Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual

Recovery ............................................................................ 4-2 Power off Stalls ....................................................................... 4-3 Execution............................................................................ 4-3 Recovery ............................................................................ 4-3 Power on Stalls ....................................................................... 4-4 Execution............................................................................ 4-4 Recovery ............................................................................ 4-4 Autopilot Stall Recognition ...................................................... 4-5 AP Stall Recognition (Power Off) ....................................... 4-5 Autopilot Stall Recognition (Cont)....................................... 4-6 AP Stall Recognition (Power On) ....................................... 4-6 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 TOC-3 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manaul Table of Contents Table of Contents Section 5 - Emergency and Abnormal Procedures.................. 5-1 General ................................................................................... 5-1 Checklist Completion for Abnormal Procedures................. 5-1 Checklist Completion for Emergency Procedures.............. 5-1 Section 6 - Performance ............................................................. 6-1 General ................................................................................... 6-1 Section 7 - Supplementary Information .................................... 7-1 General ................................................................................... 7-1 Pilot Qualification and Training ............................................... 7-2 Training .............................................................................. 7-2 Medical Certificates ............................................................ 7-4 Takeoff and Landing Wind Proficiency............................... 7-4 Takeoff, Enroute and Landing Minimums........................... 7-5 Currency Requirements ..................................................... 7-6 Pilot Duty Considerations........................................................ 7-7 Duty Time and Rest............................................................ 7-7 Physiological ...................................................................... 7-7 Aircraft Maintenance ............................................................... 7-8 Grounding of Aircraft .......................................................... 7-8 Flight Planning ........................................................................ 7-9 Weather Assessment ......................................................... 7-9 Fuel Requirements ............................................................ 7-10 Minimum Runway Length................................................... 7-10 Noise Abatement................................................................ 7-10 Weather .................................................................................. 7-11 Overview ............................................................................ 7-11 Hazards to Flight ................................................................ 7-11 Current Observations ......................................................... 7-12 Forecasted Weather........................................................... 7-12 NOTAMS ............................................................................ 7-12 Thunderstorm Flying ......................................................... 7-13 Temperature Minimums ..................................................... 7-13 Operations in Icing Conditions ........................................... 7-14 In-Flight Considerations .......................................................... 7-15 Turns after Takeoff ............................................................. 7-15 Weather Status................................................................... 7-15 August 2007 TOC-4 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manaul Table of Contents Table of Contents Aircraft Systems Status ...................................................... 7-15 Pilot Status ......................................................................... 7-15 Situational Awareness ........................................................ 7-15 Supplemental Oxygen ........................................................ 7-16 Flight Safety ............................................................................ 7-17 Sterile Cabin ....................................................................... 7-17 Smoking.............................................................................. 7-17 International Border Operations .............................................. 7-18 Preflight .............................................................................. 7-18 Personal Documentation .................................................... 7-18 Aircraft Documentation ....................................................... 7-18 Crossing the United States and Canadian Border.............. 7-19 Incident and Accident Procedures .......................................... 7-20 Emergency Landing............................................................ 7-20 Aircraft Incident and Accident Notification .......................... 7-20 NTSB Field Office............................................................... 7-20 Aircraft Incident and Accident Report ..................................... 7-21 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 1-1 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 1 Introduction Section 1 - Introduction General Procedures in this publication are derived from procedures in the FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual (AFM). Cirrus Design has attempted to ensure that the data contained agrees with the data in the AFM. If there is any disagreement, the Airplane Flight Manual is the final authority. Single Pilot Resource Management Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) is the art and science of managing all the resources available to a single-pilot to ensure that the successful outcome of the flight is never in doubt. The majority of Cirrus aircraft operations are conducted single-pilot. The work load associated with flying the aircraft, configuring and monitoring avionics, communicating with air traffic control, and decision making can be overwhelming at times. The following SRM procedures have been adapted from cockpit procedures common to dual pilot transport category aircraft. General aviation pilots have a great deal of latitude on how to manage and operate aircraft. To ensure the highest levels of safety it is strongly recommended that these single pilot operating procedures be incorporated into the operation of the aircraft. Priority of Tasks The following is a list of priorities that apply to any situation encountered in flight. Pilots must adhere to these priorities during every flight. 1. Maintain Aircraft Control The number one priority of the pilot is to maintain aircraft control. Pilots should maintain a high level of vigilance during periods of high and low workload to ensure aircraft control is always maintained. August 2007 1-2 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 1 Introduction 2. Navigation Once aircraft control is assured, pilots should set and verify the avionics are correctly configured for navigation. This task includes programming GPS units and the PFD. Use of the autopilot may assist the pilot with accomplishing these tasks. Pilots should closely monitor flight parameters while programming various avionics equipment. 3. Communication Communication is an important task in the aircraft but follows aircraft control and navigation as a priority. Communicate intentions and relay instructions clearly to ATC/CTAF while maintaining aircraft control. • Note • Using Standard Operating Procedures will aid the pilot in timely completion of required tasks and allow the pilot to maintain high levels of situational awareness. Checklist Philosophy When used properly, checklists enhance safety of flight by confirming the aircraft is appropriately configured for the flight condition. At the same time, checklists expedite the completion of procedures that are necessary to transition to subsequent phases of flight. The electronic checklist in the MFD should be used anytime the MFD is running. Use of electronic checklists will help keep the cockpit organized and functional. Use a paper checklist whenever the MFD electronic checklists are not available. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 1-3 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 1 Introduction Classification of Checklists All checklist procedures can be assigned one of three classifications: Reference Materials The following references supplement the content of this publication: • Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs) or governing regulations, as applicable, • Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), • FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual and Pilot’s Operating Handbook, • Advisory Circulars, • Cirrus Design Training Guide, • Cirrus Design Envelop of Safety, • Avionics Pilot Guides and Manuals. Normal: Procedures used during normal flight operations. Normal checklists can be found in the Normal Procedures section of the POH. Abnormal: Procedures used in response to system failures and malfunctions that, while not immediately threatening, may affect safety of flight if not addressed. Abnormal checklists can be found in the Abnormal Procedures section in the POH. Emergency: Procedures used in response to system failures and malfunctions that are an immediate threat to the safety of flight. Emergencies require immediate action by the flight crew to ensure a safe outcome. Emergency checklists can be found in the Emergency Procedures section of the POH. August 2007 1-4 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 1 Introduction Terms and Abbreviations The following terms and abbreviations will be referenced in this manual. AP Autopilot ATC Air Traffic Control DA Decision Altitude ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETE Estimated Time Enroute FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAF Final Approach Fix FITS FAA Industry Training Standards GNS Global Navigation System GPS Global Position System GS Glideslope IAF Initial Approach Fix IAP Instrument Approach Procedure LNAV Lateral Navigation LPV Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance MAP Missed Approach Point MDA Minimum Descent Altitude MFD Multi Function Display NAS National Airspace System PFD Primary Flight Display PIC Pilot in Command SRM Single Pilot Resource Management VNAV Vertical Navigation VTF Vectors to Final WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System August 2007 P/N 23020-001 1-5 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 1 Introduction Contact Information Air Safety