Flight Manual

G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-8 Engine P92 Echo P92 Echo 100 Manufacturer: Bombardier-Rotax GmbH Bombardier-Rotax GmbH Model 912 UL 912 S Engine type: Four cylinder horizontally- opposed twins with overall displacement of 1211.2 c.c., mixed cooling, (water- cooled heads and air- cooled cylinders), twin carburetors, integrated reduction gear, (2.273:1) with torque damper. Compression ratio: 9.0:1. Four cylinder horizontally- opposed twins with overall displacement of 1352 c.c., mixed cooling, (water- cooled heads and air- cooled cylinders), twin carburetors, integrated reduction gear, (2.4286:1) with torque damper. Compression ratio: 10.3:1. Maximum power: 81Hp (59.6 kW ) at 5800 rpm - max 5 min.. 100 Hp (73.5 kW) at 5800 rpm - max 5 min.. Propeller P92 Echo P92 Echo 100 Manufacturer: F.lli Tonini Giancarlo & Felice S.n.c. F.lli Tonini Giancarlo & Felice S.n.c. Model: GT- ECHO 2/166/145 GT- ECHO 2/172/164 Number of blades: 2 2 Diameter: 1660 mm 1720 mm Type: Fixed pitch - wood Fixed pitch - wood COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-9 Fuel ( P 9 2 E c h o E P 9 2 E c h o / 1 0 0 ) Fuel grade: • High octane gasoline DIN 51600, O-NORM 1103 (red) • Unleaded gasoline DIN 51603, O-NORM 1101 • AVGAS 100LL Fuel tanks: 2 wing tanks integrated within the wing's leading edge with drainage reservoir located in engine cowling Capacity of each wing tank 35 liters Total capacity 70 liters Oil ( P 9 2 E c h o & P 9 2 E c h o / 1 0 0 ) Oil system: Forced, with external oil reservoir Oil: Automotive grade type oil type API "SF" or "SG" preferably synthetic or semi-synthetic Oil Capacity: 2.5 liters Cooling (P 9 2 E c h o & P 9 2 E c h o / 1 0 0 ) Cooling system: Mixed air and liquid pressurized closed circuit system Coolant: Antifreeze and water liquid mixture Capacity 3 liters COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-10 Weights (P 9 2 E c h o & P 9 2 E c h o /1 0 0 ) Maximum takeoff: 450 kg Standard empty weight 280 kg Specific Loadings P92 Echo P92 Echo 100 Wing Loading 34.1 kg/m2 34.1 kg/m2 Power Loading 5.5 kg/hp 4.5 kg/hp COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-11 Abbreviations and Terminology Airspeed Terminology and Symbols CAS Calibrated Airspeed is indicated airspeed corrected for position and instrument error. IAS Indicated Airspeed: is the speed shown on the on-board airspeed indicator. TAS True Airspeed: is calibrated airspeed corrected for altitude and temperature. VFE Maximum Flap Extended Speed: is the highest speed permissible with wing flaps in a prescribed extended position. VNO Maximum Structural Cruising Speed: is the speed that should not be exceeded except in smooth air, then only with caution. VNE Never Exceed Speed: is the speed limit that may not be exceeded at any time. VS Stalling Speed. VS0 Stalling Speed or the minimum steady flight speed at which the airplane is controllable in the landing configuration at the most forward center of gravity. VX Best Angle-of-Climb Speed is the speed which results in the greatest gain of altitude in a given horizontal distance. VY Best Rate-of-Climb Speed is the speed which results in the greatest gain in altitude in a given time. Vr Rotation speed: is the speed at which the aircraft rotates about the pitch axis during takeoff Vobs Obstacle speed: is the speed at which the aircraft flies over a 15m obstacle during takeoff or landing COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-12 Meteorological Terminology OAT Outside Air Temperature is the free air static temperature expressed in degrees Celsius (°C). TS Standard Temperature is 15°C at sea level pressure altitude and decreased by 2°C for each 1000 ft of altitude. HP Pressure Altitude is the altitude read from an altimeter when the barometric subscale has been set to 1013 mb. Engine Power Terminology RPM Revolutions Per Minute: is the number of revolutions per minute of the propeller, multiplied by 2.273 (912UL) or 2.4286 (912S) yields engine RPM. Airplane Performance And Flight Planning Terminology Crosswind Velocity is the velocity of the crosswind component for which adequate control of the airplane during takeoff and landing was actually demonstrated. Usable fuel is the fuel available for flight planning. Unusable fuel is the quantity of fuel that cannot be safely used in flight. G is the acceleration of gravity. TOR is the takeoff distance measured from actual start to wheel liftoff point TOD is total takeoff distance measured from start to 15m obstacle clearing GR is the distance measured during landing from actual touchdown to stop point LD is the distance measured during landing, from 15m