AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook

8 Airplane and Systems Descriptions ......................................................................... 24 8.1 General ................................................................................................................. 24 8.2 Airframe................................................................................................................. 24 8.3 Landing gear ......................................................................................................... 25 8.4 Engine and its controls .......................................................................................... 25 8.5 Propeller ................................................................................................................ 25 8.6 Fuel system ........................................................................................................... 26 8.7 Airplane control systems ....................................................................................... 27 8.8 Instrument panel ................................................................................................... 33 8.9 Full and static pressure system ............................................................................. 35 8.10 Electrical system ................................................................................................... 35 8.11 Seats and harness belts ........................................................................................ 41 8.12 Cockpit doors ........................................................................................................ 41 8.13 Baggage container ................................................................................................ 41 9 Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing .................................................................. 42 9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 42 9.2 Towing, parking and tie-down instructions ............................................................ 42 9.3 Servicing fuel, oil and coolant................................................................................ 42 9.4 Approved fuel and oil ............................................................................................ 43 9.5 Cleaning and care ................................................................................................. 43 9.6 Disassembling and assembling the airplane ......................................................... 43 10 Supplements ............................................................................................................... 46 10.1 General ................................................................................................................. 46 10.2 Engine manual ...................................................................................................... 46 10.3 Avionics and special engine instruments .............................................................. 46 10.4 Recovery system ................................................................................................... 46 10.5 Floats .................................................................................................................... 46 10.6 List of installed equipment ..................................................................................... 47 10.7 Actual empty weight and CG position data............................................................ 48 10.8 Airplane Flight Training Supplement ..................................................................... 49 10.9 Airplane Owner Feedback to Manufacturer ........................................................... 52 AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 5 1 Introduction This Pilot Operating Handbook has been prepared to provide the airplane owner and operators with information required for the safe and efficient operation of this airplane. The following ASTM standards have been and/or shall be used for the design, construction and continued airworthiness of this Aeroprakt-22LS (A-22LS) airplane: F2245-14 Standard Specification for Design and Performance of a Light Sport Airplane, F2295-10 Standard Practice for Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of a Light Sport Aircraft, F2316-12 Standard Specification for Airframe Emergency Parachutes, F2339-06 Standard Practice for Design and Manufacture of Reciprocating Spark Ignition Engines for Light Sport Aircraft, F2506-13 Standard Specification for Design and Testing of Light Sport Aircraft Propellers, F2746-14 Standard Specification for Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) for Light Sport Airplane, F2972-14 Standard Specification for Light Sport Aircraft Manufacturer’s Quality Assurance System. This A-22LS airplane was manufactured by: Aeroprakt Ltd. Address: 24 Polyova str. Kyiv, 03056 UKRAINE Tel.: +380 44 496-77-21 Fax: +380 44 496-77-31 E-mail: air@prakt.kiev.ua www.aeroprakt.kiev.ua Should the original manufacturer of the aircraft loose its ability to support this aircraft make and model, contact: Peter Harlow Foxbat Australia 8 A Regent Street Brighton East Victoria 3187 AUSTRALIA Tel/fax - +61 (0) 3 9592 3101 Mobile/cell - +61 (0) 413 900 892 AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 6 2 General information 2.1 General description of the airplane AEROPRAKT-22LS (A-22LS) is a two-seat, high-wing strut braced monoplane of "classic" aerodynamic layout with closed cockpit, non-retractable landing gear with steerable nose wheel, Rotax-912 engine with tractor three-blade on-ground adjustable pitch propeller. AEROPRAKT-22LS is approved for flying in VFR, simple meteorological conditions. AEROPRAKT-22LS is certified in the LSA (Light Sport Airplane) category. 