MPS-3 FSAR

2.3.1.2.5 Extremes of Precipitation............................................................................ 2.3-5 2.3.1.2.6 Extremes of Snowfall.................................................................................. 2.3-5 2.3.1.2.7 Hailstorms ................................................................................................... 2.3-5 2.3.1.2.8 Freezing Rain, Glaze, and Rime ................................................................. 2.3-6 2.3.1.2.9 Fog And Ice Fog ......................................................................................... 2.3-6 2.3.1.2.10 High Air Pollution Potential ....................................................................... 2.3-6 2.3.1.2.11 Meteorological Effects on Ultimate Heat Sink........................................... 2.3-6 2.3.2 LOCAL METEOROLOGY........................................................................ 2.3-7 2.3.2.1 Normal and Extreme Values of Meteorological Parameters ...................... 2.3-7 2.3.2.1.1 Wind Conditions ......................................................................................... 2.3-7 2.3.2.1.2 Air Temperature and Water Vapor ............................................................. 2.3-7 2.3.2.1.3 Precipitation ................................................................................................ 2.3-8 2.3.2.1.4 Fog and Smog ............................................................................................. 2.3-8 2.3.2.1.5 Atmospheric Stability ................................................................................. 2.3-8 2.3.2.1.6 Seasonal and Annual Mixing Heights ........................................................ 2.3-9 2.3.2.2 Potential Influence of the Plant and Its Facilities on Local Meteorology .. 2.3-9 2.3.2.3 Local Meteorological Conditions for Design and Operating Bases ........... 2.3-9 2.3.2.3.1 Design Basis Tornado ................................................................................. 2.3-9 2.3.2.3.2 Design Basis Hurricane .............................................................................. 2.3-9 2.3.2.3.3 Snow Load ................................................................................................ 2.3-10 2.3.2.3.4 Rainfall...................................................................................................... 2.3-10 2.3.2.3.5 Adverse Diffusion Conditions .................................................................. 2.3-10 2.3.2.4 Topography ............................................................................................... 2.3-10 2.3.3 ON-SITE METEOROLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS PROGRAM....... 2.3-11 MPS-3 FSAR CHAPTER 2 -SITE CHARACTERISTICS Table of Contents (Continued) Section Title Page 2- iii Rev. 30 2.3.3.1 Measurement Locations and Elevations ................................................... 2.3-11 2.3.3.2 Meteorological Instrumentation................................................................ 2.3-11 2.3.3.3 Data Recording Systems and Data Processing ......................................... 2.3-12 2.3.3.4 Quality Assurance for Meteorological System and Data.......................... 2.3-12 2.3.3.5 Data Analysis ............................................................................................ 2.3-13 2.3.4 SHORT-TERM (ACCIDENT) DIFFUSION ESTIMATES .................... 2.3-13 2.3.4.1 Objective ................................................................................................... 2.3-13 2.3.4.2 Calculation ................................................................................................ 2.3-13 2.3.4.3 Results....................................................................................................... 2.3-13 2.3.5 LONG TERM (ROUTINE) DIFFUSION ESTIMATES ......................... 2.3-13 2.3.5.1 Calculation Objective ............................................................................... 2.3-13 2.3.5.2 Calculations .............................................................................................. 2.3-14 2.3.5.2.1 Release Points and Receptor Locations .................................................... 2.3-14 2.3.5.2.2 Database.................................................................................................... 2.3-14 2.3.5.2.3 Models ...................................................................................................... 2.3-14 2.3.6 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.3......................................................... 2.3-14 2.4 HYDROLOGIC ENGINEERING ............................................................. 2.4-1 2.4.1 HYDROLOGIC DESCRIPTION ............................................................... 2.4-1 2.4.1.1 Site and Facilities........................................................................................ 2.4-1 2.4.1.2 Hydrosphere................................................................................................ 2.4-1 2.4.2 FLOODS ..................................................................................................... 2.4-2 2.4.2.1 Flood History .............................................................................................. 2.4-2 2.4.2.2 Flood Design Considerations...................................................................... 2.4-3 2.4.2.3 Effect of Local Intense Precipitation .......................................................... 2.4-4 2.4.3 PROBABLE MAXIMUM FLOOD ON STREAMS AND RIVERS ........ 2.4-7 2.4.4 POTENTIAL DAM FAILURES, SEISMICALLY INDUCED................. 2.4-7 2.4.5 PROBABLE MAXIMUM SURGE AND SEICHE FLOODING.............. 2.4-7 2.4.5.1 Probable Maximum Winds and Associated Meteorological Parameters.... 2.4-7 2.4.5.2 Surge and Seiche Water Levels .................................................................. 2.4-8 2.4.5.3 Wave Action ............................................................................................. 2.4-10 2.4.5.3.1 Deep Water Waves ................................................................................... 2.4-10 2.4.5.3.2 Shallow Water Waves............................................................................... 2.4-12 2.4.5.3.3 Wave Shoaling .......................................................................................... 2.4-13 2.4.5.3.4 Wave Refraction ....................................................................................... 2.4-13 2.4.5.3.5 Wave Runup ............................................................................................. 2.4-14 2.4.5.3.6 Clapotis on Intake Structure ..................................................................... 2.4-14 2.4.5.4 Resonance ................................................................................................. 2.4-14 2.4.5.5 Protective Structures ................................................................................. 2.4-15 2.4.6 PROBABLE MAXIMUM TSUNAMI FLOODING ............................... 2.4-15 MPS-3 FSAR CHAPTER 2 -SITE CHARACTERISTICS Table of Contents (Continued) Section Title Page 2-iv Rev. 30 2.4.7 ICE EFFECTS .......................................................................................... 2.4-16 2.4.8 COOLING WATER CANALS AND RESERVOIRS ............................. 2.4-16 2.4.9 CHANNEL DIVERSIONS....................................................................... 2.4-16 2.4.10 FLOODING PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS .................................... 2.4-16 2.4.11 LOW WATER CONSIDERATIONS ...................................................... 2.4-16 2.4.11.1 Low Flow in Rivers and Streams.............................................................. 2.4-16 2.4.11.2 Low Water Resulting from Surges, Seiches, or Tsunamis ....................... 2.4-17 2.4.11.3 Historical Low Water................................................................................ 2.4-18 2.4.11.4 Future Control........................................................................................... 2.4-18 2.4.11.5 Plant Requirements ................................................................................... 2.4-18 2.4.11.6 Heat Sink Dependability Requirements.................................................... 2.4-18 2.4.11.7 Dispersion, Dilution, and Travel Times of Accidental Releases of Liquid Effluents in Surface Waters ...................................................................... 2.4-19 2.4.12 GROUNDWATER ................................................................................... 2.4-23 2.4.12.1 Description and Onsite Use ...................................................................... 2.4-23 2.4.12.2 Sources...................................................................................................... 2.4-23 2.4.12.3 Accident Effects........................................................................................ 2.4-24 2.4.12.4 Monitoring or Safeguard Requirements ................................................... 2.4-28 2.4.12.5 Design Bases for Subsurface Hydrostatic Loading .................................. 2.4-28 2.4.13 TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION AND EMERGENCY OPERATION RE- QUIREMENTS......................................................................................... 2.4-28 2.4.14 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.4......................................................... 2.4-29 2.5 GEOLOGY, SEISMOLOGY, AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING ......................................................................................... 2.5-1 2.5.1 BASIC GEOLOGICAL AND SEISMIC INFORMATION ................... 2.5.1-1 2.5.1.1 REGIONAL GEOLOGY......................................................................... 2.5.1-1 2.5.1.1.1 Regional Physiography and Geomorphology .......................................... 2.5.1-2 2.5.1.1.2 Regional Structure ................................................................................... 2.5.1-3 2.5.1.1.3 Regional Stratigraphy .............................................................................. 2.5.1-6 2.5.1.1.4 Regional Tectonics .................................................................................. 2.5.1-6 2.5.1.1.4.1 Domes and Basins.................................................................................... 2.5.1-6 2.5.1.1.4.2 Faulting .................................................................................................... 2.5.1-7 2.5.1.1.4.3 Tectonic Summary ................................................................................. 2.5.1-10 2.5.1.1.4.4 Remote Sensing ..................................................................................... 2.5.1-10 2.5.1.1.4.5 Structural Significance of Geophysical Studies..................................... 2.5.1-11 2.5.1.1.5 Regional Geologic History .................................................................... 2.5.1-12 2.5.1.2 SITE GEOLOGY................................................................................... 2.5.1-16 2.5.1.2.1 Site Physiography .................................................................................. 