obstacle clearing to actual stop. S/R is specific range, that is, the distance (in nautical miles) which can be expected at a specific power setting and/or flight configuration per kilo of fuel consumed COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-13 Weight And Balance Terminology Datum is an imaginary vertical plane from which all horizontal distances are measured for balance purposes. Arm is the horizontal distance from the reference datum to the center of gravity (C. G.) of an item. Moment is the product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm. C. G. Center of Gravity is the point at which the airplane, or equipment, would balance if suspended. Its distance from the reference datum is found by dividing the total moment by the total weight of the airplane. Standard Empty Weight is the weight of a standard airplane, including unusable fuel, full operating fuels and full engine oil. Basic Empty Weight is the standard empty weight plus the weight of optional equipment. Useful Load is the difference between takeoff weight and the basic empty weight. Maximum Weight is the maximum weight of the aircraft. Maximum Takeoff Weight is the maximum weight approved for the start of the takeoff run. Maximum Landing Weight is the maximum weight approved for the landing touch down. Tare is the weight of chocks, blocks, stands, etc. used when weighing an airplane, and is included in the scale readings. Tare is deducted from the scale reading to obtain the actual (net) airplane weight. COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 G E N E R A L FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 1-14 Unit Conversion Factors Multiplying By



Yields Temperature Fahrenheit [F°] ( ) 5 9 32 ⋅ − F Celsius [C°] Celsius [C°] 9 5 32 ⋅       + C Fahrenheit [F°] Weights Kilograms [Kg] 2.205 Pounds [Lb] Pounds [Lb] 0.4536 Kilograms [Kg] Speed Meters per second [m/s] 196.86 Feet per minute. [ft/min] Feet per minute [ft/min] 0.00508 Meters per second. [m/s] Knots [Kts] 1.852 Kilometers / hour [Km/h] Kilometers / hour [Km/h] 0.540 Knots [Kts] Pressure Atmosphere [Atm] 29.921 Pounds / sq. in [psi] Pounds / sq. in [psi] 0.0334 Atmosphere [Atm] Length Kilometers [Km] 0.540 Nautical miles [nm] Nautical miles [nm] 1.852 Kilometers [km] Meters [m] 3.281 Feet [ft] Feet [ft] 0.3048 Meters [m] Centimeters [cm] 0.3937 Inches [in] Inches [in] 2.540 Centimeters [cm] Volume Liters [lt] 0.2642 Gallons US [US gl] Gallons US [US gl] 3.785 Liters [lt] Surface Square meters [m2] 10.76 Square feet [sq ft] Square feet [sq ft] 0.0929 Square meters [m2] COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-15 Section 2 Limitations Table Of Contents INTRODUCTION 16 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS 16 AIRSPEED INDICATOR MARKINGS 17 POWERPLANT LIMITATIONS 18 PROPELLER 19 POWERPLANT INSTRUMENT MARKINGS 20 OTHER INSTRUMENT MARKINGS 21 WEIGHT LIMITS 21 CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS 21 APPROVED MANEUVERS 21 FUEL 22 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-16 Introduction Section 2 includes operating limitations, instrument markings, and basic placards necessary for safe operation of the P92 ECHO, , its engine, standard systems and standard equipment. Airspeed Limitations For all models SPEED km/h IAS REM AR KS VNE Never exceed speed 260 Never exceed this speed in any operation. VNO Maximum Structural Cruising Speed 200 Never exceed this speed unless in smooth air, and then only with caution. VA Maneuvering speed 150 Do not make full or abrupt control movements above this speed as this may cause stress in excess of limit load factor VFE Maximum flap extended speed 110 Never exceed this speed for any given flap setting. Rev. A date 15.01.99 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-17 Airspeed Indicator Markings Airspeed indicator markings and their color code are explained in the following table: For all models Marking IAS km/h Significance White arc 71 – 110 Flap Operating Range (lower limit is VSO, at maximum weight and upper limit is maximum speed permissible with flaps extended at 35°) Green arc 110 – 200 Normal Operating Range (lower limit is VS1 at maximum weight and flaps at 0° and upper limit is maximum structural speed VNO). Yellow arc 200 – 260 Operations must be conducted with caution and only in smooth air. Red line 260 Maximum speed for all operations. Rev. May 2002 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-18 Powerplant Limitations The following table lists operating limitations for aircraft installed engine: Engine Manufacturer: Bombardier Rotax Gmbh. Engine Model: 912 UL / 912 S Maximum Power: Max Power (HP) Max