2.2 Airplane specifications Specification US units Metric Wing span 31 ft 4 in 9.55 m Wing area 136 sq ft 12.62 m² Length 20 ft 5 in 6.23 m Height 8 ft 2 in 2.47 m Wheel base 4 ft 2 in 1.26 m Wheel track 5 ft 7 in 1.71 m Gross weight (Maximum Take-Off Weight, MTOW) 1320 lb 600 kg Top speed at sea level, ISA conditions (with wheels landing gear) 114 mph 183 km/h Cruising speed at 1000 ft, ISA conditions, and engine RPM: 4000 68 mph 110 km/h 4600 92 mph 148 km/h 4800 97 mph 156 km/h 5000 100 mph 161 km/h 5200 104 mph 167 km/h Range with full tanks (with 2x45 l tanks, 30 min. reserve) at 1000 ft, ISA conditions, 4000 RPM (with wheels landing gear) 609 sm 981 km Best angle of climb speed (VX), IAS 56 mph 90 km/h Best rate of climb speed (VY), IAS 62 mph 100 km/h Stalling speed at MTOW, flaps up (VS), IAS 48 mph 77 km/h Stalling speed at MTOW, full flaps (VS0), IAS 37 mph 60 km/h Maximum engine power at 5800 RPM (5 minutes limit) 100 hp 73.5 kW Total fuel capacity 23.8 US gal 90 l Usable fuel 23.5 US gal 89 l Approved fuel types: unleaded mogas min. RON 95 or avgas 100LL AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 7 3 Limitations 3.1 Airspeeds and Airspeed Indicator markings Scheme of color markings of airspeed indicator is shown on Fig. 1. Explanations are given in the table below: Marking IAS value or range Significance km/h mph kts White arc start 60 37 32 Stalling speed at maximum takeoff weight with full flaps (VS0) Green arc start 77 48 42 Stalling speed at maximum takeoff weight with flaps up (VS) White arc 60-148 37-92 32-80 Flap extended speed range (VS0 to VFE) Green arc 77-166 48-103 42-89 Normal operating range (VS to VA) Green arc end - Yellow arc start 166 103 89 Maneuvering speed (VA) at gross weight and minimum weight Yellow arc 166-229 103-142 89-124 Maneuvers must be conducted with caution and only in smooth air (VA to VNE) Red line 229 142 124 Maximum speed for all operations (VNE) Fig. 1 AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 8 3.2 Service ceiling Service ceiling of A-22LS with Rotax-912ULS (100 hp) engine is equal to at least 5000 m. However A-22LS has neither pressurized cockpit no oxygen equipment and therefore may not be used for high-altitude flight. 3.3 Maneuvering load factors Limit load factors for the airplane at gross weight of 600 kg (1320 lb) are as follows: Maximum positive limit load factor +4.0 Maximum negative limit load factor -2.0 3.4 Approved maneuvers A-22LS airplane belongs to a non-aerobatic category. All maneuvers shall be done within its airspeed and maneuvering load factor limits (G limits). Approved maneuvers include: - turns with bank angles up to 60°, - side-slipping with angles up to 15°, - level and accelerated stalls without spinning, - diving at a speed below VNE of 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts) IAS. Any aerobatics including intentional spinning is prohibited! 3.5 Fuel capacity and type Capacity of tanks: 2×45l (2x11.9 US gal) Total fuel capacity: 90 l (23.8 US gal) Total usable fuel: 89 l (23.5 US gal) Non-usable fuel: 1 l (0.3 US gal) Approved fuel types: unleaded mogas min. RON 95 or avgas 100LL. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 9 3.6 Engine Engine data and operational limitations are given in the table below: Engine manufacturer: BOMBARDIER-Rotax-GmbH (Austria) Engine model: Rotax-912ULS Maximum takeoff power: 100 h.p. Time limit at full power: 5 min (5800 rpm) Max. revolutions (no time limit) 5500 rpm Min. revolutions at idle 1400 rpm Maximum coolant temperature at pick-up point: 120°C (248°F) Oil temperature, normal minimum maximum 90-110°C (190-230°F) 50°C (122°F) 130°C (266°F) Max. exhaust gas temperature: 950°C (1742°F) Oil pressure, normal minimum maximum 2.0-5.0 bar (29-73 psi) (above 3500 RPM) 0.8 bar (12 psi) (below 3500 RPM) 7 bar (100 psi) (at cold start, allowed for a short time) Fuel pressure, normal maximum 0.15-0.4 bar (2.2-5.8 psi) 0.4 bar (5.8 psi) Fuel: unleaded mogas min. RON 95 or avgas 100LL Oil: any automotive oil of API classification “SF” or “SG” Ambient air temperature range from -25°C (-13°F) to +50°C (+122°F) NOTE: On all issues of engine operation see Rotax engine Operator's Manual. Follow its instructions to ensure safe and efficient operation of the engine. 3.7 Kinds of operation limits This aircraft is approved for flying day and night, VFR, simple meteorological conditions. Flight into icing conditions is prohibited. 3.8 Crosswind limitation Maximum crosswind component for A-22LS airplane is 7 m/s (14 kts). It is highly recommended to choose upwind direction for takeoff and landing with the least crosswind. It will significantly shorten takeoff and landing distances and increase degree of safety. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 10 4 Emergency procedures 4.1 General This section contains recommendations to the pilots in case of emergency in flight. However such situations, caused by airframe or engine malfunction are extremely rare provided that pre-flight inspections and checks are performed regularly. 4.2 Emergency checklists 4.2.1 Engine fire during start 1. Throttle – IDLE 2. Ignition – OFF. 3. Fuel valves – CLOSE. 4. Unfasten seat belts, abandon cockpit. 5. Take measures to extinguish the fire. 4.2.2 Engine failure during takeoff 4.2.2.1 during takeoff roll 1. Throttle – IDLE. 2. Ignition – OFF. 3. Brakes – APPLY as necessary. 4.2.2.2 immediately after takeoff 1. Direction – NO TURN BACK. 2. Airspeed – 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide. 3. Throttle – IDLE. 4. Ignition – OFF. 5. Master switch – OFF. 6. Fuel valves – CLOSE. 7. Landing – STRAIGHT AHEAD, avoid colliding with obstacles. 4.2.3 Loss of engine power in flight 4.2.3.1 during climb 1. Airspeed – 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide. 2. Throttle – IDLE. 3. Ignition – OFF. 4. Fuel valves – CLOSE. 5. Direction – TURN to the airfield (if altitude permits). 6. Landing – STRAIGHT AHEAD, avoid colliding with obstacles. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 11 4.2.3.2 in level flight 1. Airspeed – 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide. 2. Landing area – SELECT (consider altitude and wind). 3. Engine – RESTART (if time and altitude permit), see section 4.2.4. 4. Unable to restart – follow emergency landing procedure, see section 4.2.5. 4.2.4 Restarting engine in flight 1. Throttle – IDLE. 2. Fuel valves – check OPEN. 3. Fuel level – CHECK. 4. Ignition – ON. 5. Master key – turn to START. 4.2.5 Emergency landing without engine power 1. Airspeed – 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide. 2. Flaps – position 1. 3. Ignition – OFF. 4. Fuel valves – CLOSE. 5. Landing area – SELECT, consider altitude and wind. (No place suitable for landing – use recovery system.) 