2.5.1-16 MPS-3 FSAR CHAPTER 2 -SITE CHARACTERISTICS Table of Contents (Continued) Section Title Page 2- v Rev. 30 2.5.1.2.2 Local Stratigraphy.................................................................................. 2.5.1-17 2.5.1.2.3 Site Stratigraphy .................................................................................... 2.5.1-17 2.5.1.2.4 Local Structural Geology....................................................................... 2.5.1-18 2.5.1.2.4.1 Site Structural Geology.......................................................................... 2.5.1-20 2.5.1.2.5 Site Geological History.......................................................................... 2.5.1-21 2.5.1.2.6 Site Engineering Geology ...................................................................... 2.5.1-24 2.5.1.3 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.5.1................................................... 2.5.1-25 2.5.2 VIBRATORY GROUND MOTION ....................................................... 2.5.2-1 2.5.2.1 SEISMICITY ........................................................................................... 2.5.2-1 2.5.2.1.1 Completeness and Reliability of Earthquake Cataloging ........................ 2.5.2-1 2.5.2.1.2 Earthquake History .................................................................................. 2.5.2-2 2.5.2.1.3 Seismicity within 50 Miles of the Site..................................................... 2.5.2-4 2.5.2.1.4 Earthquakes Felt at the Site ..................................................................... 2.5.2-5 2.5.2.2 GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES AND TECTONIC ACTIVITY ................ 2.5.2-9 2.5.2.3 CORRELATION OF EARTHQUAKE ACTIVITY WITH GEOLOGIC STRUCTURES OR TECTONIC PROVINCES ................................... 2.5.2-14 2.5.2.3.1 Correlation with Geologic Structures .................................................... 2.5.2-14 2.5.2.3.2 Correlation with Tectonic Provinces ..................................................... 2.5.2-15 2.5.2.4 MAXIMUM EARTHQUAKE POTENTIAL ....................................... 2.5.2-16 2.5.2.4.1 Maximum Historical Site Intensity........................................................ 2.5.2-16 2.5.2.4.2 Maximum Earthquake Potential from Tectonic Province Approach..... 2.5.2-17 2.5.2.5 SEISMIC WAVE TRANSMISSION CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SITE .... 2.5.2-17 2.5.2.6 SAFE SHUTDOWN EARTHQUAKE ................................................. 2.5.2-18 2.5.2.7 OPERATING BASIS EARTHQUAKE ................................................ 2.5.2-18 2.5.2.8 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.5.2................................................... 2.5.2-18 2.5.3 SURFACE FAULTING .......................................................................... 2.5.3-1 2.5.3.1 GEOLOGIC CONDITIONS OF THE SITE ........................................... 2.5.3-1 2.5.3.2 EVIDENCE OF FAULT OFFSET .......................................................... 2.5.3-1 2.5.3.2.1 Petrographic Analysis .............................................................................. 2.5.3-3 2.5.3.2.2 Clay Mineralogy, Fluid Inclusion Analysis, and Radiometric Dating .... 2.5.3-4 2.5.3.2.3 Conclusions.............................................................................................. 2.5.3-7 2.5.3.3 EARTHQUAKES ASSOCIATED WITH CAPABLE FAULTS ........... 2.5.3-8 2.5.3.4 INVESTIGATION OF CAPABLE FAULTS ......................................... 2.5.3-8 2.5.3.5 CORRELATION OF EPICENTERS WITH CAPABLE FAULTS........ 2.5.3-8 2.5.3.6 DESCRIPTION OF CAPABLE FAULTS .............................................. 2.5.3-8 2.5.3.7 ZONE REQUIRING DETAILED FAULTING INVESTIGATION ...... 2.5.3-8 MPS-3 FSAR CHAPTER 2 -SITE CHARACTERISTICS Table of Contents (Continued) Section Title Page 2-vi Rev. 30 2.5.3.8 RESULTS OF FAULTING INVESTIGATION ..................................... 2.5.3-8 2.5.3.9 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.5.3..................................................... 2.5.3-8 2.5.4 STABILITY OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS AND FOUNDATIONS ..................................................................................... 2.5.4-1 2.5.4.1 GEOLOGIC FEATURES........................................................................ 2.5.4-1 2.5.4.2 PROPERTIES OF SUBSURFACE MATERIALS ................................. 2.5.4-2 2.5.4.2.1 Artificial Fill ............................................................................................ 2.5.4-3 2.5.4.2.2 Beach Deposits ........................................................................................ 2.5.4-3 2.5.4.2.3 Unclassified Stream Deposits .................................................................. 2.5.4-3 2.5.4.2.4 Ablation Till............................................................................................. 2.5.4-4 2.5.4.2.5 Basal Till.................................................................................................. 2.5.4-4 2.5.4.2.6 Monson Gneiss ........................................................................................ 2.5.4-5 2.5.4.3 EXPLORATION ..................................................................................... 2.5.4-6 2.5.4.4 GEOPHYSICAL SURVEYS .................................................................. 2.5.4-6 2.5.4.4.1 Onshore Seismic Refraction Survey ........................................................ 2.5.4-7 2.5.4.4.2 Offshore Seismic and Bathymetric Survey.............................................. 2.5.4-7 2.5.4.4.3 Seismic Velocity Measurements.............................................................. 2.5.4-7 2.5.4.5 EXCAVATIONS AND BACKFILL....................................................... 2.5.4-9 2.5.4.5.1 Excavation ............................................................................................... 2.5.4-9 2.5.4.5.2 Backfill................................................................................................... 2.5.4-11 2.5.4.5.3 Extent of Dredging................................................................................. 2.5.4-14 2.5.4.6 GROUNDWATER CONDITIONS....................................................... 2.5.4-14 2.5.4.6.1 Design Basis for Groundwater............................................................... 2.5.4-14 2.5.4.6.2 Groundwater Conditions During Construction...................................... 2.5.4-16 2.5.4.7 RESPONSE OF SOIL AND ROCK TO DYNAMIC LOADING ........ 2.5.4-17 2.5.4.7.1 Subsurface Material Properties Used in SSI Analysis........................... 2.5.4-18 2.5.4.8 LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL ........................................................... 2.5.4-19 2.5.4.8.1 Structural Backfill.................................................................................. 2.5.4-19 2.5.4.8.2 Basal Tills .............................................................................................. 2.5.4-19 2.5.4.8.3 Beach and Glacial Outwash Sands ........................................................ 2.5.4-20 2.5.4.8.3.1 Dynamic Response Analysis of Beach and Glacial Outwash Sands ..... 2.5.4-20 2.5.4.8.3.2 Liquefaction Analysis of Beach and Glacial Outwash Sands................ 2.5.4-22 2.5.4.8.3.3 Liquefaction Analyses of Beach Area Sands using 2-Dimensional Dynamic Re- sponse Analysis...................................................................................... 2.5.4-24 2.5.4.8.4 Ablation Till........................................................................................... 2.5.4-26 2.5.4.8.4.1 Dynamic Response Analysis of Ablation Till ....................................... 2.5.4-27 2.5.4.8.4.2 Liquefaction Analysis of Ablation Till .................................................. 2.5.4-27 2.5.4.9 EARTHQUAKE DESIGN BASIS ........................................................ 2.5.4-28 2.5.4.10 STATIC STABILITY............................................................................ 2.5.4-28 MPS-3 FSAR CHAPTER 2 -SITE CHARACTERISTICS Table of Contents (Continued) Section Title Page 2-vii Rev. 30 2.5.4.10.1 Bearing Capacity.................................................................................... 2.5.4-28 2.5.4.10.2 Settlement of Structures......................................................................... 2.5.4-29 2.5.4.10.3 Lateral Earth Pressures .......................................................................... 2.5.4-30 2.5.4.11 DESIGN CRITERIA ............................................................................. 2.5.4-30 2.5.4.12 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE SUBSURFACE CONDITIONS......... 2.5.4-31 2.5.4.13 STRUCTURE SETTLEMENT ............................................................. 2.5.4-32 2.5.4.14 CONSTRUCTION NOTES................................................................... 2.5.4-32 2.5.4.15 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.5.4................................................... 2.5.4-33 2.5.5 STABILITY OF SLOPES ....................................................................... 2.5.5-1 2.5.5.1 SLOPE CHARACTERISTICS................................................................ 2.5.5-1 2.5.5.1.1 Shoreline Slope ........................................................................................ 2.5.5-1 2.5.5.1.2 Containment Rock Cut............................................................................. 2.5.5-3 2.5.5.2 DESIGN CRITERIA AND ANALYSIS ................................................. 2.5.5-3 2.5.5.2.1 Shoreline Slope ........................................................................................ 2.5.5-3 2.5.5.2.2 Containment Rock Cut............................................................................. 2.5.5-6 2.5.5.3 LOGS OF BORINGS .............................................................................. 2.5.5-7 2.5.5.4 COMPACTED FILL ............................................................................... 2.5.5-7 2.5.5.5 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.5.5..................................................... 2.5.5-7 2.5.6 EMBANKMENTS AND DAMS ............................................................ 2.5.6-1 APPENDIX 2.5A– AGE OF TILL AT MILLSTONE POINT .................................... 2.5A-1 APPENDIX 2.5B– PETROGRAPHIC REPORTS, FINAL GRADE ..........................2.5B-1 APPENDIX 2.5C– MINERALOGICAL ANALYSIS OF MILLSTONE FAULT GOUGE SAMPLES......................................................................................2.5C-1 APPENDIX 2.5D– POTASSIUM - ARGON AGE DETERMINATION ................... 2.5D-1 APPENDIX 2.5E– SEPARATION OF < 2μ FRACTION AND CLAY ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES B, C, D (ESF BUILDING) AND P-1 AND P-2 (PUMP- HOUSE) .........................................................................................2.5E-1 APPENDIX 2.5F– DYNAMIC SOIL TESTING ON BEACH SANDS...................... 2.5F-1 APPENDIX 2.5G– CONSOLIDATED UNDRAINED TESTS ON BEACH SANDS2.5G-1 APPENDIX 2.5H– SEISMIC VELOCITY MEASUREMENTS ................................ 2.5H-1 APPENDIX 2.5I– DIRECT SHEAR TESTS ON NATURAL ROCK JOINTS .......... 2.5I-1 APPENDIX 2.5J– BORING LOGS..............................................................................2.5J-1 APPENDIX 2.5K– SEISMIC SURVEY...................................................................... 