RPM Max time (minuti) 912UL 912 S 912UL 912 S 912UL 912S Takeoff 81 100 5800 5800 5 5 Max continuous 79 94 5500 5500 / / Temperatures: 912UL 912 S Coolant, monitored at cylinder heads 150° C 135° C Maximum Oil: 140° C 130° C Minimum Oil 50° C 50° C Oil Pressure: 912UL 912 S Minimum 1.5 bar 1.5 bar Maximum 5 bar 5 bar Caution Admissible pressure for cold start is 7 bar maximum for short periods. COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-19 Viscosity Use viscosity grade oil as specified in the following table: CAUTION Use of Aviation Grade Oil with or without additives is not permitted Coolant: Mixture: 80% concentrated antifreeze (e.g. Fiat Paraflu) with anticorrosion additive and 20% demineralized water. Propeller P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 MANUFACTURER: F.lli Tonini Giancarlo & Felice F.lli Tonini Giancarlo & Felice MODEL: GT-ECHO 2/166/145 GT-ECHO 2/172/164 PROP. TYPE: Wood twin blade fixed pitch Wood twin blade fixed pitch DIAMETER: 1660 mm 1720 mm COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-20 Powerplant Instrument Markings Powerplant instrument markings and their color code significance are shown below: P92 Echo Instrument Red Line Minimum Limit Green Arc Normal Operating Yellow Arc Caution Red Line Maximum Limit Prop tach RPM -------- 2160-5500 5500-5800 5800 Oil Temp. °C 50 90-110 50 - 90 110-140 140 Cylinder heads and coolant temp. °C -------- 0 - 150 ------ 150 Oil pressure bar 1.5 1.5 - 5 5 - 7 7 Fuel gage liter s ------ ------ 0-5 ------ P92 Echo/100 Instrument Red Line Minimum Limit Green Arc Normal Operating Yellow Arc Caution Red Line Maximum Limit Prop tach RPM -------- 2160-5500 5500-5800 5800 Oil Temp. °C 50 90-100 50 - 90 100-130 130 Cylinder heads and coolant temp. °C -------- 0 - 135 ------ 135 Oil pressure bar 1.5 1.5 - 5 5 - 7 7 Fuel gage liter s ------ ------ 0-5 ------ COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-21 Note The table below is valid for both P92 models. Other Instrument Markings INSTRUMENT RED LINE Minimum limit GREEN ARC Normal operating YELLOW ARC Caution RED LINE Maximum limit Voltmeter 10 Volt 12 - 14 Volt ------ ------ Weight Limits Maximum takeoff weight: 450 kg Center Of Gravity Limits Forward limit 23% MAC Aft limit 26% MAC Datum Propeller support flange w/o spacer Bubble Level Cabin floor It is the pilot's responsibility to insure that airplane is properly loaded. Approved Maneuvers This aircraft is è intended for non-aerobatic operation only. Non-aerobatic operation includes: • Any maneuver pertaining to “normal” flight • Stalls (except whip stalls) • Lazy eights • Chandelles • Turns in which the angle of bank is not more than 60° Acrobatic maneuvers, including spins, are not approved. COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 L I M I T A T I O N S FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 2-22 Fuel Two tanks: 35 liters each. Total fuel capacity: 70 liters Optional: Two tanks, 45 l each, total 90 l. Approved Fuel ∗ High octane gasoline DIN 51600, O.NORM 1103 ∗ Unleaded gasoline DIN 51603, O.NORM 1101 ∗ Avgas 100LL COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 3-23 Section 3 Emergency Procedures Table of Contents introduCTION 24 ENGINE Failure 24 FORCED LANDING 25 SMOKE AND FIRE 25 RECOVERY FROM UNINTENTIONAL SPIN 26 deployment of emergency parachute (OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT) 27 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 3-24 Introduction Section 3 includes checklists and detailed procedures to be used in the event of emergencies. Emergencies caused by a malfunction of the aircraft or engine are extremely rare if appropriate maintenance and pre-flight inspections are carried out. In case of emergency, suggestions presented in this section should be considered and applied as necessary to correct the problem. Before operating the aircraft, the pilot should become thoroughly familiar with the present manual and, in particular, with the present section. Further, a continued and appropriate training should be provided. Engine Failure Depending on the case that may apply, the emergency procedure should follow the guidelines listed below. Engine failure during tak eoff run 1. Throttle: idle (fully out) 2. Brakes: apply as needed 3. Magnetos: OFF 4. Flaps: extend 5. Master switch: OFF 6. Fuel shutoff valves: OFF Engine F ailur e Im m ediately After T ak eof f 1. Locate landing area 2. Throttle: idle (fully out) 3. Fuel shutoff valves: OFF 4. Magnetos OFF 5. Flaps: as needed 6. Master switch: OFF 7. Land with wings level COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 3-25 Forced Landing Emergency