INFLIGHT GUIDE

AIRCREW ON-THE-GROUND LEGAL ISSUES. .81 SECTION VI: VISUAL SEARCHES .82 SEARCH PLANNING AND COVERAGE .82 POSSIBILITY, PROBABILITY, AND POSSIBILITY VS. PROBABILITY CAP GRID SYSTEMS. .83 .84 VISUAL SEARCH PATTERNS. .85 ROUTE (TRACK LINE OR TRACK CRAWL) SEARCH .85 PARALLEL LINE (GRID) SEARCH. SEARCH TURN RADIUS. CREEPING LINE SEARCH EXPANDING SQUARE SEARCH SECTOR SEARCH. CONTOUR SEARCH OBJECT VISIBILITY. .86 .87 .88 .88 .89 .89 .90 VISUAL SEARCHING CLUES .90 AMPLIFIED VISUAL SEARCHING CLUES WRECKAGE PATTERNS (ACCIDENT SIGNS) 90 .92 SCANNING: REDUCING THE EFFECTS OF FATIGUE .93 VISUAL SCANNING VISUALIZED. PROBABILITY OF DETECTION: MISSION AND CUMULATIVE POD SECTION VII: ADDITIONAL CAP MISSIONS... DISASTER RELIEF DAMAGE ASSESSMENT RELOCATION MISSION .93 .94 .96 CANINES: SAR DOG / COUNTERDRUG DOG TEAM RELOCATION PHOTO MISSION (SSTV, TAKE-HOME, OR VIDEO) .. SDIS PHOTO MISSION (SATELLITE DIGITAL IMAGING SYSTEM) HIGH BIRD TASKING. 101 102 LOW LEVEL ROUTE SURVEY. CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL, OR NUCLEAR EVENTS CAP/ROTC CADET ORIENTATION FLIGHT. SECTION VIII: GPS OPERATIONS.... .102 102 .102 104 KNOWING YOUR GPS. 104 ུ ཥྭཱཀྵཧྨ ཀྵུ ཏྱུསྦྱཎྜསྟྲསྟྲ ༄ .96 .96 .97 98 99 INFLIGHT GUIDE USING THE KLN 89B FOR SAR GARMIN G1000. ARNAV STAR 5000 GPS APOLLO GX55 GPS LATITUDE-LONGITUDE DECIMAL CONVERSION CHART SECTION IX: CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PREVENTATIVE FATIGUE COUNTERMEASURES. OPERATIONAL FATIGUE COUNTERMEASURES. CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT. T.E.A.M.S.. SECTION X: ADMINISTRATION AIRCREW GUIDE RELEASE NOTES. BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX A: BRIEFING GUIDE APPENDIX B: AIRCREW FORMS.... MISSION INFORMATION SHEET. MISSION PILOT SEARCH AREA WORKSHEET. HIGH BIRD WORKSHEET. HIGH BIRD TRANSMISSION LOG COMM FLIMSY GRID COORDINATE S (A - B - C - D). QUARTER GRID COORDINATES A QUARTER GRID COORDINATES B QUARTER GRID COORDINATES C QUARTER GRID COORDINATES D ROUTE COORDINATES CREEPING LINE COORDINATES EXPANDING SQUARE COORDINATES OBSERVER LOG SCANNER SEARCH AREA WORKSHEET OBSERVER / SCANNER SEARCH AREA WORKSHEET AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY DATA SHEET. ELT INFORMATION REQUIRED BY AFRCC 20 JUN 2013 .105 .108 108 108 111 112 112 112 113 113 .....114 114 115 116 ………………….. 126 126 127 127 .129 .130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 .138 .138 .140 142 143 144 V INFLIGHT GUIDE 20 JUN 2013 This page intentionally left blank vi INFLIGHT GUIDE 20 JUN 2013 SECTION II: PREFLIGHT PLANNING MISSION CHECKLIST 1. Leaving Home for Mission Base A. Proper uniforms (CAPM 39-1) and credentials 1) CAP Membership 2) CAP Motor Vehicle Operator 3) ROA 4) 101/101T/SQTR (note experience and tasks to be accomplished) 5) Pilot currency (including a Photo ID) B. Check personal equipment 1) Clothing sufficient and suitable for the entire trip 2) Personal supplies (civilian clothing, headset, charts, maps, plotter, log, checklists, fluids and snacks) 3) Personal survival equipment (in addition to the aircraft kit) suitable for the entire trip 4) Sufficient money for the trip (credit cards, some cash or traveler's checks, and coin) 5) Cell phone (including spare battery and charger) C. Check aircraft equipment 1) Current aeronautical charts for the entire trip, and gridded charts for the mission area 2) Maps for the mission area (e.g., road atlas, county maps, topo maps), plus clipboard and markers 3) Tie-downs, chocks, Pitot tube cover and engine plugs, fuel tester, sick sacks, and cleaning gear 4) Survival kit (fits trip and mission area terrain), headsets, flashlight, binoculars and multi-tool D. Review the Aircraft Logs 1) Note the date and the starting Tach and Hobbs times to ensure you won't exceed: a) Mid-cycle oil change (40-60 hours, not to exceed four months) b) 100-hour/Annual c) 24-month checks (Transponder, Pitot-Static system, Altimeter and ELT/battery replacement date d) 30-day VOR check for IFR flight, GPS database date and AD compliance list. e) Fire Extinguisher and Corrosion control expiration dates. 