6. Emergency call – TRANSMIT (121.5 MHz or nearest airfield frequency). 7. Flaps – EXTEND FULLY on final. 8. Landing – in the SELECTED place, avoid colliding with obstacles. 9. Touchdown – at minimum speed. 4.2.6 Precautionary landing with engine power (In case of decision to discontinue the flight with engine running) 1. Airspeed – SELECT SAFE for the particular situation. 2. Throttle – SET to maintain selected airspeed. 3. Fuel – CHECK level and valves. 4. Map – CHECK for nearest airfields/area suitable for landing. 5. Landing area – SELECT. 6. Radio – REPORT decision to land on the selected place if necessary. 7. Landing – follow NORMAL or SHORT-FIELD landing procedure as appropriate. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 12 4.2.7 Fire in flight 1. Ignition – OFF. 2. Fuel valves – CLOSE. 3. Yoke – PUSH to descend. 4. Airspeed – BELOW 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts). 5. Landing area – SELECT (consider altitude and wind). 6. Landing – in the SELECTED place, avoid colliding with obstacles. 7. Unfasten seat belts, abandon cockpit. 8. Take measures to extinguish the fire. 4.2.8 Loss of oil pressure 1. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. 2. Engine overheating or stopped – follow EMERGENCY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.5. 4.2.9 High oil pressure 1. Throttle – REDUCE rpm, IDLE if necessary. 2. Airspeed – 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) - best glide. 3. Oil pressure – CONTROL. 4. Oil pressure normal – follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. 5. Oil pressure high – follow EMERGENCY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.5. 4.2.10 Emergency descent 1. Yoke – PUSH to descend. 2. Throttle – IDLE. 3. Airspeed – BELOW 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts). 4. Engine speed – BELOW 5800 rpm. 5. Air traffic – CONTROL to avoid collisions. 6. Altitude – CONTROL. 7. Terrain – CONTROL. 8. At safe altitude – PULL YOKE GENTLY to level off. 9. G loads – DO NOT EXCEED +4g. 4.2.11 Alternator failure Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. 4.2.12 Overvoltage 1. Additional electrical consumers (landing light, strobes, etc.) – switch ON. 2. Voltage – CHECK. 3. Voltage normal – CONTINUE normal flight. 4. Voltage high – REMOVE battery charge fuse and FOLLOW PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 13 4.2.13 Inadvertent spin 1. Rudder pedals – FULLY AGAINST ROTATION. 2. Yoke – PUSH to stops. 3. Rotation stopped – rudder pedals NEUTRAL. 4. Speed reached 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) – PULL YOKE GENTLY to recover from diving. Do not exceed +4g and 229 km/h (142 mph, 124 kts)! WARNING: Intentional spinning in A-22LS is prohibited! NOTE: In level flight and during turn stall warning is assured by the aerodynamic characteristics of A-22LS – gentle shaking of the airplane and yoke due to the starting airflow separation. 4.2.14 Inadvertent icing encounter 1. Abandon icing build-up area. 2. Icing build-up not stopped – FOLLOW PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. 4.2.15 Loss of primary instruments 4.2.15.1 ASI failure due to full pressure line blockage Signs of the blockage – airspeed indicator reading either: - does not change with changing airspeed in level flight or, - reduces during a steady descent or, - increases during a steady climb. 1. Airspeed indicator readings – IGNORE. 2. In level flight – SET THROTTLE to 4000-4500 rpm. 3. Altitude – MAINTAIN. 4. In descent – SET THROTTLE to IDLE. 5. Sink rate – SET to 3 m/s (600 ft/min). 6. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. 4.2.15.2 Altimeter, VSI and ASI failure due to static pressure line blockage Signs of the blockage: - altimeter and vertical speed indicator readings do not change with changing altitude or, - airspeed indicator reading increases during a steady descent or, - airspeed indicator reading reduces during a steady climb. 1. IGNORE altimeter, VSI and ASI readings. 2. Airplane attitude – CONTROL by the position of the horizon line with relation to the wings and engine cowling. 3. Airspeed and vertical speed – CONTROL using throttle. 4. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 14 4.2.15.3 Powerplant instruments failure (Tachometer, oil, water and exhaust temperature indicators, fuel quantity indicator) 1. IGNORE powerplant instruments readings. 2. Engine rpm – CONTROL by engine noise. 3. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 4.2.6. 4.2.16 Loss of flight controls 1. Elevator control fails – use elevator TRIM TAB control. 2. Rudder control fails – use AILERONS to control direction. 3. Aileron control fails – use RUDDER to control bank. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 15 5 Normal Procedures 5.1 General This section describes normal procedures recommended for safe operation of the A-22LS. 5.2 Preflight check Pilots must inspect the general condition of the airplane during its preflight check. The airplane must have no damage or maladjustments that may be critical for the flight safety. The cockpit glass, propeller, wing and empennage must be clean of rainwater, snow, frost, ice, and dirt as they impair visibility and aerodynamics and increase weight. Preflight check must be performed according to the following order and requirements: 5.2.1 Entire airplane 1. Covers and clamps – REMOVED. 2. Airplane – CLEAN of rainwater, snow, frost, ice and dirt. 3. Rigging – CHECK visually. 4. External damage – NONE. 5.2.2 Power plant 1. Propeller and spinner – CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE. 2. Top cowling – REMOVE for engine inspection. 3. Oil, coolant and braking fluid – CHECK level. 4. Engine mount and vibration dampers – NO CRACKS and INTACT. 5. Cables and hoses – INTACT and SECURE. 6. Fuel, oil, coolant leaks – NONE. 7. Exhaust system, its attachments, joints and springs – NO CRACKS and INTACT. 8. Top cowling – INSTALL back. 9. Cowling and its locks – INTACT and LOCKED. 5.2.3 Landing gear 1. Wheel fairings – CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE. 2. Wheel pressure – OK. 3. Tires – NO CRACKS, WEAR OK. 4. Main wheel brakes – CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE. 5. Braking fluid – NO LEAKS. 6. Nose and main legs – NO CRACK and INTACT. 