢" Other AvSP technologies, other Wx information on plane • Ground Communications Network ¢" IP-6, ATN Z > >

Examples of WxAP System Architecture sketches from

o o

WxAP SE working group meeting (5/11-12/01 LaRC)

b,3 AWIN data ctr ;z:-_clc; ;;;c c1-,lcts AWIN J Contrib to types /"11 ProdsF .... t of Weat IP_ I ! Data prods I Air center ops??

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• Airline ops center

Example WxAP Architecture Sketch

Z o o Aircraft 2 bo Weather Processor / CMU Products Cockpit bo Ground Network

./" j (i.e. ATN, IP6)

Cockpit Processor / CMU r s"!i!..... Aircraft 1

Example WxAP Architecture Sketch

Z

Revised Architecture

o o [optional direct to AWIN] Z > >

Example of WxAP initial System Architecture from

o FY'01 B-757 ARIES Flight Test Requirements Document

o

(S. Rickard/LaRC)

Inte.qrated WxAP Experiments Hiqh-kevel System Architecture Pilot [ AHAS #[ Ship's Wx d WXDisplayRadar _ Radar R/T (In Cj_kpit) / Research 18" Disolay !ni"f'acc / DiSsilay _' In-situ AHAS Research Data Radar Processor _ "_ Processor, Lidar Data Data _:_e_ r_ g,,_ Displays Ethernet H'-b VHF SATCO ] / Weather Products _ Uplinked _ ' Z ;> ;>

NASA WxAP Elementary CONOPS

o o bo The "Building Blocks" of a WxAP CONOPS: ¢" Data is Transferred to Aircraft ¢" Data is Received by the Aircraft ¢" Data is Displayed to the Pilot ¢" Data is Collected on the Aircraft ¢- Data is Transmitted from the Aircraft _ % ¢" Data is Received on the Ground f "__ Z o o

Anticipated By-Products of Architecture/CONOPS Activity

• WxAP LI! Requirements Document • Formulation of WxAP FY'02 and '04 Flight Requirements • More efficient evaluation of potential WxAP integration with other AvSP LII projects • More efficient participation in AvSP LI Systems Engineering activities • WxAP LII and LIII Project Management tool

Aviation Weather information

Overview and Status

Weather Accident Prevention Project Review

Cleveland, Ohio June 5 to 7, 2001 Paul Stough CrewNehicle Integration Branch NASA Langley Research Center Hampton, VA 23681-2199 (757) 864-3860 E-mail: h.p.stough@larc.nasa.gov

.d_l_i, Outline

• Background

• Research Areas

• Progress since last year

• Weather is a major contributing factor in

accidents:

-33% Commercial carrier

-27% General aviation

• Many accidents are due to lack of weather

situation awareness and poor decisions.

• Provision of strategic weather information

during the en route phase enables

avoidance of adverse conditions.

Guidance

• NASA Aviation Safety Program

-Aviation Safety Investment Strategy Team - Executive Council

• National Aviation Weather Program Council

-National Aviation Weather Program Strategic Plan -National Aviation Weather Initiatives

• FAA Safer Skies: Focused Safety Agenda

-Weather Joint Safety Analysis Teams -Weather Joint Safety Implementation Teams

• FAA Aviation Weather Research Program

• Friends of Aviation Weather

° WxAP Project Review

Plan

Develop technologies and methods for providing pilots with accurate, timely and intuitive information during the en route phases Goam of flight which, if implemented, will enable a 25 to 50% reduction in aircraft accidents attributable to weather situation awareness Develop Needed iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiDievei_ii_ipiiiiiEinihiainiciediiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Objectives Weather Products and i;i;i;i;i;i;i;iWeatheriPresentationsiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Sensing Capabilities Pilot Workload ImprovedForecasts Existing Aircraft Need B effer Need Retrofit Should Not Be Challenges Increased Input Data Capability

Use Aircraft as Develop Develop II Provide

Approach Airborne Weather I I Multi-Purpose I I Installed and I I Decision Data Collectors Sensor Systems Portable Systems Aids

.d_l_i System Elements

weather

PrOduCtS

PreSentation

A_I_I AWIN System

.d_lhYi Market Segments

_i Technology Development Level

Operation of Certified System System Implementation Certification Approved Certification Standard Established System/Su bsystem Draft Cert. Standard Developed Evaluation RTCA/SAE or Equivalent Convened Application for Certification Technology Development Commercial Product Dev. Initiated & Demonstration Industry R&D Funding Committed Technology Transfer Initiated Research to Prove Feasibility Basic Technology Research

_iAviati°n Safety Program Organization

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Monitoring &

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2.4.2 | 2.4.3 Gus Martzaklis (GRC) _ Rod Bogue (DFRC) Level 3- Elements

1 1

NASA Research Team

• Dr. Jennifer Burt (757) 864-8304 • Dr. Jon Jonsson (757) 864-2001 Human Factors/Presentation Human Factors/Presentation • Mr. Jim Chamberlain (757) 864-2147 • Dr. Kara Latorella (757) 864-2030 Flight Experiments Human Factors/Decision Aiding • Mr. Taumi Daniels (757) 864-4659 • Dr. Ray McAdaragh (757) 864-1941 Human Factors/Presentation Airborne Weather Sensing • Mr. Walt Green (757) 864-3355 • Mr. John Murray (757) 864-5883 Systems Engineering Meteorology • Dr. Ed Johnson (757) 864-7602 • Dr. Robert Neece (757) 864-1827 Enhanced Weather Radar Systems Engineering • Mr. Ken Jones (757) 864-5013 • Mr. Phil Schaffner (757) 864-1809 Airborne Hazard Processor Flight Experiments Mr. Paul Stough (757) 864-3860 Project Management

.d_l_i NASA Facilities

NASA C-206 General Aviation Work Station NASA BE-200 Transport Research Flight Deck NASA B-757

.d_i, Partnerships

Flight Standards Certification Weather Policy Weather Products Flight Information Services Aviation Weather Center Forecast Systems Lab N_we_I co=wins Cooperative Research Agreements Research Triangle Institute_ iiiiiiiiiiii_i_ii'!iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Academia

A_lhYi Timeline

National AWlN Capability International Flight Evaluation of Initial AWlN Concept AWlN Capability Integrated with Turbulence Detection

.d_lhYi AWIN Research Areas

• Enhanced Weather Radar • Airborne Weather Reporting • Airborne Hazard Awareness System • Display Guidelines • Decision Aids • Automatic Speech Recognition • Cooperative Research Agreements

Cooperative Research with FAA

• Human factors researcher assigned to the AWIN Team • Joint funding of research • Data-link Weather Information Systems Enhancements -Investigate effects of data-linked in-flight weather displays on pilot decision making and flight operations Investigate the benefits and limitations of using cockpit presentations of time-delayed data-linked weather information with real-time airborne weather radar for Part 121 operations Investigate feasibility of using cockpit access to data-linked weather information in place of in-situ destination weather reporting for Part 135 operations Define the cost considerations and incentives for aircraft owners to equip their aircraft and provide airborne weather reporting as part of a national implementation

Cooperative Research

• Worldwide Transport Weather Information Systems

- Honeywell Weather Information Network (WlNN)