2) Check the status of the Carbon Monoxide Detector and Fire Extinguisher 3) Review the Discrepancy Log and make sure the aircraft is airworthy and mission ready E. FAA Weather Briefing and Flight Release 1) Perform Weight & Balance (reflecting weights for the crew, special equipment and baggage) a) Include fuel assumptions (fuel burn, winds, power setting, distance, and fuel stop) b) Ensure fuel reserve (land with one hour's fuel, computed at normal cruise) 2) Verify within flight time and duty limitations (CAPR 60-1, Chapter 2) 3) Obtain FAA briefing (ask for FDC and Local NOTAMS and SUA status) and file FAA Flight Plan a) Enter 'CAP XXXX' in the Aircraft Identification section b) Put the 'N' number in the Remarks section 4) Fill out "Inbound" CAPF 104 or 84 (leave copy for FRO) 5) Brief the crew on your fuel management plan (assumptions, refueling stops and reserve), FDC and Local NOTAMS, and Special Use Airspaces 6) Review "I.M.S.A.F.E." and obtain Flight Release 7) Request Flight Following F. Preflight 1) Ensure proper entries in the Flight Log (e.g., mission number & symbol, crew & FRO names) 2) Check starting Tach and Hobbs times to ensure you won't exceed limits (e.g., oil change) 3) Review the Discrepancy Log and make sure the aircraft is airworthy and mission ready 4) While pre-flighting, verify any outstanding discrepancies. If new discrepancies discovered, log them and ensure the aircraft is still airworthy and mission ready. [Be extra thorough on unfamiliar aircraft.] 5) Verify load is per your Weight & Balance (baggage, survival kit, extra equipment and luggage) 6) Double-check aeronautical charts, maps and gridded charts (also clipboard and markers) 7) Ensure required aids onboard (Flight Guide, distress and air-to-ground signals, fuel tester, tools) 8) Windshield and windows clean, and chocks, tie-downs, Pitot tube covers and engine plugs stowed 9) Right Window holding screw removed (video imaging mission) and stored 10) Check and test special equipment (cameras, camcorder, slow-scan, repeater), including spare batteries 11) Parking area clear of obstacles (arrange for a wing-walker if one will be needed to clear obstacles) 12) Perform passenger briefing and review emergency egress procedure 2 INFLIGHT GUIDE 2. 13) Review taxi plan/diagram and brief crew assignments for taxi, takeoff and departure 14) Remind crew that most midair collisions occur in or near the traffic pattern 15) Enter settings into GPS (e.g., destination or flight plan, entry points and waypoints) 16) Organize the cockpit G. Startup and Taxi 1) Brief checklist method to be used (e.g., challenge-response) 20 JUN 2013 2) Seat belts at all times; shoulder harness at all times (if available) unless interfering with crew member duties. 3) Double-check Intercom, Audio Panel and Comm Radio settings 4) Rotating Beacon Switch ON and signal marshaller before starting engine; lean for taxi 5) Ensure DF and FM Radio are operable and set properly (FM radio check if first flight) 6) Select initial VOR radial(s) and GPS setting 7) Obtain ATIS and Clearance (read back all clearances and hold-short instructions) 8) Compute crosswind and verify within Crosswind Limitation 9) Verify 3 statute miles visibility (VFR in Class G - unless PIC is current IFR) 10) If IFR, verify weather at or above landing minimums and date of last VOR check 11) Begin sterile cockpit 12) Signal marshaller before taxiing; check brakes at beginning of roll 13) Taxi no faster than a slow walk when within 10 feet of obstacles a) Maintain at least 50' behind light single-engine aircraft b) Maintain at least 100' behind small multi-engine and jet aircraft c) Maintain at least 500' behind heavies and taxiing helicopters H. Takeoff, Climb and Departure 1) Double-check assigned departure heading and altitude 2) Lean engine for full power (> 3000' DA) (follow your POH or AFM) 3) Look for landing traffic before taking the active runway 4) Keep lights on within 10 miles of the airport and when birds reported nearby 5) Begin Observer Log with takeoff (time and Hobbs) and report "Wheels Up" 6) Use shallow S-turns and lift your wing before turns during climbing to check for traffic 7) Keep shoulder harnesses buckled (if available) unless such wear interferes with pilot or crew member duties. 