Hotline.............................................................218-788-3400 CIRRUS Standardized Instructor Program......................218-788-3845 csip@cirrusdesign.com Flight Standards and Operations.....................................866-733-6273 pilotsworld@cirrusdesign.com Maintenance Hotline........................................................800-279-4322 fieldservice@cirrusdesign.com Sales Department ...........................................................888-750-9927 info@cirrusdesign.com Factory Transition Training/Cirrus Concierge...................218-788-3352 concierge@cirrusdesign.com August 2007 1-6 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 1 Introduction August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank P/N 23020-001 2-1 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 2 Limitations Section 2 - Limitations General The Limitations Section of the Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH) is the official document approved by the Federal Aviation Administration. It provides operating limitations, instrument markings, basic placards required by regulation, and standard systems and equipment required for safe operation. For amended operating limitations for airplanes equipped with optional equipment, refer to Section 9 - Supplements of the Pilot’s Operating Handbook. Compliance with the operating limitations in Pilot’s Operating Handbook is required by Federal Aviation Regulations. August 2007 2-2 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 2 Limitations August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank P/N 23020-001 3-1 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Section 3 - Standard Operating Procedures General The Standard Operating Procedures section describes the recommended procedures when operating a Cirrus aircraft during visual and instrument conditions. This information should serve as a framework for aircraft and avionics management. These standard operating procedures were developed and are used by pilots at Cirrus Design. The procedures outlined are considered the best operating practices while flying Cirrus aircraft; however, these procedures may not be inclusive to all variables encountered in the national airspace system. Cirrus pilots are encouraged to follow the procedures outlined in this manual and use their best judgment when handling non standard situations. Utilizing these standard operating procedures will enhance the situational awareness of the pilot in both single pilot and crew situations and allow for timely completion of tasks in the aircraft. Adhering to these procedures will help the pilot take full advantage of the aircraft's capabilities while maintaining a high level of safety. • Note • Procedures in this publication are derived from procedures in the FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual (AFM). Cirrus Design has attempted to ensure that the data contained agrees with the data in the AFM. If there is any disagreement, the Airplane Flight Manual is the final authority. August 2007 3-2 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Checklist Completion for Normal Procedures Normal procedure checklists can be completed as a flow pattern or a do-list. The appropriate method for checklist completion for each normal procedure is indicated in the procedures section for each phase of flight. Do-List: A do-list checklist is executed by reading the checklist item and selecting the appropriate condition of the item. Do-lists are used when procedure sequence and/or item condition is critical to completion of the procedure and when ample time exists for completion of the checklist. Flow Pattern: The term “flow pattern” refers to a logical path through the cockpit that the pilot will move along during the execution of the checklist. Flow patterns use a “do and verify” approach to checklist completion. The items and their conditions are memorized and executed without immediate reference to the written checklist. Following completion of the flow pattern, the checklist is referenced as soon as time and workload permit to ensure procedure completion. When used properly, flow patterns allow timely configuration of the aircraft for the appropriate flight condition. Flow patterns are used when procedure sequence and aircraft condition is not critical and there is an operational advantage to executing the checklist items in a timely manner. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-3 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank 3-4 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Preflight The preflight inspection should be completed as a flow pattern when the pilot is familiar with the aircraft preflight inspection checklist. Always refer to the aircraft checklist after the flow to verify all items have been completed. Documentation The following documents must be in the aircraft for the flight: • Certificate of Airworthiness, • Registration, • FAA Approved Airplane Flight Manual and Pilot’s Operating Handbook, including weight and balance, • Radio station license for international operations, • Appropriate avionics publications. Equipment The following equipment should be carried in the aircraft when appropriate: • Survival kit (appropriate to the climate and conditions), • Approved flotation devices for flights outside glide distance to land, • Supplemental oxygen system for high altitude operations, • Chocks, tie downs, extra oil, tow bar, engine and airplane covers. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-5 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Cabin a. Required Documents.................................................On Board Ensure Airworthiness Certificate is visible to occupants, Registration Certificate, Pilot's Operating Handbook and Aircraft Weight and Balance are on board the aircraft. b. Avionics Power Switch....................................................... OFF c. Bat 2 Master Switch ............................................................ON d. PFD ...........................................................................Verify ON Verify on and alignment process beginning. e. Avionics Cooling Fan .................................................... Audible Listen for cooling fan operation. f. Voltmeter ................................................................ 23-25 Volts Verify with voltmeter located in the upper left hand corner of the PFD (volts will be displayed any time voltage is below 25 volts) or analog voltmeter if installed. SR22 OP02 2659 3 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 2 August 2007 3-6 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures g. Flap Position Light ............................................................ OUT Verify flap position light is not illuminated to ensure isolation diode is functioning properly. h. Bat 1 Master Switch............................................................ ON i. Lights ............................................................. Check Operation Verify operation of required interior (overhead, instrument and panel lights) and exterior (navigation, landing and anti- collision lights). j. Stall Warning ..................................................................... Test Test stall warning system by applying suction to the stall warning system inlet and noting the warning horn sounds. k. Fuel Quantity ..................................................................Check Ensure fuel quantity is sufficient for planned flight and corresponds to fuel amount in tanks and on MFD. l. Fuel Selector ..............................................Select Fullest Tank Switch fuel selector to the fullest tank. Maximum fuel imbalance: 7.5 (SR20), 10 gal (SR22). m. Flaps...................................................100%, Check Lights ON Visually verify down and ensure light corresponds with flap setting. n. Oil Annunciator ................................................................... ON o. Bat 1 and 2 Master Switches.............................................OFF Ensure both battery switches are turned off. Battery master 2 may be left on if engine start is pending to maintain PFD alignment. p. Alternate Static Source............................................. NORMAL Visually verify alternate static source located near pilot's right knee, above circuit breaker panel is in the NORMAL position. q. Circuit Breakers .................................................................... IN Ensure all circuit breakers are in and none are in re-settable (tripped) condition. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-7 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures r. Fire Extinguisher .................................. Charged and Available Inspect extinguisher and ensure pin and safety wire are in tact. There is no gauge to measure quantity. s. Emergency Egress Hammer ......................................Available Hammer should be stowed securely inside lid of the arm rest between the front seats. t. CAPS Handle ......................................................Pin Removed Remove safety pin and stow for remainder of flight. Be sure to replace CAPS cover after pin removal as it is a required placard. 2. Left Fuselage a. COM 1 Antenna...............................Condition and Attachment Visually check condition of antenna and surrounding area of fuselage. b. Wing/Fuselage Fairing.................................................... Check Visually inspect the wing root fairing for attachment along upper and lower surfaces of wing root. c. COM 2 Antenna...............................Condition and Attachment Visually inspect the wing root fairing for attachment along upper and lower surfaces of wing root. d. Baggage Door ........................................... Closed and Secure Physically check for locked and secured door and ensure keys are removed. e. Static Button .............................................. Check for Blockage Ensure removal of static covers if used and check for any blockage within static port openings. f. Parachute Cover...................................... Sealed and Secured Visually inspect area on top rear of fuselage directly behind rear top window for any cracks. 3. Empennage a. Tie Down Rope............................................................Remove Visually verify tail tie down is removed and stowed. August 2007 3-8 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures b. Horizontal and Vertical Stabilizers .............................Condition Inspect leading edges and top of vertical stabilizer for any abnormalities. Ensure the clear tape covering inspection hole on outer tip of elevator, inside of elevator horn is intact. c. Elevator and Tab............................... Condition and Movement Check elevator for range of motion. Inspect tab on left side of elevator for condition. Visually inspect counter weight inside elevator horn for security. Check all hinges, bolts and cotter pins. d. Rudder............................................... Freedom and Movement Inspect for full range of motion. Inspect all hinges, bolts and cotter pins from the left side of the rudder. Visually inspect counter weight inside top leading edge of rudder horn for security. e. Rudder Trim Tab ...................................Condition and Security f. Attachment Hinges, Bolts and Cotter Pins ................... Secure Verify all moveable control surfaces are secure and all bolts and cotter pins are in place. 