Appendix A
Appendix A Project Personnel Glen W. Zumwalt, Distinguished Professor of Aeronautical Engineering.
Project Director.
Richard Ross, Consultant and Lecturer in Aeronautical Engineering.
Project Administrator; Responsible for Overall Design.
Robert L. Schrag, Professor of Electrical Engineering. Responsible for Electromagnetic Design and Testing.
Walter D. Bernhart, Professor of Aeronautical Engineering. Respon- sible for Structural Dynamic Design and Testing.
Robert A. Friedberg, Research Associate. Responsible for Instrumenta- tion, Procurement, Design Detail and Fabrication Coordination.
V. L. "Ben" Haghauer, Chief Technician. Constructed the Models, Coils, Mounts, and Tunnel Installation Fixtures.
Appendix B
Appendix B DATA FROM THE ICING WIND TUNNEL TESTS ICING RESEARCH TUNNEL TESTS AWT TURNING VANES (See Figure 8 for coils connected to each channel) TEST SECT. ICE TUN I L PULSE COMMENTS PRESS SEQ. VOLTS CAP TEMP LWC WD TIME RUN IAS CHAN. NO. uF mph degF 9/23 mio min. psia Tuesday, September 10, 1985 Visual Inspection for ice 20 14.32 (No De-icing) 1 100 27 1.2 15 distribution.
Very little ice build-up.
800 Ice added to Run 1 ice.
5more 14.32 1 800 29 2.5 20 2 100 Total Icing x25 min.
1000 800 20 14.32 1,1 100 2.5 25 800 Leading edge well de-iced.
100 20 14.32 2,2,2 1400 29 2.5 25 Very thin ice on concave 14.32 3 1000 29 2.5 20 25 surfaces.
About 30% ice gone.
1400 800 14.32 3 100 29 2.5 20 25 14.32 4 1400 800 100 29 2.5 20 14.32 1000 29 2.5 20 25 5 14.32 1400 800 100 29 2.5 20 25 5 Concave panels not de-iced well.
14.32 6 1400 800 29 2.5 20 25 1400 600 2.5 20 25 14.32 7 100 29 Stopped to (No De-icing) Very light ice.
14.32 3 100 20 15 27 2.5 remove impingement grid from test section.
Some runback & freeze on convex 14.32 (No De-icing) 2.5 20 4 100 23 15 side Ice .25" to .35" thick on Slightly less ice on con- i.e.
cave side.
About 0.6" inch ice on i.e.
20 15more 14.32 4a 100 23 2.5 (glaze) Total Icing x45 min.
i.e. clear 800 90% 1 1400 23 2.5 20 30 14.32 14.32 2 1400 800 i.e. clean 100 23 2.5 20 30 800 Mostly clean. Some residue.
3,4,5,6 1400 100 23 2.5 30 14.32 TEST SECT. ICE TUN I L PULSE VOLTS CAP COMMENTS RUN IAS TEMP LWC MID TINE PRESS SEQ.
mph degF 9/23 sic min. psis CHAN. NO. uF 2 30 14.32 M 1400 600 Less clean than above.
4a 100 23 2.5 Model steam cleaned.
thin "frost" 14.30 ice 3.5" thick; 100 15 1.6 25 i.e.
5 30 on concave side (rime).
Little effect.
100 1.6 14.30 1 1000 800 15 25 30 Still little shed.
100 1.6 14.30 1 1200 800 15 25 i.e. mostly clean.
14.30 2 1400 800 100 15 1.6 25 1.6 14.30 1 1400 800 i.e. clean.
100 15 25 30 14.30 3 1400 800 10" circle clean over coils.
100 15 1.6 25 14.30 4 1400 800 Nearly clean on both bays.
100 15 1.6 25 Bay nearly clean.
14.30 1400 800 100 15 1.6 25 30 *5 observations: Some slight over-coil deformations (stress End of day exceeded yield strength.) This probably due to annealed stainless steel skin.
