14 CFR Part 1 — Definitions and Abbreviations

SUBCHAPTER A—DEFINITIONS AND GENERAL

REQUIREMENTS

Airport means an area of land or PART 1—DEFINITIONS AND water that is used or intended to be ABBREVIATIONS used for the landing and takeoff of air- craft, and includes its buildings and fa- Sec.

cilities, if any.

1.1 General definitions.

Airship means an engine-driven light- 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.

er-than-air aircraft that can be steered.

1.3 Rules of construction.

Air traffic means aircraft operating in A UTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, 44701.

the air or on an airport surface, exclu- sive of loading ramps and parking § 1.1 General definitions.

areas.

As used in Subchapters A through K Air traffic clearance means an author- of this chapter, unless the context re- ization by air traffic control, for the quires otherwise: purpose of preventing collision between Administrator means the Federal known aircraft, for an aircraft to pro- Aviation Administrator or any person ceed under specified traffic conditions to whom he has delegated his authority within controlled airspace.

in the matter concerned.

Air traffic control means a service op- Aerodynamic coefficients means non- erated by appropriate authority to pro- dimensional coefficients for aero- mote the safe, orderly, and expeditious dynamic forces and moments.

flow of air traffic.

Air carrier means a person who under- Air Traffic Service (ATS) route is a takes directly by lease, or other ar- specified route designated for chan- rangement, to engage in air transpor- neling the flow of traffic as necessary tation.

for the provision of air traffic services.

Air commerce means interstate, over- The term ‘‘ATS route’’ refers to a vari- seas, or foreign air commerce or the ety of airways, including jet routes, transportation of mail by aircraft or area navigation (RNAV) routes, and ar- any operation or navigation of aircraft rival and departure routes. An ATS within the limits of any Federal airway route is defined by route specifications, or any operation or navigation of air- which may include: craft which directly affects, or which (1) An ATS route designator; may endanger safety in, interstate, (2) The path to or from significant overseas, or foreign air commerce.

points; Aircraft means a device that is used (3) Distance between significant or intended to be used for flight in the points; air.

(4) Reporting requirements; and Aircraft engine means an engine that (5) The lowest safe altitude deter- is used or intended to be used for pro- mined by the appropriate authority.

pelling aircraft. It includes turbo- Air transportation means interstate, superchargers, appurtenances, and ac- overseas, or foreign air transportation cessories necessary for its functioning, or the transportation of mail by air- but does not include propellers. craft.

Airframe means the fuselage, booms, Alert Area. An alert area is estab- nacelles, cowlings, fairings, airfoil sur- lished to inform pilots of a specific faces (including rotors but excluding area wherein a high volume of pilot propellers and rotating airfoils of en- training or an unusual type of aero- gines), and landing gear of an aircraft nautical activity is conducted.

and their accessories and controls.

Alternate airport means an airport at Airplane means an engine-driven which an aircraft may land if a landing fixed-wing aircraft heavier than air, at the intended airport becomes inad- that is supported in flight by the dy- visable.

namic reaction of the air against its Altitude engine means a reciprocating wings. aircraft engine having a rated takeoff 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1 power that is producible from sea level for position and instrument error. Cali- to an established higher altitude. brated airspeed is equal to true air- Amateur rocket means an unmanned speed in standard atmosphere at sea rocket that: level.

(1) Is propelled by a motor or motors Canard means the forward wing of a having a combined total impulse of canard configuration and may be a 889,600 Newton-seconds (200,000 pound- fixed, movable, or variable geometry seconds) or less; and surface, with or without control sur- (2) Cannot reach an altitude greater faces.

than 150 kilometers (93.2 statute miles) Canard configuration means a configu- above the earth’s surface.

ration in which the span of the forward Appliance means any instrument, wing is substantially less than that of mechanism, equipment, part, appa- the main wing.

ratus, appurtenance, or accessory, in- Category: cluding communications equipment, (1) As used with respect to the cer- that is used or intended to be used in tification, ratings, privileges, and limi- operating or controlling an aircraft in tations of airmen, means a broad clas- flight, is installed in or attached to the sification of aircraft. Examples in- aircraft, and is not part of an airframe, clude: airplane; rotorcraft; glider; and engine, or propeller.

lighter-than-air; and Approved , unless used with reference (2) As used with respect to the cer- to another person, means approved by tification of aircraft, means a grouping the FAA or any person to whom the of aircraft based upon intended use or FAA has delegated its authority in the operating limitations. Examples in- matter concerned, or approved under clude: transport, normal, utility, acro- the provisions of a bilateral agreement batic, limited, restricted, and provi- between the United States and a for- sional.

eign country or jurisdiction.

Category A, with respect to transport Area navigation (RNAV) is a method category rotorcraft, means multien- of navigation that permits aircraft op- gine rotorcraft designed with engine erations on any desired flight path.

and system isolation features specified Area navigation (RNAV) route is an in Part 29 and utilizing scheduled take- ATS route based on RNAV that can be off and landing operations under a crit- used by suitably equipped aircraft.

ical engine failure concept which Armed Forces means the Army, Navy, assures adequate designated surface Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast area and adequate performance capa- Guard, including their regular and re- bility for continued safe flight in the serve components and members serving event of engine failure.

without component status.

Category B, with respect to transport Autorotation means a rotorcraft flight category rotorcraft, means single-en- condition in which the lifting rotor is gine or multiengine rotorcraft which driven entirely by action of the air do not fully meet all Category A stand- when the rotorcraft is in motion.

ards. Category B rotorcraft have no Auxiliary rotor means a rotor that guaranteed stay-up ability in the event serves either to counteract the effect of of engine failure and unscheduled land- the main rotor torque on a rotorcraft ing is assumed.

or to maneuver the rotorcraft about Category II operations, with respect to one or more of its three principal axes.

the operation of aircraft, means a Balloon means a lighter-than-air air- straight-in ILS approach to the runway craft that is not engine driven, and of an airport under a Category II ILS that sustains flight through the use of instrument approach procedure issued either gas buoyancy or an airborne by the Administrator or other appro- heater.

priate authority.