4. Right Fuselage a. Static Button .............................................. Check for Blockage Ensure removal of static covers and check for any blockage within static port openings. b. Wing/Fuselage Fairings ..................................................Check Visually inspect the wing root fairing for attachment along upper and lower surfaces of wing root. 5. Right Wing Trailing Edge a. Flaps and Rub Strip (if installed) ..........Condition and Security Inspect flap hinges, bolts and cotter pins for security and verify a small amount of movement when flaps are in an extended position. Visually inspect rub strip for abnormal chaffing. b. Aileron and Tab................................. Condition and Movement Verify full deflection of right aileron and ensure opposite deflection of left aileron. Inspect control assemblies located August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-9 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures near the leading edge of outboard and inboard aileron. Inspect the security of the bolt located under the inboard edge of the aileron. c. Aileron Gap Seal (SR22)............................................. Security Visually inspect the aileron gap seal for attachment along the entire surface. d. Hinges, Actuation Arm, Bolts and Cotter Pins............. Security Verify all moveable control surfaces are secure and all bolts and cotter pins are in place. 6. Right Wing Tip a. Tip .......................................................................... Attachment Ensure all screws are in place on upper and lower surfaces. Visually inspect for damage to leading edge, trailing edge, and wing tip. b. Strobe, Nav Light and Lens ..................Condition and Security Inspect for security of lights and lighting covers. Strobe lights are required for all flight operations. Navigation lights are required for all night operations c. Fuel Vent (underside) ..........................................Unobstructed Verify there are no obstructions to the fuel vent. 7. Right Wing Forward and Main Gear a. Leading Edge and Stall Strips ...................................Condition Inspect leading edge for any abnormalities. Ensure both stall strips are secured. b. Fuel Cap....................................... Check Quantity and Secure Visually check fuel is at desired amount and the fuel cap is secured and locking tab is facing rearward. Lock fuel caps as desired. c. Fuel Drains (2 underside)............................ Drain and Sample Use a clear fuel strainer and sample fuel from the main tank and the collector tank. Visually check color for grade of fuel and inspect for contaminants. Ensure fuel drains do not leak August 2007 3-10 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures after taking sample. Do not use the same sample cup used to drain the TKS system. d. Wheel Fairings...................... Security, Accumulation of Debris Physically ensure security of wheel pants. Check for and remove any debris in wheel pants (ice or slush may have formed during taxi). e. Tire .............................................Condition, Inflation and Wear Inspect tire for excessive wear to include flat spots, bald spots or visible tire chords. Ensure adequate tire inflation. Moving the aircraft may be necessary to visually inspect the entire tire for overall condition if excessive wear is suspected. f. Wheel and Brakes .....................................................Condition Inspect the area directly surrounding the wheel for evidence of fluid leaks. Visually inspect brakes temperature sticker for evidence of overheating. (Center of blue inspection disc is white in a normal condition, dark gray when overheated.) g. Chocks and Tie Down Ropes ......................................Remove Ensure all wheel chocks and tie down ropes are removed and stowed. h. Cabin Air Vent..................................................... Unobstructed Visually inspect air vent for debris or obstructions which could prevent fresh air flow to the cabin. 8. Nose, Right Side a. Vortex Generator (SR22) ...........................................Condition Inspect condition of vortex generator and ensure it has not been damaged. b. Cowling.................................................... Attachments Secure Visually inspect each cam lock for secure fitting along top and side of cowls. Screws should be inspected along center bottom and directly behind spinner. Two screws behind the spinner will be removed to de-cowl or to add/remove winterization kits. It is imperative that these screws not be overlooked during preflight as severe cowl damage will result if engine is started without them in place. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-11 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures c. Exhaust Pipe ..................... Condition, Security and Clearance SR20/SR22 - Ensure there is adequate clearance between lower cowling and exhaust pipes and verify they are secure with some movement. Inspect heat shield for security. SR22 Turbo - Ensure each tailpipe is secure by grasping the end of the tailpipe. Loose tailpipes should be serviced prior to flight. Do not fly an aircraft with loose tailpipes. d. Transponder Antenna ......................Condition and Attachment The transponder antenna is located under the engine cowl aft of the nose wheel strut attachment. Inspect and ensure secure. e. Gascolator (underside)............... Drain for 3 Seconds, Sample Use clear fuel strainer and drain for 3 seconds. Inspect fuel sample for contaminants and proper color. Ensure drain does not leak after taking sample. 9. Nose Gear, Propeller and Spinner a. Tow Bar ....................................................... Remove and Stow b. Strut...........................................................................Condition Inspect strut and fairing for condition and security. c. Wheel Fairing ....................... Security, Accumulation of Debris Ensure fairing is not damaged and is attached securely. d. Wheel and Tire ...........................Condition, Inflation and Wear e. Propeller ....................................................................Condition Inspect the propeller blades for smoothness and ensure there are no significant nicks in the blades. Check for any damage to the tips of each blade. f. Spinner ................................Condition, Security and Oil Leaks Ensure spinner screws are secure, check for any oil on spinner, propeller blades or cowling. August 2007 3-12 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures g. Air Inlets.............................................................. Unobstructed Verify air inlets are free of obstructions and ensure cowling screws are secured. If winterization kits are installed, check for security of the kit and screws. h. Alternator ...................................................................Condition SR20 - Physically verify security of alternator, electrical connections and belt. SR22 - Physically verify security of alternator and electrical connections. 10. Nose Left Side a. Landing Light .............................................................Condition Verify landing light is intact and cover is secure with no cracks. b. Engine Oil .......................................................................Check Visually verify oil quantity, ensure oil cap is tightly secured and both latches on the oil door are locked. When opening oil door, do not let latches snap back against oil door as this may lead to paint chipping and cracking. c. Cowling...................................................... Attachment Secure Visually inspect each cam lock for secure fitting along top and side of cowls. Screws should be inspected along center bottom and directly behind spinner. d. External Power .....................................................Door Secure Ensure cam lock is secured. Phillips head screw driver may be required to secure. e. Vortex Generator (SR22) ...........................................Condition Inspect condition of vortex generator and ensure it has not been damaged. f. Exhaust Pipes.................... Condition, Security and Clearance SR20/SR22 - Ensure there is adequate clearance between lower cowling and exhaust pipes and verify they are secure with some movement. Inspect heat shield for security. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-13 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures SR22 Turbo - Ensure each tailpipe is secure by grasping the end of the tailpipe. Loose tailpipes should be serviced prior to flight. Do not fly an aircraft with loose tailpipes. 11. Left Main Gear and Forward Wing a. Wheel Fairings...................... Security, Accumulation of Debris Physically ensure security of wheel pants. Check for debris in wheel pants (ice or slush may have formed during taxi). b. Tire .............................................Condition, Inflation and Wear Inspect tire for excessive wear to include flat spots, bald spots or visible tire chords. Ensure adequate tire inflation. Moving the aircraft may be necessary to visually inspect the entire tire for overall condition if excessive wear is suspected. c. Wheels and Brakes ...................................................Condition Inspect the area directly surrounding the wheel for evidence of fluid leaks. Visually inspect brakes temperature sticker for evidence of overheating. (Center of blue inspection disc is white in a normal condition, dark gray when overheated.) d. Chock and Tie Down Ropes....................................... Remove Ensure all wheel chocks and tie down ropes are removed and stowed securely to prevent hazards to others. e. Fuel Drains (2 underside)............................ Drain and Sample Use a clear fuel strainer and sample fuel from the main tank and the collector tank. Visually verify color for grade of fuel and inspect for contaminants. Ensure fuel drains do not leak after taking sample. f. Cabin Air Vent......................................................Unobstructed Visually inspect air vent for debris or obstructions which could prevent fresh air flow to the main cabin. g. Fuel Cap....................................... Check Quantity and Secure Visually verify fuel is at desired amount and that the fuel cap is secured and locking tab is facing rearward. h. Leading Edge and Stall Strips ...................................Condition Inspect leading edge for any abnormalities. Ensure both stall strips are secured. August 2007 3-14 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 12. Left Wing Tip a. Fuel Vent (underside) ......................................... Unobstructed Verify there are no obstructions to the fuel vent. b. Pitot Mast (underside) .................Cover Removed, Tube Clear Ensure cover removed and stowed, inspect tube inside and out for any obstructions. c. Strobe, Nav Light and Lens ..................Condition and Security Inspect for security of lighting covers. Strobe lights are required for all flight operations. Navigation lights are required for night operations. d. Tip...........................................................................Attachment Ensure all screws are in place on upper and lower surfaces. Visually inspect for and damage to leading edge, trailing edge and wing tip. 13. Left Wing Trailing Edge a. Flap and Rub Strip................................Condition and Security Inspect flap hinges, bolts and cotter pins for security and verify a small amount of movement when flaps are in an extended position. Visually inspect rub strip for abnormal chaffing. b. Aileron .................................................. Freedom of Movement Verify full deflection of right aileron and ensure opposite deflection of left aileron. Inspect control assemblies located near the leading edge of outboard and inboard aileron. Inspect the security of the bolt located under the inboard edge of the aileron. c. Aileron Gap Seal (SR22) .............................................Security Visually inspect the aileron gap seal attachment along the entire surface. d. Hinges, Actuation Arm, Bolts and Cotter Pins .............. Secure Verify all moveable control surfaces are secure and all bolts and cotter pins are in place. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-15 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank 3-16 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Before Engine Start Complete the Before Starting Engine checklist as a Do-List to start the aircraft engine. Before starting the engine verify all preflight items are complete and all emergency equipment is on board and stored in the proper location. Remove the CAPS pin after all occupants have boarded the aircraft and are seated with seat belts fastened. Ensure seats are locked into position by verifying the control handle is in the full down position. During engine start the aircraft should be positioned so that the propeller blast is not directed toward any aircraft, hangar, or person. Passenger Flight Briefing The pilot should provide a safety briefing, referencing the Passenger Briefing Card, to all passengers prior to each flight. The briefing shall provide instructions in the event of a pilot incapacitation including the use of the CAPS, seat belts, exits, and any other safety equipment on the aircraft. The pilot should also discuss sterile cabin procedures and other information as necessary. At a minimum, passengers should be briefed on the following items; • CAPS, • Smoking, • Seatbelts, • Doors, • Emergency Exits/Egress Hammer, • Use of Oxygen. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-17 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Do-List) 1. Preflight Inspection ..................................................... COMPLETE Verify preflight inspection has been completed and all items are completed. 2. Emergency Equipment ................................................ ON BOARD Verify all safety equipment required for flight is on board and in working/proper order. This may include, but is not limited to, personal flotation equipment, life raft, flash light, batteries, cold weather equipment, etc. 3. Passengers ..................................................................... BRIEFED Ensure all passengers have been briefed according to the Cirrus Aircraft Passenger Briefing Card and verify a briefing card is located in each seatback. See passenger briefing items listed in previous section. 4. Seats, Seatbelts and Harnesses ............. ADJUST AND SECURE Verify all seats, including seat backs and undercarriage is locked, belts and harnesses are securely adjusted and fastened for all occupants of the aircraft. • Caution • Crew seats must be locked in position and control handles fully down before flight. Ensure seat belt harnesses are not twisted. August 2007 3-18 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Engine Start The Engine Start checklist should be accomplished as a do-list. Select the proper engine start procedure based on outside air temperature and internal engine temperature. If engine has been exposed to temperatures at or below 20ºF (7ºC) for a period of two hours or more, the use of an external pre-heater and external power is recommended. Failure to properly pre-heat a cold soaked engine may result in congealing within the engine, oil hoses, and oil cooler with subsequent loss of oil flow, possibly internal damage to the engine, and subsequent engine failure. If the engine does not start during the first few attempts, or if the engine firing diminishes in strength, the spark plugs have probably frosted over. Preheat must be used before another start is attempted. Procedure (Do-List) 1. External Power (if applicable)........................................ CONNECT If required, pilots may want to ensure power connection and brief assisting personnel on securing external power receptacle door. • WARNING • If airplane will be started using external power, keep all personnel and power unit cables well clear of the propeller rotation plane. 2. Brakes ................................................................................... HOLD Parking brake may be used; however, constant pressure should be applied at all times using toe brakes. 3. Bat Master Switches ............................................ ON (check volts) Voltage should read approximately 23-25 volts for battery starts. 4. Strobe Lights ............................................................................. ON Turn strobe lights on prior to engine start. For night operations, pilot may instead consider the use of navigation lights to avoid distracting others. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-19 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 5. Mixture ......................................................................... FULL RICH Mixture lever should be in the full rich position for normal engine start. 6. Power Lever ........................................................ FULL FORWARD Power lever will need to be in the full forward position in order to prime the engine. 7. Fuel Pump .................................................... PRIME, then BOOST SR20 - On first start of the day, especially under cool ambient conditions, holding Fuel Pump switch to PRIME for 2 seconds will improve starting. SR22 - Serials 0002-0278 before SB 22-73-01: On first start of the day, especially under cool ambient conditions, holding Fuel Pump Switch to PRIME for 30-60 seconds will improve starting. SR22 - Serials 0002-0278 after SB 22-73-01 and serials 0279 and subsequent: On first start of the day, especially under cool ambient conditions, holding Fuel Pump Switch to PRIME for 2 seconds will improve starting. 8. Propeller Area ..................................................................... CLEAR Visually clear the area around propeller and ensure area behind aircraft is clear and that no one is approaching the aircraft. 9. Power Lever ............................................................ OPEN ¼ INCH Open power lever and maintain one hand on power lever. 10. Ignition Switch......................................................................START Hold key in Start position until positive engine start then release verifying key is in the BOTH position. • Caution • Limit cranking to intervals of 20 seconds with a 20 second cooling period between cranks. This will improve battery and contactor life. August 2007 3-20 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 11. Power Lever ...............................RETARD (to maintain 1000 RPM) Adjust the power lever as necessary to maintain engine smoothness and engine speed at 1000 RPM. a. Oil Pressure................................................................. CHECK • Caution • After starting engine, if the oil gauge does not begin to show pressure within 30 seconds in warm weather and about 60 seconds in very cool weather, shut down engine and investigate cause. Lack of oil pressure indicates loss of lubrication, which can cause severe engine damage. 12. Mixture (SR22 Turbo) .............................................................. Lean Lean the mixture for maximum RPM rise shortly after engine start and leave the mixture lean during taxi until the run up. It is acceptable to lean the SR20 and SR22 using the same procedure described above for high altitude operations or if spark plug fouling is suspected. 13. Alt Master Switches .................................................................. ON Turn on both alternator master switches after engine start. • Caution • Alternators should be left OFF during engine starting to avoid high electrical loads. 14. Avionics Power Switch .............................................................. ON Turn on avionics power switch and verify all avionics power up. 15. Engine Parameters ........................................................ MONITOR Monitor all engine parameters to include manifold pressure, engine speed, oil pressure and temperature, EGT's, and CHT's. If any system displays an abnormal indication, engine shutdown should be considered and the problem investigated. 16. External Power (if applicable).................................. DISCONNECT Verify external power is removed and external power door secured by the assisting personnel. Consider reducing power to idle while external power is disconnected to minimize propeller blast. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-21 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Carefully observe the process in case there is a need for engine shutdown. 17. Amp Meter/Indication ......................................................... CHECK Check the amperage output of both Alternators; Alt 1 should indicate a positive amperage and Alt 2 below 1700 RPM's will be 0. Check voltage of both batteries. Excessively high or low readings may indicate a problem and should be investigated. Ice Protection System Preflight The following pre-flight procedures should be completed on aircraft with the TKS Ice Protection System installed. Complete this procedure monthly during periods of non-use or anytime use of the system may be necessary during flight. Flight into known icing is prohibited. 1. Battery Master Switch................................................................ON Turn on the battery 1 master switch. 2. Ice Protection Switch .....................................................MAXIMUM Turn the ice protection on and select the maximum position. 3. Anti-Icing Fluid Quantity............................................CHECK FULL Check fluid quantity by visually inspecting tank quantity. Top off tank with approved fluids. De-ice fluid must meet DTD 406B including: • AVL (DTL 406B) – Aviation Laboratories, • AL-5 (DTB 406B) – Canyon Industries, • Dimax 80 (TKS-80) – Canyon Industries, • TKS-Fluid (DTB 406B) – D.W. Davies & Co. 4. Fluid Vent (underside)....................................... UNOBSTRUCTED 5. Porous Panels.............................................Condition and Security 6. Porous Panels....................................... Evidence of De-icing Fluid Run system until all panels are wetted by fluid. 