7. Nose leg shock absorber – INTACT. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 16 5.2.4 Right wing 1. Wing and strut surface – CLEAN and INTACT. 2. Wing and strut attachment fittings and bolts – IN PLACE, INTACT and SECURE. 3. Wing fuel tank cap – IN PLACE and SECURE. 4. Fuel leaks – NONE. 5. Fuel tank vent outlet – CLEAN and INTACT. 6. Wing tip and navigation/strobe light – INTACT. 7. Flaperon clamp – REMOVED. 8. Flaperon – CLEAN and INTACT. 9. Flaperon hinge brackets – INTACT, BOLTS SECURE, HINGES GREASED. 10. Flaperon control linkage attachment – INTACT and SECURE. 5.2.5 Right side of fuselage 1. Fuselage surface – CLEAN and INTACT. 2. Cockpit glass – CLEAN, INTACT and NO CRACKS. 3. Door hinges and lock – INTACT. 4. Recovery system condition – CHECK visually. 5. Drain valve – CLOSED, NO FUEL LEAKS. 6. Fuel residue – DRAIN and CHECK. 5.2.6 Empennage 1. Empennage surface – CLEAN and INTACT. 2. Clamps/stops – REMOVED. 3. Horizontal stabilizer attachment fittings and bolts – INTACT and SECURE. 4. Rudder, elevator and trim tab – CLEAN and INTACT. 5. Rudder, elevator and trim tab hinge brackets – INTACT, SECURE and GREASED. 6. Rudder, elevator and trim tab control linkage attachment – INTACT and SECURE. 5.2.7 Left side of fuselage 1. Fuselage surface – CLEAN and INTACT. 2. Cockpit glass – CLEAN, INTACT and NO CRACKS. 3. Door hinges and lock – INTACT. 4. Battery and power cables' attachment – SECURE, CONDITION OK. 5. Control system linkages inside the rear fuselage – CHECK visually. 6. Baggage container condition – CHECK visually. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 17 5.2.8 Left wing 1. Flaperon control linkage attachment – INTACT and SECURE. 2. Flaperon hinge brackets – INTACT, BOLTS SECURE, HINGES GREASED. 3. Flaperon – CLEAN and INTACT. 4. Flaperon clamp – REMOVED. 5. Fuel tank vent outlet – CLEAN and INTACT. 6. Fuel leaks – NONE. 7. Wing fuel tank cap – IN PLACE and SECURE. 8. Wing tip and navigation/strobe light – INTACT. 9. Wing and strut attachment fittings and bolts – IN PLACE, INTACT and SECURE. 10. Wing and strut surface – CLEAN and INTACT. 11. Pitot/static pressure probe – COVER REMOVED, CLEAN and INTACT. 5.2.9 Cockpit 1. Cockpit interior – CLEAN, INTACT, NO FOREIGN OBJECTS. 2. Seats – INTACT, ADJUSTED and SECURE. 3. Harness belts – INTACT, ADJUSTED and LOCKED (with pilots in the seats). 4. Doors – CLOSED and LOCKED. 5. Flight planning including weight and CG check – PERFORMED. 6. Onboard documentation/maps required for the flight – AVAILABLE. 7. Baggage container – BAGGAGE SECURED, CONTAINER CLOSED. 8. Starter key – REMOVED 9. All electrical switches – OFF. 10. Flight instruments – INTACT, CHECK READINGS. 11. Movements of controls – check FREE and FULL. 12. Yokes, rudder pedals, elevator trim tab lever – NEUTRAL. 13. Flaps – RETRACTED. 14. Parking brake – ON. 5.3 Engine starting 1. Starter key – INSERT, set to ON. 2. Fuel level – CHECK. 3. Fuel valves – CHECK. 4. Throttle – IDLE. 5. Doors – check CLOSED. 6. Carburetor heating (cold engine only) – ON. 7. Choke lever (cold engine only) – set FULLY FORWARD. 8. Propeller – CHECK CLEAR. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 18 9. Starter key (cold engine only) – set to START for 5 seconds with ignition OFF. 10. Ignition – ON. 11. Starter key – set to START until engine starts (10 seconds maximum). 12. Throttle – set MINIMUM STABLE REVOLUTIONS (approx. 1600-1700 RPM). 13. Choke lever – FULLY BACK (gradually, when engine runs smoothly). 14. Carburetor heating – OFF. 15. Engine – WARM UP at 2000-2500 RPM. 16. Required electric equipment/instruments – switch ON and ADJUST. 17. Ignition – TEST at 4000 RPM holding brakes. 18. Oil pressure – check 2.0-5.0 bar (29-73 psi) at above 3500 RPM. 5.4 Taxiing 1. Throttle – IDLE. 2. Parking brake – OFF. 3. Coolant and oil temperature – CHECK 4. Taxiway – CHECK CLEAR. 5. Throttle – SET REQUIRED TAXI SPEED. 6. Yoke – elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST crosswind. 7. Brakes – use as required, set throttle to IDLE when stopping. 8. To stop immediately – IGNITION OFF and ENGAGE BRAKES. 5.5 Before takeoff 1. Hold position – OCCUPY. 2. Brakes – ENGAGE. 3. Coolant temperature – CHECK minimum 60°C (140°F). 4. Oil temperature – CHECK minimum 50°C (122°F). 5. Fuel level – CHECK. 6. Fuel valves – CHECK. 7. Flaps – EXTEND position 1. Wind stronger 8 m/s (16 kts) – FLAPS UP. 5.6 Normal takeoff 1. Hold position – OCCUPY. 2. Rudder pedals – NEUTRAL. 3. Brakes – RELEASE. 4. Throttle – gradually FULL POWER. 5. Yoke – elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST CROSSWIND. 6. Rudder pedals – maintain takeoff direction. 7. Yoke – PULL gently to lift the nose wheel at 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kts). AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 19 8. Liftoff – at 80 km/h. 9. Accelerate to at least 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) at 1-2 m (3-7 ft) and start to climb. 5.7 Short/soft field takeoff 1. Flaps – EXTEND FULLY. 2. Hold position – OCCUPY. 3. Takeoff distance – CHECK if sufficient. 4. Rudder pedals – NEUTRAL. 5. Throttle – gradually FULL POWER. 6. Brakes – RELEASE. 7. Yoke – elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST CROSSWIND. 8. Rudder pedals – maintain takeoff direction. 9. Yoke – PULL gently to lift the nose wheel at 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kts). 10. Liftoff – at 65 km/h (40 mph, 35 kts). 11. Accelerate to at least 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) at 1-2 m (3-7 ft) and start to climb. 12. Speed – SET best angle of climb speed VX = 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts). 5.8 Climb 1. Speed – SET: best angle of climb speed VX = 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) or best rate of climb speed VY = 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) in strong turbulence +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts). 2. Flaps – RETRACT SLOWLY at safe altitude. 3. EGT – max. 850°C (1562°F). 4. Coolant temp. – max. 120°C (248°F). 5. Oil pressure – max. 5.0 bar (73 psi). 5.9 Cruise 1. Flight altitude – OCCUPY and monitor, in strong turbulence – at least 100 m (300 ft). 2. Cruise speed – SET, in strong turbulence – minimum 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts), maximum 166 km/h (103 mph, 89 kts). 