• Nationwide General Aviation Weather Information Systems

- ARNAV - Honeywell

• Elements of Weather Information Systems

- Honeywell Weather Avoidance Using Route Optimization as a Decision Aid - Rockwell Aviation Weather Awareness and Reporting Enhancements (AWARE) - Rockwell Enhanced On-Board Weather Radar (EWxR) - Rockwell Airborne Hazard Awareness System (AHAS) - NCAR Oceanic Convective Nowcasting Demonstration (OCND) - NRL Ceiling and Visibility Forecasting Improvements

Al___oneywell weather information Network

Technology Development

Honeywell Citation Jet Honeywell simulator UAL B-777 simulator NASA B-757 Avionitek display in NASA B-757

In-Service Evaluation

United Airlines Spring 2001 Electronic Flight Bag in UAL Airbus

Turbulence Detection &

Mitigation Element

Weather Acci.dent Prevention

Second Annual Review

June 5-7, 2001

Rod Bogue

NASA Dryden Flight Research Center

Briefing Outline

Organization

Scope of Turbulence Effort

Background

Turbulence Detection & Mitigation Program Metrics

Approach

Turbulence Team Relationships

WBS Structure

Deliverables

TDAM Changes

FY-01 Results/Accomplishments

Out-year Plans

Element Status

Aviation Safety Program Organization

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rAviation System" System-Wide I Single Airer_f_ "_ iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiWieatheiriiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Accident "_ _" Synthetic "_ Monitoring & Accident | Accident | iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiAeeidentiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

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Prevention | 2.1 2,2 Prev2e;ti°n / iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiPreVentioniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii Yuri Gawdiak 'ARC Level 2= Projects

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Airc,,"a fk I ci..'_ g Information Communication (AWIN) (WINCOMM) 2.4.1 2.4.2

i--°nWea" 1 I Wea'er'n'

Paul Stough (LaRC) Gus Martzaklis (GRC) Level 3- Elements

Scope of Turbulence Effort

• Turbulence from Natural

Atmospheric Processes

• Parts 121, and 91 (Scheduled

Carriers, Commuters & GA)

• Tactical (Enroute)

• Both Avoidance & Encounter

Mitigation*_

• Flight Deck Integration*J]"

Note:*l; = Reduced effort, *_" = Starting effort.

Background

• Turbulence Costs

• Primary Cause of In-Flight Injuries (9 encounters/24

injuries per month)

• Cost estimated at >$100M/yr. for airlines

• Turbulence Initiators

• Convective Storms (within and as far as 40 miles away

from visible clouds in clear air)

• Jet Stream (at confluence of multiple streams and near

boundaries)

• Mountain Wave (upward propagating from

disturbances near the surface)

Turbulence Detection & Mitigation

Program Metrics

WxAP Ob,[ective # 3: Provide commercial aircraft sensor

with 90% probability of detection of severe Convective

and Clear Air Turbulence thirty seconds to two minutes

before encounter.

WxAP Milestone #2: Flight demonstrate certifiable

forward-looking on-board turbulence warning system with

Type-I and Type-II error probability commensurate with

airborne wind shear technology (TRL/IRL of 7/4)

Approach

Build a Turbulence Team from Industry, Academia, and

Government to address requirements, approaches, and

solutions

• Utilize the Commercial Aircraft Safety Team (CAST) to

determine requirements for Air Carriers

(http://www.cygnacom.com/turbulence/)

• Address Air Carrier Issues with Technology Approaches

with assistance from FAA Rule-Making, and Improved

Procedures

• Address GA Issues with improved Weather Products

Disseminated through Aviation Weather INformation

Turbulence Team Relationships

WBS Structure

• Requirements Definition (CAST) • Turbulent Fit. Control Alqorithm •Severe Events Database • Fliqht Deck Display Inteqration •Hazard Metric Development • Assess Mitiqation Options

Major Deliverables/Products

• Turbulence Characterization

• Validation of In-situ Algorithm

• Turbulence Hazard Metric

• Detector Technology

• Radar (software)

• Lidar (hardware/software)

• Encounter Mitigation Technology

• Assessment of Conventional Aircraft Control Authority

• Flight Deck Integration

• Display Integration

Element Changes

Program Changes

- Elimination of Forecasting/Nowcasting WBS - De-scope of Mitigation - Initiation of Flight Deck Integration

Staffing Changes

- Level III Deputy • Bruce Kendall - interim • Jim Watson - Level IV • Neil O'connor - Turbulence Characterization Lead • Robert Neece - Detection & Mitigation Lead • Phil Schaffner - Radar Principal Investigator • Ivan Clark & Phil Gatt - Lidar Co-principal Investigators

Element Accomplishments

• Turbulence Characterization & Sensor Development

- Research Radar Flight Experiments • 3 Flights (15 hours) • Predicted atmosphere along flight path • Verified turbulence in-sire algorithms • Established relationship between nns aircraft g-load and radar observables - CDR for B-757Lidar Installation

• Radar Flight Sensor Certification/Flight Deck Integration

- Participated in NASA-FAA-Industry Workshops (3) for Forward Looking Turbulence Sensor Certification* - Selected and modeled 4 turbulence encounters for candidate sensor verification & certification Note: * indicates item will not be covered later in detail

Element Accomplishments (cont.)

Turbulence Mitigation - Flight Control Report (Boeing) - Phase 2 SBIR for Feedforward Active Encounter Mitigation (CTI)* Guidance Activities - Commercial Aviation Safety Team • Completed Turbulence Joint Safety Assessment Process - (30 Interventions- Technology Development, Procedures, Training) • Chartered Turbulence Joint Safety Implementation Process - Prioritized Interventions - Selected for Implementation - Developed Projects - Identified Outputs - Secure Cabin Exercise • Established Team - FAA (CAMI), Airlines (5), Flight Attendant Organizations(2), ARI Consultant • Exercise Planning in Progress

Element Plans

Turbulence Characterization & Sensor

Development

- Research Radar Flight Experiments with real-time

Radar Algorithm in operation (Early FY-02 and Late

FY-02)

- Research Lidar Flight Experiments

(Summer FY-01 on DC-8,

Later FY- 02 on B757)

Radar Flight Sensor Certification

- Support NASA-FAA Certification Team effort with

flight tests and algorithm validation activities

- Continue analysis of turbulence encounters for sensor

verification & certification

Element Plans (cont.)

Turbulence Mitigation

- Flight Control Assessment (Boeing)

- Support Phase 2 SBIR for Feed-

forward Active Encounter Mitigation

Commercial Aviation Safety Team

- Complete Turbulence Joint Safety Implementation Process

• Refine Projects and Outputs • Transition Projects to CAST Management

Secure Cabin Exercise

- Conduct wide-body exercise at CAMI in September 01

- Develop Plans and conduct narrow-body exercise in FY-02

Summary - Status of Elements

• Turbulence Characterization

• Accident analysis developing robust cases for certification

• Developing turbulence weather analysis models

• Detection

• Radar flight tests in December provided promising results for

detecting turbulence in the vicinity of convective activity

• Lidar flight tests in FY-01 expected to confirm/validate

performance at cruise altitude

• Encounter Mitigation

• Promising assessment of mitigation control options

• Flight Deck Integration

• Planning for display integration with NASA-FAA

Certification Team

Out-o f- Scope "Turbul ence"

Out-of-Scope "Turbulence" (cont.)