Wednesday, September 11, 1985 14.28 i.e. 3/4 in. thick; concave side 6 100 25 1.3 16 60 1/4 0 . Ice-finger growth.
14.28 4 1200 800 Almost all of this bay clean 100 1.3 16 60 from i.e. to t.e. Next bay lower clean to rear spar.
800 Cleaned bay from rear spar to 100 25 1.3 16 60 14.28 1200 t.e.
800 All cleaned aft of front spar.
100 1.3 16 60 14.28 3 1200 Most of ice between coils 16 '60 14.28 1 1200 800 100 25 1.3 cleaned off.
1260 800 i.e. clean except over coil 7.
100 25 1.3 16 60 14.28 2 Model steam cleaned.
About 0.7" on i.e. and 0.5" on 7 24 1.8 175 25 15 13.88 concave. Some convex side runback freezing. Ice fingers aft of rear spar.
TE3T SECT.
ICE TUN I L PULSE RUN IAS TEMP LWC WD TIME PRESS SEQ.
VOLTS CAP COMMENTS mph degF g/m3 mic min. paia CHAN. 90. uF 7 175 24 1.8 25 15 13.88 4 1200 800 Coil 11 cleaned most of bar; 10 10 cleared 10" circle.
175 1.8 25 15 13.88 4 1200 800 Coil 10 finished cleaning its bay.
175 1.8 25 13.88 15 6 1200 800 Most of bar clean.
Good.
175 1.8 13.88 25 15 8 1200 800 Good cleaning.
175 24 1.8 13.88 3 25 15 1200 800 Some ice abed.
175 24 1.8 13.88 25 15 3 1200 800 Balance cleaned.
175 24 1.8 25 15 13.88 1 1200 800 Good cleaning.
175 24 1.8 25 13.88 2 15 1200 800 Cleaned most of the remaining l.e. 0.75" on l.e.
Grainy surface.
Mixed type ice.
Model steam cleaned.
8 1.8 20 175 24 15 13.88 Convex side has light frost.
Concave side about 0.5" thick.
Note: ice covering is oontin- uous from l.s. to t.e.
175 1.8 20 13.88 4 15 1000 800 Coil 11 cleaned well; Coil 10 only cracked ice.
175 1.8 20 13.88 4 15 1000 800 30% of coil 10 bay clean.
175 24 1.8 20 1?.88 4 15 1000 800 40% of coil 10 bay clean.
175 24 1.8 20 13.88 15 6 1000 800 Excellent cleaning.
175 24 1.8 20 15 13.88 8 1000 800 Good cleaning.
24 1.8 20 175 15 13.88 3 1000 800 Fair cleaning.
175 1.8 20 15 13.88 3 1000 800 A bit more.
175 1.8 20 13.88 3 15 1000 800 Ice remained aft of rear spar and small bit over coil 3.
175 24 1.8 20 15 13.88 1 1000 800 Some abed near coil 17.
24 1.8 20 175 15 13.88 1 1000 800 Cleaned well.
175 24 1.8 20 15 13.88 2 1000 800 Most of ice gone.
24 1.8 20 175 15 13.88 2 1000 800 All clean.
TEST SECT. ICE TUN I L PULSE 330. VOLTS CAP COMMENTS RUN IAS TEMP LHC WD TIME PRESS de`F 9/23 mic min. psia CHAN. NO. uF mph About 0.4 inches on l.e.; Concave 175 0.8 12 13.85 9 15 15 side, frost, "popcorn" ice.
.25" to .40" thick.
Some ice shed.
4 1000 800 15 0.8 12 15 13.85 Some ice shed.
13.85 1000 800 175 0.8 12 15 4 Clean over coil and between spare 1000 800 0.8 12 15 13.85 4 175 15 about 4 ft. span wise and wise.
15 inches chord 1000 900 Very little shed.
175 0.8 12 15 13.85 15 3 1000 800 Very little shed.
0.8 12 15 13.85 175 15 3 1000 800 Still not clean.