Brake horsepower means the power de- livered at the propeller shaft (main Category III operations, with respect drive or main output) of an aircraft en- to the operation of aircraft, means an gine. ILS approach to, and landing on, the Calibrated airspeed means the indi- runway of an airport using a Category cated airspeed of an aircraft, corrected III ILS instrument approach procedure Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1 issued by the Administrator or other Commercial operator means a person appropriate authority. who, for compensation or hire, engages Ceiling means the height above the in the carriage by aircraft in air com- earth’s surface of the lowest layer of merce of persons or property, other clouds or obscuring phenomena that is than as an air carrier or foreign air carrier or under the authority of Part reported as ‘‘broken’’, ‘‘overcast’’, or 375 of this title. Where it is doubtful ‘‘obscuration’’, and not classified as that an operation is for ‘‘compensation ‘‘thin’’ or ‘‘partial’’.

or hire’’, the test applied is whether Civil aircraft means aircraft other the carriage by air is merely incidental than public aircraft.

to the person’s other business or is, in Class: itself, a major enterprise for profit.

(1) As used with respect to the cer- Configuration, Maintenance, and Pro- tification, ratings, privileges, and limi- cedures (CMP) document means a docu- tations of airmen, means a classifica- ment approved by the FAA that con- tion of aircraft within a category hav- tains minimum configuration, oper- ing similar operating characteristics.

ating, and maintenance requirements, Examples include: single engine; multi- hardware life-limits, and Master Min- engine; land; water; gyroplane; heli- imum Equipment List (MMEL) con- copter; airship; and free balloon; and straints necessary for an airplane-en- (2) As used with respect to the cer- gine combination to meet ETOPS type tification of aircraft, means a broad design approval requirements.

grouping of aircraft having similar Consensus standard means, for the characteristics of propulsion, flight, or purpose of certificating light-sport air- landing. Examples include: airplane; craft, an industry-developed consensus rotorcraft; glider; balloon; landplane; standard that applies to aircraft de- and seaplane.

sign, production, and airworthiness. It Clearway means: includes, but is not limited to, stand- (1) For turbine engine powered air- ards for aircraft design and perform- planes certificated after August 29, ance, required equipment, manufac- 1959, an area beyond the runway, not turer quality assurance systems, pro- less than 500 feet wide, centrally lo- duction acceptance test procedures, op- cated about the extended centerline of erating instructions, maintenance and the runway, and under the control of inspection procedures, identification the airport authorities. The clearway and recording of major repairs and is expressed in terms of a clearway major alterations, and continued air- plane, extending from the end of the worthiness.

runway with an upward slope not ex- Controlled airspace means an airspace ceeding 1.25 percent, above which no of defined dimensions within which air object nor any terrain protrudes. How- traffic control service is provided to ever, threshold lights may protrude IFR flights and to VFR flights in ac- above the plane if their height above cordance with the airspace classifica- the end of the runway is 26 inches or tion.

less and if they are located to each side N OTE : Controlled airspace is a generic term of the runway.

that covers Class A, Class B, Class C, Class (2) For turbine engine powered air- D, and Class E airspace.

planes certificated after September 30, 1958, but before August 30, 1959, an area Controlled Firing Area. A controlled beyond the takeoff runway extending firing area is established to contain ac- no less than 300 feet on either side of tivities, which if not conducted in a the extended centerline of the runway, controlled environment, would be haz- at an elevation no higher than the ele- ardous to nonparticipating aircraft.

vation of the end of the runway, clear Crewmember means a person assigned of all fixed obstacles, and under the to perform duty in an aircraft during control of the airport authorities. flight time.

Climbout speed, with respect to rotor- Critical altitude means the maximum craft, means a referenced airspeed altitude at which, in standard atmos- which results in a flight path clear of phere, it is possible to maintain, at a the height-velocity envelope during specified rotational speed, a specified initial climbout. power or a specified manifold pressure.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1 Unless otherwise stated, the critical al- vide a display of the forward external titude is the maximum altitude at scene topography (the natural or man- which it is possible to maintain, at the made features of a place or region espe- maximum continuous rotational speed, cially in a way to show their relative one of the following: positions and elevation) through the (1) The maximum continuous power, use of imaging sensors, including but in the case of engines for which this not limited to forward-looking infra- power rating is the same at sea level red, millimeter wave radiometry, milli- and at the rated altitude.

meter wave radar, or low-light level (2) The maximum continuous rated image intensification. An EFVS in- manifold pressure, in the case of en- cludes the display element, sensors, gines, the maximum continuous power computers and power supplies, indica- of which is governed by a constant tions, and controls.

manifold pressure.

Equivalent airspeed means the cali- Critical engine means the engine brated airspeed of an aircraft corrected whose failure would most adversely af- for adiabatic compressible flow for the fect the performance or handling quali- particular altitude. Equivalent air- ties of an aircraft.

speed is equal to calibrated airspeed in Decision altitude (DA) is a specified al- standard atmosphere at sea level.

titude in an instrument approach pro- ETOPS Significant System means an cedure at which the pilot must decide whether to initiate an immediate airplane system, including the propul- missed approach if the pilot does not sion system, the failure or malfunc- see the required visual reference, or to tioning of which could adversely affect continue the approach. Decision alti- the safety of an ETOPS flight, or the tude is expressed in feet above mean continued safe flight and landing of an sea level.

airplane during an ETOPS diversion.

Decision height (DH) is a specified Each ETOPS significant system is ei- height above the ground in an instru- ther an ETOPS group 1 significant sys- ment approach procedure at which the tem or an ETOPS group 2 significant pilot must decide whether to initiate system.

an immediate missed approach if the (1) An ETOPS group 1 Significant pilot does not see the required visual System— reference, or to continue the approach.

(i) Has fail-safe characteristics di- Decision height is expressed in feet rectly linked to the degree of redun- above ground level.

dancy provided by the number of en- Early ETOPS means ETOPS type de- gines on the airplane.

sign approval obtained without gaining (ii) Is a system, the failure or mal- non-ETOPS service experience on the function of which could result in an candidate airplane-engine combination IFSD, loss of thrust control, or other certified for ETOPS.

EFVS operation means an operation in power loss.

which visibility conditions require an (iii) Contributes significantly to the EFVS to be used in lieu of natural vi- safety of an ETOPS diversion by pro- sion to perform an approach or landing, viding additional redundancy for any determine enhanced flight visibility, system power source lost as a result of identify required visual references, or an inoperative engine.

conduct a rollout.

