M-Class Elevate Training Program

Version 1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC November 1, 2024 M-CLASS ELEVATE TRAINING PROGRAM v1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Table of Contents v1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCING M-CLASS ELEVATE ................................................................................................................. 7 USING THE SYLLABUS ................................................................................................................................. 8 RISK MANAGEMENT AND DECISION MAKING .................................................................................... 13 M-CLASS R01 - SINGLE PILOT RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (SRM) ........................................................................ 15 M-CLASS R02 - THREAT AND ERROR MANAGEMENT (TEM) ............................................................................... 17 M-CLASS R03 - CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHT PLANNING ..................................................................................... 19 M-CLASS R04 - FLIGHT OPERATIONS........................................................................................................... 21 AERONAUTICAL KNOWLEDGE AND SYSTEMS .................................................................................... 23 M-CLASS K01 - AIRPLANE FAMILIARIZATION................................................................................................. 25 M-CLASS K02 - FLIGHT CONTROLS ........................................................................................................... 27 M-CLASS K03 - PANEL INSTRUMENTS ........................................................................................................ 29 M-CLASS K04 - PERFORMANCE ................................................................................................................ 31 M-CLASS K05 - POWERPLANT AND PROPELLERS .......................................................................................... 32 M-CLASS K06 - ELECTRICAL .................................................................................................................... 34 M-CLASS K07 - AIRPLANE FUEL SYSTEMS ................................................................................................... 36 M-CLASS K08 - LANDING GEAR AND BRAKE SYSTEM (HYDRAULICS) .................................................................. 38 M-CLASS K09 - ENVIRONMENTAL.............................................................................................................. 40 M-CLASS K10 - OXYGEN ........................................................................................................................ 42 M-CLASS K11 - ICE PROTECTION .............................................................................................................. 44 M-CLASS K12 - WEIGHT AND BALANCE ...................................................................................................... 45 AVIONICS AND FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS .............................................................................................. 47 M-CLASS A01 - PRIMARY GLASS PANEL INSTRUMENTS ................................................................................... 49 M-CLASS A02 – COMMUNICATION, NAVIGATION, SURVEILLANCE SYSTEMS ......................................................... 52 M-CLASS A03 - FLIGHT MANAGEMENT AND FLIGHT CONTROL SYSTEMS ............................................................. 54 M-CLASS A04 - DATALINK SITUATION AWARENESS AND WEATHER SUMMARY ....................................................... 56 FLIGHT PROCEDURES ...................................................................................................................... 59 M-CLASS F01 - FLIGHT PLANNING ............................................................................................................ 61 M-CLASS F02 - NORMAL PREFLIGHT AND COCKPIT PROCEDURES ..................................................................... 62 M-CLASS F03 - ENGINE START AND TAXI PROCEDURES ................................................................................... 63 M-CLASS F04 - BEFORE TAKEOFF CHECKS & BRIEFINGS ................................................................................ 66 M-CLASS F05 - TAKEOFFS ....................................................................................................................... 68 M-CLASS F06 - CLIMB PROCEDURES ......................................................................................................... 71 M-CLASS F07 - CRUISE PROCEDURES ....................................................................................................... 73 M-CLASS F08 - INSTRUMENT/VISUAL CROSS CHECK ..................................................................................... 75 M-CLASS F09 - LOW-SPEED ENVELOPE ..................................................................................................... 77 M-CLASS F10 - DESCENT PLANNING AND EXECUTION ................................................................................... 80 M-CLASS F11 - STABILIZED APPROACHES AND LANDINGS ............................................................................... 81 M-CLASS F12 - AIRCRAFT SHUTDOWN AND SECURING PROCEDURES ................................................................ 84 M-CLASS F13 - EMERGENCY ESCAPE MANEUVERS / RECOVERY FROM UNUSUAL ATTITUDES .................................... 85 M-CLASS F14 - APPROACH PROCEDURES ................................................................................................... 88 v1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 5 Introduction V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 6 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 7 Sharing Our Passion for Flight We share a deep passion for aviation and a commitment to spreading the freedom of flight with others. The thrill of being airborne, observing varied landscapes from above, experiencing new destinations, and mastering the art of piloting an aircraft is incredibly rewarding. Adventure only adds to this allure. Aircraft are designed for specific purposes such as training, exploration, experimentation, travel, or aerobatics. Each of these purposes requires pilots to develop and refine diAerent sets of skills, knowledge, and judgment, usually progressing from simpler, slower aircraft to more complex, faster ones. Becoming a safe and proficient pilot of a high-performance, cabin-class aircraft like the Piper M- Class demands not only a comprehensive understanding of advanced technical systems but also the development of skills for flying with higher power, speed, and altitude. These aircraft often oAer superior avionics and performance capabilities, enabling faster and longer travel. As a result, pilots may suddenly find themselves capable of undertaking long-distance, high-speed, and high-altitude flights—along with the challenges these flights present—without possessing the full knowledge and skills necessary for a safe outcome. Such journeys often span diverse weather systems and varied topography, requiring advanced flight planning and execution. Pilots must be skilled at recognizing and managing unique risks through precise aeronautical decision-making. They must be able to utilize all available tools and resources to plan and execute uneventful flights that may cross the continent and be prepared to address any emergency or unusual situation that arises. Furthermore, the advanced cockpits and avionics, while generally considered enhancements, demand increased technical knowledge and finely tuned automation skills. Without these, the potential for human-error accidents increases significantly. Training and Proficiency Elevate Safety The accident rate in the Piper M-Class community is higher than anyone in the PMOPA community is willing to accept, and we must take decisive, proactive measures to improve it. Enhancing pilot training is necessary to increase safety in our community, similar to the successes other Owner Pilot Associations have achieved through a coordinated, consistent, and intentional approach to training, supported by relevant resources to advance our knowledge and skills. Additionally, there is a need to bring in new instructors to the M-Class community. This training program, along with the accompanying M-Class Standardized Instructor Pilot (MSIP) Program, will help attract CFIs to the M-Class aircraft while maintaining high standards in training. Introducing M-Class Elevate M-Class Elevate was created with cooperation from the Piper M-Class Owners & Pilots Association Safety & Education Foundation (PMOPA SEF) and volunteers from the Piper M-Class Owners & Pilots Association (PMOPA) community to provide a training curriculum, learning resources, and guidance to help pilots-in-training (referred to throughout this document as “pilots”) and instructors enhance their skills, knowledge, and judgment with the M-Class aircraft. This program includes a comprehensive syllabus, training recommendations, and resources. The program will be further enhanced with an online education and administration system that will be V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 8 developed for easy access and use. Instructors who demonstrate proficiency in training in the M- Class will have the opportunity to be recognized as "MSIP Instructors." MSIP Instructors are committed to quality training. Through these eAorts, we aim to improve the overall safety, proficiency, and experience within the community. M-Class Elevate was developed, in part, using a data-driven approach, considering the M-Class accident record and how training can prevent future accidents. The syllabus is based on extensive research of aviation industry best practices for training. M-Class Elevate blends established, tested, and proven syllabi developed by the FAA and the General Aviation Manufacturers Association (GAMA) and adheres to the Piper Pilot’s Operating Handbooks (POH) and the FAA Airman Certification Standards (ACS). We also identified how improvements in training, led by other Owner Pilot Associations, has reduced the accident record in their communities. And, most importantly, we relied on the extensive expertise of M-Class instructors who have trained thousands of M-Class pilots. Using the Syllabus This syllabus organizes learning elements into four components and thirty-four training units that instructors and training centers can use to develop lesson plans and training events. Each unit contains objectives and states expectations for each training task in order to provide guidance for instructor evaluation and self-assessment by the pilot. The training units include recommendations for instructors, and links to PMOPA and external resources for self-study and instructional support. As M-Class Elevate evolves, many of these materials will be incorporated into the new PMOPA SEF learning management system which, combined with quizzes, will allow the pilot to demonstrate understanding and identify areas for further emphasis before their next training event, thereby improving both time eAiciency and learning eAectiveness. Note that the units are not necessarily independent as learning will take advantage of multiple conditions. For example, a pilot can build his/her basic understanding of systems by self-study of articles and videos, but application of that knowledge can only be achieved in a flight training device or in the aircraft, including a scenario during flight. This is particularly true with units the risk management unit and the avionics unit where context and situations are important. Pilot expectations are worded such to orient instructors to the condition most relevant. Thus, “apply”, “engage”, “manage”, and “perform” are relevant to in-flight conditions although some risk management tasks can be taught through scenarios in classroom discussions. Components Risk Management and Decision Making This component covers four key areas of risk management and decision