3. Elevator trim tab – ADJUST as required. 4. Fuel level – MONITOR. 5. Fuel valves – check OPEN for fuel tank with fuel, CLOSE empty fuel tank. 6. Turns – perform with caution in strong turbulence and at low altitudes. 5.10 Approach 1. Speed – REDUCE below 148 km/h (92 mph, 80 kts), minimum 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts). 2. Flaps – EXTEND position 1. Wind stronger 8 m/s (16 kts) – FLAPS UP. 3. Elevator trim tab – ADJUST as required. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 20 4. Approach speed on final – 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts), +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts) in rain or strong turbulence. 5. Too high on final – REDUCE RPM, at idle – SLIP. 6. Too low on final – INCREASE RPM. DO NOT RETRACT FLAPS when flying low over high obstacles or close to the ground! 5.11 Normal landing 1. Direction – ALIGN the airplane WITH THE RUNWAY using rudder pedals. 2. Side drift – ELIMINATE by banking against the drift (crosswind, if any). 3. Flare – start at 3 m (15 ft), level off at approximately 0.3 m (1 ft). Gradually reduce bank and side drift while flaring and leveling off. 4. Throttle – IDLE. 5. Touchdown – at minimum speed. Avoid touching ground with the tail. 6. Yoke – HOLD to reduce the speed and PUSH gently to lower the nose wheel slowly. 7. Flaps – RETRACT. 8. Brakes – ENGAGE as required. Avoid braking at a high speed or nose wheel up! 5.12 Short/soft field landing 1. Flaps – EXTEND FULLY. 2. Approach distance – REDUCE by side slipping when clear of obstacles. 3. Approach speed on final – 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts), +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts) in rain or strong turbulence. 4. Direction – ALIGN the airplane WITH THE RUNWAY using rudder pedals. 5. Side drift – ELIMINATE by banking against the drift (crosswind, if any). 6. Flare – start at 3 m (15 ft), level off at approximately 0.3 m (1 ft). Gradually reduce bank and side drift while flaring and leveling off. 7. Throttle – IDLE. 8. Touchdown – at minimum speed at the beginning of the runway. Avoid touching ground with the tail. 9. Flaps – RETRACT. 10. Yoke – HOLD to reduce the speed and PUSH gently to lower the nose wheel slowly. 11. Brakes – soft field: DO NOT USE; short field – ENGAGE as required. Avoid braking at a high speed or nose wheel up! 5.13 Balked landing 1. Throttle – gradually FULL POWER. 2. Descent – DISCONTINUE. 3. Speed – accelerate to at least 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) flying level. 4. Climb – at 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts). 5. Flaps – RETRACT SLOWLY at safe altitude. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 21 6 Performance 6.1 General This section contains performance data of A-22LS airplane of standard (basic) configuration at maximum takeoff weight in the following environmental conditions: ICAO standard atmosphere (ISA), mean sea level (MSL), no wind, hard and even runway. Those data may vary depending upon the configuration and technical condition of a particular aircraft and actual environmental conditions of its operation. 6.2 Takeoff and landing distances The minimum takeoff and landing distances of A-22LS for the above conditions are specified below. However pilots should always keep in mind that actual takeoff and landing distances depend on condition of the aircraft, environment and pilot skill. Takeoff/Landing run .............................................. 100 m (328 ft) Takeoff/Landing distance to/from 15 m (50 ft) ...... 243 m (797 ft) 6.3 Climb performance The rate of climb depends on atmospheric conditions, airplane takeoff weight and flap setting. The climb performance data of A-22LS in ISA conditions at MSL, maximum takeoff weight are specified below: Best angle of climb speed VX ............... 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) Best rate of climb speed VY ............... 100 km/h (62 mph, 54 kts) Maximum rate of climb at VX ............................ 3.3 m/s (650 fpm) Maximum rate of climb at VY ............................ 3.5 m/s (690 fpm) 6.4 Cruise speeds and fuel consumption at various RPM settings The cruise speeds and fuel consumption depend upon a multitude of factors: propeller pitch and engine adjustments, fuel quality, atmospheric conditions, flight altitude, aircraft loading and condition of its outer surface, etc. With the KievProp three-blade propeller adjusted to take-off RPM of 5100 per minute and standard condition of atmosphere and aircraft the following cruise speeds and fuel consumption values may be used for flight planning: RPM Cruise speed, IAS Fuel consumption, US gal/h 4000 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) 10 l/h (2.6 US gal/h) 4600 148 km/h (92 mph, 80 kts) 15 l/h (3.9 US gal/h) 5000 161 km/h (100 mph, 87kts) 19 l/h (5.0 US gal/h) 5400 180 km/h (112 mph, 97 kts) 25 l/h (6.6 US gal/h) However these values should be considered as approximate as they may vary due to effect of the above mentioned factors. It is recommended to verify those values for the particular conditions in which the exact values are required. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 22 7 Weight and Balance and Equipment List This section contains information about weight and balance requirements for the safe operation of the airplane. It is responsibility of the pilot in command to ensure before every flight that weight and balance of the airplane remains within the specified limits. Failure to do so may cause deterioration in airplane's flight performance and stability characteristics and, as consequence, lead to unsafe operation. 7.1 Weight and Balance Chart This subsection contains weighing and CG location data of the aircraft in configuration “as manufactured”. Any permanent modification of the aircraft configuration (such as replacement, removal/installation of any parts or/and equipment) essentially affecting those data shall be accounted for in this weight and balance chart by appropriate revisions of this subsection data. Weight readings at: front wheel ... 71.8 kg left wheel .... 130.3 kg right wheel .. 129.2 kg Total empty weight: ...................... 331.3 kg Total maximum take-off weight ....... 