8) Keep crew apprised of conflicting aircraft and obstacle positions 9) Keep checklists close at hand and open to Emergency Procedures Enroute | 1) Maintain situational awareness J 2) Lean engine for economy cruise 3) Update fuel assumptions and set altimeter to closest source at least hourly Approach, Descent and Landing 1) Plan approach and descent (remember fuel mixture and cooling) 2) Double-check radio and navigational settings 3) Obtain ATIS/AWOS and contact approach control 4) Review taxi plan/diagram and brief crew assignments for approach, landing and taxi 5) Remind crew that most midair collisions occur in or near the traffic pattern, especially on final 6) Begin sterile cockpit 7) Turn lights on within 10 miles of the airport 8) Double-check assigned approach heading and altitude 9) Use shallow S-turns and lift your wing before turns during descent to check for traffic 10) Read back all clearances and hold-short instructions 11) Log (time and Hobbs) and report "Wheels Down" Arrival at Mission Base: A. Park and Secure Aircraft 1) Look for marshallers, follow taxi plan, and signal marshaller that ignition is OFF 2) Double-check Master Switch OFF 3) Fuel Selector Switch to Right or Left (refueling) 4) Avionics/control Lock and Pitot tube covers/engine plugs installed 5) Complete the Flight Log and enter squawks in Discrepancy Log 6) Chocks and Tie-downs installed and Parking Brake OFF 7) Remove trash and personal supplies/equipment 8) Lock the windows, doors and baggage compartment 9) Check oil and arrange for refueling 10) Clean leading edges, windshield, and windows 11) Replenish cleaning kit 3 INFLIGHT GUIDE B. Check in with Flight Line Supervisor and Safety Officer C. Close FAA Flight Plan, call FRO D. Sign personnel and aircraft into the mission (Administration) E. Complete and submit 'Inbound 104' (keep a copy) F. Report any special equipment to Logistics (cameras, camcorder, slow-scan, repeater) G. Inquire about fuel billing, lodging, transportation and meals H. Note time to report for duty and ask for sortie assignment (get briefing packet) 3. General Briefing A. Mandatory attendance B. Normally at beginning of each operational period, updated via status boards and announcements C. Summary of situation and objectives D. Mission base orientation (status boards, logistics, supply, facilities) E. Current and forecast weather F. Plans (safety, communications, flight line and taxi) and time hack 4. Aircrew Assignment / Briefing A. Detailed briefing prior to each sortie; pay attention and ask questions B. Include entire aircrew, if space allows C. Ensure you get enough information to fill out the left front of the CAPF 104 1) Objectives and Search Area/Route 2) Terrain/Ground cover 3) Direction of tracks, track spacing, search altitude and airspeed 4) Hazards to flight and military routes (local and search area) 5) Aircraft separation 6) Weather (local and search area) 7) Communications call signs, frequencies and procedures 8) Actions to be taken if target sighted 9) Estimated time of departure and time enroute 10) Inbound and Outbound headings and altitudes 11) Whether using Local (preferred) or Zulu time 12) Type and location of ground assets, and how to contact them and when D. Ensure you have the (operable) equipment to accomplish the objective E. Briefing kit 1) CAPF 104 and current CAPR 60-1 2) Airport diagram, taxi plan/procedures, emergency-landing