2.5K-1 MPS-3 FSAR CHAPTER 2 -SITE CHARACTERISTICS Table of Contents (Continued) Section Title Page 2-viii Rev. 30 APPENDIX 2.5L– SEISMIC AND BATHYMETRIC SURVEY ...............................2.5L-1 APPENDIX 2.5M– LABORATORY TEST PROGRAM FOR PROPOSED ADDITIONAL STRUCTURAL BACKFILL SOURCES.....................................2.5M-1 MPS-3 FSAR 2-ix Rev. 30 CHAPTER 2–SITE CHARACTERISTICS List of Tables Number Title 2.1-1 1990 Population and Population Densities Cities and Towns Within 10 Miles of Millstone 2.1-2 Population Growth 1960-1990 2.1-3 Population Distribution 1985 (0-20 km) 2.1-4 Population Distribution Within 10 Miles of Millstone - 1990 Census 2.1-5 Population Distribution Within 10 Miles of Millstone - 2000 Projected 2.1-6 Population Distribution Within 10 Miles of Millstone - 2010 Projected 2.1-7 Population Distribution Within 10 Miles of Millstone - 2020 Projected 2.1-8 Population Distribution Within 10 Miles of Millstone - 2030 Projected 2.1-9 Population Distribution 1985 (0-80 km) 2.1-10 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles of Millstone - 1990 Census 2.1-11 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles of Millstone - 2000 Projected 2.1-12 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles of Millstone - 2010 Projected 2.1-13 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles of Millstone - 2020 Projected 2.1-14 Population Distribution Within 50 Miles of Millstone - 2030 Projected 2.1-15 Transient Population Within 10 Miles of Millstone - 1991-1992 School Enrollment 2.1-16 Transient Population Within 10 Miles of Millstone (Employment) 2.1-17 Transient Population Within 10 Miles of Millstone State Parks and Forests (With Documented Attendance) 2.1-18 Low Population Zone Permanent Population Distributions 2.1-19 Low Population Zone School Enrollment and Employment 2.1-20 Metropolitan Areas Within 50 Miles of Millstone 1990 Census Population 2.1-21 Population Centers Within 50 Miles of Millstone 2.1-22 Population Density* 1985 (0-20 km) 2.1-23 Population Density 1985 (0-80 km) 2.1-24 Population Density Within 10 Miles of Millstone 1990 (People per Square Mile) 2.1-25 Population Density Within 10 Miles of Millstone 2030 (People per Square Mile) MPS-3 FSAR List of Tables (Continued) Number Title 2- x Rev. 30 2.1-26 Population Density Within 50 Miles of Millstone 1990 (People per Square Mile) 2.1-27 Population Density Within 50 Miles of Millstone 2030 (People per Square Mile) 2.1-28 Cumulative Population Density 1985 2.1-29 Cumulative Population Density Within 50 Miles of Millstone 1990 (People per Square Mile) 2.1-30 Cumulative population Density Within 50 Miles of Millstone 2030 (People per Square Mile) 2.2-1 Description of Facilities 2.2-2 List of Hazardous Materials Potentially Capable of Producing Significant Missiles 2.2-3 Summary of Exposure Distance Calculation 2.2-4 Aggregate Probability of Explosion or Violent Rupture Capable of Missile Generation 2.2-5 Types of Tank Car Missiles 2.2-6 Tank Car Fragment Range (Feet) at 10-Degree Launch Angle 2.2-7 Estimated Ignition Probabilities 2.2-8 Probability of an Unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion 2.3–1 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual averages and Extremes of Temperature at Bridgeport, Conn. (1901-1981) 2.3–2 Mean Number of Days with Selected Temperature Conditions at Bridgeport, Conn. (1966-1981) 2.3–3 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Averages and Extremes of Relative Humidity at Bridgeport, Conn. (1949-1981) 2.3–4 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Frequency Distributions of Wind Direction at Bridgeport, Conn. (1949-1980) 2.3–5 Occurrence of Bridgeport Wind Persistence Episodes within the same 22.5-Degree Sector (1949-1965) 2.3–6 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Frequency Distributions of Wind Direction at Bridgeport, Conn. (1949-1980) 2.3–7 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Wind Speed Extremes at Bridgeport, Conn. (1961- 1990) MPS-3 FSAR List of Tables (Continued) Number Title 2-xi Rev. 30 2.3–8 Mean Number of Days of Thunderstorm Occurrence at Bridgeport, Conn. (1951- 1981) 2.3–9 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Averages and Extremes of Precipitation at Bridgeport, Conn. (1901-June 1982) 2.3–10 Estimated Precipitation Extremes for Periods up to 24 Hours and Recurrence Intervals Up to 100 Years 2.3–11 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Averages and Extremes of Snowfall at Bridgeport, Conn. (1893-June 1990) 2.3–12 Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Averages of Freezing Rain and Drizzle at Bridgeport, Conn. (1949-1980) 2.3–13 Average Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Hours and Frequencies (percent) of Various Fog Conditions (1949-1980) at Bridgeport, Connecticut 2.3–14 Monthly and Annual Wind Direction and Speed Distributions for Surface Winds, at Bridgeport, Conn. (1949-1980) 2.3–15 Monthly and Annual Wind Direction and Speed Distributions for 33-Foot Winds at Millstone (1974-1981) 2.3–16 Comparison of Wind Direction Frequency Distribution by Quadrant at Bridgeport, Conn. and Millstone 2.3–17 Comparison of Average Wind Speed by Quadrant at Bridgeport, Conn. and Millstone 2.3–18 Occurrence of Wind Persistence Episodes Within the Same 22.5-Degree Sector at Millstone (1974-1981) 2.3–19 Millstone Climatological Summary (1974-2000) 2.3–20 Comparison of Monthly and Annual Average Dry-Bulb and Dewpoint Temperature Averages at Bridgeport, Conn. and Millstone 2.3–21 Comparison of Monthly and Annual Average Relative Humidity Averages at Bridgeport and Millstone 2.3–22 Mean Number of Days with Heavy Fog at Bridgeport, Conn. and Block Island, Rhode Island (1951-1981) 2.3–23 Wind Direction/Stability Class/Visibility Joint Frequency Distribution at Millstone 2.3–24 Persistence of Poor Visibility (≤ 1 Mile) Conditions at Millstone (Hours) (1974- 1981) 2.3–25 Bridgeport Pasquill Stability Class Distribution (1949-1980) MPS-3 FSAR List of Tables (Continued) Number Title 2-xii Rev. 30 2.3–26 Millstone Stability Class Distribution Using Delta-T for Stability Determination 2.3–27 Millstone Stability Class Distribution Using Sigma Theta for Stability Determination 2.3–28 Comparison of Pasquill Stability Class Distribution at Bridgeport, Conn. and Millstone 2.3–29 Persistence of Stable Conditions (E, F, and G Stabilities) at Millstone (1974-1981) 2.3–30 Seasonal and Annual Atmospheric Mixing Depths at Millstone 2.3–31 On-site Meteorological Tower Measurements 2.3–32 Millstone Meteorological Tower Instrumentation 2.3–33 Monthly Summary of Data Recovery Rates/Meteorological System 2.3–34 Distances from Release Points to Receptors 2.4–1 Connecticut Public Water Supplies within 20 Miles of Millstone 3 2.4–2 Maximum Wave Heights Generated by Slow, Medium, and High Speed Storms (Deep-Water Fetch) 2.4–3 Maximum Shallow Water Waves (after Refraction) Slow Speed Probable Maximum Hurricane 2.4–4 Maximum Shallow Water Waves (after Refraction) Medium Speed Probable Maximum Hurricane 2.4–5 Maximum Shallow Water Waves (after Refraction) High Speed Probable Maximum Hurricane 2.4–6 Lowest Tides at New London, Connecticut 1938-1974 2.4–7 Circulating Water System and Service Water System Heat Loads 2.4–8 Dilution Factors and Travel Time * 2.4–9 Category I Structures - Roof Survey 2.4–10 Input Data to Program HEC-2 Water Surface Computations 2.4–11 Computed Water Surface Elevations at Safety-Related Structures 2.4–12 Roof Area and Ponding Level Due to PMP (1)Category I Structures 2.4–13 Overflow Length of the Parapet Wall on the Roof Used in PMP Analysis - Category I Structures 2.5.1–1 Rock Formations of the Coastal Plain off Southern New England MPS-3 FSAR List of Tables (Continued) Number Title 2-xiii Rev. 30 2.5.1–2 Rock Formations of Western Connecticut 2.5.1–3 Rock Formations of Eastern Connecticut and Western Rhode Island 2.5.1–4 Rock Formations of Central Rhode Island (and not Included in Previous Descriptions) 2.5.1–5 Rock Formations in Northern and Eastern Rhode Island and Southern Massachusetts 2.5.1–6 Rock Formations of Central Massachusetts 2.5.1–7 East of Clinton-Newbury Fault System, Eastern Massachusetts, and New Hampshire 2.5.1–8 Descriptions of Lineaments from LANDSAT Photographs (Shown on Figure 2.5.1-10) 2.5.2–1 Modified Mercalli (MM) Intensity Scale of 1931 2.5.2–2 List of Operating Seismic Stations 2.5.2–3 Chronological Catalog of Earthquake Activity within 200 Miles of the Site 2.5.2–4 List of Earthquakes within the 50-Mile Radius 2.5.3–1 List of Faults 2.5.3–2 List of Samples 2.5.3–3 List of K/Ar Age Determinations of Fault Gouge 2.5.4–1 List of Joints - Final Grade Floors of Structures 2.5.4–2 List of Foliations - Final Grade Floors of Structures 2.5.4–3 List of Slickensides - Final Grade Floors of Structures 2.5.4–4 List of Joints - Final Grade Containment and Engineered Safety Features Building Walls 2.5.4–5 List of Foliations - Final Grade Containment and Engineered Safety Features Building Walls 2.5.4–6 List of Slickensides - Final Grade Containment and Engineered Safety Features Building Walls 2.5.4–7 List of Joints - Final Grade Walls of Structures 2.5.4–8 List of Foliations - Final Grade Walls of Structures 2.5.4–9 List of Slickensides - Final Grade Walls of Structures MPS-3 FSAR List of Tables (Continued) Number Title 2- xiv Rev. 30 2.5.4–10 Rock Compression Test Results 2.5.4–11 Direct Shear Test Results From Joint and Foliating Surfaces 2.5.4–12 Summary of Static Soil Properties for Beach Sands * 2.5.4–13 Natural Water Contents of Split Spoon Samples 2.5.4–14 Foundation Data for Major Structures 2.5.4–15 List of Approximate Boring Locations, Ground Elevations, and Groundwater Elevations * 2.5.4–16 Summary of Water Pressure Test Data 2.5.4–17 Groundwater Observations 2.5.4–18 Factors of Safety Against Liquefaction of Beach Sands 2.5.4–19 In-Place Density Test Results on Category I Structural Backfill Beneath the Service Water Intake Pipe Encasement 2.5.4–20 In-Place Density Test Results at Control and Emergency Generator Enclosure Buildings 2.5.4–22 Emergency Generator Enclosure - Soil Properties with Structure Effects from SHAKE Analysis 2.5.4–23 Bearing Capacity of Major Structures 2.5.4–24 Results of Two-Dimensional Liquefaction Analysis of Beach Area Sands MPS-3 FSAR NOTE: REFER TO THE CONTROLLED PLANT DRAWING FOR THE LATEST REVISION. 2- xv Rev. 30 CHAPTER 2 – SITE CHARACTERISTICS List of Figures Number Title 2.1–1 General Site Location 2.1–2 General Vicinity 2.1–3 Site Layout 2.1–4 Site Plan 2.1–5 Towns Within 10 Miles 2.1–6 1985 Population Distribution 0-20 km 2.1–7 Population Sectors for 0-10 Miles 2.1–8 Counties within 50 Miles 2.1–9 1985 Population Distribution 0-80 km 2.1–10 Population Sectors for 0-50 miles 2.1–11 Roads and Facilities in the LPZ 2.1–12 LPZ Population Sectors Distribution 2.2–1 Major Industrial, Transportation and Military Facilities 2.2–2 Instrument Landing Patterns at Trumbull Airport 2.2–3 Air Lanes Adjacent to Millstone Point 2.2–4 New London County-State Highways and Town Roads 2.2–5 Propane Concentration Outside and Inside the Control Room 2.3–1 Topography in the Vicinity of Millstone Point 2.3–2 Topographical Profiles within 5 Miles of Site 2.3–3 Topographical Profiles within 5 Miles of Site 2.3–4 Topographical Profiles within 50 Miles of Site 2.3–5 Topographical Profiles within 50 Miles of Site 2.3–6 General Topography - 50 Miles 2.3–7 Meteorological Instrument and Data Quality Assurance Flow Diagram 2.4–1 Facilities Located on the Site 2.4–2 Public Water Supplies within 20 Miles of Site 2.4–3 Locations of Hydrographic Field Survey Stations, June to October 1965 MPS-3 FSAR NOTE: REFER TO THE CONTROLLED PLANT DRAWING FOR THE LATEST REVISION. 