600 kg Fig. 2 Empty C.G. position from the datum (engine flange): XCGempty = (71.8×0.532 + (129.2+130.3)×1.794)/331.3 =1.520 C.G. position for the maximum take-off weight: AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 23 Item Weight, kg × CG arm, m = Moment, kg×m Empty weight 331.3 × 1.520 = 503.7 Crew (2×90 kg) 180.0 × 1.60 = 288.0 Baggage 20.0 × 2.30 = 46.0 Full fuel (90 l) 64.8 × 2.0 = 129.6 Total: 596.1 967.3 XCG = Total moment / Total weight = 1.623 m Note: XCG must be between 1.47 m and 1.78 m (19% and 37% MAC) as shown in Fig. 2. 7.2 Installed equipment list This subsection contains a table with the list of the installed optional equipment affecting weight and balance of the aircraft. It is responsibility of the aircraft owner/operator that any such equipment installed in the aircraft after the date of its manufacture is listed in the table below. No. Equipment description and Part No. Weight, kg CG arm, m 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 24 8 Airplane and Systems Descriptions 8.1 General This section provides description and operation of the airplane and its systems. Some equipment described herein is optional and may not be installed in the airplane. Refer to Section 9, Supplements, for details of other optional systems and equipment. 8.2 Airframe Wing: high placed, strut braced, constant chord. Wing section is P-IIIa-15%. Wing primary structure consists of a single spar, ribs and aft web. Forward of the spar the wing has 2024T3 aluminum alloy skin of 0.020-0.032 in sheet, which together with the spar web forms the wing torsion box. Aft of the spar the wing is covered with the metal skin on top and thermoshrinkable fabric on the bottom side. Wing ribs are made of 6061T6 sheet of 0.020-0.032 in thickness. The spar is a riveted structure consisting of a web, made of 0.032 in 6061T6 sheet, and caps, made of an extruded section (D16chT alloy angle). The wing strut attachment bracket and front attachment bracket of the wing are fixed to the spar. The rear attachment bracket of the wing is fixed to the aft web. The flaperon (drooping aileron) hinge brackets are fixed to ribs No. 1, 5, 9 and 13. All brackets are made of 5 mm 2024T3 sheet. The primary structure of the flaperon consists of the leading edge skin, spar, trailing edge section and ribs. The LE skin and spar comprise the torsion box. Flaperon covering is made of synthetic thermoshrinkable fabric. The fuselage is an all-metal structure. The mid section is made of the 2024T3 aluminum alloy bent sheet sections of 0.063 to 0.080 in thickness, which form the edges of the mid section. The tail boom is a monocoque structure made of 0.032 in 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheet. Engine cowling is made of composites. The fuselage has 6 frames (bulkheads). Frames No. 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 are press-formed of an aluminum alloy sheet; frame No. 3 is made of bent sheet sections. Power plant and nose LG attachment points are attached to the frame No. 1, the engine mount taking part in transferring the loads from the nose LG onto the fuselage structure. The wing and strut attachment brackets as well as the main LG legs attachment brackets are attached to the frame No. 3. Frames No. 4, 5, 6 are installed in the tail boom. The fin and ventral fin with the tail wheel are attached to the frames No. 5 and 6. The bottom and part of the topside of the mid fuselage section are covered with aluminum alloy sheets of 0.020 in thickness. The doors, cockpit and part of the fuselage have windows of organic glass. The primary structure of the stabilizer consists of ribs and a spar. The skin is a 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheet of 0.020 in thickness. The stabilizer has brackets of its attachment to fuselage and 3 elevator hinge brackets. The fin, structurally similar to the stabilizer, is made as integral part of the fuselage. Elevator and rudder structures are similar to that of the flaperons. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 25 8.3 Landing gear Airplane landing gear is of tricycle type with steerable nose wheel. The main LG is of the cantilever spring type. The main LG leg is a spring machined of a round aluminum bar. It is attached to the lower boom of the frame No. 3 at two points: upper and lower supports. The support brackets are machined of aluminum alloy. The main LG wheels are fitted with hydraulic disk brakes. The nose LG leg is steerable, of trailing link type. The steering is ensured using the rudder pedals via pushrods, connecting the left and right side pedals with bellcrank on the strut. The leg consists of a strut and a trailing link in form of nose wheel fork. The trailing link is connected to the strut with a spring shock absorber/damper. The nose leg is attached to the frame No. 1 at 2 points – on upper and lower supports. The upper support is made of 5 mm 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheet and the lower one is build- up. The supports are fitted with brass bearings. Each wheel is fitted with a wheel spat (fairing) or mud screens (in case of the low-profile tires and 6.00×6 wheels). Landing gear data: wheel base – 1.71 m (5 ft 7 in), wheel track – 1.26 m (4 ft 2 in), min. turn radius ~ 2 m (7 ft). Main wheels: size – 5.00×5 or 6.00×6 pressure – 1.6 bar (22.7 psi) Nose wheel: size – 5.00×5 or 6.00×6 brakeless wheel steering angle – ±30° pressure – 1.6 bar (22.7 psi) 8.4 Engine and its controls This aircraft is equipped with a four-cylinder four-stroke Rotax-912ULS (100 hp) carburetor combined cooling engine produced by BOMBARDIER-ROTAX Inc. (Austria). The engine is has the flat-four layout, dry sump lubrication system with a separate oil tank of 3 l (0.8 US gal) capacity, automatic valve clearance adjustment, two carburetors, mechanical membrane fuel pump, double electronic ignition system, integrated water pump, electrical starter, integrated gearbox of 2.43 reduction ratio. All engine systems (fuel, electrical, cooling) are assembled in accordance with Rotax-912 engine operation manual. The engine is fitted with an air intake pre-heater box designed by Aeroprakt, which improves engine operating conditions, preventing carburetor icing in cold weather and increasing the engine output in hot weather. 