(iv) Is essential for prolonged oper- Enhanced flight visibility (EFV) means ation of an airplane at engine inoper- the average forward horizontal dis- ative altitudes.

tance, from the cockpit of an aircraft (2) An ETOPS group 2 significant sys- in flight, at which prominent topo- tem is an ETOPS significant system graphical objects may be clearly dis- that is not an ETOPS group 1 signifi- tinguished and identified by day or cant system.

night by a pilot using an enhanced Extended Operations (ETOPS) means flight vision system.

an airplane flight operation, other than Enhanced flight vision system (EFVS) an all-cargo operation in an airplane means an installed aircraft system with more than two engines, during which uses an electronic means to pro- Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1 which a portion of the flight is con- (2) With respect to fluid-carrying ducted beyond a time threshold identi- lines, fluid system parts, wiring, air fied in part 121 or part 135 of this chap- ducts, fittings, and powerplant con- ter that is determined using an ap- trols, means the capacity to perform proved one-engine-inoperative cruise the intended functions under the heat speed under standard atmospheric con- and other conditions likely to occur ditions in still air. when there is a fire at the place con- Extended over-water operation means— cerned.

(1) With respect to aircraft other Flame resistant means not susceptible than helicopters, an operation over to combustion to the point of propa- water at a horizontal distance of more gating a flame, beyond safe limits, than 50 nautical miles from the nearest after the ignition source is removed.

shoreline; and Flammable, with respect to a fluid or (2) With respect to helicopters, an op- gas, means susceptible to igniting read- eration over water at a horizontal dis- ily or to exploding.

tance of more than 50 nautical miles Flap extended speed means the highest from the nearest shoreline and more speed permissible with wing flaps in a than 50 nautical miles from an off- prescribed extended position.

shore heliport structure. Flash resistant means not susceptible External load means a load that is to burning violently when ignited.

carried, or extends, outside of the air- Flightcrew member means a pilot, craft fuselage. flight engineer, or flight navigator as- External-load attaching means means signed to duty in an aircraft during the structural components used to at- flight time.

tach an external load to an aircraft, in- Flight level means a level of constant cluding external-load containers, the atmospheric pressure related to a ref- backup structure at the attachment erence datum of 29.92 inches of mer- points, and any quick-release device cury. Each is stated in three digits used to jettison the external load. that represent hundreds of feet. For ex- Final approach fix (FAF) defines the ample, flight level 250 represents a bar- beginning of the final approach seg- ometric altimeter indication of 25,000 ment and the point where final seg- feet; flight level 255, an indication of ment descent may begin. 25,500 feet.

Final takeoff speed means the speed of Flight plan means specified informa- the airplane that exists at the end of tion, relating to the intended flight of the takeoff path in the en route con- an aircraft, that is filed orally or in figuration with one engine inoperative. writing with air traffic control.

Fireproof — Flight simulation training device (1) With respect to materials and (FSTD) means a full flight simulator or parts used to confine fire in a des- a flight training device.

ignated fire zone, means the capacity Flight time means: to withstand at least as well as steel in (1) Pilot time that commences when dimensions appropriate for the purpose an aircraft moves under its own power for which they are used, the heat pro- for the purpose of flight and ends when duced when there is a severe fire of ex- the aircraft comes to rest after land- tended duration in that zone; and ing; or (2) With respect to other materials (2) For a glider without self-launch and parts, means the capacity to with- capability, pilot time that commences stand the heat associated with fire at when the glider is towed for the pur- least as well as steel in dimensions ap- pose of flight and ends when the glider propriate for the purpose for which comes to rest after landing.

they are used. Flight training device (FTD) means a Fire resistant — replica of aircraft instruments, equip- (1) With respect to sheet or struc- ment, panels, and controls in an open tural members means the capacity to flight deck area or an enclosed aircraft withstand the heat associated with fire cockpit replica. It includes the equip- at least as well as aluminum alloy in ment and computer programs nec- dimensions appropriate for the purpose essary to represent aircraft (or set of for which they are used; and aircraft) operations in ground and 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1 flight conditions having the full range installed in the device as described in of capabilities of the systems installed part 60 of this chapter and the quali- in the device as described in part 60 of fication performance standards (QPS) this chapter and the qualification per- for a specific FFS qualification level.

formance standard (QPS) for a specific Glider means a heavier-than-air air- FTD qualification level.

craft, that is supported in flight by the Flight visibility means the average for- dynamic reaction of the air against its ward horizontal distance, from the lifting surfaces and whose free flight cockpit of an aircraft in flight, at does not depend principally on an en- which prominent unlighted objects gine.

may be seen and identified by day and Ground visibility means prevailing prominent lighted objects may be seen horizontal visibility near the earth’s and identified by night.

surface as reported by the United Foreign air carrier means any person States National Weather Service or an other than a citizen of the United accredited observer.

States, who undertakes directly, by Go-around power or thrust setting lease or other arrangement, to engage means the maximum allowable in- in air transportation.

flight power or thrust setting identi- Foreign air commerce means the car- fied in the performance data.

riage by aircraft of persons or property Gyrodyne means a rotorcraft whose for compensation or hire, or the car- rotors are normally engine-driven for riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper- takeoff, hovering, and landing, and for ation or navigation of aircraft in the forward flight through part of its speed conduct or furtherance of a business or range, and whose means of propulsion, vocation, in commerce between a place consisting usually of conventional pro- in the United States and any place out- pellers, is independent of the rotor sys- side thereof; whether such commerce tem.

moves wholly by aircraft or partly by Gyroplane means a rotorcraft whose aircraft and partly by other forms of rotors are not engine-driven, except for transportation.

initial starting, but are made to rotate Foreign air transportation means the by action of the air when the rotorcraft carriage by aircraft of persons or prop- is moving; and whose means of propul- erty as a common carrier for com- sion, consisting usually of conven- pensation or hire, or the carriage of tional propellers, is independent of the mail by aircraft, in commerce between rotor system.

a place in the United States and any Helicopter means a rotorcraft that, place outside of the United States, for its horizontal motion, depends prin- whether that commerce moves wholly cipally on its engine-driven rotors.

by aircraft or partly by aircraft and Heliport means an area of land, water, partly by other forms of transpor- or structure used or intended to be tation.

used for the landing and takeoff of heli- Forward wing means a forward lifting copters.

surface of a canard configuration or Idle thrust means the jet thrust ob- tandem-wing configuration airplane.

tained with the engine power control The surface may be a fixed, movable, or level set at the stop for the least thrust variable geometry surface, with or position at which it can be placed.

without control surfaces.