0.8 12 15 13.85 175 15 3 8 1000 800 Very little ice shed.
0.8 12 13.85 175 15 15 1000 800 Very little ice shed.
0.8 12 8 175 15 15 13.85 8 1000 800 Very little ice abed.
0.8 12 13.85 175 15 15 1000 800 Only frost here.
0.8 12 13.85 6 175 15 15 1000 800 Some shed.
0.8 12 13,85 6 175 15 15 Some ice shed.
1 1000 800 175 15 0.8 12 15 13.85 1 1000 800 0.8 12 15 175 15 13.85 sole ice on the surface.
1 1000 800 Still 0.8 12 15 175 15 13.85 ?
13.85 2 1000 800 0.8 12 15 175 15 2 1000 800 ?
0.8 12 175 15 15 13.85 12, Thursday, September 1985 0.75" ice on l.e., .35" back to 14.32 10 100 27 3.0 25 Splotchy ice aft of rear spar.
rear spar.
14.32 1000 800 50% clean.
27 3.0 25 30 1 14.32 1 1000 800 95% clean.
27 3.0 25 30 TSST SICT. IC= TUN I L PUL39 VOLTS CAP COM4i14iTS WN IAS TMCP LWC WD TIM B P8ES8 SEQ.
9/23 mi* psi& CHAN. 110. up mph min.
4e9T 14.32 1 1000 800 Upper 3/4 of I.e. o pen is clean.
10 100 27 3.0 25 14.32 800 113 already clean.
100 27 3.0 25 30 2 1000 Most *lean.
100 27 3.0 30 14.32 2 1000 800 I.e. all clean; aliSbt residue.
100 14.32 2 1000 800 27 3.0 25 30 100 14.32 3 1000 800 116 cleared; I2 partial.
27 3.0 25 30 3 1000 800 More shed.
100 27 3.0 25 14.32 1000 800 100% clean.
100 27 3.0 25 14.32 3 Center bay clean; circle around 100 14.32 4 1000 800 27 3.0 25 30 511.
14.32 4 600 Most of 111 bay clean.
100 27 3.0 25 30 1000 100 27 3.0 14.32 4 1000 800 958.
25 30 Upper bay cleaner than lower.
100 27 3.0 14.32 1500 600 25 30 5 100 14.32 5 1500 800 Upper 95% clean.
27 3.0 25 30 14.32 800 Lower not completely clean.
100 27 25 30 5 1500 3.0 14.32 6 1500 800 All of vane is clean except for 100 3.0 25 27 30 scattered residue.
I.e. Lao thickneaa about 0.40.
140 27 2.5 30 14.11 11 15 t.e. almost bars.
600 I.e. Los cracked.
110 27 2.5 14.11 1 1000 30 15 Minch shed.
140 2.5 30 14.11 1 1000 800 27 15 140 2.5 15 14.11 1 1000 800 i.e. mostly clean.
15 14.11 2 1000 800 Same shod.
140 27 2.5 14.11 2 1000 800 More.
140 27 2.5 30 15 14.11 2 1000 800 All clean l.e.
140 27 2.5 15 800 Upper bay 803 clean.
140 14.11 3 1000 27 2.5 30 15 TlST $WT. ICS PUL32 NON IAS TIMP LMC MID TIM PNBSS SHQ. 'VOLTS CAP CON DGM aio Pala CHAN. NO. UP mph desF min.
da3 11 140 27 2.5 30 14.11 3 1000 800 Upper Olean.
140 2.5 14.11 3 1000 800 Lover still not clean.
27 30 15 140 27 2.5 14.11 4 1000 800 Cracked.
30 15 140 27 2.5 14.11 4 1000 800 110 is TO% clean; 111 some.
30 15 140 2.5 14.11 4 1000 800 Both well cleaned.
27 30 15 140 2.5 14.11 1500 800 Upper bay mostly clean; lower 27 30 15 5 cracked.
14.11 800 Upper clean; lower 503 clean.