8.5 Propeller This aircraft is equipped with KievProp three-blade on-ground adjustable propeller of 1.8 m (71 in) diameter. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 26 8.6 Fuel system The fuel system (see Fig. 3) includes two wing fuel tanks 1 (each 45 l capacity, 57 I fuel tanks are optional) with filler inlets 2 and fuel lines 9 connecting the tanks to each other and to the engine fuel pump 6 (that is feeding fuel to the engine carburetors 10) via two fuel valves 3, mud box 11 and fuel filter 5. Fuel can be drained from the tanks using the drain valve 4. The fuel tanks are connected with the atmosphere via the vent lines 8 in inlet covers 2. Fig. 3. Fuel system schematic AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 27 NOTE: When both tanks are full, fuel may flow from one tank to the other (e.g. due to the lateral forces during side slipping or when wings are not level on parking or during taxiing), overfill it and spill out through the vent line. To prevent this close one of the fuel valves. CAUTION! At all times during the flight ensure fuel coming to the engine by opening the valve(s) of the tank(s) WITH fuel. If one of the tanks is empty, close its valve to prevent air getting into the fuel line and causing engine malfunction or even failure. Capacity of tanks: 2×45 l (2x11.9 US gal) Total fuel capacity: 90 l (23.8 US gal) Total usable fuel: 89 l (23.5 US gal) Non-usable fuel: 1 l (0.3 US gal) Fuel: unleaded avgas with RON 95 or above 8.7 Airplane control systems Airplane control systems include control systems for drooping ailerons (flaperons), elevator with trim tab, rudder and nose wheel, engine and brakes. The control system is combined consisting of foot- and hand-actuated subsystems. Ailerons and elevator are hand-actuated and are controlled using yokes. 8.7.1 Elevator control system The elevator control system linkage (see Fig. 4) is rigid, comprising 3 pushrods and 2 bellcranks. “Push” and “pull” forces are applied by the pilot to the yoke 1 is passed via the control column 2 to the pushrod 3, then via the bellcrank 4 to the pushrod 5. The force is transferred to the elevator via the pushrod 7, attached to the bellcrank 6. And the pushrod 7 is supported by the rollers 8 and connected to the elevator arm 9. Fig. 4 AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 28 8.7.2 Elevator trim tab control system Elevator trim tab is used for controlling the force on control yokes in pitch. The trim tab control lever is accessible from both pilot seats. Fig. 5 The trim tab control lever 1 (Fig. 5) is placed on the central console. It is retained in place by friction adjusted using the wheel 2. The trim tab control lever is connected with a cable 3 to the trim tab control arm 4. The cable is running through the flexible conduits 5 (in the central console) and 6 (in stabilizer) and cable fairleads 7 and 8 inside the tail boom. The trim tab is hinged to the elevator trailing edge on a wire serving also as a torsion spring. The trim tab angles of deflection are: upward 21±1°, downward 22±1°. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 29 8.7.3 Rudder and nose wheel control system Rudder and nose landing gear are controlled using pedals. Rudder is connected to the pedals in the cockpit with two cables of 2.7 mm (0.11 in) diameter. The pedals are attached to two shafts (shaft for left pedals 1 and shaft for right pedals 2) hinged to the lower fuselage beams (Fig. 6). Each shaft has two arms. One of the arms is connected with a cable to the rudder control arm 3, the other - with a rod - to the nose landing gear control arm 4. Rudder control cables are running from the pedals to the rudder control arms via pulleys 5, 6 installed at frames No. 3 and 4 and fairleads 8, 9 on pilot seat beam and frame 5. Tension of the cables is adjusted using turnbuckles 7 attached to the pedal shaft arms. In its neutral position the rudder is rotated to the right by the angle of +2°20' for compensation of the engine torque. The rudder deflection angle is 25±1°. Fig. 6. Rudder and nose landing gear control system AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 30 8.7.4 Control system of flaperons (drooping ailerons) The airplane is equipped with flaperons (drooping ailerons), which serve as both ailerons and flaps. The flaperon control system ensures independent function of flaperons as ailerons and flaps using a differential mechanism. Fig. 7. Control system of flaperons (drooping ailerons) The control force in roll (to turn the yoke, Fig. 7) applied by the pilot to the yoke 1 is passed via the lever 2 to the pushrod 3 and then to the central control shaft 5. The yokes are interconnected with the pushrod 4. Then from the bellcrank 6 attached to the shaft it is passed via the pushrods 7 to the flaperon control shafts 8. The shafts are attached via a Cardan joint 9 to the bracket at the root end rib of the flaperon 10 at one end and to the trunnion on the levers 11 of the flap control mechanism at the other. Stops 12 limit the rotation angle of bellcrank 6 on the central control shaft and, therefore, angles of yoke rotation and aileron deflection. Deflection angles of the flaperons (as ailerons): up – 19±1°, down – 13±1°. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 31 Fig. 8. Flap extension mechanism As flaps (Fig. 8) the flaperons are extended by setting the flap extension lever 1 to the required positions and thus rotating the flap shafts 5 by the respective angles via link 3 and levers 4. Locking of the flap setting is achieved by means of the stopper block 2 with three slots for the locking pin on the flap extension lever. Unlocking is achieved by bending the flexible flap extension lever to the side and thus taking the locking pin out of the fixing slot. When the required flap setting is selected the locking pin is aligned with the fixing slot and the flap extension lever springs back inserting the locking pin into the fixing slot. Deflection angles of the flaperons (as flaps): 1st position–9°30`±1°, 2nd position–18°50`±1°. 