IFR conditions means weather condi- Full flight simulator (FFS) means a tions below the minimum for flight replica of a specific type; or make, under visual flight rules.

model, and series aircraft cockpit. It IFR over-the-top, with respect to the includes the assemblage of equipment operation of aircraft, means the oper- and computer programs necessary to ation of an aircraft over-the-top on an represent aircraft operations in ground IFR flight plan when cleared by air and flight conditions, a visual system traffic control to maintain ‘‘VFR con- providing an out-of-the-cockpit view, a ditions’’ or ‘‘VFR conditions on top’’.

system that provides cues at least equivalent to those of a three-degree- Indicated airspeed means the speed of of-freedom motion system, and has the an aircraft as shown on its pitot static full range of capabilities of the systems airspeed indicator calibrated to reflect Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1 standard atmosphere adiabatic com- sion of the United States, or the Dis- pressible flow at sea level uncorrected trict of Columbia.

for airspeed system errors. Interstate air transportation means the In-flight shutdown (IFSD) means, for carriage by aircraft of persons or prop- erty as a common carrier for com- ETOPS only, when an engine ceases to pensation or hire, or the carriage of function (when the airplane is air- mail by aircraft in commerce: borne) and is shutdown, whether self (1) Between a place in a State or the induced, flightcrew initiated or caused District of Columbia and another place by an external influence. The FAA con- in another State or the District of Co- siders IFSD for all causes: for example, lumbia; flameout, internal failure, flightcrew (2) Between places in the same State initiated shutdown, foreign object in- through the airspace over any place gestion, icing, inability to obtain or outside that State; or control desired thrust or power, and (3) Between places in the same pos- cycling of the start control, however session of the United States; briefly, even if the engine operates nor- mally for the remainder of the flight.

Whether that commerce moves wholly This definition excludes the airborne by aircraft of partly by aircraft and cessation of the functioning of an en- partly by other forms of transpor- gine when immediately followed by an tation.

automatic engine relight and when an Intrastate air transportation means the engine does not achieve desired thrust carriage of persons or property as a or power but is not shutdown.

common carrier for compensation or Instrument means a device using an hire, by turbojet-powered aircraft capa- internal mechanism to show visually ble of carrying thirty or more persons, or aurally the attitude, altitude, or op- wholly within the same State of the eration of an aircraft or aircraft part.

United States.

It includes electronic devices for auto- Kite means a framework, covered matically controlling an aircraft in with paper, cloth, metal, or other ma- flight.

terial, intended to be flown at the end Instrument approach procedure (IAP) is of a rope or cable, and having as its a series of predetermined maneuvers by only support the force of the wind mov- reference to flight instruments with ing past its surfaces.

specified protection from obstacles and Landing gear extended speed means assurance of navigation signal recep- the maximum speed at which an air- tion capability. It begins from the ini- craft can be safely flown with the land- tial approach fix, or where applicable, ing gear extended.

from the beginning of a defined arrival Landing gear operating speed means route to a point: the maximum speed at which the land- (1) From which a landing can be com- ing gear can be safely extended or re- pleted; or tracted.

(2) If a landing is not completed, to a Large aircraft means aircraft of more position at which holding or en route than 12,500 pounds, maximum certifi- obstacle clearance criteria apply.

cated takeoff weight.

Interstate air commerce means the car- Light-sport aircraft means an aircraft, riage by aircraft of persons or property other than a helicopter or powered-lift for compensation or hire, or the car- that, since its original certification, riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper- has continued to meet the following: ation or navigation of aircraft in the (1) A maximum takeoff weight of not conduct or furtherance of a business or more than— vocation, in commerce between a place (i) 1,320 pounds (600 kilograms) for in any State of the United States, or aircraft not intended for operation on the District of Columbia, and a place in water; or any other State of the United States, (ii) 1,430 pounds (650 kilograms) for or the District of Columbia; or between an aircraft intended for operation on places in the same State of the United water.

States through the airspace over any (2) A maximum airspeed in level place outside thereof; or between flight with maximum continuous power places in the same territory or posses- (V ) of not more than 120 knots CAS H 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1 under standard atmospheric conditions Mach number means the ratio of true at sea level. airspeed to the speed of sound.

(3) A maximum never-exceed speed Main rotor means the rotor that sup- (V ) of not more than 120 knots CAS NE plies the principal lift to a rotorcraft.

for a glider.

Maintenance means inspection, over- (4) A maximum stalling speed or min- haul, repair, preservation, and the re- imum steady flight speed without the placement of parts, but excludes pre- use of lift-enhancing devices (V ) of S1 ventive maintenance.

not more than 45 knots CAS at the air- Major alteration means an alteration craft’s maximum certificated takeoff not listed in the aircraft, aircraft en- weight and most critical center of gine, or propeller specifications— gravity.

(1) That might appreciably affect (5) A maximum seating capacity of weight, balance, structural strength, no more than two persons, including performance, powerplant operation, the pilot.

flight characteristics, or other quali- (6) A single, reciprocating engine, if ties affecting airworthiness; or powered.

(2) That is not done according to ac- (7) A fixed or ground-adjustable pro- cepted practices or cannot be done by peller if a powered aircraft other than elementary operations.

a powered glider.

Major repair means a repair: (8) A fixed or feathering propeller (1) That, if improperly done, might system if a powered glider.

(9) A fixed-pitch, semi-rigid, tee- appreciably affect weight, balance, tering, two-blade rotor system, if a gy- structural strength, performance, pow- roplane. erplant operation, flight characteris- (10) A nonpressurized cabin, if tics, or other qualities affecting air- equipped with a cabin. worthiness; or (11) Fixed landing gear, except for an (2) That is not done according to ac- aircraft intended for operation on cepted practices or cannot be done by water or a glider.

elementary operations.

(12) Fixed or retractable landing Manifold pressure means absolute gear, or a hull, for an aircraft intended pressure as measured at the appro- for operation on water.

priate point in the induction system (13) Fixed or retractable landing gear and usually expressed in inches of mer- for a glider.

cury.

Lighter-than-air aircraft means air- Maximum engine overtorque , as it ap- craft that can rise and remain sus- plies to turbopropeller and turboshaft pended by using contained gas weigh- engines incorporating free power tur- ing less than the air that is displaced bines for all ratings except one engine by the gas.

inoperative (OEI) ratings of two min- Load factor means the ratio of a spec- utes or less, means the maximum ified load to the total weight of the air- torque of the free power turbine rotor craft. The specified load is expressed in assembly, the inadvertent occurrence terms of any of the following: aero- of which, for periods of up to 20 sec- dynamic forces, inertia forces, or onds, will not require rejection of the ground or water reactions.

engine from service, or any mainte- Long-range communication system nance action other than to correct the (LRCS). A system that uses satellite cause.

relay, data link, high frequency, or an- Maximum speed for stability character- other approved communication system istics, V /M means a speed that may FC FC which extends beyond line of sight.

not be less than a speed midway be- Long-range navigation system (LRNS).

tween maximum operating limit speed An electronic navigation unit that is (V /M ) and demonstrated flight div- approved for use under instrument MO MO ing speed (V /M ), except that, for al- flight rules as a primary means of navi- DF DF titudes where the Mach number is the gation, and has at least one source of navigational input, such as inertial limiting factor, M need not exceed FC navigation system or global posi- the Mach number at which effective tioning system. speed warning occurs.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1 Medical certificate means acceptable vocation, in commerce between a place evidence of physical fitness on a form in any State of the United States, or prescribed by the Administrator. the District of Columbia, and any place Military operations area. A military in a territory or possession of the operations area (MOA) is airspace es- United States; or between a place in a tablished outside Class A airspace to territory or possession of the United separate or segregate certain nonhaz- States, and a place in any other terri- ardous military activities from IFR tory or possession of the United States.