areas 20 JUN 2013 3) Current and Gridded sectionals (if gridded sectionals are not current, mark "Not for Navigation") 4) Maps (road atlas, county maps, topo maps, Gazetteer) 5) Checklists F. Aircrew Plans the Sortie: Observer assists the Pilot while the Scanner listens (may be briefed later) 1) Consider Inbound/Outbound headings and altitudes 2) Once you have planned the route and have a time estimate, add some time to drop down and verify sightings (normally 15 minutes to descend to 500' AGL, circle, and return to 1000' AGL) 3) If flying grids and no aircraft will be in the adjacent grids, plan your turns outside the grid for breaks 4) Once you have your estimated time enroute, add in your fuel reserve (CAPR 60-1) and determine if you'll need a refueling stop G. Complete the CAP Flight Plan (CAPF 104) 1) Ensure your 'Route of Flight' clearly describes your intentions; include any fuel or rest stops 2) Double-check your estimated time enroute, fuel reserve and estimated fuel burn 3) Write your CAP call sign on the front of the CAPF 104 (aids air operations) 4) Review your planning aids (marked-up charts and notes) for accuracy and legibility 5) After reviewing the plan with the crew, the pilot signs the form 5. Check in with Briefing Officer A. Include entire aircrew, if space allows. Show completed CAPF 104 and discuss. B. Obtain briefing officer's signature 6. Check in with Air Operations A. Mission pilot is informed of any changes, chief or director reviews and signs the form and releases your flight B. Normally you leave the original with air ops and make a copy to take with you C. Aircraft and Mission commanders give final briefings and checks personal equipment and supplies D. Final restroom visit 4 INFLIGHT GUIDE 7. Flight line A. Show the CAPF 104 to the Flight line Supervisor (final release) B. Preflight the aircraft per applicable steps of #1.F C. Startup and taxi per #1.G D. Takeoff, climb and departure per #1.H 8. Fly Sortie A. Transit to the Search Area 1) Relax sterile cockpit rules 2) Maintain situational awareness 3) Double-check navigational settings to be used in the search area 4) Review search area terrain and obstacles 5) Update in-flight weather and file PIREP 6) Review methods to reduce fatigue or combat high altitude effects during the search B. Approaching the Search Area 1) Exterior lights on (maximize your visibility so others can "see and avoid") 2) Review search objectives 3) Double-check radio, audio panel and navigational settings 4) Check navigational equipment against each other (detect abnormalities or failures) 5) Stabilize at search heading, altitude and airspeed (not < Vx) at least two miles out C. In the Search Area 1) Log (time and Hobbs) and report "In the Search Area" 2) Enter deviations from assigned search parameters in Observer Log 3) Hourly Updates - Altimeter setting (closest source) and fuel assumptions 4) Report "Operations Normal" at assigned intervals 5) Maintain at least 1000' AGL during daytime 6) Maintain at least 2000' AGL during nighttime 7) Limit time spent below 1000' AGL (no lower than 500' AGL) 8) Monitor for crew fatigue and high altitude effects 9) If you sight the objective, notify mission base at once 10) Log all "negative result" sightings D. Departing the Search Area 1) Log (time and Hobbs) and report "Out of the Search Area" 2) Double-check heading and altitude assigned for transit to next search area or return to base 9. Return to Base A. Approach, descent, and landing per #1J B. When parked, complete appropriate steps per #2A 10. Debrief A. Take a short break and then meet to complete the CAPF 104 1) Fill in 'ATD' and 'Actual Landing Time' on the front of the form 2) "Time of Day" section means the time you were in the search area 20 JUN 2013 3) "Crew Comments about Effectiveness" involves a quantitative assessment (excellent, good, fair, or poor) of how well you accomplished the mission 4) "Crew Remarks