2- xvi Rev. 30 2.4–4 Tidal Currents Measured by Essex Marine Laboratory 2.4–5 Bottom Profiles Established by Essex Marine Laboratory 2.4–6 Frequency of Tidal Flooding at New London, Connecticut 2.4–7 Site Grade and Drainage Basins for PMP Runoff Analysis 2.4–8 Bottom Profile Along Path of Maximum Surface Winds 2.4–9 Coincident Wave and Surge Slow-Speed Probable Maximum Hurricane 2.4–10 Coincident Wave and Surge Medium-Speed Probable Maximum Hurricane 2.4–11 Coincident Wave and Surge High-Speed Probable Maximum Hurricane 2.4–12 Locus of Hurricane Eye, Hurricane Type: Large Radius, Slow Speed of Translation 2.4–13 Locus of Hurricane Eye, Hurricane Type: Large Radius, Medium Speed of Translation 2.4–14 Locus of Hurricane Eye, Hurricane Type: Large Radius, High Speed of Translation 2.4–15 Wave Transects on Long Island Sound 2.4–16 2.4-16 Areas Under Effect of Wave Shoaling and Wave Refraction 2.4–17 Wave Refraction Diagram, Block Island Sound Grid 2.4–18 Wave Refraction Diagram, Millstone Grid, Angle of Approach South 30 Degrees East 2.4–19 Wave Refraction Diagram, Millstone Grid, Angle of Approach West 85 Degrees South 2.4–20 Wave Refraction Diagram, Millstone Grid, Angle of Approach West 45 Degrees South 2.4–21 Wave Refraction Diagram, Millstone Grid, Angle of Approach West 17 Degrees South 2.4–22 Topography and Runup Transects, Millstone Location 2.4–23 Intake Transect A 2.4–24 Runup Transect B (West) 2.4–25 Runup Transect C (East) 2.4–26 Wave Clapotis at Intake 2.4–27 7 Inputs to One Dimensional Setdown Model 2.4–28 Large Radius, Probable Maximum Hurricane Isovel Field 2.4–29 Large Radius, Slow Speed of Translation Time Variant Wind Field - Millstone 2.4–30 Setdown Versus Wind Speed 2.4–31 Boundary of the Modeled Area MPS-3 FSAR NOTE: REFER TO THE CONTROLLED PLANT DRAWING FOR THE LATEST REVISION. 2- xvii Rev. 30 2.4–32 Onsite Well Locations 2.4–33 Probable Seepage Path From Boron Recovery Tank and Waste Disposal Building to Long Island Sound 2.4–34 Scupper Details - Control, Hydrogen Recombiner, and Containment Enclosure Buildings 2.4–35 Roof Plug Sealing Detail - Hydrogen Recombiner Building 2.4–36 Hatch Cover Details - Circulating Water Pumphouse Service Water Pump Cubicle 2.4–37 Hatch Cover Details - Control Building Mechanical Room 2.5.1–1 Regional Physiographic Map 2.5.1–2 Regional Pre-Pleistocene Sediments of the Continental Margin 2.5.1–3 Site Surficial Geology 2.5.1–4 Regional Geologic Map 2.5.1–5 Regional Geologic Section 2.5.1–6 Regional Tectonic Map 2.5.1–7 Stratigraphic Correlation Chart for the Site and Surrounding Region 2.5.1–8 Regional Stratigraphic Correlation Chart 2.5.1–9 LANDSAT Photographs of Connecticut, Rhode Island, Southern Massachusetts, and Eastern New York 2.5.1–10 Lineament Map from LANDSAT Photographs 2.5.1–11 Regional Aeromagnetic Map 2.5.1–12 Regional Bouguer Gravity Map 2.5.1–13 Site Bedrock Geology 2.5.1–14 Tectonic Map of Eastern Connecticut 2.5.1–15 Contour Diagram of Poles to Foliation Planes - Final Grade 2.5.1–16 Contour Diagram of Poles to Joint Planes - Final Grade 2.5.1–17 Contour Plot of Bearing and Plunge of Slickensides - Final Grade 2.5.1–18 Generalized Location of Faults 2.5.2–1 Location of Seismic Stations 2.5.2–2 Epicenters of Earthquakes within 200-Mile Radius 2.5.2–3 Location of Earthquakes within the 50-Mile Radius 2.5.2–4 Isoseismal Map, Earthquake of November 9, 1727 2.5.2–5 Isoseismal Map, Earthquake of November 18, 1755 MPS-3 FSAR NOTE: REFER TO THE CONTROLLED PLANT DRAWING FOR THE LATEST REVISION. 2- xviii Rev. 30 2.5.2–6 Isoseismal Map, Earthquake of May 16, 1791 2.5.2–7 Isoseismal Map, Earthquake of August 10, 1884 2.5.2–8 Isoseismal Map, Earthquake of March 1, 1925 (February 28, 1925 EST) 2.5.2–9 Isoseismal Map, Earthquakes of December 20 and 24, 1940 2.5.2–10 Tectonic Provinces 2.5.3–1 T-2 Fault Zone, Final Excavation Grade - Northern Section 2.5.3–2 T-2 Fault Zone, Final Excavation Grade - Southern Section 2.5.3–3 T-3 Fault Zone, Final Excavation Grade 2.5.4–1 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Service Water Line Walls - East 2.5.4–2 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Service Water Line Walls - West 2.5.4–3 Geologic Map of Final Grade, South Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–4 Geologic Map of Final Grade, North Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–5 Geologic Map of Final Grade, East Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–6 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Floors of Structures 2.5.4–7 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Service Water Line Floor - West 2.5.4–8 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Pumphouse Floor 2.5.4–9 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Service Water Line Floor - East 2.5.4–10 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Southeast Quadrant of Containment Walls 2.5.4–11 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Southwest Quadrant of Containment Walls 2.5.4–12 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Northwest Quadrant of Containment Walls 2.5.4–13 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Northeast Quadrant of Containment Walls 2.5.4–14 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Engineered Safety Features, Building Sump Walls 2.5.4–15 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Auxiliary Building Pipe Tunnel Pit Walls 2.5.4–16 Geologic Map of Final Grade, North Wall of Excavation 2.5.4–17 Geologic Map of Final Grade, Northeast and Southeast Pumphouse Walls 2.5.4–18 Geologic Map of Final Grade Engineered Safety Features Building Wall 2.5.4–19 Geologic Map of Final Grade Discharge Tunnel Floor 2.5.4–20 Geological Map of Final Grade Discharge Tunnel Floor 2.5.4–21 Geological Map of Final Grade North Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–22 Geological Map of Final Grade South Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–23 Geologic Map of Final Grade Discharge Tunnel Floor 2.5.4–24 Geologic Map of Final Grade Discharge Tunnel Floor MPS-3 FSAR NOTE: REFER TO THE CONTROLLED PLANT DRAWING FOR THE LATEST REVISION. 2- xix Rev. 30 2.5.4–25 Geologic Map of Final Grade West Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–26 Geologic Map of Final Grade East Wall of Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–27 Geologic Map of Final Grade Discharge Weir Rock Face 2.5.4–28 Corrected Blow Count Plot, Pumphouse Area Sands, Onshore Boring Composite 2.5.4–29 Corrected Blow Count Plot, Pumphouse Area Sands, Borings P1 to P8 Composite 2.5.4–30 Grain Size Distribution Curves 2.5.4–31 Boring Location Plan 2.5.4–32 Plot Plan Showing Locations of the Borings and the Geologic Sections 2.5.4–33 Geologic Profile, Sections A-A', B-B' 2.5.4–34 Geologic Profile, Sections C-C', D-D', E-E' 2.5.4–35 Geologic Profile, Sections F-F" and G-G' 2.5.4–36 Top of Basal Till Contour Map 2.5.4–37 Groundwater Contour Map 2.5.4–38 Groundwater Observations in Boreholes 2.5.4–39 Bedrock Surface Contour Map 2.5.4–40 General Excavation Plan 2.5.4–41 Shorefront and Dredging Plan 2.5.4–42 Modulus vs Effective Confining Pressure, Structural Fill 2.5.4–43 Lateral Pressure Distribution 2.5.4–44 Gradation Curves for Category I Structural Fill 2.5.4–45 K2 vs Shear Strain for Beach Sands 2.5.4–46 Earthquake Induced Shear Stresses in Beach Sands 2.5.4–47 Cyclic Stress Ratio vs Confining Pressure for Beach Sands 2.5.4–48 Cyclic Stress Ratio vs Penetration Resistance of Sand 2.5.4–49 Factor of Safety Against Liquefaction of Beach Sands 2.5.4–50 Idealized Soil Profile Liquefaction Analysis of Ablation Till Under Discharge Tunnel 2.5.4–51 Geologic Profile, Section H-H'' 2.5.4–52 Geologic Profile, Section I-I'' 2.5.4–53 Location of Field Density Tests - Service Water Intake Line 2.5.4–54 Location of Field Density Test - Emergency Generator Enclosure and Control Building MPS-3 FSAR NOTE: REFER TO THE CONTROLLED PLANT DRAWING FOR THE LATEST REVISION. 2- xx Rev. 30 2.5.4–55 Geologic Profile, Section J-J' 2.5.4–56 Geologic Profile, Section K-K' 2.5.4–57 Grain Size Distribution Curves - Pumphouse Area Outwash Sands 2.5.4–58 Equivalent Numbers of Uniform Stress Cycles Based on Strongest Components of Ground Motion 2.5.4–59 Plan of Settlement Monitoring Benchmark Locations 2.5.4–60 Control Building Settlement 2.5.4–61 Emergency Generator Enclosure Settlement 2.5.4–62 .Solid Waste Building Settlement 2.5.4–63 Liquid Waste Building Settlement 2.5.4–64 Fuel Building Settlement 2.5.4–65 Geologic Profile Section L-L' 2.5.4–66 Geologic Profile Section M-M' 2.5.4–67 Geologic Profile Section N-N' 2.5.4–68 Geologic Profile Section O-O' 2.5.4–69 Geologic Profile Section P-P' 2.5.4–70 Geologic Profile Section Q-Q' 2.5.4–71 Geologic Profile Section R-R' 2.5.4–72 Soil-Structure Interaction Emergency Generator Enclosure 2.5.4–73 Shear Modulus Curve Type 2 Soil (Structural Backfill and Basal Till) 2.5.4–74 Damping Curve Type 2 Soil (Structural Backfill and Basal Till) 2.5.4–75 Shorefront Profile Used in Liquefaction Analyses 2.5.5–1 Section through Shorefront 2.5.5–2 Typical Wedge Geometry 2.5.5–3 Design Loads for Ring Beam 2.5.5–4 Shorefront Slope Stability Section - Sloping Rock Profile 2.5.5–5 Summary of CIU Test Results - Beach Area Outwash Sands 2.5.5–6 Potential Failure Wedges West Side of Containment Excavation 2.5.5–7 Rock Surface Near North Edge of Main Steam Valve Building MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-1 Rev. 30 CHAPTER 2 - SITE CHARACTERISTICS This section contains information on the geological, seismological, hydrological, meteorological, and demographic characteristics of the Millstone site and vicinity to show the adequacy of the site from the safety viewpoint. 2.1 GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY 2.1.