Traffic and to identify for VFR traffic Overseas air transportation means the where theses activities are conducted.

carriage by aircraft of persons or prop- Minimum descent altitude (MDA) is the erty as a common carrier for com- lowest altitude specified in an instru- pensation or hire, or the carriage of ment approach procedure, expressed in mail by aircraft, in commerce: feet above mean sea level, to which de- (1) Between a place in a State or the scent is authorized on final approach or District of Columbia and a place in a during circle-to-land maneuvering possession of the United States; or until the pilot sees the required visual (2) Between a place in a possession of references for the heliport or runway of the United States and a place in an- intended landing.

other possession of the United States; Minor alteration means an alteration whether that commerce moves wholly other than a major alteration.

by aircraft or partly by aircraft and Minor repair means a repair other partly by other forms of transpor- than a major repair.

tation.

National defense airspace means air- Over-the-top means above the layer of space established by a regulation pre- clouds or other obscuring phenomena scribed, or an order issued under, 49 forming the ceiling.

U.S.C. 40103(b)(3).

Parachute means a device used or in- Navigable airspace means airspace at tended to be used to retard the fall of and above the minimum flight alti- a body or object through the air.

tudes prescribed by or under this chap- Person means an individual, firm, ter, including airspace needed for safe partnership, corporation, company, as- takeoff and landing.

sociation, joint-stock association, or Night means the time between the governmental entity. It includes a end of evening civil twilight and the trustee, receiver, assignee, or similar beginning of morning civil twilight, as representative of any of them.

published in the Air Almanac, con- Pilotage means navigation by visual verted to local time.

reference to landmarks.

Nonprecision approach procedure Pilot in command means the person means a standard instrument approach who: procedure in which no electronic glide (1) Has final authority and responsi- slope is provided.

bility for the operation and safety of Operate, with respect to aircraft, the flight; means use, cause to use or authorize to (2) Has been designated as pilot in use aircraft, for the purpose (except as command before or during the flight; provided in § 91.13 of this chapter) of air and navigation including the piloting of (3) Holds the appropriate category, aircraft, with or without the right of class, and type rating, if appropriate, legal control (as owner, lessee, or oth- for the conduct of the flight.

erwise).

Pitch setting means the propeller Operational control, with respect to a blade setting as determined by the flight, means the exercise of authority blade angle measured in a manner, and over initiating, conducting or termi- at a radius, specified by the instruction nating a flight.

manual for the propeller.

Overseas air commerce means the car- riage by aircraft of persons or property Portable oxygen concentrator means a for compensation or hire, or the car- medical device that separates oxygen riage of mail by aircraft, or the oper- from other gasses in ambient air and ation or navigation of aircraft in the dispenses this concentrated oxygen to conduct or furtherance of a business or the user.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1 Positive control means control of all of these governments; or an aircraft ex- air traffic, within designated airspace, clusively leased for at least 90 contin- by air traffic control. uous days by the government of a Powered parachute means a powered State, the District of Columbia, or a aircraft comprised of a flexible or semi- territory or possession of the United rigid wing connected to a fuselage so States or a political subdivision of one that the wing is not in position for of these governments.

flight until the aircraft is in motion.

(i) For the sole purpose of deter- The fuselage of a powered parachute mining public aircraft status, commer- contains the aircraft engine, a seat for cial purposes means the transportation each occupant and is attached to the of persons or property for compensa- aircraft’s landing gear.

tion or hire, but does not include the Powered-lift means a heavier-than-air operation of an aircraft by the armed aircraft capable of vertical takeoff, forces for reimbursement when that re- vertical landing, and low speed flight imbursement is required by any Fed- that depends principally on engine- eral statute, regulation, or directive, in driven lift devices or engine thrust for effect on November 1, 1999, or by one lift during these flight regimes and on government on behalf of another gov- nonrotating airfoil(s) for lift during ernment under a cost reimbursement horizontal flight.

agreement if the government on whose Precision approach procedure means a behalf the operation is conducted cer- standard instrument approach proce- tifies to the Administrator of the Fed- dure in which an electronic glide slope eral Aviation Administration that the is provided, such as ILS and PAR.

operation is necessary to respond to a Preventive maintenance means simple significant and imminent threat to life or minor preservation operations and or property (including natural re- the replacement of small standard sources) and that no service by a pri- parts not involving complex assembly vate operator is reasonably available operations.

to meet the threat.

Prohibited area. A prohibited area is (ii) For the sole purpose of deter- airspace designated under part 73 with- mining public aircraft status, govern- in which no person may operate an air- mental function means an activity un- craft without the permission of the dertaken by a government, such as na- using agency.

tional defense, intelligence missions, Propeller means a device for propel- firefighting, search and rescue, law en- ling an aircraft that has blades on an forcement (including transport of pris- engine-driven shaft and that, when ro- oners, detainees, and illegal aliens), tated, produces by its action on the air, aeronautical research, biological or ge- a thrust approximately perpendicular ological resource management (includ- to its plane of rotation. It includes con- ing data collection on civil aviation trol components normally supplied by systems undergoing research, develop- its manufacturer, but does not include ment, test, or evaluation at a test main and auxiliary rotors or rotating range (as such term is defined in 49 airfoils of engines.