of SAR Effectiveness" gives the crew a chance to comment on the effectiveness of the sortie in general 5) The "Note" section is for drawings, sketches and other supporting information or additional comments. If you are attaching a drawing write, "drawing attached" (label the attachment so it can be related to the CAPF 104 if it becomes separated) 6) Make sure the 'Enroute' and 'Search Time' entries equal the 'Total' (Hobbs) hours entry 7) Make sure all entries and sketches/drawings are clear and legible B. Check in with Debriefing Officer 1) Tell how you did your job and what you saw 2) Usually starts with a review of the information you entered on the reverse of the CAPF 104 3) Answer all questions as best you can, and be very honest about conditions and your actions 4) If you are scheduled for another sortie, find someplace to rest. Close your eyes; you may even want to take a nap if there is time and a place to do so. Also, take in some refreshment to give you sufficient energy for the next sortie. 11. Next Sortie: Repeat steps 4 through 10 (check flight time and duty limitations) 5 INFLIGHT GUIDE 12. Return Home (check flight time and duty limitations) A. Turn in any issued equipment and settle bills (hotel, meals and fuel; retain copies) 20 JUN 2013 B. Complete 'Outbound' CAPF 104 and get a flight release (record the phone number of the mission base person you will call to close the CAP flight plan and report your Hobbs time) C. Ensure you have copies (front and back) of all CAPF 104s accomplished during the mission D. Sign out of mission base E. Preflight the aircraft per #1.F F. Startup and taxi per #1.G G. Takeoff, climb and departure per #1.H H. Enroute per #1.1 I. Approach, descent, and landing per #1.J 13. Arriving Back Home: A. When parked, complete appropriate steps per #2A. Make sure you return or stow any borrowed equipment. B. Remember that the mission isn't over until all crewmembers have arrived at their own homes safely! Normally, the pilot is responsible for calling mission base with the time (Hobbs) from the outbound CAPF 104; this should not be done until he or she knows that everyone is home safely. C. Complete and mail the CAPF 108 as soon as possible. D. You should brief your squadron on the lessons learned from the mission at the next opportunity. This provides valuable information to your fellow aircrew members and is an excellent opportunity to get in some quality "hangar talk." GENERAL PREFLIGHT ACTIONS 1. Weather, Wind, and NOTAMS-PROCURE 2. FAA Flight Plan―FILE (required for all CAP flights outside local area) 3. Navigation Charts and Tools—ENSURE IN POSESSION 4. Aircrew Items― MEDICAL PILOT CERTIFICATE PHOTO ID CAP Form 5 CAP Form 101 CAP Form 101CN 5. "I. M. S.A.F.E." Pilot Free Of― I. M. - S. A. - F. E. - ILLNESS MEDICATION STRESS ALCOHOL - FATIGUE EMOTION/ EAT FOOD 6. Ensure Aircraft Has Proper Documentation A. R. 0. W. Airworthiness Certificate Registration (Radio Station License is no longer required unless operating outside the USA) Operating Manual (Pilot's Operating Handbook “POH”, or Approved Flight Manual “AFM”) Weight and Balance Data (airframe specific) INFLIGHT GUIDE 20 JUN 2013 DOCUMENTS AND MINIMUM EQUIPMENT Federal Aviation Regulations Part 91 Subpart C, 91.203 & .205 Certificates and Documents Airworthiness certificate Registration certificate Operating limitations (placards and instrument markings) PIC checks all passengers' credentials before obtaining a flight release Minimum operable equipment, VFR Day: Airspeed indicator Altimeter Magnetic direction indicator Tachometer Oil pressure gauge Oil temperature gauge Manifold pressure gauge Fuel gauge for each fuel tank Landing gear position indicator Aviation red or white anti-collision light system (aircraft certificated after March 11, 1996) Safety belt for each occupant Shoulder harness for each front seat (aircraft certificated after July 18, 1978) Shoulder harness for each