Weathe_nf_hoN Network

NASA

Aviation Safety Program

.__ June 5, 2001 __

WINN Overview June 2001

• _i!i _iiii_iiiiii_!i!_ _

• Turbulence Detection and Forecast We.the_nf_hoNNetwork • Weather Radar (US only) ._ _ • Satellite • Convective Detection and Forecast • Icing Detection and Forecast • METARs (icon and text) • TAFs (text) • SIGMETs • High level Sig Wx Prog • Surface Analysis ,__ • Winds Aloft WINN Overview June 2001 CommunicatiOnS Weathe_nf_hoN Network • Multiple weather providers push information to the Honeywell Data Center (HDC) • The HDC receives, decompresses, reformats and recompresses the information • Once reprocessed the HDC stores the information in a ready directory until called on for delivery WINN Overview June 2001 • • ., ::i_ii_ii::_:. __ ...

user establishes a link with the HDC ,!o _._ ._ • Once established, the user requests an update of Standard telephony over VHF/UHForSATCOM information, based on position • The HDC replies by sending all information requested, through matching the user's .............

request with the current vHF_uHF Telephony master directory of all g ............ R .........

information • This process is repeated on a periodic basis WINN Overview June 2001 Weathe_nf_hoN Network Cockpit Cabin Terminal Terminal I ARINC 646 I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii_i_iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii CMU (Server/router) EXISTING EQUIPMENT _---_ NEW EQUIPMENT " "...... ] OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT _®_ WINN Overview June 2001 Weulhei l_towmutiO_ ttetwovk Required ,o .,-.__{ Optional for Optional short • Once information is received it resides on the PC until requested • The unitwill require • Position power for durations • Altitude greater than the Navigation I • Heading battery life • GMT • Groundspeed • The unit may use navigational (GPS) information to

Required facilitate moving map

4 _ _ display WINN Overview June 2001

• LRU

Avionitek IClS Northstar CT-1000 Honeywell flat panel

• Portable Electronic

Device

Fujitsu3400 - HP OMNI 4150 - Toshiba Tecra - Qube - Fujitsu 2300 - Northcoast WlNN Overview June 2001 • . .

• Completed evaluation flights on UAL A 320 Weathe_nf_t,oNNetwork

and Delta B-777

- "CHANGED ALT. TO TEST THE CAT FUNCTION.

APPEARED TO WORK WELL."

- "IMPLIMENTA S A P !!!!!!!!!"

- "NEED TO BE ABLE TO INSERT WPT'S INTO MIDDLE OF FLT PLAN ROUTINE."

• Additional, multiple evaluations now under

contract and planned for the summer of 2001

• Officially a commercial offering

• Technical thrust

- Further cost and function improvements - Overall robustness improvements WINN Overview June 2001

iiii iiiii i !i!

• Current and projected growth in the air carrier Weather informat,oHNe_ork

and air cargo industry is 5.6% for the next 20 years

n II __":'1to _ !i - Currently 11,000 jet aircraft worldwide - Projected 33,000 jet aircraft by 2019 (IATA, 1999/Boeing 2000)

• ATA projects a 250% increase in delays by 2007, caused by

a 43% passenger increase and 2500 addh A/C. (ATA, 1999)

• FAA projects that, in 2007, more than 800 million

passengers will fly in the United States -three times the

number who flew in 1980. (Gore, 1997)

• The ATS data link focus group suggests that "airline

operations will be critically constrained by the year 2005 if

nothing is done to curb delay growth." (ATS Data Link

_ocus group, 1999)

WINN Overview June 2001

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

NASA Langley WINN System Operational Assessment

Jon Jonsson, Ph.D.

NASA Langley Research Center

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

OBJECTIVES

Determine if near real-time weather information presented

on the flight deck improves pilot situational awareness of

weather.

Identify pilot interface issues related to the use of WINN

system during test flights.

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

APPROACH

O

NASA pilots used for test subjects (4).

I_ Flights conducted on typical airline routes.

Test flights scheduled on days of expected

convection along the flight path.

I_ Video and audio recording of pilot use of WINN.

I_ Situational awareness data (verbal & scaled).

0 Post test questionnaire.

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test Flight Deck Research Conventional B-757 Station (FDRS)

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

NASA B-757

Near-Time Cockpit Weather Display on

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

@

Selected Post-Test Questionnaire Results

Overall WINN interface intuitive to pilots.

Bezel buttons preferable to touch screen

to access weather products.

Weather forecast products useful in decision making, WINN anticipated to save time and fuel, History feature useful for strateg£ planning,

}

J

Histo_%7 f%ature not usefut f%w£:a_st/planning,

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

@

Selected Post-Test Questionnaire Results

A SR_wks c@rrec_e_ @rl WZNIN-Lite Displ_,

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

Half Dozen to the Other"

"Six to One;

Areas Requiring Further Research

Position of display_

_# Ease of determining displayed weather product age_

_4 Identification of a precision controller_

_# Ideal time for automated weather updates_

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

Tactical versus Strategic Wx Replanning

Generally I think, this [system] can obviously provide some

very good strategic weather planning information. I still think

that for tactical [flying]--deviating around individual cells--or

looking out to about 100 miles, I would probably still prefer

[using] my aircraft weather radar. But looking down the road,

an hour or two down the road, this system could be very

helpful.

How best to implement new products (NE×RAD, CAT)

with existing systems?

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

Color schemes with multiple weather products being

shown on the display.

Cloud top information crucial for decision making.

NEXRAD: Is the db Reflectivity occurring at my cruise

level or 10,000 feet below me?

Age of data.

• Update Rate?

• How to Display?

Aviation Safety Program

AWIN B-757 Flight Test

= Questions and Comments

Z o o b_ b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ :Z > 0'3 > Air Traffic Controllers Reservations Crew Desks Marketing Dispatch Security o o bo Pilot o...

SAMC AMOSS Services oo Cabin AccessTet_inals ._ Located in cabi:n, Access Terminal in cockpit Medical E me_ger_es Safety Flight Training Center Maintenance Onboard Services Passenger Services and Communications Z o o b_ Z o o b_ v_ o Z o o b_ v_ Z o o b_ v_ b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ v_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ v_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ v_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ Z o o b_ b_

Enhanced Weather Radar and

Aviation Weather Awareness &

Reporting Programs

Kevin Kronfeld

EWxR Program Manager

Rockwell Collins

Advanced Technology Center

Motivation

• Weather is the cause or contributing factor to

nearly 25% of aviation accidents and 35% of

fatalities.

- Improved weather information for pilots may break the

chain of events that lead to an accident.

• Weather is the number one source of flight delays

in the United States.

- Improved weather information may provide pilots with

a more efficient means of navigating around hazardous

weather.

Background

• In 1998, NASA initiated the Aviation Weather Information

(AWIN) program.

- Enhance the safety and efficiency of aircraft operations by improving the availability and quality of weather information to the flight crews.