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION 2.1.1.1 Specification of Location The Millstone site is located in the Town of Waterford, New London County, Connecticut, on the north shore of Long Island Sound. The 524-acre site occupies the tip of Millstone Point between Niantic Bay on the west and Jordan Cove on the east and is situated 3.2 miles west-southwest of New London and 40 miles southeast of Hartford. The Millstone 3 containment structure is located immediately north of Millstone 1 and 2. The geographical coordinates of the centerline of each reactor are as follows: 2.1.1.2 Site Area The site is owned by two tenants in common: Connecticut Light & Power Company and Western Massachusetts Electric Company, except for that portion of land designated for the Millstone Nuclear Power Station, Unit 3 site which is owned by its participants in ownership. Figures 2.1-1 through 2.1-4 identify the site. 2.1.1.3 Boundaries for Establishing Effluent Release Limits Millstone Point was thoroughly investigated for acceptability as a nuclear power plant site and found to be suitable by the Atomic Energy Commission before the Millstone 1 Construction Permit was issued in 1966, before the Millstone 1 Operating License DPR-21 was granted in 1970, prior to the issuance of the Millstone 2 Construction Permit in December 1970, and prior to the Millstone 2 Operating License DPR-65 in August 1976. Unit Latitude and Longitude Northing and Easting Millstone 3 N 41° 18'41" N 174, 710 W 72° 10'06" E 759, 770 Millstone 2 N 41° 18'35" N 174, 090 W 72° 10'06" E 759, 825 Millstone 1 N 41° 18'32" N 173, 800 W 72° 10'04" E 759, 965 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-2 Rev. 30 Studies and reviews in the areas of marine biology, meteorology, hydrology, and environmental radiation monitoring have been conducted since 1966. The exclusion area, as described in Section 2.1.2, is considered the restricted area. The restricted area has been conspicuously posted and administrative procedures, including periodic patrolling, have been imposed to control access to the area. For the purpose of radiological dose assessment of accidents, the exclusion area boundary (EAB) was considered the actual site boundary for overland sectors, except in the Fox Island/discharge channel area on the south end of the site. For all water sectors, the nearest land site boundary distance was used. The EAB boundary shown in Figure 2.1-3 is an example for a Millstone 3 containment release. The actual EAB distance varies as a function of the release point. The actual distances used for each sector for each release point are given in Table 2.3-34. Any significant normal releases from Millstone 3 are discharged to the atmosphere via the Millstone stack or through various Millstone 3 vents. The distance from the Millstone stack to the nearest residential property boundary in the Millstone Point Colony development (Point A on Figure 2.1-3) is approximately 2,415 feet. This development, adjacent to the eastern site boundary, consists of single family homes on 104 half-acre lots. It was developed from 1951 to the present. The Colony development has its own beach and boat docking facility, shown as Recreation Area on Figure 2.1-3, extending westward along Jordan Cove. The land is owned by Mr. H. Gardiner, Jr., who permits residents to use it for a fee of $1.00 per year. The land of the Colony development, the private beach, and the Millstone site were all originally owned by Mr. Gardiner. One of the conditions of the sale of the site to the Hartford Electric Light Company and the Connecticut Light and Power Company was that permanent dwellings would never be permitted in the beach area. Because of this restriction, normal release doses are calculated at Point A rather than at the nearest point on the site boundary. The distance from the Millstone 3 turbine building to Point A is approximately 2,750 feet. Point A is northeast of both the Millstone 3 turbine building and the Millstone stack. The distance to the nearest land for each sector for each release point used in dose calculations for normal effluents is given in Section 2.3.4.2. 2.1.2 EXCLUSION AREA AUTHORITY AND CONTROL 2.1.2.1 Authority The Millstone Nuclear Power Station site is owned by Dominion Nuclear Connecticut, Inc. (DNC). Figures 2.1-1 through 2.1-4 identify the site. The exclusion area is equivalent to the area within the site boundary which is identified on Figure 2.1-3. DNC, the operating company for all three units at the Millstone site, has the controlling authority for the exclusion area. Accordingly, DNC has the authority to determine all activities within the exclusion area. MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-3 Rev. 30 2.1.2.2 Control of Activities Unrelated to Plant Operation The exclusion area is wholly owned as indicated above; DNC as the operating company has complete control of activities within the exclusion area, except for the passage of trains along the Providence & Worcester (P&W)/Amtrak Railroad track which runs east-west through the site. To ensure the safety of people within the exclusion area during an emergency, an emergency plan (Section 13.3) for the site has been prepared. The plan includes provisions for alarms both inside and outside buildings and delineates the evacuation routes and assembly areas to be used. The safety of people living or working adjacent to the exclusion area is protected during emergencies according to the procedures outlined in the emergency plan. The State of Connecticut Emergency Plan also provides for the control of activities in that portion of the exclusion area extending offshore through a written agreement between the Applicants and the U.S. Coast Guard at their station in New London, Connecticut. The owners have encouraged public use of portions of the site. Ownership rights have not, however, been relinquished, and the owners can, and have provision to, fulfill their obligations with respect to 10 CFR 20, “Standards for Protection Against Radiation”. A portion of the exclusion area is leased to the Town of Waterford for public recreation and is used primarily for soccer and baseball games. Figure 2.1-3 shows the general location of these activities. No attempt is made to restrict the number of persons using these facilities. Estimates of maximum attendance indicate that about 2,000 visitors could be within the exclusion area at any one time at the soccer and baseball fields. The Emergency Plan provides for removal of the visitors on site. The number and configuration of roads and highways assure ready egress from the areas described above (Figures 2.1-2, 2.1-3 and 2.1-4). 2.1.2.3 Arrangements for Traffic Control Should the need ever arise, provisions to enforce traffic control have been made through the Connecticut State Police, as described in the Millstone Nuclear Power Station Emergency Plan (Section 13.3). 2.1.2.4 Abandonment or Relocation of Roads On August 30, 1965, a town meeting was called to close and discontinue roads to Millstone Point. On April 30, 1966, when the 8-month time for public appeal had passed, discontinuance of Millstone Road became effective. On May 31, 1966, the Connecticut Public Utility Commission gave approval to construct a new limited access highway with a new bridge being built to highway specification 20-44 over the present ConRail/Amtrak rail line approximately 305 meters (1,000 feet) east of Old Millstone Road Bridge No. 45.07. MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-4 Rev. 30 On December 2, 1966, entrances to Millstone Point from the east via Gardners Wood Road and Jordan Road and from the west via Jordan Cove Road were closed. All access to Millstone Point was shifted to the new limited access highway, which is shown as New Millstone Road on Figure 2.1-3. No further road closing is necessary. 2.1.2.5 Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI) Located on the east side of the site is an area that has been developed for an Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installation (ISFSI). The licensing basis of the ISFSI includes the Transnuclear Safety Analysis Report (SAR), Certificate of Conformance (C of C) No. 1004, Safety Evaluation Report (SER), and the 10 CFR 72.212 report which details compliance of the Millstone site with the requirements of the SAR, C of C and SER. The general location of the area is south of the switchyard, west of the Millstone access road between the switchyard and the crossing of the main rail spur, north of the Main Stack. The approximate location is shown in Figures 2.1-3 and 2.1-4. This area consists of reinforced concrete storage pads and approach aprons. A heavy haul road is defined between the Unit 3 Railroad Canopy and the ISFSI area. This haul path has been evaluated to adequately support the loads imparted by the ISFSI equipment. 2.1.3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 2.1.3.1 Population Distribution within 10 miles The total 1990 population within 10 miles of the station was estimated to be 120,443. This population is expected to increase to about 129,846 people by the year 2000 and to a total of approximately 142,277 people by the year 2030 (New York State Department of Economic Development, 1989 (Reference 2.1-1); State of Connecticut Office of Policy and Management, 1991 (Reference 2.1-2); US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population (Reference 2-1-3). The 10 mile area includes portions of, or all of, New London and Middlesex Counties in Connecticut and a small portion of Suffolk County on Fishers Island which is part of the town of Southold, New York. Figure 2.1-5 shows counties and towns within the 10 mile area. Town populations and population densities are provided in Table 2.1-1. The Town of Waterford, in which Millstone 3 is located, contained a total population of 17,930 people in 1990 at an average density of 547 people per square mile (US Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census 1991) (Reference 2.1-3). The population growth of Waterford was small with the 1990 total representing only a 0.5 percent increase over its 1980 population. Compared to towns immediately surrounding it, with the exception of New London, Waterford had the lowest increase in population between 1980 and 1990 (US Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, 1991 (Reference 2.1-3)). Waterford's growth has been consistently slowing down over the past 30 years, as shown in Table 2.1-2. This slow growth is projected by state demographers to continue at a low rate through the year 2000, at which time the population is expected to reach 18,480. After that, it is MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-5 Rev. 30 projected to decrease in population. By the year 2010 (the last year of projections), the town's population is projected to be 18,080 (Connecticut Office of Policy and Management, Interim Population Projections, 1991 (Reference 2.1-2)). Population distribution by sector for the area within 20 Km of Millstone 3 for 1985 (the expected first year of operation) is shown in Table 2.1-3 and Figure 2.1-6 (Office of Policy and Management, State of Connecticut, Population Projections to the Year 2000, February 1980 (Reference 2.1-4)). Population distribution by sector for the area within 10 miles of Millstone 3 is shown for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030 in Tables 2.1-4 through 2.1-8, which are keyed to the population sectors identified in Figure 2.1-7. Population distribution within 10 miles is based on 1990 US Census data by Census Block (Reference 2.1-3). The population within a Census Block was assumed to be distributed evenly over its land area, unless USGS 7.5 minute quadrangle maps indicated the population to be concentrated in only one portion of the Block. The proportion of each Block area in each grid sector was determined and applied to the Block total population, yielding the population in each grid sector. Population projections, by municipality, supplied by Connecticut's Office of Policy and Management provided growth factors for projection of populations (State of Connecticut Office of Policy and Management, Interim Population Projections, 1991 (Reference 2.1-2)). 