8.7.5 Engine controls The engine controls are accessible from both right and left side pilot seat. Engine RPM is controlled using a single throttle lever located on the central console. Two control cables connect the throttle lever to the left and right carburetors on the engine. The fuel mixture control (for engine starting) is achieved using the choke lever also located on the central console near the throttle lever. The choke lever is connected to the carburetors with cables as well. Carburetor heating control knob is located on the instrument panel. It controls position of a shutter in the air intake box. When the shutter is open, the colder outside air is coming through the air scoop into the air intake box and then to the carburetors. When the shutter is closed, the carburetors are supplied with the hotter air from the engine compartment and thus the carburetor heating is ensured. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 32 8.7.6 Brake control system The main wheel brakes (Fig. 9) are actuated hydraulically using the brake lever 2 (installed next to the throttle lever 3) controlling the pressure supplied from the master cylinder 1 to the slave cylinders 5 in the wheels. The main LG wheels have disk brakes. The cylinders are connected to each other with copper tubing 6 with outside diameter of 3 mm. The master cylinder 1 is connected with a hose 8 to the extension tank 7, installed on the firewall in the engine compartment. When the brake lever is pulled the brake pads squeeze the brake disc creating the braking moment proportional to the applied force. A-22LS is equipped also with a parking brake, which is actuated with a lever 4 on the central console. To use the parking brake, set the lever to 'Parking brake ON', then pull and release the brake lever. The brake pads will remain pressed to the brake disc. To release the parking brake set its control lever to its initial position ('Parking brake OFF'). Fig. 9. Brake control system AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 33 8.8 Instrument panel This airplane has the following flight instruments set and instrument panel arrangement: Fig. 10 AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 34 Numbers in Fig. 10 denote the following: 1. Placard with passenger warning: "THIS AIRCRAFT WAS MANUFACTURED IN ACCORDANCE WITH LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS AND DOES NOT CONFORM TO STANDARD CATEGORY AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS" 2. Placard with operating limitations: OPERATE UNDER VFR ONLY NEVER EXCEED SPEED = 124 KTS IAS MAX CONTINUOUS ENGINE SPEED = 5500 RPM MAX TAKEOFF MASS = 600 KG (1320 LB) LIMIT LOAD FACTOR = +4.0 / -2.0 3. NO CHARGE indicator and marking 4. Cockpit heating control knob and marking 5. Carburetor heating control knob and marking 6. Left tank fuel level indicator and marking "FUEL R" 7. Right tank fuel level indicator and marking "FUEL L" 8. Landing light switch and marking 9. Navigation lights switch and marking 10. Strob. lights switch and marking 11. GPS switch and marking 12. Intercom switch and marking 13. IGN A switch 14. IGN B switch 15. Master and starter key 16. ON marking for electric and ignition switches 17. OFF marking for electric and ignition switches 18. IGN A marking 19. IGN B marking 20. Master marking 21. Starter marking 22. Trim tab indicator 23. Trim tab button AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 35 8.9 Full and static pressure system This system supplies the full (dynamic) and static pressure of the outside air to the instruments measuring the flight parameters: airspeed, rate of climb and altitude. The system consists of the full and static pressure probe 1 and full 2 and static 3 pressure lines connecting the probe to the instruments (see Fig. 11). Full and static pressure lines have joints 4 used to disconnect the lines when the left wing is removed during aircraft disassembly. The full and static pressure lines are connected to the airspeed indicator(s). Static pressure for altimeter and vertical speed indicator is supplied from the cockpit. Good condition of the full and static pressure system is important for correct measurement of the flight parameters and therefore for flight safety. Pilots must take measures to keep the system in good condition: protect the full and static pressure probe with a cover (marked with a red "Remove before flight" flag) and inspect the probe and lines during the preflight check to make sure that they are not damaged or blocked (by water, ice, dirt, etc.). Fig. 11. Full and static pressure system 8.10 Electrical system Electrical system of A-22LS serves for generation of electrical power and supplying it to the onboard electrical consumers. When engine is running (its RPM is above 1400), electrical power is generated by the engine alternator, converted by a rectifier-regulator (located on the firewall) and is stored in a 14V DC 19Ah battery, located behind the left pilot seat. The battery is supplying electrical power to the consumers (engine starter, instruments, lights, etc.) through the electrical cables of appropriate section (depending on the consumed current), switches and fuses (located on the instrument panel). The fuses are required to protect the electrical system and consumers from short circuit and must be of appropriate type and size. MASTER switch controls power supplies of all onboard consumers (except for the engine ignition system and consumers with their own built-in power source, e.g. GPS) together AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 36 with the electrical switches for separate consumers. The engine ignition system may be switched ON/OFF only with the ignition switches. Electrical system wiring depends on the electrical equipment/instruments installed in the aircraft and therefore has main and additional (optional) portions. The respective wiring diagrams are shown on Fig. 12, to Fig. 18. AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 37 Fig. 12. Wiring diagram of A-22LS electrical system (main) AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 38 Fig. 13. Wiring diagram for installation of strobes Fig. 14. Wiring diagram for installation PTT buttons AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 39 Fig. 15. Wiring diagram for installation of ICOM-210 radio Fig. 16. Wiring diagram for installation of analog engine instruments AEROPRAKT-22LS Pilot Operating Handbook A22LS-POH-04 40 Fig. 17. Wiring diagram for elektrotrimmer installation Fig. 18. Wiring diagram for Garmin GTX-327 installation