Land ing W itho ut Engin e Power 1. Set glide speed to optimal value of 110 Km/h 2. Select terrain area most suitable for emergency landing, possibly upwind 3. Fuel shutoff valves: OFF 4. Magnetos: OFF 5. Tighten safety belts, release door safety lock and unlatch doors 6. Flaps: as needed 7. When ready to land, Master switch: OFF Power-On Forced L andin g 1. Adjust descent slope 2. Extend flaps as needed 3. Select terrain area most suitable for emergency landing and flyby checking for obstacles and wind direction 4. Tighten safety belts, release door safety lock and unlatch doors 5. Before touchdown: fuel shutoff valves OFF 6. Flaps: extended 7. After touchdown: Magnetos: OFF, Master switch: OFF Smoke And Fire Engine Fire W hile Parke d Or During T akeoff 1. Fuel shutoff valves: OFF 2. Abort takeoff if possible 3. If engine is running let it use up remaining fuel in carburetors 4. Magnetos and Master switch: OFF 5. Warn bystanders to clear the area as fast as possible 6. Without removing the engine cowling use a CO2 or a powder fire extinguisher to put out flames directing spray towards cowling's air intakes COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 3-26 Note DO NOT USE WATER to put out fire and do not open engine cowling until absolutely certain fire is extinguished. In case an appropriate fire extinguisher is not handy, still keeping engine cowling closed, it is possible to use a woolen blanket, sand or dirt to try smothering the fire. Engine Compartment Fire In Flight 1. Fuel shutoff valves: OFF 2. Throttle: fully inward 3. Magnetos: OFF 4. Do not try airstarting engine 5. Extend flaps as needed 6. Carry out forced landing emergency procedure 7. Master switch OFF Cabin Fire During F light 1. Master switch OFF 2. Door vents: open 3. Extinguish fire with on-board fire extinguisher (if available) directing spray towards flame base 4. Land as soon as possible Recovery From Unintentional Spin In case of unintentional spin entry, follow the emergency procedure described below: 1. Adjust throttle to minimum (full outward position) 2. Activate rudder bar by pushing foot opposite spin direction 3. Push control stick full forward and keep in position until spin is halted 4. Center rudder bar 5. Gradually recover flight attitude easing back on the control stick avoiding to exceed VNE and maximum load factor 6. Readjust throttle to restore engine power COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘ 98 3-27 Deployment of Emergency Parachute (optional equipment) Keeping in mind that full deployment of parachute is achieved after two seconds, the following procedure is recommended: 1. Try leveling aircraft as much as possible 2. Minimum altitude for successful deployment is about 33m (100 ft).1 3. Pull firing clip firmly and to end-travel 4. Shut off fuel valves, magnetos and master switch 5. Tighten safety belt and helmet chinstrap 6. Release door safety lock and unlatch doors 7. Assume tucked position before touch-down 1 This altitude is only representative,successful deployment depends on aircraft attitude and speed, greater deployment altitude yields better chances for successful deployment. COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-28 Section 4 Normal Procedures Table of Contents INTRODUCTION 29 RIGGING AND DERIGGING ENGINE COWLING 29 PREFLIGHT INSPECTION 30 CHECKLISTS 33 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-29 Introduction Section 4 contains checklists and amplified procedures for the conduct of normal operation. Rigging and Derigging Engine Cowling Upper Cowling: I. Parking brake ON. II. Fuel shutoff valves OFF. III. Master switch OFF, Magnetos OFF. IV. Unlatch all four butterfly Cam-locks mounted on the cowling by rotating them 90° counterclockwise while slightly pushing inwards. V. Remove engine cowling paying attention to propeller shaft passing through nose. VI. To assemble: rest cowling horizontal insuring proper fitting of nose base reference pins. VII. Secure latches by applying light pressure, check for proper assembly and fasten Cam-locks. Butterfly Cam-locks are locked when tabs are horizontal and open when tabs are vertical. Verify tab is below latch upon closing. Lower Cowling I. After disassembling upper cowling, bring propeller to horizontal position. II. Using a standard screwdriver, press and rotate 90° the two Cam-locks positioned on lower cowling by the firewall. III. Disconnect landing light wire IV. Pull out the first hinge pin positioned on the side of the firewall, then, while holding cowling, pull out second hinge pin; remove cowling with downward motion. V. For installation follow reverse procedure. WARNING ! COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-30 Preflight Inspection Before each flight, it is necessary to carry out a complete inspection of the aircraft as hereby detailed. Cabin Inspection A Weight and balance: check if within limits B Safety belts used to lock controls: free C Flight controls: activate flight controls to insure unhindered movement of control rods and surfaces. D Parking brake: engage E Master switch: ON F Check generator switch is illuminated and ammeter is operational. G Flaps control: activate control to full extension checking end travel and instrument indication. H Trim control: activate control to full scale checking end travel and instrument indication I Master switch: OFF J Fuel level: check level on the basis of flight plan External Inspection To carry out the external inspection it will be necessary to follow the checklist below with the station order outlined in fig. 4-1 A Left side tank cap: Check proper fastening. B Left fuel tank blow-out plug: check for obstructions C Remove protection cap and check pitot is unobstructed, do not blow inside vents, place protection cap inside aircraft. D Leading edge and wing skin: check integrity E Left aileron: check integrity and unhindered movement F Left flap and hinges: check integrity G Check integrity of left side main landing gear, tire inflation (1.4 bar), condition and alignment; check fuselage skin condition. COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-31 H Horizontal tail and tab: check integrity and unhindered movement. I Vertical tail and rudder: check integrity and unhindered movement. L Check integrity of right side main landing gear, tire pressure (1.4 bar), condition and alignment; check fuselage skin condition. M Right flap and hinges: check integrity. N Right aileron: check integrity and unhindered movement. O Leading edge and wing skin: check integrity P Check right side tank cap is fastened and blow-out plug is unobstructed. Q Check right side static vent is unobstructed, do not blow inside vents (read note). R Check integrity of nose landing gear strut, tire inflation (1.0 bar) and condition; check condition of rubber shock absorbers. S Propeller and spinner condition: check for nicks and fastening. T Open engine cowling and perform the following checklist: I. Check no foreign objects are present. II. Check the cooling circuit for losses from tubing, check coolant reservoir level, insure radiator honeycomb cooling fins are unobstructed. III. Check lubrication circuit for losses from tubing, check oil reservoir level, insure radiator honeycomb cooling fins are unobstructed IV. Open both fuel taps, inspect fuel circuit for losses from tubing, check integrity of fireproof protection braids, drain circuit using a container to collect fuel activating the specific drainage tap located on the firewall, shut fuel taps. Check for absence of water or other contaminants. Drainage operation must be carried out with aircraft parked on level surface. V. Check integrity of silent-blocks. VI. Check firmness and integrity of air intake system, check externally that ram air intake is unobstructed. VII. Check that all parts are secure or safetied. U Close engine cowling. V Check left side static port is unobstructed WARNING ! COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-32 Z Remove tow bar and chocks NOTE Avoid blowing inside left strut mounted pitot and inside airspeed indicator system's static vents as this may damage instruments. FIG. 4-1 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-33 Checklists Before Starting Engine (after preflight inspection) I. Flight planning, fuel consumption, refueling. II. Aircraft loading and related inspections (see section 6) III. Seat and safety belts adjustment IV. Doors secured V. Parking brake ON. Starting Engine I. Master switch ON. II. Both fuel taps ON. III. Engine throttle to idle. IV. Choke as needed. V. Magnetos switch to ON. VI. Prop area: free VII. Ignition key set to: START. VIII. Prop RPM: 2400 - 2600 RPM IX. Choke OFF X. Check engine instruments XI. Check oil pressure rise (maximum value cold 7 bar) Before Taxing I. Radio and utilities ON. II. Altimeter: reset. III. Navigation lights: as required Taxiing I. Brakes: check operation II. Flight instruments: check operation COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-34 Holding I. Parking brake ON. II. Turn on navigation lights, strobe light, and landing light (optional equipment) III. Check engine parameters. 