• September 1998, NASA, Rockwell Collins, and Rockwell

Science Center started two cooperative research

agreements, termed Enhanced Weather Radar (EWxR), Aviation Weather Awareness and Reporting (AWARE).

• January 2001, NASA, Rockwell Collins, and Rockwell

Science Center began development of the Airborne Hazard

Avoidance System (AHAS).

EWxR

• 1999 Accomplishments: - Track storms.

- Determination of storm dynamics, such as speed and heading.

• 2000 Accomplishments: - Integrate NEXRAD image data into ARINC 453 video data format and display it on a standard radar indicator, multi-function display (MFD), or xVGA monitor.

- 9/24/00 - Successful flight test on NASA's 757.

• 2001 Accomplishment

- Flight plan analysis

EWxR Processing

429 Control Bus I/O Data Stream Data Stream Uplinked Weather Augmented Weather Information

EWxR Display

AWARE

• 1999 Text -> Graphics interpretation and decision analysis.

- METARs and SIGMETs.

• 2000 Experimental NCAR products integration.

- Icing, turbulence, convective weather products.

• 2001 IFR Summary Display Implementation.

- Implement IFR Summary Display.

- Incorporate Area Forecast data into Hazard Analysis model.

• 2001 PIREP Integration.

- PIREP integration.

- Hazard Analysis for IFR pilots.

• 2001 Demonstration onNASA 757.

C@_l{_

AWARE Processing

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!!!!!!!!!!!!!

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Sufficient statistics analysis & Info_rlation filtering for planning Image/signal processing _iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii_&_::: Flight planning assistance & ............................. _:_:_!iiiiiiiiiii_i_ Decision-support analysis

AWARE Display

KMIA 180108Z 19004KT 108M -TSI:RA BKN042 OVC09O 28,,"22 h,.2997 IRMK AO2 POO00 (SPECI) KMIA 180109Z 19003KT 10SM -P,A BKN042 BKN070 OVO090 23,,"22 A2997 IRMK AO2 TSE09 P0000 (SPECI) KMIA 180166Z 00000KT 10SM FEW018 BKN026 BKN070 OVO150 23,,'22 A2997 RMK AO2 TSE091RAEO3 8LP150 P0005 T0288022 KMIA 180202Z 00000KT 10SM FEW026 90T070 BKN150 23,,'22 A2998 EMK AO2= CSPEOI/

AHAS

Develop flexible COTS-based platform with

aircraft interfaces necessary for operational

evaluation of:

- AWIN systems

• EWxR display formats, storm analysis, flight plan analysis logic • AWARE weather analysis and decision aids

- Integrate new datalinked weather products from the

AWC.

- Integrate new atmospheric hazard sensors, such as the

TDAM experiment.

Further Studies

• What ranges are useful for display of NEXRAD on a

weather radar indicator?

• What will be the effect of simultaneously displaying radar

data taken from different angles and altitudes?

• How well does the data from from various weather data

sources correlate?

• What NEXRAD update rate is necessary and how much

latency is acceptable?

• Which weather product(s) will be most useful?

Further Evaluations

• Continue experiments of EWxR, AWARE,

and AHAS systems on NASA's 757

through Fall 2001.

• Fall 2001 - Participate in FAA's study of

utility of ground-based weather information

in the cockpit.

Satellite Weather

Information Service

June 5, 2001 Update

R. SoHaendei

@@_¢kwe|il

C@llins

Agenda

m Overview W Program Phases m Phase 1 Description m Phase 2 Aircraft Configuration m Satellite World Wide Coverage m Team Members W Phase 2 Status m Weather Graphics m Air Coverage m Data Routing and timing W Weather Benefits @@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Overview

In-service evaluation of real time graphical weather information on

flight deck

Provide updated graphical weather to pilots while enroute for

strategic flight decisions

m Trials to verify commercial benefits and technology feasibility

End solution is to provide wide area coverage for all classes of

aircraft

@@ck_e|l

C@|Mins

Program Phases

Phase 1, Installed on single engine aircraft

Phase 2, Installed on two revenue service Air Transport

Aircraft

- Transoceanic routes

m Phase 3 Plan, Install on 6-15 aircraft, all types

Transcontinental routes

CONUS operations

@@ck_e|l

C@|Mins

Program Phases

Phase 1. Verified that geostationary satellite can provide a

sufficient signal level to aircraft using a fixed pattern antenna.

• Trials in South Africa in September, 1999 • Cessna 182 aircraft, Afristar satellite

Phase 2. Validate the usefulness and pilots preferences of real time

weather data • Routes to the Pacific rim with American Airlines B777-200.

• Trials beginning June 2001, using Asiastar satellite Phase 3. Planned extended trials to include Air Transport, Business, and General Aviation in USA and South America • XM radio or other satellite (USA), Early 2002.

• Ameristar satellite (S. America), July 2002 @@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Phase 1 System

WorldSpace Afristar Satellite (21° East) TDM TDM X-Band WorldSpace Johannesburg (ROC) _i_Ban_ Patch Antenna Regional Operations Center Flight Test Aircraft Cessna C172 Uplink Equipment Transmission Feeder Link Station (TFLS) Transmission PC

@@¢kwe|l

C@llins

Phase 2 System Configuration

WorldSpace Patch Antenna _ WLAN '_ _ °'_ Pilot's Laptops Satellite Receiver sewer

• Laptops /

• File Sewer Melbourne, Au • Satellite Receiver GES Uplink • Low Cost Antenna • Wireless LAN

@@¢kwe|l

C@llins

Geographical Coverage

WorldSpace satellites located at:

J Africa serves entire Africa and some Europe

I Asia, serves all of Pacific rim from Korea through

Malaysia China and Eastern Russia, India, etc.

I Central America (2002), serves S. American and

Caribbean

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

WorldSpace Coverage

Areas

(NOTE: AmeriStar footprint shown pending frequency coordination outcome)

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Phase 2 Team Members

! Rockwell Collins

| Data Storage, Displays, Receivers, Antennas, Integration, STC,

Data Reduction and Analysis

! WorldSpace Corporation

m Satellite channel, Receiver card, Ground Station Feed

! Jeppesen

! Weather Products & Laptop Software

! American Airlines

| STC Installation Support, Flight Test and Evaluation

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Phase 2 Status

m

Systems installed on two American Airlines B777-200. STC

approved by FAA. Aircraft now in revenue service.

M System includes: ! Patch antenna, J Satellite receiver, ! File Server Unit (FSU), J Avionics Secure Interface Unit,

J Wireless LAN network and

J Pilot laptop computer(s)

! Approved Software

m Test Coverage uses Asiastar NE Beam.

@@ck_e|l

C@|Mins

Weather G ra phics

• Winds and Temperatures aloft

° Flight Levels 050 through 450

• Surface Weather (Ceiling, Winds and Visibility)

• Hi-level Significant Weather

• Visible and Infra Red satellite imagery

• Surface analysis

• Update rate varies from once per hour to once per 6 hours

• Specific to type of graphic

• All weather graphics have track file and aircraft position overlays, zoom capability.

• Detailed geographic features and airport diagrams can be inserted

by pilots as needed.