140 27 2.5 15 5 1500 2.5 30 14.11 1500 800 Lower has am* Los remaining.
140 27 15 5 Upper clean; lower not.
140 27 2.5 14.11 6 1500 800 30 15 800 All clean.
140 27 2.5 30 15 14.11 6 1500 140 2.5 14.11 3 1000 800 27 30 15 800 All clean.
140 27 2.5 15 14.11 3 1000 3/4 inch on I.e. Not much ice 12 140 27 2.0 30 30 14.11 near I.e. 1/2 inch at front spar. Ice fingers at i.e.
30 14.11 1 800 Ice cracking only.
140 27 2.0 30 1000 30 14.11 1 1000 800 Some Los shed over coil 9.
140 27 2.0 30 Ice all loose, but not all shed.
140 27 2.0 30 30 14.11 1 1000 800 30 2 1200 800 Little removed.
140 2.0 30 14.11 800 Mostly cleaned.
140 27 2.0 30 30 14.11 2 1200 Clean over 19 i 113; lower I.e.
140 2.0 30 30 14.11 2 1200 800 over 15 almost clean.
30 14.11 1200 800 Somme abed.
140 27 2.0 30 3 and 12.
140 2.0 30 14.11 3 1200 800 75% clean over 116 27 30 All clean for bays of 2 and 6.
140 2.0 30 30 14.11 3 1200 800 T=SST PULSE 31CT. IC= TON I L RUN TW LVC MID TnG PULLS SNQ. VOLTS CAP COMM IAS up Wh daN! 9/83 sic min. Pala CNAK. N0.
Very little shad.
27 2.0 30 30 14.11 4 1100 800 12 140 30 14.11 4 1200 800 Mora.
140 27 2.0 30 70$ clean for bars of #10 A d11.
27 2.0 30 30 14.11 4 1200 800 27 30 14.11 1500 800 Upper bay shad soma.
140 2.0 30 5 14.11 800 Upper mostly clean.
140 27 2.0 30 5 1500 1500 800 Upper clean; lower has much Joe 140 27 2.0 30 30 14.11 5 over ooils 3 i 4; much shad over 1, 6 A 8.
All clean.
27 30 30 14.11 6 1500 800 140 2.0 Only lit*, scattered pieces 2.0 30 30 14.11 6 1500 800 140 27 remain.
Removed such of residual ice.
140 2.0 30 30 14.11 4 1200 800 2T 3; 4 do not olcan as well Notes: as 14, 18. 2 does not clean as Coils with more well as 16.
turns are superior.
scattered heavy accumulations.
15 14.33 13 100 30 15 3.0 0.5" loo fingers at t.e. Only frost from rear spar to t.e.
14.33 1 1200 800 Upper 18 inch clean.
100 30 15 15 3.0 l.*. over 9 i 17 clean; acme 14.33 1 1200 800 100 30 15 15 3.0 abed betwoen 9 A 17.
800 All clean except at bottom 12 15 14.53 1 1200 100 15 30 3.0 inch".
15 14.33 2 1200 800 Cleaned most of 1.0.
100 30 15 3.0 14.33 1200 800 Some cleaned behind front spar.
100 2 15 3.0 30 15 Coils 2 and 16 cleaned moat of 15 3.0 30 1200 800 100 15 14.33 3 their bars.
Some olean*d in adjacent bays.
100 30 15 14.33 1200 800 15 3.0 3 TEST SECT. ICE TUN'L PULSE RUN Ili TEMP LVC MVD TIME PRESS 380. VOLTS CAP COMMENTS dogf g/m3 sic min. psis CHU. NO. uF mph 13 100 14.33 1200 800 lore.
15 3.0 30 15 3 100 30 14.33 4 1200 800 Cleaned most of residue.
15 3.0 15 100 15 14.33 4 1200 800 Cleaned most of residue.
15 3.0 30 100 14.33 800 Removed remaining ice.
15 3.0 30 15 5 1500 800 Removed remaining frost.