U.S.C. 44801)), infrastructure inspec- Public aircraft means any of the fol- tions, or any other activity undertaken lowing aircraft when not being used for by a governmental entity that the Ad- a commercial purpose or to carry an ministrator determines is inherently individual other than a crewmember or governmental.

qualified non-crewmenber: (iii) For the sole purpose of deter- (1) An aircraft used only for the mining public aircraft status, qualified United States Government; an aircraft non-crewmember means an individual, owned by the Government and operated other than a member of the crew, by any person for purposes related to crew training, equipment development, aboard an aircraft operated by the or demonstration; an aircraft owned armed forces or an intelligence agency and operated by the government of a of the United States Government, or State, the District of Columbia, or a whose presence is required to perform, territory or possession of the United or is associated with the performance States or a political subdivision of one of, a governmental function.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1 (2) An aircraft owned or operated by Rated continuous OEI power , with re- the armed forces or chartered to pro- spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, vide transportation to the armed forces means the approved brake horsepower if— developed under static conditions at (i) The aircraft is operated in accord- specified altitudes and temperatures ance with title 10 of the United States within the operating limitations estab- Code; lished for the engine under part 33 of (ii) The aircraft is operated in the this chapter, and limited in use to the performance of a governmental func- time required to complete the flight tion under title 14, 31, 32, or 50 of the after the failure or shutdown of one en- United States Code and the aircraft is gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

not used for commercial purposes; or Rated maximum continuous augmented (iii) The aircraft is chartered to pro- thrust, with respect to turbojet engine vide transportation to the armed forces type certification, means the approved and the Secretary of Defense (or the jet thrust that is developed statically Secretary of the department in which or in flight, in standard atmosphere at the Coast Guard is operating) des- a specified altitude, with fluid injec- ignates the operation of the aircraft as tion or with the burning of fuel in a being required in the national interest.

separate combustion chamber, within (3) An aircraft owned or operated by the engine operating limitations estab- the National Guard of a State, the Dis- lished under Part 33 of this chapter, trict of Columbia, or any territory or and approved for unrestricted periods possession of the United States, and of use.

that meets the criteria of paragraph (2) Rated maximum continuous power, of this definition, qualifies as a public with respect to reciprocating, turbo- aircraft only to the extent that it is propeller, and turboshaft engines, operated under the direct control of means the approved brake horsepower the Department of Defense.

that is developed statically or in flight, Rated 30-second OEI Power , with re- in standard atmosphere at a specified spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, altitude, within the engine operating means the approved brake horsepower limitations established under part 33, developed under static conditions at and approved for unrestricted periods specified altitudes and temperatures of use.

within the operating limitations estab- Rated maximum continuous thrust, lished for the engine under part 33 of with respect to turbojet engine type this chapter, for continuation of one certification, means the approved jet flight operation after the failure or thrust that is developed statically or in shutdown of one engine in multiengine flight, in standard atmosphere at a rotorcraft, for up to three periods of specified altitude, without fluid injec- use no longer than 30 seconds each in tion and without the burning of fuel in any one flight, and followed by manda- a separate combustion chamber, within tory inspection and prescribed mainte- the engine operating limitations estab- nance action.

lished under part 33 of this chapter, Rated 2-minute OEI Power , with re- and approved for unrestricted periods spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, of use.

means the approved brake horsepower Rated takeoff augmented thrust, with developed under static conditions at respect to turbojet engine type certifi- specified altitudes and temperatures cation, means the approved jet thrust within the operating limitations estab- that is developed statically under lished for the engine under part 33 of standard sea level conditions, with this chapter, for continuation of one fluid injection or with the burning of flight operation after the failure or fuel in a separate combustion chamber, shutdown of one engine in multiengine within the engine operating limita- rotorcraft, for up to three periods of tions established under part 33 of this use no longer than 2 minutes each in any one flight, and followed by manda- chapter, and limited in use to periods tory inspection and prescribed mainte- of not over 5 minutes for takeoff oper- nance action. ation.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1 Rated takeoff power, with respect to not wholly prohibited, is subject to re- reciprocating, turbopropeller, and tur- striction.

boshaft engine type certification, Rocket means an aircraft propelled by means the approved brake horsepower ejected expanding gases generated in that is developed statically under the engine from self-contained propel- standard sea level conditions, within lants and not dependent on the intake the engine operating limitations estab- of outside substances. It includes any lished under part 33, and limited in use part which becomes separated during to periods of not over 5 minutes for the operation.

takeoff operation.

Rotorcraft means a heavier-than-air Rated takeoff thrust, with respect to aircraft that depends principally for its turbojet engine type certification, support in flight on the lift generated means the approved jet thrust that is by one or more rotors.

developed statically under standard sea Rotorcraft-load combination means the level conditions, without fluid injec- combination of a rotorcraft and an ex- tion and without the burning of fuel in ternal-load, including the external-load a separate combustion chamber, within attaching means. Rotorcraft-load com- the engine operating limitations estab- binations are designated as Class A, lished under part 33 of this chapter, Class B, Class C, and Class D, as fol- and limited in use to periods of not lows: over 5 minutes for takeoff operation.

(1) Class A rotorcraft-load combination Rated 30-minute OEI power , with re- means one in which the external load spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, cannot move freely, cannot be jetti- means the approved brake horsepower soned, and does not extend below the developed under static conditions at landing gear.

specified altitudes and temperatures (2) Class B rotorcraft-load combination within the operating limitations estab- means one in which the external load is lished for the engine under part 33 of jettisonable and is lifted free of land or this chapter, and limited in use to one water during the rotorcraft operation.

period of use no longer than 30 minutes (3) Class C rotorcraft-load combination after the failure or shutdown of one en- means one in which the external load is gine of a multiengine rotorcraft.

jettisonable and remains in contact Rated 2 ⁄2 -minute OEI power , with re- with land or water during the rotor- spect to rotorcraft turbine engines, craft operation.

means the approved brake horsepower (4) Class D rotorcraft-load combination developed under static conditions at means one in which the external-load specified altitudes and temperatures is other than a Class A, B, or C and has within the operating limitations estab- been specifically approved by the Ad- lished for the engine under part 33 of ministrator for that operation.

this chapter for periods of use no 1 Route segment is a portion of a route longer than 2 ⁄2 minutes each after the bounded on each end by a fix or naviga- failure or shutdown of one engine of a tion aid (NAVAID).

multiengine rotorcraft.

Sea level engine means a reciprocating Rating means a statement that, as a aircraft engine having a rated takeoff part of a certificate, sets forth special power that is producible only at sea conditions, privileges, or limitations.

level.

Reference landing speed means the Second in command means a pilot who speed of the airplane, in a specified is designated to be second in command landing configuration, at the point of an aircraft during flight time.

where it descends through the 50 foot height in the determination of the Show, unless the context otherwise landing distance. requires, means to show to the satis- faction of the Administrator.

Reporting point means a geographical location in relation to which the posi- Small aircraft means aircraft of 12,500 tion of an aircraft is reported. pounds or less, maximum certificated takeoff weight.