7. Slinger Ring .......................................... Evidence of De-icing Fluid 8. Ice Protection Switch ............................................................... OFF 9. Battery Master Switch.............................................................. OFF August 2007 3-22 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Before Taxi Complete the Before Taxi checklist as a flow and reference the aircraft checklist to verify all items are complete. It is recommended to set up the required navigation equipment and communication frequencies for the intended flight at this time. Primary navigation should be set into GPS 1 and secondary or auxiliary navigation set into GPS 2 if needed. Set primary airborne frequencies into COM 1 and necessary ground frequencies into COM 2. Before Taxi Flow SR22_OP02_2660 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-23 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Flaps ................................................................................. UP (0%) Visually verify flaps are in the 0% position and flap position light UP is illuminated. 2. Radios/Avionics ..................................................... AS REQUIRED Ensure all radios and avionics are programmed, navigation frequencies identified, courses set and with required waypoints or flight plans loaded in GPS. 3. Cabin Heat/Defrost ................................................ AS REQUIRED 4. Fuel Selector...........................................................SWITCH TANK Switch tank to ensure positive fuel flow from both fuel tanks. Avionics Configuration • Transponder - Verify transponder is in STBY mode. Set code if assigned, • Autopilot - Verify the autopilot is in A/P RDY mode, • GPS Units/Audio Panel - Confirm each GPS database is current. Construct flight plans and configure communications as required, • MFD - Confirm database are current, set initial fuel, review MFD risk assessment pages and verify oil temperature and pressure are within parameters, • PFD - Verify PFD is initialized and ready for taxi. August 2007 3-24 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Taxi-Out A cause of brake failure is the creation of excessive heat through improper braking practices. Riding the brakes while taxiing causes a continuous build up of energy which may lead to excessive heat. Excessive heat causes warped brake rotors, damaged or glazed linings, damaged o-rings, and vaporized brake fluid. To avoid brake failure, observe the following operating and maintenance practices: • Directional control should be maintained with rudder deflection supplemented with brake pressure as required, • Use only as much power (throttle) as is necessary to achieve forward movement. 1000 RPM is enough to maintain forward movement under normal conditions, • Avoid unnecessary high speed taxiing. High speed taxiing will result in excessive demands on the brakes, increased brake wear and the possibility of brake failure, • Use the minimum necessary brake application to achieve directional control, • Do not ride the brakes. Pilots should consciously remove pressure from the brakes while taxiing. Failure to do so results in excessive heat, premature brake wear, and increased possibility of brake failure, • Refer to the Handling, Service and Maintenance section of the POH or the Maintenance manual for recommended maintenance and inspection intervals for brakes. Maintain high levels of situational awareness during all movement on the airport surface to avoid a runway incursion accident. Minimize tasks such as reading checklists or folding maps while taxiing. Utilize the CMax airport diagram to aid in situational awareness. • WARNING • Maximum continuous engine speed for taxiing is 1000 RPM on flat, smooth, hard surfaces. Power settings slightly above 1000 RPM are permissible to start motion, for turf, soft surfaces, and on inclines. Use minimum power to maintain taxi speed. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-25 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Parking Brake ............................................................DISENGAGE Manually depress parking brake and ensure completely down. 2. Brakes................................................................................ CHECK Upon initial movement verify both brakes are functioning by applying pressure. 3. HSI Orientation .................................................................. CHECK Visually check HSI alignment with magnetic compass. 4. Attitude Gyro ...................................................................... CHECK Verify gyro is erect and horizon bars are set level. 5. Turn Coordinator ................................................................ CHECK During turns on the ground, verify the turn indicator displays a turn in the direction of the turn and inclinometer displays a skid. Taxi-Out Flow SR22_OP02_2661 August 2007 3-26 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Before Takeoff Complete the Before Takeoff checklist as a do-list. Complete the checklist prior to taking the active runway or an appropriate run up area prior to departure. The Before Takeoff checklist will ensure the aircraft is properly configured for takeoff. Run-up items are included in this checklist. Verify engine oil temperature reaches a minimum of 100º F prior to applying run up power settings. Verify all engine and electrical indications are normal prior to departure. During cold weather operations, the engine should be properly warmed before takeoff. In most cases this is accomplished when the oil temperature has reached at least 100º F. In warm or hot weather, precautions should be taken to avoid overheating during prolonged ground engine operation. Additionally, long periods of idling may cause fouled spark plugs. Procedure (Do-List) 1. Doors ..............................................................................LATCHED Verify both top and bottom latch of each door is securely latched. Press firmly at each door latch position to determine the security of each door. 2. CAPS Handle ................................................Verify Pin REMOVED Verify the CAPS pin is removed and stowed. Ensure cover placard is securely fastened. 3. Seat Belts and Shoulder Harness.................................... SECURE Verify the security and placement of all seat belts and shoulder harnesses of each occupant. Also, verify all occupants are properly informed of seat belt requirements and operation. 4. Fuel Quantity.................................................................. CONFIRM Confirm the fuel quantity is sufficient for the planned flight and fuel tank quantities are balanced. 5. Fuel Selector ......................................................... FULLEST TANK Ensure the fuel selector is drawing fuel from the fullest tank. 6. Fuel Pump (SR20/SR22) .......................................................... ON Fuel Pump (SR22 Turbo) .......................................... LOW BOOST August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-27 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 7. Mixture ................................................................... AS REQUIRED SR20 - Set the mixture full rich for all altitudes. SR22 - Set the mixture full rich for sea level departures. Set mixture control lever for maximum power on takeoff for altitudes higher then sea level. Reference the Max Power Fuel Flow placard for proper mixture setting. SR22 Turbo - Set the mixture full rich for all altitudes. 8. Flaps ............................................................... SET 50% & CHECK Select flaps to 50% and visually verify both flaps are in position prior to takeoff. 9. Transponder ............................................................................. SET Set assigned squawk code if one is given, otherwise, set the appropriate code. 10. Autopilot ............................................................................. CHECK Ensure autopilot modes HDG, ALT, VS, and NAV are tested in accordance with autopilot supplement in POH. 11. Navigation Radios/GPS ........................................... Set for Takeoff Verify radio frequencies are set, to include tower/departure frequencies. Check GPS flight plan for accuracy and correct initial waypoint. 12. Cabin Heat/Defrost ................................................ AS REQUIRED Set environmental controls as desired prior to takeoff. SR22 - Turn the air conditioner OFF for maximum performance takeoffs and climbs. 13. Brakes................................................................................... HOLD Firmly hold brakes. Set the parking brake if assistance is required. 14. Power Lever ................................................................... 1700 RPM Increase power lever to 1700 RPM for engine run-up. Ensure oil temperature is at least 100º F prior to increasing power. August 2007 3-28 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 15. Alternator ........................................................................... CHECK Alternator will be checked by placing greater electrical loads and turning on additional equipment below. a. Pitot Heat............................................................................ ON b. Navigation Lights ................................................................ ON c. Landing Light ...................................................................... ON d. Annunciator Lights....................................................... CHECK Verify both ALT 1 and ALT 2 caution lights are extinguished and positive amps are indicated. If necessary, increase engine speed to extinguish ALT 2 caution light. ALT 2 caution light should go out below 2200 RPM. 16. Voltage ............................................................................... CHECK Verify positive voltage outputs for both the Main and Essential Bus. 17. Pitot Heat ............................................................... AS REQUIRED Pitot heat should be turned ON prior to flight into IMC or flight into visible moisture and OAT of 40ºF or less. Verify PITOT HEAT annunciator does not illuminate when pitot heat is turned on to ensure operation. 18. Navigation Lights.................................................... AS REQUIRED Select navigation lights ON for night operations. 19. Landing Light ......................................................... AS REQUIRED Select landing light ON. It is recommended to leave the landing light on while within 10NM of the departure airport. 20. Magnetos .............................................. CHECK LEFT and RIGHT a. Ignition Switch ................................. R, note RPM, then BOTH b. Ignition Switch .................................. L, note RPM, then BOTH RPM drop must not exceed 150 RPM for either magneto. RPM differential must not exceed 75 RPM between magnetos. If there is a doubt concerning operation of the ignition system, RPM checks at higher engine speeds will usually confirm whether a deficiency exists. An absence of RPM drop may indicate faulty grounding of August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-29 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures one side of the ignition system or magneto timing set in advance of the specified setting. 