making that are critical to safe flight: (1) single-pilot resource management, (2) threat and error management, (3) cross- country flight planning, and (4) in-flight operations. Self-study materials are available to build awareness and understanding of the foundational concepts and tools. Discussions and scenario illustrations with the instructor and perhaps other pilots can amplify understanding. Observation and engagement with the instructor around situations, threats, and errors during the flight portion of training can demonstrate application of the knowledge. The pilot will demonstrate mastery of this component by eAectively managing risks independently. V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 9 Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems This component covers basic knowledge about the M-Class aircraft and its key systems, including abnormal and emergency situations and pilot maintenance responsibilities. The focus is on areas and systems peculiar to the M-Class aircraft flown by the pilot. Self-study materials can be used to build initial awareness and understanding but instructors will need to assess the understanding in discussions and determine whether that knowledge can be applied in the aircraft and in flight. Avionics and Panel Instruments This component covers the panel instruments and avionics of the M-Class aircraft flown by the pilot. Panel instruments are included with avionics because many aircraft integrate engine instruments, monitors, crew alerting systems (CAS), and annunciators into their avionics systems. This component focuses on knowledge, programming, monitoring, and practical application of instruments and equipment for primary flight, navigation, communication, flight management and control, and the use of datalink services. Self-study materials, including manufacturer user guides and courses, build foundational awareness and understanding. However, hands-on interaction with the equipment in the aircraft—before, during, and after flight, and across various scenarios—is crucial for deep understanding and the ability to eAectively apply that knowledge in practice. Flight Procedures and Proficiency This component covers the critical skills required for proficient piloting of the M-Class aircraft through the complete process from pre-flight inspection through the various stages of taxi and flight, to post-flight shutdown. This includes normal maneuvers and situations as well as abnormal and emergency procedures. Most units include risk management tasks and opportunities for applying system and avionics knowledge. Scenarios can be used to develop situations to highlight specific areas. Topical scenarios such as icing encounters are included in the resources. These can be used in flight, if appropriate, or in discussions on the ground. Multiple flights can be used to progress from a basic description of the maneuver or procedure to being able to explain, practice, and perform. Units The units under each component are detailed by component in the next section. Each unit includes training tasks, instructional recommendations, and links to available resources for self-study and instructor use. The focus is on areas where the pilot will encounter features or behaviors unique to all variants of the M-Class, and on diAerences among the specific variants: Malibu/Mirage, Matrix, JetPROP, Meridian, M500, M600, and M700. As safety data from the M-Class fleet identifies new or diAerent threats, errors, risks, and vulnerabilities, new special emphasis scenarios will be created to promote safety by highlighting these areas. M-Class Elevate does not aim to cover general piloting knowledge or skills applicable to all aircraft; these broader areas should be addressed through other training avenues. Conditions Elements of M-Class Elevate can be conducted under one or more specific “conditions” including: • Self-study: Reading materials, videos, online courses, or other content designed to be reviewed in advance of a scheduled training event, or any time the pilot wishes to advance his/her knowledge. V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 10 • Ground School: Live in-person or web-based training, with the ability to engage in discussions with questions and answers. This includes group and/or one-on-one training. • Pre-Flight: Conducted one-on-one (or small group) at or in the aircraft, or in a classroom setting, typically immediately before a flight. • In-flight: Training conducted during an actual flight. Realistic situations and scenarios provide opportunities for risk management and decision making. • Post-Flight: Debriefing discussions after flight or in subsequent forums. Training for aeronautical knowledge and systems primarily emphasizes self-study and classroom training, while flight proficiency focuses on in-aircraft experience and practical flight training, supplemented by some preparatory work and profiles. Avionics and panel instruments training can vary; a solid understanding of pilot guides and theoretical concepts is crucial and can be studied in advance, but hands-on use in flight and across various training scenarios is essential, especially given the wide variation in configurations. Risk management and decision-making require a blend of training methods; foundational concepts and tools are introduced through online materials, but instructors must observe and guide pilots during actual flight conditions across diAerent scenarios. Scenario-based training, whether in- flight, using training devices, or through individual or group discussions, is recommended. Many flight proficiency units include SRM training tasks. The syllabus provides example scenarios for diAerent conditions. Expectations are detailed for each training task. Risk management tasks progress from describe, perform/engage, to explain/manage. Knowledge and avionics tasks progress from aware, understand, to apply. Flight tasks progress from describe, explain, practice, to perform. While mastery may require all tasks to reach the highest level, lower expectations coupled with personal minimums and training recommendations may be appropriate for initial and recurrent training. Some topics may not be required in a specific training event or for a specific aircraft. Scenario-based training uses a sequence of scenarios to build knowledge and skills across various training topics, with outcomes progressing from describe, to explain/practice, and then to perform or manage/decide. Maneuver-based approach emphasizes developing motor skills to master individual tasks or elements, leaving risk management and decision-making to final line-oriented flight training (LOFT) or other scenarios. Many flight topics incorporate SRM training tasks along with maneuvers. Either approach can be used to train to expectations. Expectations Pilot The pilot is expected to review all assigned materials prior to in-person instruction; this may include completing specific quizzes to demonstrate their understanding of the topics. The instructor will then assess whether the pilot can eAectively apply that knowledge when necessary, providing additional training as needed to ensure that expectations are met. Each training task lists specific expectations for the pilot. The instructor will determine how those expectations are met, perhaps with suggestions for further training or personal minimums. V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 11 Instructor Pilots new to the M-Class will complete an “initial training” event which will address most, if not all, of the M-Class Elevate curriculum. Subsequent training events -- “recurrent training” and “focused training” -- will allow the pilot and instructor to delve deeper into specific content areas to more fully develop the pilot’s knowledge, skills, and abilities. Prior to each training event, the instructor will engage with the pilot to discuss his/her needs and expectations from the training event. The instructional approach and the lesson planning that apply this syllabus will be determined by the individual training facility and instructor. The MSIP flight instructor will tailor each training event to the pilot’s specific needs. The instructor will use his/her judgement to determine which aspects of the training event will require less time or more time for the pilot to grasp the subject matter. Upon completion of a training event, whether initial, recurrent, or focused, the instructor will discuss with the pilot their strengths and weaknesses, personal minimums, and recommendations for interim training. The instructor will complete the M-Class Elevate Training Record during the final debrief, documenting the elements covered and confirming that objectives and expectations were met. The instructor will sign this record, the pilot shall have the option to sign the record, and it will then become part of the pilot’s training transcript. A training certificate from PMOPA SEF will then be issued to the pilot. PMOPA SEF PMOPA SEF will support instructors and pilots as they use this training program. Materials, courses, learning, and administrative tools will be added on an on-going basis as instructor experience and needs evolve. In addition, PMOPA SEF will revise the training program when needed to address hot topics based on data reviews, industry shifts, and community feedback. Acknowledgements PMOPA SEF is indebted to those who contributed their passion, time, and expertise via in-person meetings, webinars, and independent work to create the M-Class Elevate training program for the Piper M-Class community. Bill Archer, Archer Aircraft Instructional Services Deanna Casey, Casey Aviation Joe Casey, Casey Aviation Kimberly Coryat, PMOPA Safety Committee S. John Granmayeh, PMOPA Board of Directors Mike Nichols, PMOPA CEO David McVinnie, McVinnie Aviation Jacob Meyer, Archer Aircraft Instructional Services Jim RatliG, COPA University Ed Trautman, PMOPA Safety Committee Tom Turner, ABS Air Safety Foundation Rick Tutt, RJ Tutt Aviation V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 12 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 13 Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 14 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 15 M-Class R01 - Single Pilot Resource Management (SRM) Unit Objective: Demonstrate safe and eCicient operations by adequately managing all available resources. Summary: This unit covers the basic elements of single-pilot resource management including e7ective task and automation management, risk management and decision making, and situation awareness. Controlled flight into terrain is also addressed along with general aircraft and pilot resources and limitations as they related to specific flights and personal minimums. Application of these topics is considered during flight training tasks and scenarios. Training Topics 1. Task Management (TM) a. Prioritize and select the most appropriate tasks (or series of tasks) to ensure successful completion of the training scenario 2. Automation Management (AM) a. Program and utilize the most appropriate and useful modes of cockpit automation to ensure successful completion of the training scenario 3. Risk Management (RM) and Decision-Making (ADM) a. Consistently make informed decisions in a timely manner based on the task at hand and a thorough knowledge and use of all available resources 4. Situational Awareness (SA) a. Be aware of all factors such as traAic, weather, fuel status, aircraft mechanical condition, and pilot fatigue level that may have an impact on the successful completion of the training scenario 5. Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) Awareness a. Understand, describe, and apply techniques to avoid CFIT encounters: • During inadvertent encounters with Instrument Meteorological Conditions during VFR flight • During system and navigation failures and physiological incidents during IFR flight 6. Aircraft and Pilot Resources and Limitations a. Review and understand needed and available resources for a specific flight, and consider aircraft and pilot limitations when making decisions Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 16 Instructor Recommendations: • Embed SRM tasks into your lesson plans and evaluate throughout all phases of training • Provide written materials ahead of time; quiz to ensure read/understood materials Resources: • FAA Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H-8083-2A) o Chapter 7: Automation and Flight Path Management o Chapter 8: Aeronautical Decision Making in Flight Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 17 M-Class R02 - Threat and Error Management (TEM) Unit Objective: Know and apply eCective threat and error management in flight operations. Summary: This unit covers how to identify threats and recognize errors, along with mitigation of threats, trapping of errors, and recovering from abnormal aircraft states. Illustration and application of these topics is considered during flight training tasks and scenarios. Training Topics 1. Identify and Recognize Threats • Operational, • Environmental, • Mismanaged Threats a. Use Situational Awareness and deliberate checklists to identify likely and actual threats 2. Identify and Recognize Errors • Action or Inaction • Handling, • Procedural, • Communications a. Readily recognize and correct errors before they lead to an undesired aircraft state 3. Mitigate Threats and Errors • Act on Threats (Anticipate), • Trap Errors (Recognize); • Decision Making on actions a. Anticipate possible threats and have strategies for trapping errors 4. Prevent and Recover from Abnormal Aircraft States a. Be aware of undesired aircraft states that could result from a threat or error and have strategies for recovering within aircraft and pilot limitations Note: All tasks under TEM will be embedded into the curriculum and the training will occur selectively during all phases of training. TEM will be graded with SRM as it occurs during the training scenario syllabus. Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 18 Instructor Recommendations • Discuss real and relevant accidents and incidents stemming from inadequate attention to TEM • Discuss threats and errors identified from PMOPA’s Flight Data. Monitoring (FDM) Program data analysis Resources • FAA: Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H-8083-2A) (Publication) o Chapter 6: Threat and Error Management • Skybrary: Threat and Error Management (TEM) (Article) • Skybrary: The Dirty Dozen (Article) • NTSB: Controlled Flight Into Terrain (CFIT) (Safety Alert) Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 19 M-Class R03 - Cross-Country Flight Planning Unit Objective: Demonstrate ability to acquire and appropriately use all available resources for a long-distance trip. Summary: This unit covers basic elements of planning long cross-country flights, perhaps into novel areas and airports, traversing multiple weather systems, di7erent geographies, and requiring supplemental fuel stops. This includes big-picture assessment with long-range weather and route planning, as well as identifying risks and challenges to factor into the plan. Methods for risk mitigation and day-of-flight decisions are considered. Training scenarios may be used, either in flight or discussion, to illustrate issues and solutions. Training Topics 1. Big Picture Assessment and Building Mental Models a. Be able to build a high-level plan for the proposed flight with optimistic routes, stops, and timing 2. Long-range Weather a. Use available tools and resources to review and assess weather trends and evaluate alternate plans as needed 3. Route Planning • Stops, • Fuel a. Choose appropriate fuel stops based on planning criteria (e.g., FBO resources, airport limitations, available alternates) 4. Risks and Challenges a. Carefully identify flight risks and challenges and evaluate possible impact, considering aircraft and pilot limitations 5. Risk Mitigation, • Watchpoints • Checkpoints • Alternates • Contingencies a. Develop and include risk mitigation strategies for the identified and possible risks and challenges Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 20 6. Day of Flight Decisions • FRAT • PAVE • Forecast vs. Actual • Green/Yellow/Red a. Make go/no go decisions using appropriate information, tools, and resources Instructor Recommendations • Use real journeys – goal is safe, uneventful, and according to plan (or modified plan based on real-world environment) • Area to include accident reviews, from poor planning and decision-making Resources • FAA: Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H-8083-2A) (Publication) o Chapter 3: Identifying Hazards and Associated Risks o Chapter 4: Assessing Risk o Chapter 5: Mitigating Risk Risk Management and Decision Making V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 21 M-Class R04 - Flight Operations Unit Objective: Demonstrate safe and eCicient operations by monitoring flight progress and plan. Summary: This unit covers tools and methods for tracking progress and performance during flight. This includes weather tracking and ongoing risk management and decision-making using predictions from the plan, navigation log, and in-flight and datalink data. Application of these topics is considered during flight training and scenarios. Training Topics 1. Flight Navigation Log • Watchpoints • Checkpoints a. Describe using a paper or electronic flight navigation log to verify times and waypoints 2. Progress and Performance Monitoring a. Monitor flight progress and performance, including fuel burn monitoring (how much should have used; how much actually used) 3. Pilot and Passenger Status a. Explain monitoring pilot and passenger status including fatigue, dehydration, and medical, and how to mitigate risks 4. Risk Management (RM) and Decision-Making (ADM) a. Explain deliberate risk management and decision making for safe and eAicient flight operations 5. Weather Tracking a. Describe in-flight weather resources and how they can be used Instructor Recommendations • This unit may be used with flight scenarios intended to cover specific areas, such as icing, radar use Resources • FAA Risk Management Handbook (FAA-H-8083-2A) o Appendix B: Risk Management Tools • Malibu Guru Podcast: Episode 140, Transatlantic Trek: Ferrying King Air 260's to Saudi Arabia - Technique for Monitoring Fuel Burn (Podcast) V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 22 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 23 Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 24 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 25 M-CLASS K01 - Airplane Familiarization Unit Objective: Demonstrate familiarity with the aircraft components and functionality. Summary: This unit covers familiarization of the airplane exterior and interior, introduction to the basic system and safety components and their location, and general limitations on loading and operations. Training Topics 1. Airplane Overview: • Location of major subsystems and how they relate to each other • Service limitations of the engine and other time limited parts • Modifications to original airplane a. Demonstrate a comprehensive pre-flight inspection of their aircraft, as outlined in the POH. b. Identify and explain major systems of the aircraft during pre-flight. c. Provide examples of potential issues and grounding items relating to the system or part. d. Explain the power plant used in their specific model. e. Explain the limitations outlined in the POH and the real-world limitations that promote longevity and safety for their aircraft. f. Demonstrate where visible parts are on the engine and propeller during pre-flight. g. Remove upper cowling and identify systems on the remainder of the engine. h. All additional equipment installed must be documented and the documentation must be available (e.g., 337, STC data in POH, logbook entry) 2. Use of Safety Equipment • Emergency Exits • Seat Operations • Seat Belts and Shoulder Harnesses • Other a. Locate and explain the emergency exit and give an example briefing to potential passengers b. Locate a fire extinguisher, if one is not installed, explain the benefits of having one c. Demonstrate adjusting the pilot, co-pilot, and passenger seats d. Locate and explain the emergency oxygen system installed in their specific aircraft e. JetPROP / Meridian / M500 / M600 / M700: demonstrate the oxygen mask and how to remove and stow f. Demonstrate how to access and recharge the oxygen bottle g. Matrix: locate oxygen fill port and oxygen mask hookup ports Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 26 3. Instrument Panel (aircraft specific) a. Explain where the instrument data is generated and demonstrate where it can be displayed b. Glass panels need to be able to describe what systems converts information (ADC, AHRS, GEA, etc. Use Garmin architecture diagrams to describe how all systems interconnect and have redundancy) c. Describe autopilot integration, limitations, and displays d. Describe and explain self-testing systems e. Describe and explain the aircraft CAS system and where it is displayed 4. Cabin a. Describe and demonstrate the main cabin door and how to operate it b. Demonstrate a passenger brief on how to operate the door in the most basic terms and how to avoid damaging the aircraft c. Demonstrate location of light switches d. Demonstrate how to adjust the seats e. Demonstrate how to move seats to access the baggage compartment Instructor Recommendations • Remember that the most basic things on this aircraft will be new to someone who has never experienced it. Just because we have opened and closed the door, run a before start flow, and flown these aircraft thousands of times doesn’t mean your client has. Explain everything as if they have no base knowledge and always cover the important stuA multiple times. Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Section 7 • Aircraft engine (Lycoming / Continental / Pratt and Whitney) manual and limitations • Piper Service and Maintenance Manuals Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 27 M-CLASS K02 - Flight Controls Unit Objective: Develop thorough understanding of the M-Class flight control system. Summary: This unit covers description, inspection, operation, and maintenance of aircraft flight controls including ailerons, flaps, trim, speed brakes and spoilers (if installed). Abnormal and emergency procedures such as runaway trim are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe the aircraft flight controls to the extent the POH describes them: • Limitations • Inspection, Service, and Maintenance • Abnormal and Emergency Procedures 2. Flight Controls a. Describe the actuating method for the PA-46 Flight control system in accordance with the POH b. Perform an acceptable pre-flight inspection of the flight controls c. Demonstrate safe and controlled movements of flight controls in flight d. Describe Vo/Va and how it relates to flight controls 3. Flaps a. Describe the flap system according to the POH b. Describe flap settings and the associated limitations c. Describe the airframe limitations associated with the flaps d. Describe actuation methods of the flaps e. Identify failure of the flap system f. Run appropriate checklists and remedy items for flap system failures 4. Trim Controls a. Describe the trim system b. Demonstrate proper trim usage c. Demonstrate proper pre-flight checks of the trim system 5. Speed brakes and/or spoilers a. Describe the speed brakes and/or spoilers system(s) b. Describe limitations of speed brakes and/or spoilers c. Describe and identify scenarios and situations where speed brake usage is appropriate d. Describe actuating methods for installed equipment Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 28 6. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Explain dangers associated with failure to retract speed brakes b. Describe runaway trim training and trim interrupt methods Instructor Recommendations • CFI to understand diAerences between variants • New CFIs dealing with hydraulic flaps need to make themselves familiar, by aircraft serial number, of the system. Resources • McVinnie Aviation: Malfunctioning Speed Brakes (Video) • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Section 7 • Autopilot manual applicable to the pilot’s airplane Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 29 M-CLASS K03 - Panel Instruments Unit Objective: Understand, configure, and precisely use simple flight and panel instruments. Summary: This unit covers basic aircraft instruments not part of a “glass cockpit.” This includes pitot-static system, six-pack flight instruments, annunciators, and engine instruments not integrated with the avionics. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Explain pitot-static sources, failures, systems associated, and troubleshooting b. Explain instrument power systems, gyroscopic principles, and the operating principles of each instrument 2. “Six pack” Flight instruments a. Explain and perform normal operating flight instruments including power on and test b. Explain limitations and common failures c. Perform eAective scan 3. Horizontal Situation Indicator (HSI) a. Perform proper setup, use, and operation 4. Pitot-static System a. Identify the location and explain the function of the static source switch in the cockpit b. Identify the location of pitot static drains and the proper usage of them c. Identify the external location of pitot and static sources d. Explain how a failure or blockage would aAect the instrumentation 5. Cockpit Annunciation Systems a. Explain available indications and their resolution 6. Engine Indication System (EIS) or Graphic Engine Monitor (GEM) a. Demonstrate proper setup, use, and operation b. . Explain the importance of proper calibration 7. Fuel Computer (Totalizer) a. Demonstrate proper setup, use, and operation Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 30 8. Failure Modes and Corrective Actions: • Invalid Sensor Data • Invalid Heading • Crosscheck Monitor • Recoverable Attitude • Invalid Attitude and Heading • Complete/Partial Electrical Power Failure • Loss of Vacuum for Gyro Instruments a. Explain identifying specific failures and their associated cues b. Perform the appropriate corrective action for each malfunction Instructor Recommendations • Familiarize the pilot with the Alternate static system and where the switch is located • Legacy 310P and 350P airframes will have gyro driven instrumentation and gyro driven standby instruments (sometimes electrically driven). • Note all M-Class airframes share a similar Pitot Static system. o Main static lines come from the empennage with multiple static ports on the side and belly. o Outflow and safety valves have their own static supply lines for diAerential pressure. o All later-model M-Class airframes are equipped with dual heated pitot tubes (one on each wing), and they supply information to the associated ADC. o Training should reference the pitot and static drain valves, when to use them, and potential issues using them can introduce. Resources • FAA: Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (2024) - FAA-H-8083-25C (Publication) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 31 M-CLASS K04 - Performance Unit Objective: Understand and apply the factors and limitations that aCect aircraft performance. Summary: This unit covers takeo7 and landing performance under various runway and environmental conditions. Cruise and leaning procedures (piston aircraft) are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Explain aircraft performance limitations 2. Takeoe a. Perform accurate use of the takeoA performance chart(s) 3. Cruise and Leaning Procedures (if applicable) a. Perform accurate use of the cruise performance chart b. Explain leaning procedures, including lean of peak vs. rich of peak, to control cylinder and engine temperatures 4. Turbulence Penetration Speed a. Explain risks associated with encountering turbulence b. Explain impact of load factors on penetration speeds c. Describe kinds of turbulence and potential impact 5. Landing • Power Adjusted for Target Airspeeds a. Perform accurate use of the landing performance chart(s) b. Explain the approximate power settings for target airspeeds c. Explain when aircraft will be stabilized on approach d. Perform crossing fence at Vref Instructor Recommendations • Note Lycoming and Continental manufacturer recommendations regarding leaning • Discuss high-altitude airport operations, eAects on speeds, impact on engine temperatures • Review accidents stemming from encounters with turbulence Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Sections 2 and 5 • PMOPA: PMOPA Operating Practices (Publication) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 32 M-CLASS K05 - Powerplant and Propellers Unit Objective: Develop a thorough understanding of the powerplant and propeller systems, operations, and procedures. Summary: This unit covers turbo-charged piston and turbine engines, including starting, operation, shutdown, limitations, inspection, and maintenance. Abnormal and emergency procedures are covered, including turbine rollback and manual turbine operations. Training Topics 1. Powerplant Description and Limitations Piston: a. Describe piston turbocharged engines, ignition system, and associated limitations Turbine: a. Describe PT6 turbine engine, fuel flow controller, and ice door (when present), their limitations, and use at low and high altitudes 2. Propeller Description, Limitations, and Operation a. Describe propeller and governor system, speed limitations, and operation in particular aircraft 3. Starting Procedures a. Explain pre- and post-start checks, cold- and hot-start procedures, and common issues Turbine: b. Explain high starting temperature limitations, consequences and avoidance 4. Before Takeoe Checks a. Describe before takeoA checks of engine and propeller 5. Powerplant Controls Piston: a. Explain use and response of throttle, propeller, mixture, and ignition controls during all phases of flight. b. Describe induction system to include the use of the alternate air door Turbine: c. Explain use and response of power and propeller (if present) controls during all phases of flight Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 33 6. Shut Down Procedures a. Describe engine and systems shut down procedures and checks 7. Abnormal Procedures a. Describe identification and mitigation of important abnormal situations (e.g., propeller overspeed, air start procedures, loss of oil pressure, rough running (piston), engine securing) 8. Emergency Procedures a. Describe identification and mitigation of significant emergency situations (e.g., engine failure (before and after lift-oA), fire, engine roll back (turbine)) 9. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Describe ongoing inspection, service, and maintenance of powerplant and propeller Instructor Recommendations • Do not shutdown engine and demonstrate air start procedures in flight Resources • Piston: o Pilot’s Operating Handbook § Section 7 Diagrams o Bold Method: How Does a Piston Engine Work? (Article) o Bold Method: How A Turbocharger Works (Article) o Bold Method: How Does An Aircraft Engine Start? (Article) o Bold Method: How A Constant Speed Propeller Works (Article) o Bold Method: How A Propeller Generates Thrust (Article) • Turbine: o Bold Method: How A Turboprop Engine Works (Article) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 34 M-CLASS K06 - Electrical Unit Objective: Understand the electrical system components, how indications are presented, and how electrical abnormalities or emergencies are mitigated. Summary: This unit covers electrical system components and connections, sources, indicators, and lighting, along with abnormal and emergency procedures, and using external power. Normal pre-flight inspection and general servicing are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Become familiar with the system description and limitations, as described in the POH 2. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Familiarize himself/herself with any recent servicing and/or maintenance of electrical components, per the logbooks b. Demonstrate understanding of recommended time limits for overhaul pertaining to turbine generators and alternators 3. Sources of Electrical Power a. Learn the limitations of each source of electrical power and how to check the operation of each source prior to flight 4. Battery Starts a. Know minimum voltage limitations for starting b. Verify voltage prior to engaging the starter c. Turbines: know how to recognize slow acceleration starts and hot starts and how to appropriately respond to each scenario 5. External Power Starts a. Verify GPU power rating (voltage and amps) are adequate for the start process 6. Indicators a. Become familiar with the annunciators and indicator lights associated with each source of electrical power and what each indication means 7. Lighting Systems a. Know when it is appropriate, per regulation and recommendation, to use each lighting system installed on the aircraft Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 35 8. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Know how to recognize an electrical emergency or abnormal situation and where to find the related checklists and procedures for such an emergency b. Understand how to “shed” non-essential items to reduce the electrical load, when required Instructor Recommendations • Ensure the pilot has a thorough understanding of the electrical sources, according to their specific variant, including knowing what source is primary/secondary and what the limitations of each are • Create and talk about scenarios that simulate what will happen if one or both sources of electrical power are lost in various environmental conditions (e.g., nighttime, icing, IMC, VMC) • Review the diAerence between “landing as soon as possible” and “landing as soon as practical” as it relates to diAerent electrical emergencies (e.g., an uncontained electrical fire would be a “land as soon as possible” scenario and an alternator failure in VMC would be a “land as soon as practical” scenario) • Do NOT pull circuit breakers in the aircraft to fail a generator or alternator for training purposes • Do NOT continue to start a turbine aircraft after an abnormal start and shutdown, without first identifying and correcting the condition that caused the abnormal start Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Section 7, Basic Electrical Diagrams • Aircraft Maintenance Manual o Detailed Electrical Diagrams • Covington Aircraft: What is a PT6 “Hot Start?? (Article) • Casey Aviation: Avoiding A Hot Start (Article) • Lakefront Aviation: The Meridian PT6A 42A Engine Start Procedure Explained (Video) • AOPA: In-flight Emergencies (Article) • AOPA: In flight Electrical Fires (Safety Brief) • Bold Method: 5 Engine Start Malfunctions You'll Learn About Before Flying Jets (Article + video) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 36 M-CLASS K07 - Airplane Fuel Systems Unit Objective: Understand the fuel system of the M-Class aircraft to aid in aircraft familiarization and fuel management. Summary: This unit covers the fuel system including tanks, pumps, distribution, indicators, and operations. Abnormal and emergency procedures are covered. Specific airframe related components are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe the fuel system diagram in the applicable POH b. Describe the limitations of the fuel system in section 2 of the POH c. Describe the required fuel system placards and their purposes 2. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Confirm the correct fuel type for the aircraft b. Identify the correct grounding location for fueling operations c. Understand best practices for self-service fuel d. Understand best practices for full-service fuel e. Identify all fuel components that are visible during pre-flight 3. Control System a. Describe the fuel pumps and their role in the fuel system b. Demonstrate use of fuel selector and best practices for tank changes in piston and JetPROP aircraft c. Describe how the fuel system detects and alleviates imbalances in Meridian / M500 / M600 / M700 aircraft 4. Airframe Related Components a. Describe the location and function of the fuel vents b. Describe the operation of the aircraft’s fuel caps c. Demonstrate the correct procedure for opening and closing the fuel caps d. Describe the POH cautions and warnings related to the airframe components e. If installed, describe the long-range fuel STC for piston aircraft / JetPROP 5. Indicating System • Quantity Indication • Warning System a. Describe the sending units of the fuel system b. Identify the location of the fuel gauges and proper way of verifying and updating the fuel quantity in the fuel computer, if applicable Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 37 c. Describe the system indications (CAS messages, warning lights, fuel gauge indications) for low fuel and fuel related emergencies 6. Abnormal indications, Power Loss, Imbalance a. Describe fuel related emergency and caution indications in the aircraft b. Use appropriate checklists and QRH information to identify and respond to abnormal an emergency scenario c. Describe the threshold for a fuel imbalance as described in the POH d. Describe the correct response to a fuel imbalance situation e. Describe aircraft systems that help alleviate fuel imbalances f. Describe the flight characteristics of a fuel imbalance (turbines) g. Describe flying the aircraft in a reduced power scenario and appropriate actions / checklists to try and restore power Instructor Recommendations • Teach the Fuel System Schematics and relate each component to the system and what it provides for normal and abnormal scenarios • Teach the correct way to fuel and service the aircraft without damaging the boots or the aircraft finish • Teach the correct way to alternate fuel tanks to actually get full fuel • Show the appropriate place to ground the aircraft and how to describe it to FBO and service personnel • Teach limitations and appropriate use of fuel system icing inhibitors (e.g., Prist) Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Section 7 • Aircraft Maintenance Manual • AOPA: Fuel Management Safety Spotlight (Article) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 38 M-CLASS K08 - Landing Gear and Brake System (Hydraulics) Unit Objective: Understanding the hydraulic system and how it operates the landing gear of the M-Class aircraft. Summary: This unit covers the landing gear and braking system including hydraulics, indicators, and switches. Normal operations and limitations, along with abnormal and emergency procedures are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe the landing gear and hydraulic system b. Describe the brake system and potential failure points (right side only, left side only, both sides) c. Describe and locate all landing gear components d. Describe the limitations associated with the landing gear 2. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Inspect all landing gear components to check for abnormal wear, leaking, fluid levels, and damage b. Describe how to check and service the landing gear fluid reservoir 3. Indicating Systems a. Describe the indication for gear up / down / and in transit b. Describe the gear unsafe indications and describe what can cause them 4. Normal Operation a. Describe what happens in the hydraulic system when gear is selected up and down b. Describe what holds the gear in the up and down position c. Demonstrate a gear extension and retraction without exceeding limitations 5. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Describe the indication of a gear malfunction and what can cause them b. Describe what would happen in the event of a full hydraulic pressure loss c. Describe the indications of a leaking or low fluid hydraulic system d. Describe appropriate actions if you see hydraulic fluid during a pre-flight e. Describe and demonstrate an emergency gear extension f. Emphasize the speed restriction on the emergency gear extension and why we need to go slow g. Describe the issues with the day / night switch and how it relates to the gear indication Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 39 Instructor Recommendations • Cover how to prevent the cockpit occupants from accidentally introducing pressurized air into the master cylinder (a common failure point of an O ring in the assembly, typically displaced by checking brakes early or resting feet on brakes while the cabin is still pressurized) Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Section 7 Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 40 M-CLASS K09 - Environmental Unit Objective: Understand the environmental and pressurization systems and their components. Summary: This unit covers heating, cooling, ventilation, and pressurization systems. Normal operation of the pressurization system and its failure modes are covered along with abnormal and emergency procedures. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe the environmental systems for the specific model of aircraft b. Describe limitations for the specific model of aircraft 2. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Locate and describe outflow and safety valve (or both outflow valves on current models) b. Understand how to inspect the air conditioning compressor belt c. Locate and describe air conditioning charge ports d. Locate and describe recirculating blower motors e. Locate and describe the vent / defog fan 3. Normal Operation of Heating, Ventilation, and Cooling a. Describe air conditioning system and control b. Describe the diAerence of heating and cooling vents and sources of conditioned air c. MX00 variants: describe the mixing valve, its location, and how air is routed for cooling / heating d. MX00 variants: describe auto vs manual modes for mixing valve e. Piston models: describe cabin heat knob and function f. Explain the typical reason for poor cooling (blocked inlets/clogged evaporator) 4. Normal Operation of Pressurization • Except for the Matrix: a. Describe source and routing of pressurized air for the cabin b. Describe the proper manual altitude selection for the pressurization controller for takeoA, cruise, and landing c. Describe the cabin rate controller and the POH recommended setting d. Describe the automatic and manual selection of landing elevation in the G1000 / G3000 (if applicable) e. Describe the function and diAerences between the isobaric outflow valve and the safety valve f. Describe the vacuum source for the applicable airframe Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 41 5. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures • Except for the Matrix: a. Describe common pressurization issues and the causes b. Use section 3 of the POH and the applicable QRH to diagnose and correct pressurization issues c. Describe and demonstrate an emergency descent d. Describe the relation between the pressurization system and other emergencies (smoke in the cockpit, electrical fire, engine fire) e. Describe CAS and alerts related to the pressurization system f. Describe and locate the cabin altitude alert mute (if applicable) g. Describe location of supplemental oxygen h. Demonstrate use of the oxygen mask for MX00 models Instructor Recommendations • Develop scenarios that require higher level thinking and use of checklists to identify problems that may or may not have relation to the pressurization system. For example smoke in the cockpit, describe varying levels of smoke or contamination, odors, etc. • Open the rear bulkhead and look at the outflow and safety valves. Most owners will never see them unless we show them. Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Sections 2, 3, 7, and 9 • Casey Aviation: Environmental System – Malibu/Mirage (Video) • Casey Aviation: Environmental System – Meridian (Video) • Casey Aviation: Environmental System – JetPROP (Video) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 42 M-CLASS K10 - Oxygen Unit Objective: Understand hypoxia risks and the use of hypoxia mitigation tools and procedures available to pilots/passengers. Summary: This unit covers high altitude physiology along with oxygen system components and operation. Abnormal and emergency procedures are covered. Training Topics 1. Normal Operation a. Be able to describe how the oxygen system works for both the pilot and passengers, including limitations of the system b. Demonstrate how the oxygen system is armed and verify quick don masks are ready for use 2. High Altitude Physiology a. Have a clear understanding of and be able to describe the ways in which high altitude operations aAect physiology b. Be able to describe the various impairments a lack of oxygen can have on the body c. Be able to talk about how to recognize an oxygen deficiency (outside of a rapid decompression scenario) and when it is appropriate to don an oxygen mask in-flight d. Talk about how individual fitness levels aAect time of useful consciousness 3. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Demonstrate the use of the oxygen system in a rapid decompression scenario b. Understand the various ways a slow pressurization leak may be identified and mitigated. c. Understand when oxygen should be used by the pilot and/or passengers Instructor Recommendations • Be sure to check the oxygen bottle pressure, oxygen mask connection points, and mask operation prior to flight. These systems regularly come out of maintenance events not connected and operable after inspections. • Take the time to teach the pilot how to properly stow the oxygen masks in the MX00 series with the quick-donning masks. Proper stowage will allow the “doors” on the mask cabinet to close correctly and prevent breakage or warping, in addition to ensuring proper placement for quick-donning in an emergency. Resources • Casey Aviation: Depressurization in the Flight Levels in a PA46 (Article with video) • FAA: Introduction to Aviation Physiology (Publication) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 43 • PMOPA: Hypoxia and High-Altitude Operations for General Aviation Pilots (Webinar) • Skybrary: Hypoxia (Article) • FAA: Beware of Hypoxia (Article) • Skybrary: Aircraft Oxygen Systems (Article) • FAA: Air Transport Category Slow Depressurization (Case Study) • HouieLouy: Kalitta 66 hypoxic pilots (YouTube Audio) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 44 M-CLASS K11 - Ice Protection Unit Objective: Understand surface, propeller and other ice protection systems, their normal use, and operating practices. Summary: This unit covers the ice protection system components and their operation, including surface boots, propeller, inlet, and windshield heating. Inspection, servicing, abnormal, and emergency procedures are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Understand icing equipment installed on the aircraft b. Understand which systems are required to be operational prior to flight c. Understand aircraft’s icing limitations (forecast and actual) d. Understand autopilot limitations related to icing e. Know the minimum icing airspeed 2. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Ensure proper operation of all installed anti- and de-icing equipment 3. Normal Operation a. Understand when icing equipment should be deployed 4. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Understand potential risks and impact of inadvertent encounter with icing b. Recognize ice bridging on elevator and stabilizer Instructor Recommendations • Review the types of icing, predicting icing, and ways to avoid icing. Resources • PMOPA: “Icebergs in the Sky” article by Hank Gibson Jan/Feb 2024 (Magazine Article) • FAA: Ways to Predict Icing in 57 Seconds (YouTube Video) Aeronautical Knowledge and Systems V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 45 M-CLASS K12 - Weight and Balance Unit Objective: Apply risk awareness pertaining to Weight and Balance limitations. Summary: This unit covers calculation of weight and balance, along with limitations and performance implications. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe the risks associated with exceeding forward and aft CG and weight limits 2. Takeoe a. Understand how to use aircraft performance charts for takeoA b. Compute distance requirements at low and maximum takeoA weights 3. Landing a. Understand how to use aircraft performance charts for landing b. Explain how landing weight aAects approach speeds and landing distances c. Compute distance requirements at low and maximum landing weights 4. Controllability, Center of Gravity, and Stall Speed a. Explain the risks associated with high power/low speed flight operations in an aft CG condition b. Understand the risks associated with aircraft operations in an improperly loaded condition 5. Legal Implications a. Explain the determination of careless and reckless during post-accident investigations relating to operating outside the published weight and balance limitations b. Present the completed aircraft Weight and Balance calculation Instructor Recommendations • Prepare a weight and balance worksheet/app for the actual aircraft using actual weights/CG data. Review the process for making changes due to equipment installations/removals. Resources • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Section 6 • FAA: Weight and Balance Handbook - FAA-H-8083-1B (Publication) V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 46 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 47 Avionics and Flight Instruments The M700 Fury comes standard equipped with the Garmin G3000, the most advanced avionics suite available for single-engine turboprop aircraft. Features like 60/40 split mode and enhanced map display bring invaluable situational information right in front of you. On approach, you no longer sacrifice your scan to look down at the approach plate. The high-resolution, dual-touchscreen control- lers provide access to your: audio/intercom system, electronic checklists, flight plan entry and editing, weather, charts and much more. Avionics options include: Taxiway Routing; CAS Linked Checklists; Extended VHF Enablement; and Cabin Briefer Enablement. Avionics enhancements now include: 3D SafeTaxi, synoptics pages, stabilized approach alerts, Glide Range Ring, providing increased situational awareness for the pilot in all phases of flight. UPGRADED GARMIN G3000 AVIONICS SUITE PlaneSync allows a pilot to keep tabs on their aircraft from anywhere, from preflight to postflight. Using an encrypted 4G LTE cellular or Wi-Fi connection, PlaneSync connects the avionics to the Garmin Pilot app remotely. This Connected Aircraft Management System performs automatic database updates and shows aircraft status to the pilot before they arrive to the airport. PLANESYNC™ V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 48 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 49 M-CLASS A01 - Primary Glass Panel Instruments Unit Objective: Understand, configure, and proficiently use glass panel flight and aircraft instruments. Summary: This unit covers the primary flight instruments and other glass panel instruments necessary for VFR flight. This may include such items as engine monitor, engine indication system, fuel totalizer, and annunciators integrated with the avionics. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Explain the interface between all the installed avionics systems in the aircraft b. Perform proficient operations of the avionics as an integrated system c. Explain configuration and setup of avionics d. Explain pitot-static sources, failures, systems associated, and troubleshooting e. Explain instrument power systems, gyroscopic principles, and the operating principles of each instrument 2. Basic Operations a. Explain and perform normal operating flight instruments including power on and test b. Explain limitations and common failures 3. Primary Flight Display (PFD) • Configuration and Setup • Preflight Procedures a. Explain common PFD modes and features b. Perform pre-flight procedures (verify altitude and heading readouts) c. Perform eAective scan d. Explain how the AHRS system receives and displays flight information on the PFD and MFD e. Explain failure modes/CAS messages and the associated checklists/QRH/use f. Explain instrumentation aAected by the AHRS system and what is lost if a failure occurs g. Explain the startup / initialization of the PFD and AHRS system. h. Explain switching between AHRS 1 and AHRS 2 on both PFD 1 and 2 if so equipped 4. Backup Instruments a. Explain and perform use of backup instrument(s) including initialization and testing b. Explain and perform reversion mode (Garmin integrated panels) c. Explain power source, limitations, and capabilities Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 50 5. Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator (eHSI) a. Perform proper setup, use, and operation 6. Air-data Computer a. Explain the ADC and the instrumentation aAected by the ADC b. Explain switching between ADC 1 and 2 on both PFD 1 and PFD 2 (if equipped) c. Explain failures and associated CAS messages 7. CAS and Annunciation System a. Explain available indications and their resolution b. Explain possible CAS messages and their resolution 8. Integrated Engine Indication System (EIS) or Graphic Engine Monitor (GEM) a. Demonstrate proper setup, use, and operation 9. Integrated Fuel Computer (Totalizer) a. Demonstrate proper setup, use, and operation 10. Failure Modes and Corrective Actions • Invalid Sensor Data • Invalid Heading • Crosscheck Monitor • Recoverable Attitude • Invalid Attitude and Heading • Complete/Partial Electrical Power Failure a. Explain identifying specific failures and their associated cues b. Perform the appropriate corrective action for each malfunction 11. Avionics and Instrument Maintenance a. Explain backup batteries and their maintenance Instructor Recommendations • CFI's should be knowledgeable in the avionics they are teaching in. When demonstrating buttons to be pushed, make sure that tasks are performed in the correct order. • For new pilots, use Ground Power to practice on the avionics and give the pilot scenarios • Ground and flight training is needed when upgrading from steam gauges to glass, from a KFC to a Garmin Autopilot, or 530W to GTN, they need to get training • Use long (1 hour or so) enroute time for allowing the pilot to get familiar with button pushing • Emphasize the need to go slow when finding the button or knob to push, then verify that the GPS or autopilot is doing what the pilot expected it to do • Emphasize the autopilot "scoreboard" on most PFDs to verify correct mode and parameters • Give the pilot cues to do certain things o Garmin Autopilots: When cleared for the approach, engage the APR mode o KFC 150 and STEC 55x and STEC 1500 Autopilots: Remain on GPSS until on the FAC before engaging APR mode Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 51 o KFC 225 Autopilots: Wait till the GPS indicates Approach mode, then Engage the APR Output under the GPS MSG page, then engage the autopilot APR mode • Show pilots what happens with an ADC or AHRS failure, but best to only use a PFD failure for partial panel practice. • Pre-NXi G1000 avionics: do not give Glidepaths on LP approaches. Teach the pilot to recognize what type of minimums are on the plate (LNAV, LP, or LPV) and know that LNAV and LPV produce a GP, but LP does not. In G1000 NXi aircraft, LP approaches do have advisory glide paths. • Teach what an advisory glidepath is but emphasize the fact that it is still a non-precision approach to an MDA and the glidepath can't be blindly followed down below the MDA. • Familiarize the pilot with the Alternate static system and where the switch is located • IFR ACS Task B Aircraft Flight Systems states standards for knowledge of systems • Review use of Backup systems • Current M-class models use Garmin GI275 as backup (standby) system. It has its own databases, internal battery, and AHRS sensors • Previous glass panels used Aspen 1000 digital displays, STC digital systems, and analog gyro-driven instruments for backup (standby). • Do NOT simulate any avionics failures in actual IMC, only simulated IMC. The CFI needs to have an outside visual reference while performing partial panel operations. • Do NOT pull/trip circuit breakers to simulate failures (e.g., partial panel) • Do NOT teach in Autothrottle equipped airplanes unless given previous training Resources • Aviators Academy: Garmin G1000 Proficiency Course • Sporty’s: Garmin Courses • Garmin: Training Courses • King Schools: Garmin Courses • Malibu Aerospace: Radar Reference Guide Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 52 M-CLASS A02 – Communication, Navigation, Surveillance Systems Unit Objective: Understand, configure, and proficiently use radios, navigators, and surveillance systems in VFR and IFR flight. Summary: This unit covers configuration, setup, programming, and normal operation of the VHF radios, VHF and GPS navigators, transponders, and ADS- B systems, intercom, and audio panel. Databases, pre-flight checks, and basic navigation are covered. Training Topics 1. Descrip*on and Limita*ons a. Explain power source for radios and navigators b. Explain ground clearance/emergency bus (as appropriate) c. Explain configuraIon and setup opIons 2. Preflight Procedures a. Explain power-on sequence, displays, and tests b. Explain pre-flight set-up 3. VHF Communica*ons a. Explain and perform entering frequencies directly or from a database into acIve or standby locaIons b. Explain the use of second frequency monitor mode if so equipped c. Explain the use of squelch 4. GPS Opera*on and Programming a. Explain and perform entering or selecIng GPS waypoints b. Explain and perform navigaIon direct to GPS waypoint c. Explain and perform entering verIcal navigaIon at a GPS waypoint (if available) d. Explain and perform loading and acIvaIng a GPS approach e. Explain loading holds, departures, arrivals (if available) f. Explain method for keeping navigator databases current 5. NAV Opera*on and Programming a. Explain and perform entering frequencies directly, or from a database into acIve or standby locaIons b. Explain and perform seQng/skewing VOR radials c. Explain the various types of VOR checks to include documentaIon d. Explain and perform selecIng a VOR or LOC/ILS approach on acIvaIon e. Explain idenIfying NAV staIon Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 53 6. Transponder and ADS-B a. Explain available transponder modes and how to select b. Explain and perform how to idenIfy to ATC c. Explain seQng and changing ADS-B idenIfier (if available) 7. Audio Panel a. Explain and perform audio panel modes and their selecIon b. Explain how to configure intercom and set volumes c. Explain how to set and mute radio volume d. Explain how to access alternate sources of audio, such as, music Instructor Recommendations • Teach the pilot how to load airways, load holds, load arrivals and departures, load approaches, the diAerence between loading and activating an approach (emphasizing that Activate Approach just gives a course Direct To the IAF), and how to utilize the Flight Stream and GTX 345 Bluetooth capabilities • Emphasize on GTN and GNS units that when flying an ILS, LOC, or VOR approach, the frequency only get’s loaded to the standby NAV radio and the pilot must switch it to the active frequency in NAV 1 • For Garmin GTN and Avidyne IFD units, download the apps on the iPad to practice on • Utilize the VNV, VCALC, or other descent planning tools on the airplane GPS • Do NOT program GPS while taxiing • Do NOT shut oA electrical system in-flight (AHRS and avionics may not reinitialize) • Do NOT utilize “Activate Approach” once on the Final Approach Course (FAC). Activate Approach gives a Direct To course to the IAF and the airplane will turn oA of the FAC direct to the IAF, thus abandoning the approach and possibly getting too close to terrain or other obstacles Resources • Aviators Academy: Garmin G1000 Proficiency Course • Sporty’s: Garmin Courses • Garmin: Training Courses • King Schools: Garmin Courses • Malibu Aerospace: Radar Reference Guide Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 54 M-CLASS A03 - Flight Management and Flight Control Systems Unit Objective: Understand the Flight Management System (FMS), Flight Control System (FCS), and advanced system capabilities. Summary: This unit covers configuration, programming, testing, and normal, abnormal, and emergency operation of the flight management and flight control systems. Autopilot modes are covered as are standard flight plan and autopilot scenarios. Optional features such as stability protection, smart glide, Autoland, and autothrottle are covered. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe what avionics systems are installed, their function and operational limitations 2. Inspection, Service, and Maintenance a. Understand what inspections are required and what service and maintenance criteria exist (e.g., pitot-static/transponder/altimeter checks) 3. Preflight Procedures a. Learn what preflight tests and setup procedures are needed for proper function and operation 4. Normal Operation a. Demonstrate proficient operation of the FMS or avionics installed 5. FMS Programming • Routes • Procedures • Sequencing • Direct to • Missed Approach • Go Around a. Demonstrate proficient operation of routine programming of FMS and avionics. b. Demonstrate basic features and abilities of FMS and avionics. 6. Autopilot Modes and Operation • Flight Director Mode (Pitch/Roll) • Horizontal Modes • Vertical Modes • Approach Modes • Control Wheel Steering Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 55 • Flight Director If Installed: • Electronic Stability Protection (ESP) • SmartGlide • Autoland • Autothrottle a. Demonstrate proficient operation of routine autopilot operation b. Demonstrate proficient operation of advanced features (e.g., LVL mode, VNAV, CWS, back course) c. Know how to couple systems for autopilot Approaches and GPSS and limitations of these systems d. Demonstrate proficiency in identifying failures and taking swift and correct actions to mitigate consequences of failures, including trim runaways and failures e. Demonstrate proficiency with advanced safety features such as ESP, SmartGlide, Autoland, and/or Autothrottle 7. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Know how to operate the FMS and avionics in all failure modes, including failures within the systems themselves, the airframe, or other aircraft systems, and emergency disconnect options Instructor Recommendations • Understand what GPSS does on King autopilots and how to properly use GPSS • Have the pilot hand-fly using the Flight Director • Ensure the pilot: o knows how to use the Level button o understands when to engage the APR mode o references the autopilot scoreboard to verify the proper mode after the pilot has pushed a button on the autopilot o knows how to use the G500 and G500TXi to put it in VS and ALT capture capability with the GAD43e (electric interface) • G3000 Autothrottle use on M600 and M700; AT must be in Manual mode for approaches • Have the pilot demonstrate SmartGlide (if installed) • Do NOT allow overuse the autopilot (e.g., never hand fly) • Do NOT overpower the envelope protection • Do NOT use the KFC150 below 100 kias (while not a published limitation, there are known challenges with KFC's capability) • Do NOT allow the pilot to hand-fly while the autopilot is turned on (don't overpower/override the autopilot) Resources • PMOPA Quick Reference Handbooks (Handbooks) • Foreflight: Foreflight Training • Garmin: Garmin Pilot Training (YouTube videos) Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 56 M-CLASS A04 - Datalink Situation Awareness and Weather Summary Unit Objective: Demonstrate knowledge and use of in-cockpit datalink systems, services, and multi-function avionics. Summary: This unit covers configuration, setup, and operation of the multifunction displays along with specific use of tra7ic, terrain, weather, and radar components, and integration and use of personal electronic devices such as iPads. Training Topics 1. Description and Limitations a. Describe installed systems, their function and operational limitations 2. Multi-Function Display • Normal Operation • Setup • Pages • Navigation Modes • Traeic Mode • Weather Modes • Checklist Modes a. Demonstrate proper use of the avionics interface during normal operations including setup, navigation, traAic, weather, and checklist 3. Data Link Weather / Data Link Setup and Operation a. Demonstrate the proper setup of the information and related displays b. Demonstrate the proper decision-making skills based on the information presented 4. Terrain Display and Avoidance Systems Setup and Operation a. Demonstrate the proper setup of the information and related displays. b. Demonstrate the proper decision-making skills based on the information presented 5. Radar Systems Setup and Operation a. Demonstrate the proper setup of the information and related displays. b. Demonstrate the proper decision-making skills based on the information presented 6. Personal Electronic Device Apps and Connectivity a. Demonstrate proper setup, use, interface with installed avionics, and operation b. Demonstrate transfer of flight plan information (if available) Avionics and Flight Instruments V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 57 Instructor Recommendations • Utilize the radar to avoid weather, not penetrate a hole • Utilize NEXRAD as a weather reference, not to actively penetrate • Do NOT rely upon weather sources in real-time Resources • Malibu Aerospace: Radar Reference Guide • Bold Method: The DiAerence Between ASOS And ADS-B Weather (arMcle) V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 58 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 59 Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 60 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 61 M-CLASS F01 - Flight Planning Unit Objective: Exhibit satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with preparation for a safe flight. Summary: This unit covers basic flight planning, preparation, and briefing activities, including key risk management and decision making prior to each flight. Training Topics 1. Flight Training Scenario Planning a. Review the required elements of the appropriate flight training scenario b. Decide on the optimum route and sequence of events to accomplish all required tasks c. Obtain all required charts and documents d. Obtain and analyze an FAA- approved weather briefing appropriate to the scenario to be flown e. File a flight plan (VFR/IFR) for the scenario to be flown 2. Weight and Balance and Aircraft Performance Computation a. Perform accurate weight and balance and performance computations for the specific training scenario 3. Preflight SRM Briefing a. Orally review in specific terms all aspects of the flight scenario b. Identify possible emergency and abnormal procedures relevant to the scenario and describe successful SRM strategies to deal with them c. Evaluate risk (e.g., FRAT, PAVE) 4. Decision Making and Risk Management a. Make sound decisions based on a logical analysis of factual information, aircraft capability, and pilot experience and skill b. Continuously critique the success of the flight scenario c. Adjust the training scenario to maintain flight safety at all times Instructor Recommendations • Provide a real-life scenario for a flight to be conducted in an M-Class aircraft. Have the pilot complete a weight and balance calculation for the specific flight. CFI and pilot discuss how weight and balance aAects aircraft performance. Resources • Piper ProFlight: Weight and Balance (App) • PMOPA: FRAT for SRM (App) Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 62 M-CLASS F02 - Normal Preflight and Cockpit Procedures Unit Objective: Demonstrate proper pre-flight and eCective use of checklists, cockpit procedures, PFD/GPS/MFD, and autopilot operation. Summary: This unit covers normal preflight and pre-takeo7 inspections, setups, and cockpit procedures including checklists. Training Topics 1. Normal Pre-takeoe Checklist Procedures a. Perform normal exterior inspection by reference to the written checklist b. Perform normal interior preflight inspection, engine start, taxi, before takeoA checklists c. Perform all checklists in the proper sequence 2. PFD/MFD/GPS Autopilot Programming a. Perform PFD/AHRS initialization b. Perform autopilot pre-flight checks c. Program GPS and MFD (as applicable) for the specific training scenario to be flown Instructor Recommendations • Checklist interrupted? Ensure the pilot starts again from the top • Identify opportunity to create Memory items • Runaway Trim o Press Red button o Pull Circuit Breaker • Demonstrate donning O2 Mask • Discuss Power Loss on TakeoA Resources • PMOPA Quick Reference Handbooks (Handbooks) Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 63 M-CLASS F03 - Engine Start and Taxi Procedures Unit Objective: Exhibit satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with engine start and taxi operations including runway incursion avoidance. Summary: This unit covers engine starting (piston or turbine) and taxi procedures including ground situation awareness and attention to wrong surface incursions. Training Topics 1. Engine Start a. Demonstrate the correct procedures for engine start under all conditions b. Demonstrate the correct emergency procedures associated with engine start c. Successfully start the engine 2. Taxi a. Understand the proper technique to control the aircraft on the ground b. Successfully taxi the aircraft, avoiding distrations 3. SRM/Situational Awareness (SA) a. Understand the capability of the MFD/GPS to aid in low visibility/congested airport taxi situations b. Demonstrate the proper visual clearing techniques during all taxi operations Instructor Recommendations • What not to do: o Hot starts – know the diAerence between the use of the term when referring to pistons vs turbines and pilots transitioning between the two o Inappropriate use of reverse (turbines) – do monitor torque limitations o Taking oA with MOR Lever o No heads-down work while the aircraft is under movement on the ground (e.g., use of phones or other devices, programming of GPS, running checklists) • What to do: o Understand the relationship between rudder input, braking, power settings, and use of beta (if turbine) when taxiing o If so equipped, verify proper position of alternate air source or ice doors for the field conditions while taxiing o Properly brief the taxi prior to movement – i.e., note the route, identify “hot spots” and potential conflicts, note any “hold short” areas and acknowledge runway crossings, whether at a towered or uncontrolled field Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 64 o Stay situationally aware of other traAic moving on the ground, parked aircraft, movement areas, etc. • Starting Procedures Notes o Piston Variants § The amount of prime required depends on engine temperature. Familiarity and practice will enable the operator to estimate accurately the amount of prime to use. If the engine is hot, use prime pump only long enough to purge fuel system of accumulative vapor. § The STARTER ENGAGED annunciator will illuminate during engine cranking. If the annunciator remains lit after the engine is running, stop the engine and determine the cause. § Care should be exercised because if the ship's battery has been depleted, the external power supply can be reduced to the level of the ship's battery. This can be tested by turning the battery switch ON momentarily while the starter is engaged. If cranking speed increases, the ship's battery is at a higher level than the external power supply. o Additional Notes for PA-46-350P § Do not attempt flight if there is no indication of alternator output. § For all normal operations using an external power source, the battery master switch should be OFF, but it is possible to use the ship's battery in parallel by turning the battery master switch ON. This will give longer cranking capabilities, but will not increase amperage § If a positive oil pressure is not indicated within 30 seconds following an engine start, stop the engine and determine the trouble. In cold weather it will take a few seconds longer to get a positive oil pressure indication. o Turbine Variants § Do not attempt flight if all four-door pin indicators are not green and/or the DOOR AJAR annunciator is active § Do not exceed starter time limits (30 seconds ON, 1 minute OFF, 30 seconds ON, 1 minute OFF, 30 seconds ON, 30 minutes OFF § If one battery is dead (<15v), select only the good battery for start. Do not select BOTH nor engage DUAL BATT (depending on configuration) § Activate the transfer pump in the manual mode and listen for pump activation with the Fuel Selector Lever in both left and right positions § Perform engine starts with