Restricted area. A restricted area is airspace designated under Part 73 with- Small unmanned aircraft means an un- in which the flight of aircraft, while manned aircraft weighing less than 55 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.1 pounds on takeoff, including every- Supplemental restraint system means thing that is on board or otherwise at- any device that is not installed on the tached to the aircraft. aircraft pursuant to an FAA approval, used to secure an individual inside an Small unmanned aircraft system (small aircraft when that person is not prop- UAS) means a small unmanned aircraft erly secured by an FAA-approved safe- and its associated elements (including ty belt and, if installed, shoulder har- communication links and the compo- ness, or an approved child restraint nents that control the small unmanned system. It consists of a harness secured aircraft) that are required for the safe around the torso of the individual and efficient operation of the small un- using the supplemental restraint sys- manned aircraft in the national air- tem and a lanyard that connects the space system.

harness to an FAA-approved airframe Special VFR conditions mean meteoro- attachment point inside the aircraft.

logical conditions that are less than Synthetic vision means a computer- those required for basic VFR flight in generated image of the external scene controlled airspace and in which some topography from the perspective of the aircraft are permitted flight under vis- flight deck that is derived from air- ual flight rules.

craft attitude, high-precision naviga- Special VFR operations means aircraft tion solution, and database of terrain, operating in accordance with clear- obstacles and relevant cultural fea- ances within controlled airspace in me- tures.

teorological conditions less than the Synthetic vision system means an basic VFR weather minima. Such oper- electronic means to display a synthetic ations must be requested by the pilot vision image of the external scene to- and approved by ATC.

pography to the flight crew.

Standard atmosphere means the at- Takeoff power: mosphere defined in U.S. Standard At- (1) With respect to reciprocating en- mosphere, 1962 (Geopotential altitude gines, means the brake horsepower tables).

that is developed under standard sea Stopway means an area beyond the level conditions, and under the max- takeoff runway, no less wide than the imum conditions of crankshaft rota- runway and centered upon the ex- tional speed and engine manifold pres- tended centerline of the runway, able sure approved for the normal takeoff, to support the airplane during an and limited in continuous use to the aborted takeoff, without causing struc- period of time shown in the approved tural damage to the airplane, and des- engine specification; and ignated by the airport authorities for (2) With respect to turbine engines, use in decelerating the airplane during means the brake horsepower that is de- an aborted takeoff.

veloped under static conditions at a Suitable RNAV system is an RNAV sys- specified altitude and atmospheric tem that meets the required perform- temperature, and under the maximum ance established for a type of oper- conditions of rotor shaft rotational ation, e.g. IFR; and is suitable for oper- speed and gas temperature approved for ation over the route to be flown in the normal takeoff, and limited in con- terms of any performance criteria (in- tinuous use to the period of time shown cluding accuracy) established by the in the approved engine specification.

air navigation service provider for cer- Takeoff safety speed means a ref- tain routes (e.g. oceanic, ATS routes, erenced airspeed obtained after lift-off and IAPs). An RNAV system’s suit- at which the required one-engine-inop- ability is dependent upon the avail- erative climb performance can be ability of ground and/or satellite navi- achieved.

gation aids that are needed to meet Takeoff thrust, with respect to tur- any route performance criteria that bine engines, means the jet thrust that may be prescribed in route specifica- is developed under static conditions at tions to navigate the aircraft along the a specific altitude and atmospheric route to be flown. Information on suit- temperature under the maximum con- able RNAV systems is published in ditions of rotorshaft rotational speed FAA guidance material. and gas temperature approved for the 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.1, Nt.

normal takeoff, and limited in contin- sions, including the territorial waters, uous use to the period of time shown in and (2) the airspace of those areas.

the approved engine specification.

United States air carrier means a cit- Tandem wing configuration means a izen of the United States who under- configuration having two wings of takes directly by lease, or other ar- similar span, mounted in tandem. rangement, to engage in air transpor- tation.

TCAS I means a TCAS that utilizes Unmanned aircraft means an aircraft interrogations of, and replies from, air- operated without the possibility of di- borne radar beacon transponders and rect human intervention from within provides traffic advisories to the pilot.

or on the aircraft.

TCAS II means a TCAS that utilizes interrogations of, and replies from air- Unmanned aircraft system means an borne radar beacon transponders and unmanned aircraft and its associated provides traffic advisories and resolu- elements (including communication tion advisories in the vertical plane. links and the components that control the unmanned aircraft) that are re- TCAS III means a TCAS that utilizes quired for the safe and efficient oper- interrogation of, and replies from, air- ation of the unmanned aircraft in the borne radar beacon transponders and airspace of the United States.

provides traffic advisories and resolu- VFR over-the-top, with respect to the tion advisories in the vertical and hori- operation of aircraft, means the oper- zontal planes to the pilot.

ation of an aircraft over-the-top under Time in service, with respect to main- VFR when it is not being operated on tenance time records, means the time an IFR flight plan.

from the moment an aircraft leaves the Warning area. A warning area is air- surface of the earth until it touches it space of defined dimensions, extending at the next point of landing.

from 3 nautical miles outward from the Traffic pattern means the traffic flow coast of the United States, that con- that is prescribed for aircraft landing tains activity that may be hazardous at, taxiing on, or taking off from, an to nonparticipating aircraft. The pur- airport.

pose of such warning areas is to warn True airspeed means the airspeed of nonparticipating pilots of the potential an aircraft relative to undisturbed air.

danger. A warning area may be located True airspeed is equal to equivalent 1 over domestic or international waters airspeed multiplied by ( r 0/ r ) ⁄2.

or both.

Type: Weight-shift-control aircraft means a (1) As used with respect to the cer- powered aircraft with a framed piv- tification, ratings, privileges, and limi- oting wing and a fuselage controllable tations of airmen, means a specific only in pitch and roll by the pilot’s make and basic model of aircraft, in- ability to change the aircraft’s center cluding modifications thereto that do of gravity with respect to the wing.

not change its handling or flight char- Flight control of the aircraft depends acteristics. Examples include: DC–7, on the wing’s ability to flexibly deform 1049, and F–27; and rather than the use of control surfaces.

(2) As used with respect to the cer- Winglet or tip fin means an out-of- tification of aircraft, means those air- plane surface extending from a lifting craft which are similar in design. Ex- surface. The surface may or may not amples include: DC–7 and DC–7C; 1049G have control surfaces.

and 1049H; and F–27 and F–27F.

(3) As used with respect to the cer- [Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4588, May 15, 1962] tification of aircraft engines means E DITORIAL N OTE : For F EDERAL R EGISTER ci- those engines which are similar in de- tations affecting § 1.1, see the List of CFR sign. For example, JT8D and JT8D–7 Sections Affected, which appears in the are engines of the same type, and Finding Aids section of the printed volume JT9D–3A and JT9D–7 are engines of the and at www.govinfo.gov.

same type.