• File server provides "time lapse" weather movement graphics as

called for by pilots

@@ck_e|l

C@|Mins

Satellite Infrared Imagery

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

N. Pacific High level Significant WX

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Win(is; & Temps Aloft at 39,000 ft

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Surface Analysis

@@_ck_e|il

C@llins

Air Coverage and Pilot Updates

• Two B777-200 aircraft operate as needed for all long haul

routes for American Airlines.

• These aircraft are not restricted only to Trans-Pacific

routes.

• City pairs presently covered include: • Chicago, Dallas, San Jose CA to/from: • Narita, Osaka and Taipei.

• System provides coverage using NE Asiastar Beam (see map)

• Coverage enroute up to 5 hours.

• Pilots get same material on the ground via AA's company

Intranet at both ends of the routes.

• Analysis data obtained from Questionnaires and FDRs.

@@ck_e|l

C@|Mins

Data Routing

• Jeppesen generates weather graphics at scheduled intervals at Los Gatos, CA.

• Graphics are encoded and sent to WorldSpace GES in Melbourne, Australia and American Airlines in Dallas via Internet FTP.

• Melbourne GES uplinks each file to satellite 3 times at short intervals.

• Satellite transmits data at 64 Kbits/second.

• Satellite receiver recovers files, checks data validity and transfers valid data to File Server Unit (FSU) for storage.

• FSU manages data files and makes files available to pilot via WLAN on aircraft. FSU maintains aircraft position and time. Provides information to laptop to allow aircraft to be plotted on graphics.

• Time delay from Jeppesen to Aircraft is less than 60 seconds.

• Satellite typical transmission time - 2.5 to 8 seconds @@ck_e|l C@|Mins

Weather Benefits

American Airlines has keen interest in adverse weather.

J Early flight change decisions based on weather data leading to:

- Higher on-time arrival rates

- Improved fuel savings

- More comfortable ride to passengers (avoid turbulence)

M Better weather data for remote routes such as South

America and Pacific rim.

Enhanced flight safety

! Reduce number of injuries due to unexpected turbulence.

@@ck_e|il

C@llins

lloCl{ ell

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TOTAL LIGHTNING FROM NASA's

OTD (1998)

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AWC product (Atlantic sector)

Need for Extended Coverage for

International Convective SIGMETs

Q

Oceanic Weather Inforrnation:

Oceanic Convective Nowcasting

Demonstration (OCND)

Weather Accident Prevention Annual Review Cleveland OH 5 June 2001 Tenny Lindholm The National Center for Atmospheric Research Boulder Colorado -- National Centd For ALrnosphericResearctt

Overview

Q

Oceanic/remote area aviation weather requirements On-going research addressing requirements Oceanic Convective Nowcasting Demonstration (OCND) -- National Center for Atmospheric Research

What the industry needs

Q

Timely generation and distribution of weather information for en route oceanic operations - Weather information (vs. data) addressing hazards >>Convection >>Turbulence--convective induced and clear air (ClT/CAT) _>Icing _>Volcanic ash dispersion _>High-resolution (time and space) flight-level winds - Distribution infrastructure and displays--ground and airborne -- National Centd for AtrnospheqcResearch

What we are doing

Q

. FAA sponsored Product Development Teams (PDTs) within AUA-430 and led by NCAR - Oceanic Weather PDT. Products for data sparse regions include >> Convective diagnoses, nowcasts, forecasts >>Turbulence, all types >> In-flight icing >>Volcanic ash >> High resolution winds - National C&V PDT >> High-resolution (time and space) national C&V diagnoses and forecasts Development and implementation of "intelligent weather systems" -- National Centd For ALrnosphericResearch

Oceanic Weather

Q

"Intelligent weather systems" - Use of expert system framework to mimic what a meteorologist does to generate a forecast - Allows fast and precise assimilation of all data that can add skill to generate informational products - Result: rapidly and frequently updated, high resolution, 4- dimensional graphic of the weather hazard that is easily transmitted to ground and airborne users -- National Center for Atmos pheric R es earch

Oceanic Convection

Q

For example, diagnosing and nowcasting convection - Visual satellite imagery to locate clouds - Infrared satellite imagery to determine cloud tops - Water vapor channel to determine spot winds - Global numerical model data for assimilating spot winds and creating a uniform wind field - Lightning data and cloud classification algorithms to distinguish convection - Plus use of any available ground station data and radar data Integration yields a precise diagnosis and nowcast of convection in 3 dimensions -- Nadonal Center Fa ALrncs'pheiicRes'earch

OCND--Prelude to OWPDT

Q

+ Purpose - Primary focus: Demonstrate and implement an end-to-end weather hazard and product dissemination system for remote/oceanic areas. Users include airline dispatch, air traffic control, and the airborne flight crew (data link).

- Develop operationally useful weather products, including the automated process to create them, for remote/oceanic areas.

Products include convection, turbulence, in-flight icing, and satellite-based winds (diagnoses, forecasts).

+ Participants--NCAR (lead), United Airlines, Aviation Weather Center (NWS), Naval Research Laboratory, Oakland Oceanic ARTCC, ARINC + Sponsors--FAA Aviation Weather Research Program (AWRP) and NASA Aviation Weather Information (AWlN) Program A _ Nadonal Centg Fol A[rnos pheric R esear ch

OCND Program

Q

OCND regional focus--flights to/from CONUS and New Zealand/Australia - Automated product creation (convective hazards initially) at NCAR - Transmission to and display at United dispatch and Oakland Center - Data link to the aircraft via ARINC - Evaluation, feedback, and further development -- National Center tbr AtmosphoricRcsearch :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::: : ::-- >= _0 000 _ >= 40 000 ..................................

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Summary

Q

Convective diagnosis--ready now. Check it out at http://www.rap.ucar.edu/projects/ocnd/realtime_sys/ Convective nowcasts, CIT, CAT, in-flight icing--in the development pipeline and will be ready for evaluation in FY03 Product development includes dissemination infrastructure Initial feedback from flight crews and dispatch indicates the information is of high value Status of data link to the flight deck...

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Message Failure Rate (MFR) based on10,000 Messages

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Decision-making in flight with different

convective weather information sources:

Preliminary Results

from

the Langley CoWS Experiment

(COnvective Weather Sources)

Jim Chamberlain Kara Latorella

Crew Systems & Operations Branch Crew Vehicle Integration Branch NASA Langley Research Center Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

Outline

!

CoWS Experimental Apparatus Development

- Ground Station

- B200 Aircraft

- Airborne System

o CoWS Experiment

- Experimental Conditions & Objectives

- Procedures

- Preliminary Results

- Conclusions

- The Future of CoWS

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

Ex erimental A aratus

Use CRA-developed, removable tethered-

display AWIN system in B200

° Honeywell CRA AWIN ground stations

° Langley B200 Super King Air

° Honeywell CRA tethered AWIN system

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

Ground Infrastructure

!

NAVRADIO VDL - 2 / 3 GROUNDSTATION

Typical Honeywell CRA

TYPICAL INSTALLATION

AWI N Ground Station

AWOS SENSOR ::TOWER:_0 METERS:: i i • Satcom antenna & receiver VDLVHF • Processor & power supply ANTENNA •VDL transmitter & antenna Ruggedized, Compact, Self- Contained AWIN Receiver/Processor at RTI/Hampton can record Wx

/

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella !

Five ground stations, 40nm radius

Four destinations & flight paths

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

B200 Super King Air

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

AWIN Architecture _'_

Subject's AWIN Antenna Receiver Scan Display

VilE .......... vD. ItProcessor t

Converter Antenna Receiver ..... Processor, i i...... Scan Experimenter's GPS .......... _ GPS t t Converter AWIN 28 VDC i Power i :'_ Power -- i Display i Supply i i ..................................................

Tethered

Antenna/Power

Seat-Mounted

Displays

Connections

Pallet

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

Equipment Pallet in the B200

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

AWlN Dis la in B200

!

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

AWlN Input Devices

!

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

AWlN Dis la Elements

!

\

/

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

CoWS Ex eriment

!

• Motivation

• Objectives

° Participants

° Experimental Design

° Experimental Protocol

° Preliminary Results

° Conclusions

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

Ex erimental Motivation

• General aviation accident statistics

° The hazards of convective weather

° Aviation Weather INformation (AWIN) systems

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

Ex erimental Ob'ectives

(

How do _ use

different weather information sources

when weather situations?

Sources

- Conventional aural (ATC, HIWAS, Flight watch),

- Out-the-window visual scene + aural

- AWlN display + aural

o Effects

- Confidence, Workload, Information Sufficiency

Situation awareness, dechion qu_fitX, h_dividu_l dikferer_ Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

_iii r

Participants

(

• 8 Check-out, 12 Experimental, 6 reported here

Subject Requirements

-local GA pilots

- instrument rating

- 50-1000 cross-country or 250 - 1000 total flight-hours

Has not worked for a scheduled air-carrier in prior year

Has not participated in the RTI FISDL simulation study

Subjects clustered by cross-country hours

- low (135), medium (379), high (738) (p<.OOOl)

- 4 teams of 3 subjects (one of each level)

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

_ In

fli ht Ex erimental Conditions_

!

For each flight

"IMC" VMC Without Aural Cues Aural AWIN + Window Aural Aural With -I- AWIN Display Window

For each subject (cue set condition)

- 6 "proximity" observations of confidence

- 1 observation of workload & information sufficiency

Three flights per team

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

r Ex erimental Conditions in B20_O_'_

_ = Opaque covers for side windows & onboard radar j Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

_iii r

Scenarios

(

Mission Motivations

- wedding, graduation, job interview

Flight Scenario

- Flying IFR, but in VMC

- NASA to destination, 1.5-2 hours

- Convective fronts, moderate + intensity

- Approach front--45 °

o Aircraft Performance --- small single-engine

- Cruising Altitude = 14000', above haze layer

- Cruising Speed ~ 170kts true airspeed

- not radar-equipped, no deicing equipment

not pressurized, but does have Oxygen

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

,,_iii r

Scenario Fli ht Paths _'_

I Test range 5 ground stations, 40nm radius

Four destinations & flight paths

I Charleston, WV ]

Clarksburg, WV ] Abingdon, VA I Hickory, NC I Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

.,_iii r

Ex erimental Protocol

Preflight

- Introduction to COWS, assignment to conditions

- Mission, route, and regional information briefing

- Weather briefing

_ D UA TS text & graphics, _ Audiotaped FSS briefing, twice _ Review _ Preflight SA questionnaire

- Intervening tasks

_ A WIN training, personality, risk, weather knowledge test

Flight

- Outbound phase

-Inbound phase

ebdefing

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

In-fli ht Protocol _'_

Outbound Protocol

Pilot Report

Inbound Protocol

- Draw position & weather

- Inbound questionnaire

- Usability questionnai_

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

_iii r

Prelimina Results- Confidence_

Summary of ANOVA

- Cue set ~ Highly significant (p<.O001)

- Proximity to weather ~ Not significant (p=.691)

- Cue set X Proximity ~ Not significant (p=.275)

Confidence in Picture Ratings 4.0 I

Pair-wise comparisons (LSD)3_

- Aural v. Window (p<.OOOl) 30

'_ '31:1" _ : _ :_

- Aural v. Display (p<.OOOl) 2.5'

Window v. Display (/3= _4,9,1)

2.0, / 1.5, Aural "_ 1.0= ::: Aural+Window Aural+Display ILl .5 120 100 80 60 40 20nm Proximity to Weather (nm)

J

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella Prelimina Results - _,

Information Sufficienc

Summary of ANOVA

- Cue set--- Significant (p<.o61)

@

Pair-wise comparisons (LSD)

Number of Additional Sources Requested

- Aural v. Display (p=.OO9) 14

- Window v. Display (p=.094

Aural v, Window (p<_42}

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__ g 4 aural window display Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

_iii r

Prelimina Results- Workload

!

o Summary of ANOVA

- Performance Rating

>> Cue set _ Significant (p<.091) _ Subjects _ Significant (p<.03)

- Physical Rating

_ Subjects _ Significant (p<.02)

Pair-wise cue set comparisons (LSD)

- Performance ~ not significant

>> Trend: Aural < Display, Window 2O C'--

Subjects did repopt that

rr

wor:k/oc_dwas sire/Jar to

c'- _window _:_ 5 that when actually flying.

!_ I_aural oo _ _ _display % o_ • _ _,-

\

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella

Conclusions

Reliance on AWI N in IMC and close to hazards

- As confident as visuals - possibly over-confident

- Less likely to seek information from ground sources

- Perceived performance similar to window condition

- Data is at least 6 minutes old, was as old as 30 minutes

Implications: design, training, & use guidelines

>> RTCA FIS-B Minimum Aviation System Performance Standards.

>>Document: DO-267 >>note added to indicate need for age v. timestamp >> Need more salient indication or alerting Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop- 2001 - Chamberlain & Latorella

_iii r

The Future of CoWS

(

Other Experimental ResuRs

- Full data set - Effects of cues on inflight SA & decisions >> proximity to convective frontal weather - Effects of individual characteristics >> personality, risk tolerance, weather knowledge - Effects of weather graphics on preflight SA

UsabiJity Assessment of an available AWIN system

Canned cues for subsequent comparative analysis

- Onboard weather radar, AWIN radar mosaic, - Pilot observations, ground sources (ATC,FW, FSS), - HIWAS, video of external view.

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella !

CoWS

Convective Weather Sources

iiii

Questions?