2.1.3.2 Population Distribution within 50 Miles The area within 50 miles of Millstone 3 includes portions, or all, of eight counties in Connecticut, four counties in Rhode Island and one county in New York. Figure 2.1-8 shows counties and towns within the 50 mile area. In 1990, the 50-mile area contained approximately 2,835,159 people (U.S. Department of Commerce), 1990 Census of Population and Housing (Reference 2.1- 5)). This population is projected to increase to about 3,223,654 by the year 2030 (Connecticut Office of Policy and Management, 1991 (Reference 2.1-2); New York State Department of Economic Development, 1989 (Reference 2.1-1); Rhode Island Department of Administration, 1989 (Reference 2.1-6); US Department of Commerce, 1990 Census of Population and Housing, 1991 (Reference 2.1-5)). Population distribution by sector for the area within 80 Km of Millstone 3 for 1985 (the expected first year of operation) is shown in Table 2.1-9 and Figure 2.1-9 (Office of Policy and Management, State of Connecticut, Population Projections to the Year 2000, February 1980 (Reference 2.1-4); Economic Development Board, State of New York, Population Projections, 1978 (Reference 2.1-7); Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, Population Projections, Technical Paper No. 83, Revised April 1979 (Reference 2.1-8)). Population distribution by sector for the area within 50 miles of Millstone 3 is shown for the years 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020 and 2030 in Tables 2.1-10 through 2.1-14, which are keyed to the population sectors identified in Figure 2.1-10. Population distribution and projections within the 50 mile region surrounding Millstone 3 were calculated based on population by municipalities and were assigned to sectors based on land area allocation. Projections for the 50 mile area were based on country-wide projections. MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-6 Rev. 30 2.1.3.3 Transient Population Seasonal population increases resulting from an influx of summer residents total approximately 10,500. However, many of the beaches and recreation facilities in the area are used by residents, and therefore, do not represent any increase in population but instead a slight shift in population. There are, however, a number of schools, industries, and recreation facilities which create daily and seasonal variations in sector populations. Tables 2.1-15 through 2.1-17 show annular sector population variations resulting from school enrollments, industrial employment, and recreation facilities (with documented attendance). 2.1.3.4 Low Population Zone The low population zone (LPZ) surrounding Millstone 3 encompasses an area within a radial distance of about 2.4 miles. The distance was chosen based on the requirements of 10 CFR 100.11. Figure 2.1-11 shows topographical features, transportation routes, facilities, and institutions within the LPZ. The LPZ contained approximately 9,846 people in 1990, with an average density of 545 people per square mile. By the year 2030, the LPZ population is projected to increase to about 11,629, or an average density of 643 people per square mile (US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1991 (Reference 2.1-3); Connecticut Office of Policy and Management, 1991 (Reference 2.1-2); US Geological Survey (Reference 2.1-9)). The LPZ population distribution for 1990 and 2030 is shown in Table 2.1-18. Table 2.1-19 shows the 1991-1992 school and employment distribution within the LPZ. Both tables are keyed to Figure 2.1-12. Daily and seasonal variations due to transient population are minimal within the LPZ. Several beaches are located within the area; however, they are predominantly used by local residents and generally have no facilities for parking or accommodation of large groups. Three schools, Great Neck Elementary and Southwest Elementary in Waterford, and Niantic Elementary in East Lyme, are located within the LPZ. Major employment consists of the Connecticut National Guard facility and Hendel Petroleum. The New London Country Club is also located within the LPZ. 2.1.3.5 Population Center The closest population center to Millstone 3 (as defined by 10 CFR 100 to contain > 25,000 residents) is the City of New London which contained a 1990 population of 28,540 people at an average population density of 5,189 people per square mile (US Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census 1991). The distance between Millstone 3 and the city's closest corporate boundary is about 3.3 miles to the northeast, just beyond the minimum distance requirement set by 10 CFR 100. The city of New London is part of the New London - Norwich Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA) which contained an estimated 266,819 people in 1990 (US Department of Commerce Bureau of the Census, 1991 (Reference 2.1-3). An MSA is an area, defined by the US Census Bureau, that always contains a city or cities of specified population, with contiguous cities or MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-7 Rev. 30 towns where the economic and social relationships meet the specified criteria of metropolitan character and integration. The region within 50 miles of Millstone 3 includes portions, or all, of 11 MSAs. The populations of these areas are shown in Table 2.1-20. There were 38 population centers within 50 miles of Millstone 3, containing 25,000 or more people in 1990. They are listed in Table 2.1-21 with the populations indicated. 2.1.3.6 Population Density The population of the area within 50 miles of Millstone was approximately 2,835,159 in 1990, with an average density of 361 people per square mile. This density is lower than the NRC comparison figure of 500 people per square mile (NRC Regulatory Guide 1.70, Revision 3). Within 30 miles of Millstone, the population density is considerably less, at an average of 189 people per square mile. By 2030, the 50-mile population is projected to increase to 3,223,654 or an average population density of about 410 people per square mile, considerably lower than the NRC comparison figure for end-year plant life of 1,000 people per square mile. Within 30 miles, the average density will be 223 persons per square miles by the year 2030. Population densities by sector for the areas within 20 km and 80 km of Millstone 3 for 1985 (the expected first year of operation) are shown in Table 2.1-22 and 2.1-23, respectively. Population densities by sector for 1990 and 2030 are shown for within 10 miles of Millstone in Tables 2.1-24 and 2.1-25 respectively, which are keyed to Figure 2.1-7, and for within 50 miles of Millstone in Tables 2.1-6 and 2.1-27, respectively, which are keyed to Figure 2.1-10. Cumulative population densities for the areas within 80 km of Millstone 3 for 1985 (the expected first year of operation) are shown in Table 2.1-28. Cumulative population densities 1990 and 2030 are shown in Tables 2.1-29 and 2.1-30 respectively. 2.1.4 REFERENCES FOR SECTION 2.1 2.1-1 New York State Department of Economic Development, Interim County, MSA and Region Projections, 1980-2010, 1989. 2.1-2 Connecticut Office of Policy Management, Interim Population Projections Series 91.1, 1991. 2.1-3 US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population, P.L. 94-171 Counts by Census Block, 1991. 2.1-4 Office of Policy and Management, Comprehensive Planning Division, State of Connecticut, Population Projections for Connecticut Municipalities and Regions to the year 2000, February, 1980. 2.1-5 US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census of Population and Housing - Connecticut, 1990 CPH-1-8, 1991. MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-8 Rev. 30 2.1-6 Rhode Island Department of Administration, Projections by County, 1990-2020, 1989. 2.1-7 Economic Development Board, State of New York, Official Population Projections for New York State Counties, 1978. 2.1-8 Rhode Island Statewide Planning Program, Rhode Island Population Projections by County, City and Town, Technical Paper No. 83, Revised April 1979. 2.1-9 U.S. Geological Survey, 7.5-Minute Quadrangle maps. 2.1-10 US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Regulatory Guide 1.70, Revision 3. SUPPORTING REFERENCES Massachusetts Institute for Social and Economic Research, Revised Projections of the Population of Massachusetts Cities and Towns to the Year 2000, 1991. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, State and Metropolitan Area Book 1991, a Statistical Abstract Supplement, 1991. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census P.L. 94-171 Counts by municipality - New York, 1991. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1990 Census P.L. 94-171 Counts by municipality - Rhode Island, 1991. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Number of Inhabitants: Connecticut, PC(1)- A8, 1971; PC80-1-A8, 1981. MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-9 Rev. 30 NOTES: Based on 1990 US Census of Population and Housing. Includes total 1990 population of all municipalities totally or partially within 10 miles of the site. TABLE 2.1-1 1990 POPULATION AND POPULATION DENSITIES CITIES AND TOWNS WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE MUNICIPALITY 1990 POPULATION TOTAL 1990 POPULATION DENSITY (People/Square Mile) 1980 - 1990 CHANGE (%) East Lyme 15,340 451 10.6 Groton (including City) 45,144 1,442 9.9 Ledyard 14,913 391 8.6 Lyme 1,949 61 7.0 Montville 16,673 397 1.3 New London 28,540 5,189 -1.0 Old Lyme 6,535 283 6.1 Old Saybrook 9,552 637 2.9 Waterford 17,930 547 0.5 Southold, New York (Fishers Island) 19,836 394 3.5 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-10 Rev. 30 SOURCES : 1980 Census of Population, Number of Inhabitants, Connecticut, PC80-1-A8, 12/81. 1970 Census of Population, Number of Inhabitants, Connecticut, PC(1)-A8, 4/71. 1980 Final Population and Housing Counts, Connecticut, PHC80-V-8, 3/81. 1990 Census of Population and Housing, Connecticut, CPH-1-8, 7/91. TABLE 2.1-2 POPULATION GROWTH 1960-1990 TOTAL POPULATION % CHANGE MUNICIPALITY 1960 1970 1980 1990 1960-1970 1970-1980 1980-1990 East Lyme 6,782 11,399 13,870 15,340 68.1 21.7 10.6 Groton 29,937 38,523 41,062 45,144 28.7 6.6 9.9 Ledyard 5,395 14,558 13,735 14,913 169.8 -5.7 8.6 Lyme 1,183 1,484 1,822 1,949 25.4 22.8 7.0 Montville 7,759 15,662 16,455 16,673 101.9 5.1 1.3 New London 34,182 31,630 28,842 28,540 -7.5 -8.8 -1.0 Old Lyme 3,068 4,964 6,159 6,535 61.8 24.1 6.1 Old Saybrook 5,274 8,468 9,287 9,552 60.6 9.7 2.9 Waterford 15,391 17,227 17,843 17,930 11.9 3.6 0.5 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-11 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-3 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 1985 (0-20 km) Distance (km) Direction 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-20 Total N 152 1,306 1,341 136 585 9,463 12,983 NNE 12 1,186 1,958 584 2,819 9,676 16,235 NE 326 1,250 763 15,113 8,239 13,641 39,332 ENE 267 513 3,063 3,559 8,491 19,484 35,377 E 366 896 1,169 976 534 4,816 8,757 ESE 0 127 0 0 0 1,184 1,311 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 340 340 SW 0 25 81 0 0 0 106 WSW 0 1,183 193 757 1,960 2,309 6,402 W 0 727 1,102 411 428 8,463 11,131 WNW 0 1,298 1,266 90 140 3,430 6,224 NW 0 852 799 426 418 3,758 6,253 NNW 311 694 902 795 503 6,321 9,526 Total 1,434 10,057 12,637 22,847 24,117 82,884 153,976 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-12 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-4 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 1990 CENSUS Distance to Plant Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL N 16 722 866 784 116 213 542 209 536 1,717 5,721 NNE 13 359 1,146 1,978 1,861 1,622 1,666 2,242 