100 15 15 14.33 5 1500 3.0 30 1.5 inch ice on l.e.; uneven ice 22 30 14.34 14 100 15 3.0 on concave surface.
Half of l.e. is clean. 14.34 1200 800 100 22 30 1 15 3.0 1200 800 Only lower 2 ft. of l.e. has ice 100 22 30 14.34 1 15 3.0 remaining.
800 Slight improvement. 14.34 1200 100 15 22 30 1 3.0 Cleaned whole l.e. except for 1200 800 100 22 30 14.34 2 15 3.0 frosty residue.
1200 800 Little change. 14.34 2 100 15 22 30 3.0 1200 800 Most of vane is clean. 30 100 15 14.34 3.0 22 3 1200 800 Some light residue shed. 3 100 22 30 14.34 15 3.0 0.10 inch frost still near coil 14.34 4 1200 800 100 22 30 15 3.0 11.
Some very thin frost won't 1500 800 100 15 3.0 22 30 14.34 5 come off.
Monday , September 16, 1986 Velocity measured at model = 50 65 0 -- 0 (No De-icing) 23 mph.
(No De-icing) Velocity measured at model = 75 65 0 -- 0 34 mph.
TEST SECT ICE TUN I L PULSE RUN IAS TEMP LWC MVD TIME PRESS SEQ. VOLTS CAP COMMENTS mph degF g/m3 mic min. psia CHAN. NO.
uF 16 140 27 2.0 20 30 14.04 At 20 minutes, slowed to measure icing on the 1/8 inch reference collector. LNC probe was mounter on vane model. On l.e. ice 1.3" thickness. Only patches of ice aft of rear spar; very little ice at t.e.
140 27 2.0 20 30 14.04 7 1000 600 Cracking only.
27 2.0 20 30 14.04 7 1000 600 80% clean.
140 27 2.0 20 30 14.04 7 1000 600 l.e. clean except some over coil 7 and below.
140 27 2.0 14.04 20 30 8 1000 600 l.e. over coil 5 cleaned.
140 14.04 27 2.0 20 j0 8 1000 600 l.e. olean over all 3 bays.
2.0 140 27 20 30 14.04 3 1000 800 K.dt of vane is clean. Residue less than 0.25" thick.
140 27 2.0 20 30 14.04 3 1000 800 Part of scattered residue shed.
140 2.0 20 30 14.04 3 More.
27 1000 800 140. 27 2.0 20 30 14.04 4 1000 800 Most ice gone except over rear span.
140 27 2.0 20 14.04 4 800 Part of rear spar ice shed.
30 1000 140 1.5 27 30 14.04 2" thick on l.e.; over 17 27 0.75" rear bays.
140 27 14.04 7 1.5 27 1000 600 Mostly cracking of ice.
140 27 14.04 7 1.5 1000 600 More cracking.
27 30 140 27 1.5 27 14.04 7 1000 600 Only partially clean; ice is debonded.
14.04 140 27 1.5 27 30 8 1200 600 Much l.e. ice shed.
140 27 14.04 1.5 27 30 8 1200 600 Most of l.e. between coils 5 & clean.
140 27 1.5 27 30 14.04 8 1200 600 All clean.
TEST ICE TUN t L PULSE 3ECT.
3EQ. VOLTS CAP COMMENTS RUN IA3 TEMP LVC MID TIM PRESS de3F 9/R3 Rio sin. psia CHU. NO. uF mph 4 1000 800 Much cleaning over 3, 4, 11, 14 140 27 27 30 14.04 17 1.5 6 15; Sole off over 10.
14.04 4 1000 800 All clean aft of rear spar.
140 1.5 27 30 1000 800 Mostly clean between spars.
140 14.04 3 27 1.5 27 30 1000 800 All clean between spars.
1.5 14.04 3 140 27 27 30 14.04 3 1000 800: 140 1.5 27 27 30 Only small, scattered residue.