Presented at the NASA Weather Accident Prevention Workshop ~ 2001 ~ Chamberlain & Latorella Z

Project Goals

¢13 o o bo

• Develop a Better Understanding of the Use

of Data-Linked Weather Information

• Provide Guidance to FAA/Manufacturers

on the Use of Data-Linked Weather

Information

• Recommend Guidelines for Inclusion in the

AIM and ACs

Z > >

Description

o o bo

A Series of Rigorous Investigations Using Piloted

Simulation of the Effects of Various Data-Linked

Cockpit Weather Information Treatments

Z ¢13

Research Triangle Institute (RTI)

o o bo

Completed Experiments

Use of a Data-Linked Weather Information Display and

the Effects on Navigation Decision Making in a Piloted

bo

Simulation Study

The Effects of Ownship Information and NEXRAD

Resolution in use of a Weather Information Display

Z

Research Triangle Institute (RTI)

o o

Current Experiment

An Investigation into the Use of NEXRAD Image Looping

and the Use of the National Convective Weather Forecast

Product on a Moving Map Display for General Aviation

Z >

First RTI Experiment ]

> o o

June 1999 to August 2000

_o

Investigate the use of a Data-Linked Weather

_o

Information Display and the Effects on

_o

Navigation Decision Making in a Piloted

Simulation Study

Z

Objective & Hypothesis

o o

Objective: To investigate the potential for

misuse of weather information, and thus

provide guidance to the FAA

Hypothesis: Delayed weather information

datalinked to a cockpit display may lead to

navigation decision errors

Z

> Experiment Design

> o o

Two groups of pilots, 12 with a datalinked weather display

bo

and 12 without a weather display

The simulator mission consisted of a two-leg mercy flight

with convective weather along the route

bo

• All subjects were current Instrument Flight Rules (IFR)

qualified pilots

• Primary data collected consisted of weather related

navigation decisions.

:Z

RTI Simulation Har( lware Confi_,zuration

> 0'3 > o o bo ATC Controller Closed Circuit V (CCTV) and Recorder Simulation bo Siceq.ew onl[or m Scenario Switch I Position I J Simulator Cab Observers

RTI Cockpit Research Facility

Z o o Z

Datalink(_t Weather Display Configuration

o o

Data Linked Weather Display Screen Layout

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Mission Scenario

Z > > o

o Take-off from Newport News

b,3

Pick-up medicine at Richmond

Encounters thunderstorm that prevents

landing at Richmond (decision 1)

b,3

Divert or waved off from Richmond

Continue flight to Wallops Island with medicine.

Encounters thunderstorms

enroute to Wallops (decision 2)

Lands successfully at Wallops Island Airport

Experiment Procedure

Z ¢13

o 1. Pilot given Risk Aversion and Weather Knowledge tests

o bo

2. Pilot briefed on mission, simulator and weather display

3. Pilot provided instruction and practice in the simulator

4. Pilot planned flight (charts, weather reports provided)

o

5. Pilot performed the mission, data was collected

6. Pilot completed Immediate Reaction Questionnaire

7. Pilot participated in structured interview, data was collected

8. Pilot completed open-ended questionnaire

(each experiment session took approximately 5 hours)

Z o o b_

Conclusions

Z ¢13 o o

The weather display system used in this study

bo

did not improve pilot decision making

- Situational awareness increased but at a cost of

higher workload

bo

- Pilots were unable to easily perceive their proximity

to potentially hazardous weather conditions

- Pilots had difficulty determining storm movement

- Display caused less reliance on other weather sources

Z > >

Recommendations

o o b,3

• Provide the following features

- Ownship information symbology

- Direction and rate of hazardous weather

- Intuitive NEXRAD image age information

- Provide METAR code translation

- Develop training curriculum

- Emphasize that a weather display not to be used for

navigation

Z ¢13

Second RTI Experiment

o o bo

September 2000 to April 2001

Investigate the Effects of Ownship

4_

Information and NEXRAD Resolution in

the use of a Weather Information Display

Z ;>

Objective & Hypothesis

;> o o bo

Objectives: Explore the relationship between delayed

uplinked weather information and aircraft ownship.

Explore the effect of differing sizes of NEXRAD cell

size on pilot judgement.

Hypothesis: There is a potential for misuse of delayed

weather information superimposed onto a moving map

display with aircraft ownship.

Additionally, weather display resolution is an integral

element of weather situational awareness, and has a

significant effect on pilot judgement.

Z

Comparisons of follow-on experiment to

¢13

previous baseline experiment

o o bo Experiment similarities:

• Identical facilities

• Similar subject pilot selection process

• Similar data collection (expanded)

• Identical materials and procedures

• Similar data analysis (expanded)

Experiment differences:

• Addition of ownship symbology to weather display

• One group of 12 pilots used 4 km NEXRAD cells

• The other group of 12 pilots used 8 km NEXRAD cells

Datalinked Weather Display with Addition of Ownship Symbology

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Comparison of Small and large NEXRAD cells

> o o 1914Z NEXRAD Image 1914Z NEXRAD Image Small Cells (4 km sides) Large Cells (8 km sides)

(both maps cover identical geographical areas)

Relationship to Previous Baseline Experiment

Z o o

(red arrows denote statistical comparisons)

Mission Scenario

Z > >

(identical to baseline experiment)

o o b,3

Take-off from Newport News

Pick-up medicine at Richmond

Encounters thunderstorm that prevents

landing at Richmond (decision 1)

b,3

Divert or waved off from Richmond

Continue flight to Wallops Island with medicine.

Encounters thunderstorms

enroute to Wallops (decision 2)

Lands successfully at Wallops Island Airport

Experiment Procedure

Z ¢13

o 1. Pilot given Risk Aversion and Weather Knowledge tests

o bo

2. Pilot briefed on mission, simulator and weather display

3. Pilot provided instruction and practice in the simulator

4. Pilot planned flight (charts, weather reports provided)

bo

5. Pilot performed the mission, data was collected

6. Pilot completed Immediate Reaction Questionnaire

7. Pilot participated in structured interview, data was collected

8. Pilot completed open-ended questionnaire

(each experiment session took approximately 5 hours)

Data Collection

Z > > o o

The primary data collected consisted of weather related

_o navigation decisions...

m good or poor, based on objective criteria

_o _o

... and the weather information gathering methods used to

arrive at those decisions.

weather services used, and how the pilot

integrated the information

Conclusions

Z ;> ;>

• Datalinked weather display increased situational

o

awareness of hazardous weather

o bo

• Introduction of ownship symbology did not increase

number of good decisions, but did decrease workload

Introduction of larger NEXRAD cells did have a positive

effect on decision making

bo

Use of datalinked weather display compelled some pilots

to forgo use of corroborating weather sources

• Textual METAR teletype codes were difficult to decipher

in high workload situations

• Pilots questioned validity of METAR data due to age

• Larger NEXRAD cells contributed to stimulus area effect

Z Recommendations

> ¢13 >

• Provide ownship information symbology

o o bo

• Provide more effective means of distance determination

• Provide intuitive NEXRAD image age information

bo

• Train pilots in the use and limitations of datalinked

weather displays

• Provide METAR teletype code English translations

• Investigate depiction of direction and rate

of hazardous weather movement

Overview of Continuing Research

Z > >

(started May 2001)

o o bo

An Investigation into the Use of NEXRAD Image

Looping and the Use of the National Convective Weather

Forecast Product on a Moving Map Display for

General Aviation

bo

• Determine the effects of NEXRAD looping on pilot

decisions and workload

• Determine the effects of using a nowcast product on

pilot decisions and workload

The experiment will be similar in design, procedures, equipment,

mission and analysis to the previous two experiments

Datalinked Weather Display with the National Convective

Z

Weather Forecast Product

o o

(blue outlined areas indicate one-hour forecast of cell movement )

Z Some Possible Future

Experiments

o o

Investigation into the use of Data-Linked Weather

Information Display with Enhanced Weather Products and

Decision Aids during Collaboration with Weather Service

Providers (Collaborative Decision-Making Training Issues)

Investigation of the Effect of Information Search Prompting

upon use of Weather Displays in Decision Making.