912UL 912 S Oil temperature 50° - 110° 50° - 100° Cylinder heads temperature 150° 135° Oil pressure 1.5 - 7 1.5 - 7 IV. Check ammeter to insure alternator is charging. V. Prop rpm’s at 3800 RPM and test magnetos. VI. Visual check of fuel indicators. VII. Flaps at 15° (takeoff) VIII. Stick free and zero trim IX. Seat belts fastened and doors secured. Takeoff And Climb I. Control Tower for takeoff II. Check for clear final and wind on runway. III. Parking brake OFF, full throttle. IV. Carburetor heat: OFF V. Taxi to line-up VI. Rotation and takeoff VII. Slight braking to stop wheel spinning. VIII. Flaps retracted IX. Landing light OFF. X. Trim adjustment XI. Establish climb rate COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 NORMAL PROCEDURES FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 4-35 Cruise I. Reach cruising altitude II. Set power and engine rpm's for cruise. III. Check engine parameters 912UL 912 S Oil temperature 90° - 110° 90° - 100° Temperature cylinder heads 90° - 150 90° - 135° Oil pressure 1.5 - 5 1.5 - 5 IV. Carburetor heat as needed, see paragraph on carb heat in Section 3. NOTE Compensate unpredicted asymmetrical fuel consumption between left and right fuel tanks by shutting off appropriate fuel tap located inside cabin Landing I. Turn on landing light (if installed) II. Check runway final and establish descent and approach to final. III. Extend flaps gradually to maximum deflection of 35°. IV. Optimal touchdown speed 70 Km/h V. Land and taxi. VI. Flaps to 0°. VII. Parking brake ON. VIII. Turn off landing light, navigation lights and strobe light. Engine Shut Down I. Keep engine running at 3000 RPM for about two minutes in order to reduce latent heat. II. Turn off all electrical utilities III. Set magnetos switch and Master switch to OFF IV. Set both fuel taps to OFF. V. Insert hood over pitot tube on left side wing strut. COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 P E R F O R M A N C E FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 5-36 Section 5 Performance Table of Contents INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 37 AIRSPEED CALIBRATION .......................................................... 38 STALL SPEEDS ............................................................................. 38 CROSSWIND.................................................................................. 39 TAKEOFF PERFORMANCE......................................................... 40 LANDING ....................................................................................... 41 CLIMB PERFORMANCE .............................................................. 42 CRUISE........................................................................................... 43 CONSEQUENCES FROM RAIN AND INSECT.......................... 43 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 P E R F O R M A N C E FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 5-37 Introduction This section provides all necessary data for accurate and comprehensive planning of flight activity from takeoff to landing. Data reported in graphs and/or tables were determined using: • aircraft and engine in good condition • average piloting techniques Each graph or table was determined according to ICAO Standard Atmosphere (ISA - m.s.l.); evaluations of the impact on performance was carried out by theoretical means for: • airspeed • external temperature • altitude • weight COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 P E R F O R M A N C E FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 5-38 Airspeed Calibration The difference between indicated airspeed and calibrated airspeed is within JAR-VLA limits of ± 3% for all speeds above 1.3 Vs. Stall Speeds CONDITIONS: - weight 450 kg - engine idle - no ground effect Note The table below is valid for both P92 Echo and P92 Echo/100. Lateral Banking 0° 30° 45° 60° Flaps IAS km/h IAS km/h IAS km/h IAS km/h 0° 74 78 84 101 15° 69 76 79 97 35° 64 69 76 91 Rev. May, 2002 COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 P E R F O R M A N C E FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 5-39 Crosswind Maximum demonstrated crosswind velocity is 15 Kts ⇒ Example: Given Find Wind direction = 30° Headwind = 17.5 Kts Wind velocity = 20 Kts Crosswind = 10 Kts Fig. 5-1 CROSSWIND CHART COSTRUZIONI AERONAUTICHE TECNAM S.r.l. P92 Echo P92 Echo/100 P E R F O R M A N C E FLIGHT MANUAL October ‘98 5-40 Takeoff Performance Takeoff Distance Conditions: - ISA - Flaps: 15° - Engine: full throttle - Slope: 0° Wind: zero - Runway: dry, compact, grass Fig. 5-2 TAKEOFF 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 400 410 420 430 440 450 460 470 480 490 500 WEIGHT (Kg) Ground roll, Distance (m) Ground roll P92 Echo Ground roll P92 Echo/100 DISTANCE P92 Echo DISTANCE P92 Echo/100