14.04 3 1000 800 140 27 1.5 27 Some frost abed.
14.04 5 1000 800 27 1.5 27 30 Only ice cracking.
14.04 7 1200 600 18 140 15 2.5 15 More cracking.
14.04 7 1200 600 140 15 2.5 15 Small chips case off.
14.04 7 1200 600 140 2.5 15 15 30 Much removed.
14.04 8 1200 600 140 2.5 15 15 30 More.
14.04 8 1200 600 140 15 15 2.5 30 14.04 8 1200 600 All 1.e. is clean.
140 2.5 15 15 30 14.04 1000 800 A bit removed.
100 3 15 3.0 22 30 14.04 3 1000 800 Bay of coil 16 fairly clean, but 100 15 3.0 22 30 not coil 2.
Bay of coil 2 Improved some.
14.04 3 1000 800 100 30 15 3.0 22 A small bit removed; such 14.04 4 1000 800 100 22 30 15 3.0 loosened.
Almost clean.
30 14.04 4 1000 800 100 3.0 22 Completely clean.
14.04 4 1000 800 100 22 30 15 3.0 Most of ice is abed.
14.04 5 1000 800 100 30 15 3.0 22 Only light frost remains.
14.04 2 800 800 100 3.0 22 30 Some of frost expelled.
14.04 2 800 800 100 22 30 15 3.0 TEST SECT. ICE TON I L PULSE RUN IAS TEMP LWC MID TIME PRESS SEQ. VOLTS CAP COMMENTS mph degF g/m3 mio min. psis CHAN. NO. uF 100 15 22 30 14.04 1 lore.
3.0 800 800 100 22 30 14.04 15 3.0 1 800 800 Slightly more.
19 1.6 20 175 15 15 13.83 Light icing; tunnel speed kept u during de-icing.
175 15 1.6 20 15 1000 600 Mostly clean near coils 13.83 7 9 & 17.
175 20 15 1.6 15 13.83 7 1000 600 More of l.e. clean.
1.6 20 175 15 15 1000 600 l.e. all clean except bottom 12 13.83 7 inches.
175 1.6 20 13.83 8 15 15 1000 600 Ice near coil 5 expelled.
1.6 20 13.83 8 175 15 15 1000 600 A little more.
1.6 3 175 15 20 15 13.83 1000 800 Clear near coils 2 & 16.
1.6 20 175 15 15 1000 800 Ice loosened, but not shed.
13.83 3 175 15 1.6 20 15 13.83 3 1000 800 A small amount shed.
175 15 1.6 20 13.83 4 1000 800 Some removed.
175 15 1.6 20 13.83 4 1000 800 Small amount shed.
175 15 1.6 20 13.83 4 1000 800 Small amount shed.
200 1.6 20 15 19 15 13.66 Ice on l.e. 1 inch thick.
Jagged b!iild-up on concave surface.
200 1.6 19 13.66 7 1000 600 Good cleaning above coil 15 15 17; Some off at coil 9.
200 15 1.6 19 15 13.66 7 1000 600 All de-iced from top to mear coil T.
200 1.6 19 13.66 7 Not much more.
15 15 1000 600 1.6 13.66 8 200 15 19 15 1000 600 No. 13 already clean. All the rest of l.e. clean except lower 6 inches.
TEST SECT. I PULSE ICE TUN L RUN I13 TEMP LWC MID TIME PRESS SEQ. VOLTS CAP C0MMTS mph degF g/s3 sio min. psia CHAN. N0. uF 20 200 15 1.6 19 15 13.66 8 1000 600 A little more.
200 1.6 13.66 3 1000 800 Cleaned most of ice for whole 15 19 15 span between the spars.
Only light frost remains.
200 15 1.6 15 13.66 3 1000 800 4 Not enough ice to remove.
200 15 1.6 19 15 13.66 1000 800
Appendix C
Appendix C Design Drawings A large sheet is folded in the envelope at the back of this report. These are scale drawings of the vane model with dimensions and material specifications.