• Investigation into Workload and Decision-Making Effects of

an Integrated Weather and Navigation Display System

Z o o

QUESTIONS ?

Z ;> 0'3 ;> o o bo

TAMDAR Capabilities Development

June 6, 2001

oo

.er

Taumi Daniels NASA Langley Research Center (757) 864-4659 Hampton, Virginia t. s. da n iels@ la rc. nasa .gov

_ Outline

b_

• Goal & Background

® TAMDAR Sensor Development & Testing

• Coverage Analysis

® Related FAA & NOAA Activities

• Fleet Operational Evaluation

® Alternate Method

• Summary

Goal of TAMDAR

b_

TAMDAR Background

_ National Aviation Weather Program Council (Federal Coordinator for Meteorology, NASA, FAA, NTSB, NWS, DOD, Department of Agriculture) ._ .National Aviation Weather Program Strategic Plan, April 1997 bo • National Aviation Weather Initiatives, January 1999 • Implement data link capabilities for Flight Information Services (FIS) • Develop and implement multifunctional color cockpit displays incorporating FIS products Expand and institutionalize the generation, dissemination_ and use of automated P_RBPS to the full spectrum of the aviation community, including general aviation • Improve underlying weather forecasting services • Require, develop, and implement aviation weather-related training packages for users • Improve aviation weather information telecommunications capabilities for ground-ground dissemination of aviation weather products • Establish objective standards for characterizing various weather phenomena for national and international use

TAMDAR Background

o o bo

,, NavRadio Team Phase I CRA propose low cost electronic

pilot report capability

,, Transmitter design stymied by lack of frequency allocation;

effort focused on sensor

,, After many acquisitions, NavRadio _ Honeywell, Int.

bo Phase II CRA not pursued by Honeywell, Int.

,, Effort becomes project under AWlN

,, Tri-Agency Team formed to develop concept of operations

GTRI/ODS task contract in place to complete sensor

development

,, ARNAV Phase II CRA to deploy sensors and test data link

TAMDAR Flowchart

_ :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Alter nat iv ,-

'_ I _

I L.O ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::

_ov_i_

St_d_

TAMDAR Sensor

o o bo *can be computed TAMDAR is envisioned to downlink weather data from non-jet aircraft.

The weather data will be sent to FSL, FSS, ATC, AWC, and others via a ground-based infrastructure and to other aircraft. New weather products will be generated and uplinked to the cockpit.

_ TAMDAR System Concept

b_

AWIN System @

Aircraft Capabilities

° I

ho I -_ I User Capabilities Processor Data Link

+

c_ A i!;:_gmallon _ Position I S Ground Wx I _" a!'° l_FlightPlanl System

A

I Tra'_cI I Terrain I

Data Link I Special Use Airspace Obstacles J

Sensor Development

o o bo

,, Task Contract with GTRI and subcontractor ODS

,, Subtask 1 Requirements Definition and Design

Review

,, Subtask 2: Sensor Fabrication

"-4

,, Subtask 3: Flight test on research aircraft

o

Future Tasks Evaluate flight test results; make

design modifications as needed, fabricate additional

units; conduct fleet evaluation; evaluate results

Sensor Development

b_

,, Current version of sensor ground tested and flight

tested

Next version of sensor currently under

development

oo

Flight test of next version planned for 10-11/01 on-

board University of Wyoming B200 atmospheric

research aircraft

,, Possible flight testing during International Water

Project (IHOP) 5-6/02

NASA Ground Tests

,,Langley 7 x 10 Inch Low Speed Tunnel (5/2001 - 6/2001)

• Air speed, temperature, pressure comparison

,,Langley Test & Dynamics Branch Facilities

,, "Shake and Bake" testing includes temperature,

pressure, and vibration

Testing to be conducted May- June 2001

,,Glenn Icing Research Tunnel Test (3/21 - 3/23)

Piggyback on another test

® ODS also tested Model 1000 Icing Sensor

NASA Ground Tests

b_

NASA Ground Tests

3/21 First Run Icing Response b_ 25O 2OO

NASA Ground Tests

b_ b_

NASA Ground Tests

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NASA Ground Tests

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ETMS Analysis of IFR Flights

_ Average weekly operations over 12 months

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_ ETMS Analysis of IFR Flights

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_ ETMS Analysis of IFR Flights

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FL" 50 - 100

_ ETMS Analysis of I FR Flights

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FL" 100- 150

_ ETMS Analysis of IFR Flights

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................ _ _ _i_ _ _

_ ETMS Analysis of IFR Flights

o

o Estimated % CONUS Coverage of TAMDAR flights

bo 000//0 .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................

90%- ....... _.__: ...... _.

80%- 70% 60%- t_ 50%- > --_ Summer 05/20/99 40%- -- Fall 08/12/99 30% Winter 01/13/00 20% ....... _-_ Spring 03/09/00 10% 0% 0 - 5,000 5,000- 10,000- 15,000- 20,000- 25,000- 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 Altitude range (if) Source:F_ATA-200ATAirspaceLabBrentBrunk

Capstone and TAMDAR

o o bo

® FAA Capstone agreed to AWlN proposal to include

TAMDAR into Bethel Area operational evaluation

,, NASA to deliver 10 certifiable sensors

FAA Capstone to support equipage, certifications, bo

installations, and modifications to communications

infrastructure

ODS to support installations and calibrations

Tri-Agency TAMDAR Team

o o bo o

Representatives from NASA Langley, NASA

Glenn, FAA ARW-100, FAA AUA-400, NOAA

FSL, NOAA NWS meet to coordinate

activities related to TAMDAR

L.o

® First action" No longer use term "E-PIREP"

Currently drafting "Concept of Operations"

NOAA FSL Activities

o o bo o

Goal of Fleet Operational Evaluation is to get the

data to NOAA Forecast Systems Lab

Q Challenges for FSL:

,, Provide consultation on sensor development

,, Identify and establish sources of corroborative weather

information

Perform data validation, collection, storage and archival

,, Investigate meteorological phenomena revealed by this

new high resolution data

,, Develop new weather products

Fleet Operational Evaluation Concept

o o bo L.h

Candidate Communications Links

o o

Disseminate data to NOAA FSL via one

of the following:

• Cellular Modem

oARNAV

,,Honeywell

oFlyTimer

oUPS AT

.Orbcomm

oEchoFlight

oSITA

.ARINC

Fleet Operator Selection Criteria

o o bo

,, Two or more fleet operators

At least 50 aircraft of same type

,* 24 x 7 operations

,, Extensive routes in geographically

diverse regions

--4

,, Can be FIS & TAMDAR equipped

,, Can participate in 6 month duration

research project

Candidates: UND, ERAU, OU, United

Express, UPS, Federal Express

Calibration Issues

o o bo

Sensors are factory calibrated

Capability to perform field calibration with

external connection to instrumentation

® Possibly perform self-checking via ASOS or

oo

other sources via data link

,, Ground truth checking at FSL

,, Need to establish calibration schedule and