21. Engine Parameter .............................................................. CHECK Visually verify all engine parameters are in acceptable ranges. Check Oil pressure and temperature, RPM, manifold pressure, EGT and CHT. 22. Power Lever ................................................................... 1000 RPM 23. Flight Instruments, HSI and Altimeter ................. CHECK and SET Set all flight instruments for initial course and altitude. Verify the HSI displays proper course and heading when checked with magnetic compass. Ensure local altimeter has been set and is within 75 feet of field elevation. 24. Flight Controls................................................. FREE & CORRECT Check for full range of motion of the control yoke and control surface deflection corresponds to yoke deflection. 25. Trim ........................................................................ SET for Takeoff Set electric trim in the takeoff position as displayed on control yoke arm. 26. Autopilot .................................................................. DISCONNECT Ensure PFD heading, altitude and vertical speed bugs are set and the autopilot is disconnected. August 2007 3-30 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Take-Off Reference the Takeoff checklist prior to departure. Complete a takeoff briefing to review the critical items prior to takeoff. A takeoff briefing allows the pilot to review the takeoff procedure and determine the actions necessary in the event of abnormal/emergency conditions during the takeoff roll and initial climb. At a minimum, a takeoff briefing should include the following items: • Type of procedure used (normal, short, or soft), • Takeoff distance required / runway distance available, • V R and initial climb speed, • Abnormality / engine failure before V R , • Abnormality / engine failure after VR . Sample Takeoff Briefing This will be a __________ (normal, short, soft) takeoff from RWY _________ with a takeoff distance of _______ feet and ________ feet of runway available. Rotation speed is ______ KIAS. Initial heading after takeoff is _______ degrees to an altitude of _______ feet. Abort the takeoff for any engine failures/abnormalities prior to rotation. If the engine fails after rotation I will ______________. Procedures (Flow Pattern) Normal Takeoff The recommended flap setting for a normal takeoff is 50%. Align the aircraft on the runway centerline and smoothly apply full power. It should take approximately 4 seconds to add full power. Slight brake pressure may be required for directional control early in the takeoff roll. Maintain directional control with rudder during the takeoff roll after sufficient rudder control is available. Check engine and airspeed indications early in the takeoff roll to ensure proper function. Discontinue the takeoff by reducing the power to idle and brakes as necessary for any abnormal engine or airspeed indications, sluggish acceleration, or rough engine. At V R smoothly apply back pressure to the control yoke sufficient to rotate the aircraft. Pitch the aircraft for approximately 7.5º (SR20), 10º (SR22) to intercept V X or V Y as August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-31 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures appropriate. Maintain coordination with proper rudder input during the climb out. 1. Brakes..................................................Release (steer with rudder) Initially, a slight amount of differential braking may be required for directional control. As airspeed increases, both feet should be removed from toe brakes and directional control maintained with rudder inputs. 2. Power Lever ........................................................ FULL FORWARD Smoothly increase power lever full forward for maximum takeoff power. Do not confuse any detents for a full power setting. Engine speed should be approximately 2700 RPM. Discontinue takeoff if any rough or sluggish acceleration is noted. 3. Engine Parameters ............................................................ CHECK Monitor engine parameters during the takeoff roll. The engine monitoring page should be displayed on the MFD if possible. If any abnormal or questionable indications arise, consider aborting takeoff early in the takeoff roll. 4. Elevator Control ....................................... ROTATE Smoothly at V R As airspeed approaches VR, smoothly and gradually apply back pressure to the control yoke to increase the angle of attack sufficient to rotate the aircraft. V R (SR20) 65 KIAS V R (SR22) 70-73 KIAS 5. Flaps .......................................................................................... UP Retract the flaps after the following conditions have been met. Slight back pressure may be required after flap retraction • SR20 - 85 KIAS, • SR22 - 80 KIAS, • Positive rate of climb, • Clear of terrain and obstacles. August 2007 3-32 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures SR22_OP02_2662 Departure Roll Full Power Airspeed/Engine Monitor Rotate Intitial Climb Pitch 7.5° - 10° - Intercept Vx or Vy as appropriate Flaps retract - Clear of terrain - Positive Rate of Climb After 1000’ AGL Establish Cruise Climb Complete Climb Checklist August 2007 Figure 3-1 Take-Off Profile P/N 23020-001 3-33 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Short Field Takeoff Use the short field technique to maximize takeoff performance and minimize takeoff ground roll. Set Flaps to 50% for a short field takeoff. Align the aircraft on the runway centerline as close as possible to the end of the runway. Apply sufficient brake pressure and smoothly apply full power. Check engine indications and ensure full power before releasing the brakes. Steer with rudder only to minimize the ground roll distance. Rotate the aircraft at V R smoothly and pitch for the obstacle clearance speed if an obstacle is present. Pitch for V Y after clearing obstacles. 1. Flaps ........................................................................................ 50% Set flaps to 50% and visually verify both flaps are in position prior to takeoff. 2. Brakes................................................................................... HOLD Hold brakes firmly, do not allow the aircraft to roll. 3. Power Lever ........................................................ FULL FORWARD Smoothly increase power lever full forward for maximum takeoff power. Do not confuse throttle detents for a full power setting. Engine speed should be approximately 2700 RPM. 4. Mixture ..................................................................................... SET SR20 - Mixture full rich for all altitudes. SR22 - Set mixture per the Max Power Fuel placard to obtain maximum engine power for departures above sea level elevation. SR22 Turbo - Mixture full rich for all altitudes. 5. Engine Parameters ............................................................ CHECK Check all engine parameters prior to releasing the brakes. The engine monitoring page should be displayed on the MFD if possible. If any abnormal or questionable indications arise, consider aborting takeoff. 6. Brakes............................................................................ RELEASE Release the brakes and steer with rudder only. Sufficient rudder control should be available with full power. August 2007 3-34 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 7. Elevator Control ....................................... ROTATE Smoothly at V R As airspeed approaches VR, smoothly and gradually apply back pressure to the control yoke to increase the angle of attack sufficient for rotation. V R (SR20) - 65 KIAS V R (SR22) - 70 KIAS 8. Airspeed at Obstacle............................ Obstacle Clearance Speed Maintain the obstacle clearance speed with flaps at 50% until safely clear all obstacles. SR20 obstacle clearance speed- 75 KIAS SR22 obstacle clearance speed- 78 KIAS Soft Field Takeoff Soft or rough field takeoffs are executed using 50% flaps. Add 20% to the takeoff ground roll distance for dry grass runways and 30% for wet grass. Ensure the quality of the runway is adequate to support the aircraft. Avoid runways with long grass, soggy soil and large ruts or holes. Higher power settings will be required to taxi on grass surfaces. Hold full back pressure on the control yoke while taxiing and during the initial takeoff roll to reduce the pressure on the nose wheel. Reduce the backpressure slightly once the nose wheel lifts off the ground. Hold the aircraft in a nose up attitude until the aircraft becomes airborne. Once airborne reduce back pressure as necessary to maintain in ground effect or within 20 feet of the surface. Accelerate the aircraft to V X (for obstacles clearance) or V Y before climbing out of ground effect. Cross Wind Technique Partially deflect the ailerons into the wind during a crosswind takeoff. Maintain directional with proper rudder input. Allow the aircraft to accelerate slightly higher then V R prior to rotation. Lift the aircraft off the ground slightly quicker then a normal takeoff. Shortly after rotation, crab the aircraft into the wind to track the aircraft along the runway centerline. Maintain coordination during climb out with proper rudder input. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-35 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank 3-36 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures En Route Climb Complete the Climb checklist as a flow when time and workload permit. Once clear of obstacles and terrain, normal climbs are performed flaps UP (0%) and full power at speeds 5 to 10 knots higher than best rate-of-climb speeds. These higher speeds give the best combination of performance, visibility and engine cooling. When desired and clear of obstacles, transition to cruise climb speed for increased engine cooling, visibility and passenger comfort. For maximum rate of climb, use the best rate-of-climb speeds shown in the rate-of-climb chart in Section 5 of the POH. If an obstruction dictates the use of a steep climb angle, the best angle of climb speed should be used. Climbs at speeds lower than the best of rate climb speed should be of short duration to avoid engine cooling problems. • Caution • Use caution when engaging the autopilot at low altitude due to the increased workload of programming the autopilot and potential for human errors. Pilots should hand fly the aircraft to a safe altitude and engage the autopilot if desired when time and workload permit. Consider setting the autopilot bugs prior to departure to reduce the amount of workload associated with setting up and engaging the autopilot. Climb Speeds SR20 (KIAS) SR22 (KIAS) Cruise Climb 95-105 110-120 (SR22 Turbo) 120-130 Best Rate, Sea Level 96 101 Best Rate, 10,000 91 95 Best Angle, Sea Level 81 78 Best Angle, 10,000 85 82 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-37 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Climb Power...............................................................................Set Set climb power considering noise abatement procedures. Normal climbs are made with full power. 