2,192 3,142 16,221 NE 165 455 839 3,888 10,584 7,752 8,164 8,129 911 1,961 42,848 ENE 22 455 292 4,963 971 7,186 3,748 3,047 1,008 2,662 24,354 E 0 636 413 1,804 193 552 0 63 1,434 904 5,999 ESE 0 143 36 0 0 0 0 0 115 214 508 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 WSW 0 0 489 91 86 312 472 158 0 74 1,682 W 0 178 1,061 1,014 440 763 475 562 881 408 5,782 WNW 0 476 1,165 1,964 346 239 211 1,654 509 417 6,981 NW 0 634 873 1,192 1,140 644 599 101 209 81 5,473 NNW 148 314 892 522 646 918 221 429 456 314 4,860 Total 364 4,372 8,086 18,200 16,383 20,201 16,098 16,594 8,251 11,894 120,443 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-13 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-5 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2000 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL N 18 778 932 845 126 230 582 225 578 1,852 6,166 NNE 14 387 1,234 2,131 2,006 1,749 1,796 2,415 2,366 3,389 17,487 NE 179 489 905 4,191 11,415 8,359 8,802 8,765 983 2,115 46,203 ENE 24 492 314 5,352 1,045 7,746 4,041 3,285 1,087 2,870 26,256 E 0 685 444 1,944 208 597 0 68 1,546 975 6,467 ESE 0 154 39 0 0 0 0 0 125 233 551 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 WSW 0 0 528 98 92 336 509 169 0 78 1,810 W 0 192 1,144 1,093 473 821 513 606 950 436 6,228 WNW 0 514 1,255 2,118 373 258 227 1,783 548 448 7,524 NW 0 684 940 1,285 1,229 695 646 108 226 88 5,901 Total 393 4,715 8,710 19,621 17,663 21,781 17,354 17,886 8,900 12,823 129,846 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-14 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-6 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2010 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL N 18 803 961 871 129 237 600 230 595 1,908 6,352 NNE 14 399 1,272 2,197 2,068 1,804 1,853 2,492 2,437 3,495 18,031 NE 184 504 930 4,321 11,767 8,617 9,074 9,036 1,013 2,180 47,626 ENE 25 507 324 5,518 1,078 7,988 4,166 3,387 1,119 2,960 27,072 E 0 707 458 2,005 215 616 0 70 1,593 1,005 6,669 ESE 0 159 41 0 0 0 0 0 138 255 593 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 WSW 0 0 545 102 95 346 525 175 0 79 1,867 W 0 198 1,179 1,126 488 847 530 625 981 443 6,417 WNW 0 529 1,294 2,184 385 266 234 1,838 566 461 7,757 NW 0 705 969 1,325 1,267 716 666 111 232 90 6,081 NNW 163 350 992 582 718 1,021 245 476 506 350 5,403 Total 404 4,861 8,980 20,231 18,210 22,458 17,893 18,440 9,180 13,226 133,883 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-15 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-7 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2020 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL N 19 828 990 899 133 243 620 236 613 1,968 6,549 NNE 14 411 1,310 2,264 2,132 1,860 1,909 2,569 2,513 3,602 18,584 NE 188 519 960 4,455 12,134 8,885 9,355 9,318 1,044 2,247 49,105 ENE 25 523 333 5,689 1,110 8,236 4,296 3,492 1,151 3,052 27,907 E 0 728 472 2,067 222 635 0 72 1,642 1,036 6,874 ESE 0 162 41 0 0 0 0 0 144 268 615 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 WSW 0 0 562 105 98 356 541 180 0 80 1,922 W 0 205 1,216 1,161 504 874 546 644 1,011 450 6,611 WNW 0 544 1,336 2,252 398 274 242 1,895 583 476 8,000 NW 0 727 998 1,365 1,308 738 687 114 239 93 6,269 NNW 168 361 1,023 600 738 1,053 253 491 523 362 5,572 Total 414 5,008 9,256 20,857 18,777 23,154 18,449 19,011 9,463 13,634 138,023 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-16 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-8 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2030 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 TOTAL N 19 855 1,021 927 136 250 638 242 631 2,027 6,746 NNE 14 425 1,351 2,334 2,196 1,916 1,968 2,650 2,590 3,712 19,156 NE 193 535 990 4,592 12,510 9,160 9,644 9,606 1,075 2,315 50,620 ENE 26 539 343 5,866 1,145 8,492 4,428 3,598 1,188 3,147 28,772 E 0 751 487 2,132 229 655 0 73 1,692 1,068 7,087 ESE 0 167 43 0 0 0 0 0 151 281 642 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 15 WSW 0 0 580 108 101 366 558 185 0 81 1,979 W 0 212 1,254 1,197 520 901 561 663 1,043 458 6,809 WNW 0 560 1,377 2,323 409 281 249 1,956 602 490 8,247 NW 0 748 1,029 1,407 1,349 761 708 116 246 95 6,459 NNW 174 371 1,055 618 761 1,085 261 507 539 374 5,745 Total 426 5,163 9,545 21,504 19,356 23,867 19,015 19,596 9,757 14,048 142,277 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-17 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-9 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION 1985 (0-80 km) Distance (km) Direction 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 Total N 12,983 24,346 48,558 22,966 108,853 NNE 16,235 48,297 28,695 42,400 135,627 NE 39,332 13,723 24,719 224,759 302,533 ENE 35,377 27,604 33,732 117,868 214,581 E 8,757 14,326 8,982 122 32,187 ESE 1,311 0 674 0 1,985 SE 0 2,038 0 0 2,038 SSE 0 4,457 0 0 4,457 S 0 8,906 2,657 0 11,563 SSW 340 8,979 21,915 2,602 33,836 SW 106 5,869 20,269 210,804 237,048 WSW 6,402 554 0 20,268 27,224 W 11,131 33,197 98,419 361,418 504,165 WNW 6,224 16,353 124,272 276,965 423,814 NW 6,253 12,395 102,235 483,164 604,047 NNW 9,526 13,152 55,071 129,100 206,849 Total 153,977 234,196 570,198 1,892,436 2,850,807 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-18 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-10 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 1990 CENSUS Distance to Plant Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total N 5,721 22,283 26,357 32,610 18,658 105,629 NNE 16,221 34,824 23,730 27,465 35,598 137,838 NE 42,848 9,444 11,334 29,987 199,334 292,947 ENE 24,354 23,914 16,498 43,001 99,721 207,488 E 5,999 10,712 7,992 10,920 0 35,623 ESE 508 0 0 836 0 1,344 SE 0 0 807 0 0 807 SSE 0 0 2,420 0 0 2,420 S 0 1,614 13,541 0 0 15,155 SSW 0 2,443 12,569 14,807 4,498 34,317 SW 14 938 22,042 8,252 143,933 175,179 WSW 1,682 2,471 0 0 20,389 24,542 W 5,782 27,956 34,384 184,723 267,465 520,310 WNW 6,981 12,474 27,895 148,259 259,824 455,433 NW 5,473 6,215 31,331 191,767 365,578 600,364 NNW 4,860 8,809 17,850 115,424 78,820 225,763 Total 120,443 164,097 248,750 808,051 1,493,818 2,835,159 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-19 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-11 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2000 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total N 6,166 24,028 28,707 35,404 20,273 114,578 NNE 17,487 37,551 25,721 29,926 38,135 148,820 NE 46,203 10,183 12,196 31,611 206,940 307,133 ENE 26,256 25,744 17,663 45,998 105,848 221,509 E 6,467 11,497 8,553 11,687 0 38,204 ESE 551 0 0 895 0 1,446 SE 0 0 878 0 0 878 SSE 0 0 2,635 0 0 2,635 S 0 1,759 14,742 0 0 16,501 SSW 0 2,660 13,688 16,122 4,897 37,367 SW 14 1,022 24,000 8,985 156,725 190,746 WSW 1,810 2,641 0 0 22,201 26,652 W 6,228 29,887 36,343 195,006 281,709 549,173 WNW 7,524 13,340 29,762 156,623 273,153 480,402 NW 5,901 6,660 33,435 200,205 380,339 626,540 NNW 5,239 9,492 19,194 121,620 83,732 239,277 Total 129,846 176,464 267,517 854,082 1,573,952 3,001,861 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-20 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-12 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2010 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total N 6,352 24,773 30,056 36,785 21,101 119,067 NNE 18,031 38,716 26,730 31,421 39,720 154,618 NE 47,626 10,499 12,626 32,221 210,368 313,340 ENE 27,072 26,652 18,530 48,258 109,494 230,006 E 6,669 11,986 8,981 12,272 0 39,908 ESE 593 0 0 940 0 1,533 SE 0 0 920 0 0 920 SSE 0 0 2,761 0 0 2,761 S 0 1,847 15,445 0 0 17,292 SSW 0 2,788 14,344 16,896 5,132 39,160 SW 15 1,073 25,151 9,416 164,248 199,903 WSW 1,867 2,689 0 0 23,267 27,823 W 6,417 30,426 37,096 199,100 286,889 559,928 WNW 7,757 13,590 30,311 159,776 278,156 489,590 NW 6,081 6,807 34,052 202,762 384,902 634,604 NNW 5,403 9,778 19,778 123,964 85,735 244,658 Total 133,883 181,624 276,781 873,811 1,609,012 3,075,111 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-21 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-13 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2020 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total N 6,549 25,541 31,470 38,219 21,963 123,742 NNE 18,584 39,916 27,784 32,989 41,349 160,622 NE 49,105 10,825 13,051 32,748 213,221 318,950 ENE 27,907 27,557 19,336 50,343 112,285 234,428 E 6,874 12,452 9,376 12,811 0 41,513 ESE 615 0 0 981 0 1,596 SE 0 0 965 0 0 965 SSE 0 0 2,894 0 0 2,894 S 0 1,939 16,184 0 0 18,123 SSW 0 2,922 15,033 17,707 5,379 41,041 SW 15 1,127 26,355 9,869 172,131 209,497 WSW 1,922 2,737 0 0 24,383 29,042 W 6,611 30,974 37,863 203,283 292,190 570,921 WNW 8,000 13,844 30,871 162,992 283,254 498,961 NW 6,269 6,957 34,678 205,354 389,518 642,776 NNW 5,572 10,070 20,382 126,369 87,794 250,187 Total 138,023 186,861 286,242 893,665 1,643,467 3,148,258 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-22 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-14 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 2030 PROJECTED Distance to Plant Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Total N 6,746 26,332 32,953 39,716 22,860 128,607 NNE 19,156 41,155 28,879 34,637 43,058 166,885 NE 50,620 11,159 13,494 33,286 216,112 324,671 ENE 28,772 28,495 20,176 52,519 115,158 245,120 E 7,087 12,937 9,789 13,375 0 43,188 ESE 642 0 0 1,024 0 1,666 SE 0 0 1,011 0 0 1,011 SSE 0 0 3,033 0 0 3,033 S 0 2,036 16,957 0 0 18,993 SSW 0 3,062 15,755 18,558 5,637 43,012 SW 15 1,183 27,619 10,342 180,394 219,553 WSW 1,979 2,787 0 0 25,554 30,320 W 6,809 31,532 38,647 207,551 297,607 582,146 WNW 8,247 14,102 31,441 166,276 288,449 508,515 NW 6,459 7,110 35,317 207,981 394,192 651,059 NNW 5,745 10,373 21,003 128,835 89,919 255,875 Total 142,277 192,263 296,074 914,100 1,678,940 3,223,654 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-23 Rev. 30 Note : Includes student enrollment only. Sources : Connecticut Department of Education listing of schools; Telephone survey conducted in March 1992. TABLE 2.1-15 TRANSIENT POPULATION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE - 1991-1992 SCHOOL ENROLLMENT Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Total N 0 310 0 0 0 0 0 74 0 413 797 NNE 0 0 0 374 897 2,073 174 0 0 444 3,962 NE 0 0 636 210 697 1,352 1,542 534 0 0 4,971 ENE 0 0 0 2,501 0 888 0 1,043 1,609 266 6,307 E 0 292 0 0 0 1,330 0 0 183 0 1,805 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 68 68 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 263 0 864 0 1,127 WNW 0 0 345 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 345 NW 0 0 0 843 0 0 0 0 0 0 843 NNW 0 0 0 298 1,250 0 0 0 0 0 1,548 TOTAL 0 602 981 4,226 2,844 5,643 1,979 1,651 2,656 1,191 21,773 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-24 Rev. 30 Note : Firms with 50 employees or more. Excludes plant employee population. Sources : Telephone survey conducted in March 1992. TABLE 2.1-16 TRANSIENT POPULATION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE (EMPLOYMENT) Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Total N 0 0 0 300 0 0 0 0 0 200 500 NNE 0 0 0 0 0 0 375 375 107 277 1,134 NE 0 0 375 80 831 0 375 375 0 0 2,036 ENE 0 0 0 0 8,800 5,500 820 0 0 0 15,120 E 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ESE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 256 0 256 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 W 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WNW 0 0 