the Ignition Switch only in the "ON" position. Do not perform normal starts in the "AUTO" position (if so equipped) § Flight should not be conducted unless both fuel boost pumps are operational. One must be on the entire flight. Dual Battery Momentary Switch (If equipped)-PRESS and HOLD § To allow the PFD to maintain maximum brightness during engine starting with high levels of ambient light present, run the AVIONICS dimmer to its minimum setting (photocell mode) § JetPROP: Voltage after starter engage should be > 17 v. Hot start could occur if voltage drops below 17 v. ABORT start if below 14 v § Meridian: Observe the engine start ITT limitation, Ng minimum speed of 13% and ensure combustion occurs within 10 seconds after moving the Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 65 condition lever to run. Failure to observe these limitations can result in damage to the engine. Resources • Skybrary: Taxiing (Article) • FAA: Anatomy of a Wrong Surface Event Part 1: Pilot (YouTube Video) • FAA: Anatomy of a Wrong Surface Event Part 2: Environment (YouTube Video) • FAA: Anatomy of a Wrong Surface Event Part 3: Training (YouTube Video) Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 66 M-CLASS F04 - Before Takeo` Checks & Briefings Unit Objective: Demonstrate the proper pre-takeoC checks, checklist, and briefing procedures. Summary: This unit covers aircraft and avionics settings, final checks, crew and passenger briefings, and decisions before taking the runway for takeo7. Training Topics 1. Normal and Abnormal Indications a. Complete all pre-takeoA checklist items in the proper sequence b. Identify normal and abnormal systems indications/annunciations using the aircraft annunciation panel or PFD/MFD as equipped 2. Aircraft Automation Management a. Correctly configure and program the PFD /MFD /HIS /GPS/ Autopilot for the departure 3. Decision Management and Risk Management a. Make a correct go / no-go decision based on the status of the aircraft, pilot, and environmental factors b. Brief expected takeoA and climb performance c. Brief Abort/Rejected TakeoA Actions 4. Pilot Briefing • Self-briefing (SRM) • or CRM: • With CFI • With another pilot a. Assign responsibility for Communications and Navigation Programming Clarify who will respond to respond to ATC inquiries/instructions 5. Passenger Briefing a. Brief emergency exit, egress, emergency descent, sterile cockpit practices, Personal Electronic Device use, environmental considerations Instructor Recommendations • What not to do: o Interrupt checklists, without starting again from the top of the checklist o Unnecessarily extend duration of engine run-up which can cause damage to boots, etc. (check mags and Manifold Pressure at 2,000 RPM); other items can be checked at lower power setting o Use FLOWs without backing them up with the checklist Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 67 Resources • Departure Briefing o Bold Method: 7 Tips For A Perfect Departure Briefing (Article) o AirBoyd: Pre-Departure Briefing (Video) o Martin Pauly: Departure Briefing-How and Why (Video) o Avion: 4 Tips for an EAective Departure Briefing (Article) • Passenger Briefings o AOPA Air Safety Institute: Critical Information - The Passenger Safety Briefing (Video) o Brodie Brazil Aviation: The ultimate airplane passenger briefing (Video) Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 68 M-CLASS F05 - Takeo`s Unit Objective: Demonstrate the proper pre-takeoC, takeoC and initial climb procedures. Summary: This unit covers normal and high-performance takeo7s under various environmental and runway conditions including attendant risk management and decision making. Abnormal and emergency procedures are included. Training Topics 1. Takeoe Conditions and Configurations a. Demonstrate understanding of dynamic factors that may change takeoA assumptions 2. Normal Takeoe a. Ensure engine is developing full power b. Perform a normal takeoA c. Utilize call outs to enhance situational awareness 3. Crosswind Takeoe a. Perform a crosswind takeoA 4. Aborted Takeoe a. Perform an aborted takeoA b. Describe abnormal conditions and applicable procedures to rectify: i. Engine Power Loss After TakeoA ii. Loss of Oil Pressure iii. Loss of Fuel Flow iv. High/Low Oil Temperature v. Propeller Overspeed vi. Engine Roughness vii. Flap system malfunction (fails to retract after takeoA) viii. Air restart (if altitude allows) 5. Maximum Performance Takeoe a. Perform a Maximum Performance TakeoA 6. Unpaved Field a. Understand prohibitions or limitations for unpaved and/or soft field operations Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 69 7. Initial Climb a. Demonstrate the use of Vr, Vx, Vy, and Cruise Climb b. Clean up flaps and gear c. Perform IMC initial climb for IFR rated pilots 8. Situational Awareness a. Maintain SA with aircraft, performance, obstacles, traAic, weather and ATC b. Identify traAic, systems failures, and other developing situations that might prompt the performance of an aborted takeoA c. Verbalize and prioritize those situations present during any given takeoA 9. Task Management a. Establish sterile cockpit b. Properly prioritize tasks c. Accurately complete checklists 10. Decision Making a. Decide to continue or abort any given takeoA based on the actual situation or a simulated scenario created by the instructor b. Understand impact of runway condition reports 11. Resource Management a. EAectively employ all resources available for proper decision making before, during and after takeoA 12. Threat and Error Management a. Identify and discuss possible threats and errors and ways to mitigate these before they progress to an unsafe situation Instructor Recommendations • To the maximum extent possible, pilots in training should handle their own communications • Emphasize Runway Incursion prevention • TakeoA, initial climb, and abort should be “first look” maneuvers for pilots in recurrent training thus not require prompting by the instructor • Instrument rated pilots should accomplish both VMC and IMC takeoA and initial climb • Set the example: takeoA and initial climb are critical phases of flight; do not violate sterile cockpit by discussing topics not related to the tasks being accomplished • Do NOT do all of the COMM work as the CFI • Do NOT violate sterile cockpit, discussing topics not related to the flight Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 70 Resources • FAA: Private Pilot for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards (FAA-S-ACS-6C) (Publication) o Area of Operation IV. TakeoAs, Landings, and Go-Arounds • Pilot’s Operating Handbook o Sections 2 and 4 • FAA: Airplane Flying Handbook - FAA-H-8083-3C (Publication) o Chapters 2, 5 and 6 • FAA: Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge - FAA-H-8083-25C (Publication) o Chapter 11 Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 71 M-CLASS F06 - Climb Procedures Unit Objective: Demonstrate the proper climb procedures. Summary: This unit covers normal manual and autopilot climb procedures and techniques including power control and risk management. Abnormal and emergency procedures are included. Training Topics 1. Manual Climb a. Perform a hand-flown climb and level oA within the ACS parameters b. Maintain the appropriate airspeeds for each segment of the climb, within the ACS parameters 2. Autopilot Climb a. Understand limitations of auto-pilot usage b. Perform an autopilot-flown climb and level oA within the ACS parameters c. Maintain the appropriate airspeeds for each segment of the climb, within the ACS parameters d. Exhibit understanding of autopilot vertical modes (e.g., TOGA, IAS, VS, Pitch) 3. Navigation Programming a. Program the GPS/MFD to comply with the flight-planned b. course and all ATC clearances 4. Power Management a. Set appropriate power/engine leaning settings by reference to the engine instruments 5. Abnormal and Emergency Procedures a. Describe abnormal conditions and applicable procedures to rectify: i. Flap system malfunction ii. Failure of the gear to retract iii. Failure of aircraft to pressurize iv. Runaway trim v. High cylinder head temps vi. TIT indicator failure 6. Situational Awareness, Task Management, and Decision Making a. Identify traAic, hazardous terrain, and potentially hazardous situations as they occur by reference to visual clearing and the MFD (if available and optioned) b. Perform all required in- cockpit tasks in such a manner that visual clearing is not negatively impacted Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 72 c. Make timely decisions based on information obtained visually, by radio, or by aircraft automation equipment/systems Instructor Recommendations • Ensure the pilot performs maneuvers using proper power settings, airspeeds and configuration to achieve best angle, best rate and recommended cruise climb. • Recognize climb profiles go beyond "Vx" and "Vy" • Demonstrate autopilot coupled climb modes for the installed equipment and understand when to engage and use each of them • Transition in a timely & appropriate manner through the aircraft configurations and climb profiles. • Be aware of climb profiles in relation to density altitude, weight, available power, and engine limitations. The CFI should discuss the possibility or practicality of "step climbs" across a route. • Take the time to set up, tweak, and utilize performance profiles for climb and fuel burn in preferred flight planning apps, such as Foreflight or Garmin Pilot. • Do NOT climb less than best rate of climb (relative to air temperature) Resources • Applicable avionics manual(s) • Engineering Pilot: How to Climb - and Why (Article) • Foreflight: Set Up Aircraft Performance Profiles for Existing Aircraft (Video) • Foreflight: Bias Climb and Descent Performance Profiles (Video) Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 73 M-CLASS F07 - Cruise Procedures Unit Objective: Demonstrate the proper cruise procedures. Summary: This unit covers cruise engine management (piston engine leaning; turbine temperatures; fuel temperature), power settings, use of the autopilot and navigators, and risk management. Training Topics 1. Lean Assist Multi-Function Display (MFD) (Piston Only) a. Lean the engine by reference to the installed engine management system b. Demonstrate Lean Assist, if available 2. Best Power vs. Best Economy a. Lean the engine using the Lean Assist procedures and the MFD (piston only) 3. Manual Cruise a. Perform hand flown manual cruise within the ACS parameters b. Maintains altitude, within the ACS parameters 4. Autopilot Cruise a. Perform an autopilot assisted cruise within the ACS standards (for manual cruise) b. Maintains altitude within the ACS parameters. c. Demonstrate the aircraft reaction to course changes programmed into the GPS/MFD 5. Navigation Programming a. Program flight plan changes into the Flight Management System (FMS) 6. Automated Navigation Leg a. In VMC conditions, conduct a navigation leg of 30 minutes or more to a diAerent airfield by use of the autopilot beginning at 1,000 ft AGL on departure and terminating autopilot use just prior to entry to the VFR pattern b. Conduct an IFR navigation leg of 30 minutes or more to a diAerent airfield using the autopilot beginning at 1,000’ on departure and terminating autopilot use at the decision altitude, minimum descent altitude, or missed approach point as applicable. If a missed approach is flown, it will be flown by use of the autopilot c. Conduct a coupled missed approach if the aircraft is equipped and authorized to do so Flight Procedures V1.0 © M-Class Elevate, LLC 74 7. Task Management, Situational Awareness, and Decision-making a. Maintain situational awareness to include traAic, terrain, special use airspace, and potentially hazardous weather situations (including turbulence) b. Perform in- cockpit tasks in such a manner that visual clearing is not impacted negatively c. Make timely decisions based on information obtained, visually, by radio, or by aircraft automation equipment Instructor Recommendations • Become familiar with recommended power settings and airspeeds Resources • Aircraft Engine Manual • Engine manufacturer's recommendations (Lycoming vs.