2. Flaps ................................................................................ Verify UP Verify flaps have been retracted to 0%. If not, verify below V FE and ensure the following criterion has been met before retracting the flaps: • SR20 - 85 KIAS, • SR22 - 80 KIAS, • Positive rate of climb, • Clear of terrain and obstacles. En Route Climb Flow SR22_OP02_2663 August 2007 3-38 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures 3. Mixture ........................................................................ As Required SR20 - Set the mixture full rich for all altitudes. SR22 - Lean mixture as required for altitude to maintain maximum climb power using the max power fuel flow chart near MFD. SR22 Turbo - Climbs can be made at full power with the mixture set full rich or at an economy cruise climb. Lean the mixture to 17 - 17.6 GPH with the throttle full open to set up an economy cruise climb. Maintain an airspeed of 130 KIAS during an economy cruise climb. 4. Engine Parameters ............................................................ CHECK Check all engine parameters for any abnormal indications that may indicate impending engine problems. 5. Fuel Pump (SR20/SR22) .........................................................OFF Select fuel pump OFF above 1000' AGL unless the takeoff was made with warm or hot fuel. Fuel Pump (SR22 Turbo) .......................................... LOW BOOST Select LOW BOOST 30 minutes into cruise flight to reduce the likelihood of vapor lock, which may be due to a combination of warm fuel and high altitude. If vapor lock is suspected at altitudes above FL180 set the fuel pump to HIGH BOOST/PRIME until the warm fuel has time to cool. Fuel boost should be left on during takeoff and for climb as required for vapor suppression with hot or warm fuel. Avionics Configuration • Autopilot - Set modes as desired past 400 AGL, • MFD - Complete Climb Checklist, monitor Map for situational awareness, • PFD - Monitor aircraft flight parameters and system status. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-39 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank 3-40 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Cruise Complete the Cruise checklist as a flow when time and workload permit. Allow the aircraft to accelerate to cruise speeds before setting the desired cruise power setting. Ensure adequate fuel reserves remain for the intended destination. Normal cruise power settings are between 65% - 85% power with mixture setting for best power or best economy. For engine break-in, cruise at a minimum of 75% power until the engine has been operated for at least 25 hours or until oil consumption stabilizes. Operation at higher power will ensure proper seating of the rings, is applicable to new engines, and engines in service following cylinder replacement or top overhaul of one or more cylinders. Cruise Flow SR22_OP02_2664 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-41 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Fuel Pump ............................................................................... OFF The Fuel Pump may be used for vapor suppression in cruise. Vapor lock issues may be recognized by fluctuating EGT’s, CHT’s and fuel flows. Rough engine operation may also be experienced. 2. Cruise Power............................................................................ SET SR20/SR22 - Allow the aircraft to accelerate to cruise speeds before setting cruise power. Select the desired percent power considering range, endurance and desired performance for the intended flight. Reference the MFD Engine page and adjust the throttle to set the desired percent power. SR22 Turbo - Allow the aircraft to accelerate to cruise speeds before setting cruise power. Start setting cruise power by reducing the throttle to 2500 RPM with maximum manifold pressure. 3. Mixture .............................................................. LEAN as Required SR20/SR22 - Use the Lean Assist feature on the MFD Engine page to set the mixture control for Best Power or Best Economy. SR22 Turbo - Set the fuel flow to 17-17.6 GPH by adjusting the mixture control after setting the throttle to 2500 RPM with maximum manifold pressure. The above conditions will set approximately 85% power. If a lower power setting is desired to increase range/endurance reduce the throttle to the desired percent power. 4. Engine Parameters ........................................................ MONITOR Fuel BOOST must be used for switching from one tank to another. Failure to activate the Fuel Pump before transfer could result in delayed restart if the engine should quit due to fuel starvation. 5. Fuel Flow and Balance .................................................. MONITOR Check fuel flow gauge and ensure fuel balance is within 7.5 gallons (SR20), 10 gallons (SR22). August 2007 3-42 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Avionics Configuration • Autopilot - Ensure correct modes are engaged if desired, • GPS 2 - Monitor for traffic. GPS 1 - Verify correct navigation information is set, • MFD - Use Lean Assist to lean the mixture. Complete the Cruise Checklist, • PFD - Monitor aircraft flight parameters and system status. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-43 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank 3-44 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Descent Descents should be planned during cruise considering the amount of altitude to lose, distance and time to destination, ATC restrictions, obstacle/terrain clearance, desired rate of descent, and engine care. Use the vertical navigation function of the GPS to assist descent planning. To manage workload, complete the descent checklist at the top of descent or at least 20 minutes from the destination. Set appropriate frequencies and review weather to determine the active runway. Verify GPS units are programed as desired for the arrival and approach into the airport. Power should be used during descent to manage airspeed and maintain engine temperatures as desired. Maintain airspeed within the green arc if turbulence is expected or encountered during the descent. Use caution and avoid excessive maneuvering when airspeed is within the yellow arc during the descent. Complete the Descent checklist as a flow when time and workload permit upon initial descent to land. Reference the checklist to verify all items are complete once the flow has been completed. Descent Flow SR22_OP02_2664 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-45 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Altimeter................................................................................... SET Verify the proper altimeter setting has been set into the PFD and in the standby altimeter. 2. Cabin Heat/Defrost ................................................ AS REQUIRED 3. Landing Light .............................................................................ON The landing light should be selected on for visibility to others at the top of the descent or within 10NM from the destination. If in IMC, consider leaving off to reduce light reflection in the cabin. 4. Fuel System ....................................................................... CHECK Ensure fuel is balanced and selected to the fullest tank. 5. Mixture ................................................................... AS REQUIRED SR20/SR22 - Consider altitude when setting mixture for descent. Full mixture settings at high altitudes may lead to engine roughness or flooding resulting in engine loss. SR22 Turbo - it is not necessary to adjust the mixture during the descent. 6. Brake Pressure .................................................................. CHECK Apply pressure to each toe brake and ensure resistance is felt. Be sensitive for soft or mushy feeling in brakes as this could indicate a brake failure. Avionics Configuration • Autopilot - Set modes on autopilot for descent as desired, • GPS 1 - Verify correct navigation information is set, • MFD - Complete Descent Checklist, monitor Map for situational awareness, • PFD - Set Altitude and VSI bugs for the descent. Monitor aircraft flight parameters and system status. August 2007 3-46 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Before Landing / Traffic Pattern Complete the Before Landing checklist as a flow prior to entering the traffic pattern when time and workload permit. Slow the aircraft early enough to allow for an easy transition into the traffic flow and enough time to ensure the aircraft is configured for landing. The following profile describes a normal traffic pattern. Pilots should use this profile as a guide when entering the traffic pattern on the downwind leg and modify as appropriate for base entry or straight in approaches. Before Landing / Traffic Pattern Flow SR22_OP02_2667 August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-47 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure (Flow Pattern) 1. Seat Belt and Shoulder Harness .........................................Secure Ensure the seat belt and shoulder harness is secure for all occupants in the aircraft. 2. Fuel Pump ......................................................................... BOOST 3. Mixture ................................................................... AS REQUIRED SR20 - Mixture full rich for all altitudes. SR22 - Mixture as required for altitude. Reference the max power fuel flow placard for mixture setting. Avoid rich mixture settings at high elevations. SR22 Turbo - Mixture full rich for all altitudes. 4. Flaps ...................................................................... AS REQUIRED Reference the Traffic Pattern Profile or Approach Profile for information on the appropriate use of flaps 5. Autopilot ................................................................. AS REQUIRED It is recommended to disconnect the autopilot prior to entering the traffic pattern Avionics Configuration • Autopilot - Disengage the autopilot prior to entering the traffic pattern, • MFD - Complete the Before Landing Checklist, monitor Map for situational awareness. August 2007 3-48 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Downwind Abeam/Base Final As Required As Required As Required 25% / 12” MP 15% / 12” MP 25% / 12” MP 50% / 20” MP 30% / 15” MP 50% / 15” MP SR20 SR22 SR22 Turbo DOWNWIND 100 KIAS 0% FLAPS ABEAM 100 KIAS 50% FLAPS FINAL 75 KIAS (SR20) 80 KIAS (SR22) 100% FLAPS BASE 90 KIAS 100% FLAPS SR22_OP02_2666 August 2007 Figure 3-2 Traffic Pattern Profile P/N 23020-001 3-49 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank 3-50 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Approach The following Instrument Approach Procedures outline the operating procedures for executing precision, non precision, and GPS approaches. The information describes the best way to configure the aircraft for given instrument procedures, complete checklist items, and configure avionics in Cirrus aircraft. The purpose of this section is to supplement the information in the POH and provide greater guidance on the completion of various instrument procedures in the aircraft. The techniques outlined in this section may not be inclusive of all variables encountered in the national airspace system. Pilots should follow these standard procedures when applicable and exercise good judgment for non standard procedures. To reduce workload during the descent and instrument approach procedure follow these recommendations. • Obtain destination weather information as soon as possible to determine active runways and applicable approaches, • Set up applicable COM and NAV frequencies prior to descent, • Use the autopilot while briefing and preparing for the approach, • Reduce unnecessary communications and distractions during the approach, • Use the Descent and Before Landing flows outlined in this manual to complete checklist and avionics set up procedures, Always reference the checklist after the flow is complete, • Brief the approach using the guidelines listed in this section. Stabilized Approach Criteria A stabilized approach is critical to a safe, successful landing. A stabilized approach is characterized by a constant angle, constant rate of descent approach profile ending near the touchdown point. Stabilized approach criteria apply to all approaches including practice power off approaches. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-51 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures VFR Stabilized Approach Definition All briefings and appropriate checklists should be completed by 500' AGL in visual conditions. A VFR approach is considered stabilized when all of the following criteria are achieved by 500' AGL: • Proper airspeed, • Correct flight path, • Correct aircraft configuration for phase of flight, • Appropriate power setting for aircraft configuration, • Normal angle and rate of descent, • Only minor corrections are required to correct deviations. A go around must be executed if the above conditions are not met and the aircraft is not stabilized by 500' AGL. IFR Stabilized Approach Definition All briefings and appropriate checklists should be completed by 1000' AGL for instrument conditions. An IFR Approach is considered stabilized when all of the following criteria are met from 1000' AGL and continues to touchdown: • Proper airspeed, • Correct flight path, • Correct aircraft configuration for phase of flight, • Appropriate power setting for aircraft configuration, • Normal angle and rate of descent, • Only minor corrections with pitch and power are required to correct airspeed and glide path deviations, • Normal bracketing (+/- 5º) is used to correct for lateral navigation deviations. Do not change flap configuration after crossing the FAF until the runway is in sight and landing is assured. A missed approach must be executed if the above conditions are not maintained during an instrument approach. August 2007 3-52 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedures Emphasis should be place on maintaining stability during the entire approach. Approach Briefing The purpose of an approach briefing is to prepare the pilot to execute an instrument approach procedure. Pilots should brief the instrument approach procedure when time and workload permits. Preferably, the approach should be briefed approximately 20 minutes prior to the IAF or start of vectors. The approach briefing should include the following items: • Type of procedure and runway (e.g. ILS 35L), • Transition to final (vectors or IAF), • Applicable Nav and Com frequencies, • DA/MDA, • MAP and missed approach procedure. Sample Approach Briefing This will be a _________ (ILS, GPS…) approach to RWY______ via the _______ transition (VTF or IAF). The proper navigation source (GPS, VLOC) for the approach is selected and the proper course is set in the HSI. Applicable approach frequencies are tuned and identified. Final approach speed is ______ KIAS with approach flaps (50%) set prior to the FAF. Call out 1000 feet, 500 feet and 100 feet above minimums. The minimum altitude for the approach is _______ feet. The missed approach procedure is climb to _______ altitude and turn left/right to the _________ fix and hold. August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-53 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Procedure - Precision Approach (See Figure 3-3) The following provides guidance for executing a precision approach using vectors to final or full procedure as the transition. The precision approach profile may be used for ILS, LPV, and LNAV/VNAV approaches or any approach that has lateral and vertical course guidance. Avionics Configuration Autopilot - If desired: GPS • Load the approach with the assigned transition (VTF or IAF), • Verify all Flight Plan waypoints are correct including course reversals, • Activate the approach at the start of vectors or when cleared direct to the IAF, • Verify all approach frequencies are tuned and identified, • Verify the navigation mode switches from GPS to VLOC on an ILS approach when inbound to FAF. MFD • Reference CMax for approach information and briefing, • Reference the electronic checklist at the completion of the Descent and Before Landing flows. PFD • Set the Altitude bug for the DA once established inbound to FAF, • Set the HDG bug for the wind correction heading once established inbound on the final approach course. Approach Segment Lateral Mode Vertical Mode Vector to final HDG As required Cleared to IAF GPSS As required Procedure turn outbound / course reversal GPSS a and/or HDG a.WAAS equipped aircraft may use the NAV GPSS mode to execute procedure turns or course reversals. As required Inbound to FAF NAV APR ALT FAF inbound NAV APR GS Missed approach NA NA August 2007 3-54 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Precision Approach Briefing Elements • Type of procedure and runway (e.g. ILS 31), • Transition to final (VTF or IAF), • Applicable Nav and Com frequencies, • DA/MDA, • MAP and missed approach procedure. • Note • • Set ALT bug to the DA prior to FAF, • Sync the HDG bug once established inbound, on the final approach course, • Execute a missed approach anytime the stabilized approach criteria outlined are not met. Approximate Power Settings SR20 SR22 SR22 Turbo Start of Vectors / Cleared to IAF As required As required As required Final Intercept As required As required As required 1/2 Scale Below Glideslope 50% / 22" MP 30% / 15" MP 50% / 15" MP FAF Inbound 25% / 12" MP 15% / 12" MP 25% / 12" MP Missed Approach Full Power Full Power Full Power August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-55 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures DA F A F Decision Altitude AP Disconnect Start of Vectors / Cleared to IAF 120kts Complete Descent Checklist Brief Approach Glideslope Intercept 100kts Time Noted at FAF 1 DOT below GS 100kts Flaps 50% Missed Approach Full Power Pitch 7.5° - 10° - Intercept Vy Flaps Retract - Clear Terrain - Positive Rate of Climb Final Intercept Complete Before Landing Checklist Slow to 100kts August 2007 Figure 3-3 Precision Approach Profile 3-56 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank P/N 23020-001 3-57 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Non Precision Approach Procedure (See Figure 3-4) The following provides guidance for executing a non precision approach using vectors to final or full procedure as the transition. The non precision profile may be used for VOR and GPS overlay approaches or any approach that has only lateral course guidance. Avionics Configuration Autopilot - If desired: GPS • Load the approach with the assigned transition (VTF or IAF), • Verify all Flight Plan waypoints are correct including course reversals, • Activate the approach at the start of vectors or when cleared direct to the IAF, • Verify all approach frequencies are tuned and identified, • Verify the navigation mode is set as required (GPS or VLOC). MFD • Reference CMax for approach information and briefing, • Reference the electronic checklist at the completion of the Descent and Before Landing flows. PFD • Set Altitude bug for the MDA once established inbound to FAF, • Set the HDG bug for the wind correction heading once established inbound on the final approach course. Approach Segment Lateral Mode Vertical Mode Vector to final HDG As required Cleared to IAF GPSS As required Procedure turn outbound / course reversal GPSS a and/or HDG a.WAAS equipped aircraft may use NAV GPSS mode to execute procedure turns or course reversals. As required Inbound to FAF GPSS (GPS) NAV/APR (VOR/LOC) ALT FAF inbound GPSS (GPS) NAV APR (VOR/LOC) VS + ALT Missed approach NA NA August 2007 3-58 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures Non Precision Approach Briefing Elements • Type of procedure and runway (e.g. LOC 31), • Transition to final (VTF or IAF), • Applicable Nav and Com frequencies, • DA/MDA, • MAP and missed approach procedure. • Note • • Set ALT bug to the MDA prior to FAF, • Sync the HDG bug once established inbound, • Execute a missed approach anytime the stabilized approach criteria outlined are not met. Approximate Power Settings SR20 SR22 SR22 Turbo Start of Vectors / Cleared to IAF As required As required As required Final Intercept As required As required As required 2 NM to FAF 50% / 22" MP 30% / 15" MP 50% / 15" MP FAF Inbound 25% / 12" MP 15% / 12" MP 25% / 12" MP Missed Approach Full Power Full Power Full Power August 2007 P/N 23020-001 3-59 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures FAF MAP 2 NM to FAF 100kts Flaps 50% Final Descent / MAP AP Disconnect Missed Approach Full Power Pitch 7.5° - 10° - Intercept Vy Flaps Retract - Clear Terrain - Positive Rate of Climb MDA 100kts Flaps 50% FAF Inbound 100kts Time Noted Start of Vectors / Cleared to IAF 120kts Complete Descent Checklist Brief Approach Final Intercept Complete Before Landing Checklist Slow to 100kts August 2007 Figure 3-4 Non Precision Approach Profile 3-60 P/N 23020-001 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures August 2007 Intentionally Left Blank P/N 23020-001 3-61 Cirrus SR20 and SR22 Flight Operations Manual Section 3 Standard Operating Procedures GPS Approach Procedures (See Figure 3-5) The following provides guidance for executing a classic GPS approach using vectors to final or full procedure as the transition. Use this profile for executing a partial panel approach in the event of a PFD failure. Avionics Configuration Autopilot (if desired): GPS • Load the approach with the assigned transition (VTF or IAF), Always select an IAF for partial panel approaches, • Verify all waypoints are correct including course reversals, • Activate the approach at the start of vectors or when cleared direct to the IAF, • Verify all approach frequencies are tuned and identified, • Verify the navigation mode is set as required (GPS or VLOC). MFD • Reference CMax for approach information and briefing, • Reference the electronic checklist at the completion of the Descent and Before Landing checklist flows. PFD • Set Altitude bug for the MDA once established inbound to FAF, • Set the HDG bug for the wind correction heading once established inbound on the final approach course. Approach Segment Lateral Mode Vertical Mode Vector to final HDG As required Cleared to IAF GPSS As required Procedure turn outbound / course reversal GPSS a and/or HDG a.WAAS equipped aircraft may use