0 0 0 0 125 125 0 0 250 NW 0 500 0 0 0 0 125 125 0 0 750 NNW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 TOTAL 0 500 375 380 9,631 5,500 1,820 1,000 363 477 20,046 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-25 Rev. 30 Notes: * Daily summer attendance based on 90% of yearly attendance from April through September. ** Includes campers from April 15 to September 15. Source: State of Connecticut DEP - Office of Parks and Forests, 1990 Park Attendance. TABLE 2.1-17 TRANSIENT POPULATION WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE STATE PARKS AND FORESTS (WITH DOCUMENTED ATTENDANCE) FACILITY LOCATION TOTAL ANNUAL ATTENDANCE SUMMER DAILY ATTENDANCE State Parks: Bluff Point ENE/E 6-8 97,641 490 * Fort Griswold ENE 5-6 58,965 200 * Haley Farm ENE/E 7-9 11,675 60 * Harkness Memorial E 2-3 157,962 790 * Rocky Neck W 3-5 412,495 2,360 ** State Forests: Nehantic WNW/NNW 7-10 81,146 400 * MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-26 Rev. 30 Sources: 1990 Census of Population and Housing. Connecticut Office of Policy and Management, Interim Population Projections Series 91.1, 4/91. TABLE 2.1-18 LOW POPULATION ZONE PERMANENT POPULATION DISTRIBUTIONS DIRECTION 1990 CENSUS 2030 PROJECTED N 1,298 1,536 NNE 903 1,065 NE 1,144 1,351 ENE 768 909 E 760 899 ESE 179 212 SE 0 0 SSE 0 0 S 0 0 SSW 0 0 SW 3 3 WSW 429 506 W 1,025 1,211 WNW 1,046 1,233 NW 1,167 1,377 NNW 1,124 1,327 TOTAL LPZ 9,846 11,629 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-27 Rev. 30 Notes: 1991-1992 Student Enrollment. Firms with 50 employees or more. Source: Telephone survey conducted in March 1992; Connecticut Department of Education school listing. TABLE 2.1-19 LOW POPULATION ZONE SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND EMPLOYMENT DIRECTION SCHOOL EMPLOYMENT N 310 0 NNE 0 0 NE 0 75 ENE 0 0 E 292 0 ESE 0 0 SE 0 0 SSE 0 0 S 0 0 SSW 0 0 SW 0 0 WSW 0 0 W 0 0 WNW 345 0 NW 0 500 NNW 0 0 TOTAL 947 575 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-28 Rev. 30 Notes: PMSA - Primary Metropolitan Statistical Area. MSA - Metropolitan Statistical Area. Total population of metropolitan areas completely or only partially within 50 miles of the site. Source: 1990 Census of Population TABLE 2.1-20 METROPOLITAN AREAS WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE 1990 CENSUS POPULATION AREA 1990 POPULATION Bridgeport - Milford, CT PMSA 443,722 Bristol, CT PMSA 79,488 Fall River, MA-RI PMSA 157,272 Hartford, CT PMSA 767,899 New Haven - Meriden, CT MSA 530,240 Nassau - Suffolk, NY PMSA 2,609,212 New Britain, CT PMSA 148,188 New London - Norwich, CT-RI MSA 266,819 Providence, RI PMSA 654,869 Waterbury, CT MSA 221,629 Middletown, CT PMSA 90,320 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-29 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-21 POPULATION CENTERS WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE STATE MUNICIPALITY 1990 POPULATION Connecticut Branford 27,603 Bristol 60,640 Cheshire 25,684 East Hartford 50,452 East Haven 26,144 Enfield 45,532 Glastonbury 27,901 Groton 45,144 Hamden 52,434 Hartford 139,739 Manchester 51,618 Meriden 59,479 Middletown 42,762 Milford 49,938 Naugatuck 30,625 New Britain 75,491 New Haven 130,474 New London 28,540 Newington 29,208 Norwich 37,371 Shelton 35,418 Southington 38,518 Stratford 49,389 Vernon 29,841 Wallingford 40,822 Waterbury 108,961 West Hartford 60,110 West Haven 54,021 Wethersfield 25,651 Windsor 27,817 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-30 Rev. 30 Notes: Municipalities with 25,000 people or more. Municipalities completely or only partially within 50 miles. Source: 1990 U.S. Census of Population and Housing. Rhode Island Coventry 31,083 Cranston 76,060 Johnston 26,542 Newport 28,227 Warwick 85,427 West Warwick 29,268 New York Brookhaven 407,779 Southampton 44,976 TABLE 2.1-21 POPULATION CENTERS WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE STATE MUNICIPALITY 1990 POPULATION MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-31 Rev. 30 NOTE: * People per square kilometer. TABLE 2.1-22 POPULATION DENSITY* 1985 (0-20 km) Distance (km) Direction 0-2 2-4 4-6 6-8 8-10 10-20 Average 0-20 N 194 575 345 25 83 161 166 NNE 15 522 504 106 405 169 212 NE 566 557 194 2,970 1,759 234 525 ENE 1,214 218 786 1,990 1,255 334 482 E 1,538 386 403 1,903 482 305 383 ESE 0 279 0 0 0 142 147 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 126 126 SW 0 305 686 0 0 0 520 WSW 0 1,153 270 1,187 980 178 369 W 0 545 308 80 61 171 167 WNW 0 727 324 17 20 60 83 NW 0 550 217 78 63 64 82 NNW 492 969 286 154 71 107 126 Average 409 546 375 570 428 166 236 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-32 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-23 POPULATION DENSITY 1985 (0-80 km) Distance (km) Direction 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 N 166 103 124 42 NNE 212 205 73 77 NE 525 58 63 412 ENE 482 117 86 402 E 383 198 167 364 ESE 147 0 29 0 SE 0 87 0 0 SSE 0 98 0 0 S 0 88 96 0 SSW 126 104 122 112 SW 520 142 134 471 WSW 369 194 0 907 W 167 151 302 781 WNW 83 69 316 504 NW 82 53 260 879 NNW 126 56 140 235 Average 236 104 163 416 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-33 Rev. 30 Source : 1990 Census of Population. TABLE 2.1-24 POPULATION DENSITY WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE 1990 (PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE) Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Average N 82 1,226 883 571 66 99 212 71 161 460 292 NNE 66 610 1,168 1,440 1,054 751 653 762 657 843 827 NE 842 772 855 2,830 5,993 3,591 3,200 2,761 273 526 2,183 ENE 112 772 298 3,612 550 3,328 1,469 1,035 302 714 1,241 E 0 1,080 421 1,313 109 256 0 21 430 242 306 ESE 0 243 37 0 0 0 0 0 34 57 26 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 WSW 0 0 498 66 49 145 185 54 0 20 86 W 0 302 1,082 738 249 353 186 191 264 109 295 WNW 0 808 1,188 1,429 196 111 83 562 153 112 356 NW 0 1,076 890 868 646 298 235 34 63 22 279 NNW 755 533 909 380 366 425 87 146 137 84 248 AVERAGE 116 464 515 828 580 585 394 352 155 199 384 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-34 Rev. 30 Source : CT Office of Policy and Management, Interim Population Projections Series 91.1, 4/91. TABLE 2.1-25 POPULATION DENSITY WITHIN 10 MILES OF MILLSTONE 2030 (PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE) Sector 0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 Average N 97 1,452 1,041 675 77 116 250 82 189 544 344 NNE 71 722 1,377 1,700 1,243 887 771 900 776 995 976 NE 985 908 1,009 3,345 7,084 4,243 3,780 3,263 322 621 2,579 ENE 133 915 350 4,272 648 3,933 1,736 1,222 356 844 1,466 E 0 1,275 496 1,553 130 303 0 25 507 286 361 ESE 0 284 44 0 0 0 0 0 45 75 33 SE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSE 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 S 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SSW 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 SW 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 WSW 0 0 591 79 57 170 219 63 0 22 101 W 0 360 1,278 872 294 417 220 225 313 123 347 WNW 0 951 1,404 1,692 232 130 98 664 180 131 420 NW 0 1,270 1,049 1,025 764 352 278 39 74 25 329 NNW 888 630 1,075 450 431 503 102 172 162 100 293 AVERAGE 136 548 608 979 685 691 466 416 183 235 453 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-35 Rev. 30 Source : 1990 Census of Population and Housing. TABLE 2.1-26 POPULATION DENSITY WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE 1990 (PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE) Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Average N 292 378 269 237 106 215 NNE 827 591 242 200 202 281 NE 2,183 160 116 218 1,129 597 ENE 1,241 406 168 313 564 423 E 306 182 81 79 0 73 ESE 26 0 0 6 0 3 SE 0 0 8 0 0 2 SSE 0 0 25 0 0 5 S 0 27 138 0 0 31 SSW 0 41 128 108 25 70 SW 1 16 225 60 815 357 WSW 86 42 0 0 115 50 W 295 475 350 1,345 1,514 1,061 WNW 356 212 284 1,079 1,471 928 NW 279 106 319 1,396 2,070 1,224 NNW 248 150 182 840 446 460 AVERAGE 384 174 158 368 528 361 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-36 Rev. 30 Source : CT Office of Policy and Management, Interim Population Projections, Series 91.1, 4/91. TABLE 2.1-27 POPULATION DENSITY WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE 2030 (PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE) Sector 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 Average N 344 447 336 289 129 262 NNE 976 699 294 252 244 340 NE 2,579 190 138 242 1,224 662 ENE 1,466 484 206 382 652 499 E 361 220 100 97 0 88 ESE 33 0 0 7 0 3 SE 0 0 10 0 0 2 SSE 0 0 31 0 0 6 S 0 35 173 0 0 39 SSW 0 52 161 135 32 88 SW 1 20 281 75 1,021 447 WSW 101 47 0 0 145 62 W 347 536 394 1,511 1,685 1,187 WNW 420 240 320 1,210 1,633 1,036 NW 329 121 360 1,514 2,232 1,327 NNW 293 176 214 938 509 522 AVERAGE 453 204 189 416 594 410 MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-37 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-28 CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY 1985 Distance (km) Direction 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 N 166 119 122 87 NNE 212 207 132 108 NE 525 171 111 242 ENE 482 204 138 216 E 383 242 215 216 ESE 147 147 61 61 SE 0 86 86 86 SSE 0 98 98 98 S 0 86 88 88 SSW 126 105 116 116 SW 520 144 136 370 WSW 369 344 344 640 W 167 155 233 469 WNW 83 73 208 338 NW 82 60 172 482 NNW 126 73 110 165 Average 236 134 150 260 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-38 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-29 CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE 1990 (PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE) Sector 0-10 0-20 0-30 0-40 0-50 N 292 357 308 277 215 NNE 827 650 423 326 281 NE 2,183 666 360 298 597 ENE 1,241 615 367 343 423 E 306 213 140 113 73 ESE 26 6 3 4 3 SE 0 0 5 3 2 SSE 0 0 14 8 5 S 0 21 86 48 31 SSW 0 31 85 95 70 SW 1 12 130 100 357 W 295 430 386 805 1,061 WNW 356 248 268 623 928 NW 279 149 244 748 1,224 NNW 248 174 178 468 460 Average 384 226 189 267 361 MPS3 UFSAR MPS3 UFSAR 2.1-39 Rev. 30 TABLE 2.1-30 CUMULATIVE POPULATION DENSITY WITHIN 50 MILES OF MILLSTONE 2030 (PEOPLE PER SQUARE MILE) Sector 0-10 0-20 0-30 0-40 0-50 N 344 421 374 337 262 NNE 976 768 505 394 340 NE 2,579 787 426 346 662 ENE 1,466 730 438 414 499 E 361 255 169 138 88 ESE 33 8 4 5 3 SE 0 0 6 3 2 SSE 0 0 17 10 6 S 0 26 108 60 39 SSW 0 39 107 119 88 SW 1 15 163 125 447 WSW 101 61 27 15 62 W 347 488 436 906 1,187 WNW 420 285 305 701 1,036 NW 329 173 277 818 1,327 NNW 293 205 210 529 522 Average 453 266 223 307 410 MPS3 UFSAR 2.2-1 Rev. 30 2.2 NEARBY INDUSTRIAL, TRANSPORTATION, AND MILITARY FACILITIES 2.2.1 LOCATIONS AND ROUTES The area around the Millstone site contains three major industrial facilities (Dow Chemical Corporation, Pfizer Corporation, and Electric Boat Division of General Dynamics Corporation); two transportation facilities (Groton/New London) Airport and the New London Transportation Center; and four military installations (U.S. Navy Submarine Base, U.S. Coast Guard Academy, Camp Rell, and Stone's Ranch Military Reservation). There is also an interstate highway (Interstate 95), passenger and freight railroad lines, gas distribution lines, above ground gas and oil storage facilities and two major waterways (Long Island Sound, Thames River) in the vicinity of the Millstone site. There are no major gas transmission lines, oil transmissio