seat (aircraft certificated after December 12, 1986) ELT Minimum operable equipment, VFR Night: All required for VFR Day Position lights (i.e., red, green and white steady-burning lights) Aviation red or white anti-collision light system (e.g., flashing or rotating lights) An adequate source of electrical energy for all installed electrical and radio equipment One spare set of fuses, or three separate fuses of each kind required, that are accessible to the pilot in flight. Minimum operable equipment, IFR: All required for VFR Day and/or Night, as applicable 2-way radio comm system and navigational equipment appropriate to the ground facilities to be used. Sensitive altimeter adjustable for barometric pressure Clock displaying hours, minutes and seconds with a sweep-second pointer or digital presentation. Generator or alternator of adequate capacity Slip-skid indicator Gyroscopic rate-of-turn indicator Gyroscopic pitch and bank indicator (artificial horizon) Gyroscopic direction indicator (directional gyro or equivalent) [In order to determine whether you can take off with inoperative instruments or equipment, refer to FAR 91.213.] INFLIGHT GUIDE WIND CROSSWIND COMPONENT DATA DEGREES OFF RUNWAY SPEED HEADING 15 KNOT CROSSWIND (Kts) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 COMPONENT IS THE MAXIMUM INDICATED 8 1 3 9 2 10 2 NOTE: 11 2 The maximum demonstrated 12 2 crosswind component for a 13 2 Cessna 172 is 15 knots. 14 2 15 3 16 3 17 3 CAP Regulation 60-1 limits 18 3 6 CAP aircraft to the 19 3 maximum demonstrated 20 3 crosswind velocity or 15 21 4 knots, whichever is greater. 22 23 24 4 25 4 9 12 26 LO 445566778000000000 334445550667700808080 5 6 7 8 8 8 6 7 8 8 9 9 67 8 9 9 10 10 8 10 10 11 11 8 9 10 11 12 12 8 10 11 12 13 13 9 11 12 13 14 14 10 11 13 14 10 12 14 15 11 13 15 15 15 9 12 14 9 12 15 10 13 15 10 13 4 8 11 14 4 8 11 15 12 15 9 13 1223 HEADWIND COMPONENT 工 30 140 50 50 60 60 20 10- 10% 10 20° 30° 40° 50% WIND VELOCITY 10 20 30 40 50 60 189 CROSSWIND COMPONENT 8 60° 70° 80% 90° 20 JUN 2013 INFLIGHT GUIDE WEIGHT AND BALANCE PLANNING GENERIC AIRCRAFT Basic Empty Weight Front Seats 20 JUN 2013 WEIGHT × ARM = MOMENT /1000 Rear Seats Baggage Area A or 1 Baggage Area B or 2 Baggage Area C Fuel (Gallons × 6 GAL pounds per Gallon) TOTALS CG Directions: Multiply each WEIGHT by the ARM to get a MOMENT (A calculator is highly recommended). Many people will divide this number by 1000 to simplify the addition of the moments. The ARM for each station can be found in your Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH). Add all the weights and moments to get TOTALS. Divide the TOTAL MOMENT by the TOTAL WEIGHT to find an ARM--this is your center of gravity (CG). If you divided moments by 1000 (as in the sample below) you must then multiply your answer by 1000 to get the CG. Ensure your CG is within the published range from your POH. Ensure you do not exceed the maximum gross weight as published in your POH. SAMPLE WEIGHT AND BALANCE C-172 SAMPLE WEIGHT × ARM = MOMENT /1000 Basic Empty Weight 1685 39.59 66.70 Front Seats 430 37.00 15.91 Rear Seats 160 73.00 11.68 Baggage Area 1 (C-172 max 120#) 65 95.00 6.18 Baggage Area 2 (C-172 max 50#) 0 123.00 0.00 Fuel (Gallons × 6 GAL 210 48.00 10.08 pounds per Gallon) 35 TOTALS 2550 CG 43.36 110.56 9 INFLIGHT GUIDE C-172 180HP WEIGHT & BALANCE Basic Empty Weight Front Seats 20 JUN 2013 WEIGHT × ARM = MOMENT /1000 37.0 Rear Seats 73.0 Baggage Area 1 (C-172 max 120#) 95.0 Baggage Area 2 (C-172 max 50#) (The maximum allowable combined weight capacity 123.0 for baggage areas 1 and 2 is 120 lbs) Fuel (Gallons × 6.0 GAL pounds per Gallon) TOTALS 48.0 CG (2550# Max) 2600 2500 2400 W 2300 CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS E 2200 I 2100 G 2000 H 1900 T 1800 |UTILITY CATEGORY 1700 1600 1500 34 34 35 35 36 NORMAL CATEGORY 41 43 37 38 39 40 42 44 45 AIRPLANE C.G. LOCATION - INCHES AFT OF DATUM 10 46 46 47 48