E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : At 89 FR 92483, Nov.

United States, in a geographical sense, 21, 2024, § 1.1 was amended by revising the in- means (1) the States, the District of troductory text and the definition of ‘‘Auto- Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the posses- rotation’’, effective Jan. 21, 2025. For the Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 1.2 convenience of the user, the revised text is IFR means instrument flight rules.

set forth as follows: IFSD means in-flight shutdown.

ILS means instrument landing sys- § 1.1 General definitions.

tem.

As used in this chapter, unless the context IM means ILS inner marker.

requires otherwise: INT means intersection.

LDA means localizer-type directional * * * * * aid.

Autorotation means a rotorcraft or pow- LFR means low-frequency radio ered-lift flight condition in which the lifting range.

rotor is driven entirely by action of the air LMM means compass locator at mid- when the rotorcraft or powered-lift is in mo- dle marker.

tion.

LOC means ILS localizer.

LOM means compass locator at outer * * * * * marker.

M means mach number.

§ 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.

MAA means maximum authorized In Subchapters A through K of this IFR altitude.

chapter: MALS means medium intensity ap- AFM means airplane flight manual.

proach light system.

AGL means above ground level.

MALSR means medium intensity ap- ALS means approach light system.

proach light system with runway align- APU means auxiliary power unit.

ment indicator lights.

ASR means airport surveillance MCA means minimum crossing alti- radar.

tude.

ATC means air traffic control.

MDA means minimum descent alti- ATS means Air Traffic Service.

tude.

CAMP means continuous airworthi- MEA means minimum en route IFR ness maintenance program.

altitude.

CAS means calibrated airspeed.

MEL means minimum equipment CAT II means Category II.

list.

CMP means configuration, mainte- MM means ILS middle marker.

nance, and procedures.

MOCA means minimum obstruction DH means decision height.

clearance altitude.

DME means distance measuring MRA means minimum reception alti- equipment compatible with TACAN.

tude.

EAS means equivalent airspeed.

MSL means mean sea level.

EFVS means enhanced flight vision NDB (ADF) means nondirectional system.

beacon (automatic direction finder).

Equi-Time Point means a point on the NM means nautical mile.

route of flight where the flight time, NOPAC means North Pacific area of considering wind, to each of two se- operation.

lected airports is equal.

NOPT means no procedure turn re- ETOPS means extended operations.

quired.

EWIS , as defined by § 25.1701 of this OEI means one engine inoperative.

chapter, means electrical wiring inter- OM means ILS outer marker.

connection system.

OPSPECS means operations specifica- FAA means Federal Aviation Admin- tions.

istration.

PACOTS means Pacific Organized FFS means full flight simulator.

Track System.

FM means fan marker.

PAR means precision approach radar.

FSTD means flight simulation train- PMA means parts manufacturer ap- ing device.

proval.

FTD means flight training device.

POC means portable oxygen concen- GS means glide slope.

HIRL means high-intensity runway trator.

light system. PTRS means Performance Tracking IAS means indicated airspeed. and Reporting System.

ICAO means International Civil Avia- RAIL means runway alignment indi- tion Organization. cator light system.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 1.2 RBN means radio beacon. V / M means maximum operating MO MO RCLM means runway centerline limit speed.

marking. V means minimum unstick speed.

MU RCLS means runway centerline light V means never-exceed speed.

NE system.

V means maximum structural NO REIL means runway end identifica- cruising speed.

tion lights.

V means rotation speed.

R RFFS means rescue and firefighting V means reference landing speed.

REF services.

V means the stalling speed or the S RNAV means area navigation.

minimum steady flight speed at which RR means low or medium frequency the airplane is controllable.

radio range station.

V means the stalling speed or the S 0 RVR means runway visual range as minimum steady flight speed in the measured in the touchdown zone area.

landing configuration.

SALS means short approach light sys- V means the stalling speed or the S 1 tem.

minimum steady flight speed obtained SATCOM means satellite communica- in a specific configuration.

tions.

V means reference stall speed.

SR SSALS means simplified short ap- V means reference stall speed in SR O proach light system.

the landing configuration.

SSALSR means simplified short ap- V means reference stall speed in a SR 1 proach light system with runway align- specific configuration.

ment indicator lights.

V means speed at which onset of SW TACAN means ultra-high frequency natural or artificial stall warning oc- tactical air navigational aid.

curs.

TAS means true airspeed.

V means takeoff safety speed for TOSS TCAS means a traffic alert and colli- Category A rotorcraft.

sion avoidance system.

V means speed for best angle of X TDZL means touchdown zone lights.

climb.

TSO means technical standard order.

V means speed for best rate of Y TVOR means very high frequency ter- climb.

minal omnirange station.

V means the maximum speed in the V means design maneuvering A takeoff at which the pilot must take speed.

the first action (e.g., apply brakes, re- V means design speed for maximum B duce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to gust intensity.

stop the airplane within the accelerate- V means design cruising speed.

C stop distance. V also means the min- V means design diving speed.

D imum speed in the takeoff, following a V / M means demonstrated flight DF DF failure of the critical engine at V , at EF diving speed.

which the pilot can continue the take- V means the speed at which the EF off and achieve the required height critical engine is assumed to fail dur- above the takeoff surface within the ing takeoff.

takeoff distance.

V means design flap speed.

F V means takeoff safety speed.

V / M means maximum speed for FC FC V means minimum takeoff safety 2min stability characteristics.

speed.

V means maximum flap extended FE VFR means visual flight rules.

speed.

VGSI means visual glide slope indi- V means final takeoff speed.

FTO cator.

V means maximum speed in level H VHF means very high frequency.

flight with maximum continuous VOR means very high frequency om- power.

nirange station.

V means maximum landing gear LE VORTAC means collocated VOR and extended speed.

TACAN.

V means maximum landing gear LO [Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962] operating speed.

V means lift-off speed.

LOF E DITORIAL N OTE : For F EDERAL R EGISTER ci- V means minimum control speed MC tations affecting § 1.2, see the List of CFR with the critical engine inoperative. Sections Affected, which appears in the

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 3.5 Finding Aids section of the printed volume PART 3—GENERAL REQUIREMENTS and at www.govinfo.gov.

E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : At 89 FR 92483, Nov.

Subpart A—General Requirements Con- 21, 2024, § 1.2 was amended by revising the in- cerning Type Certificated Products or troductory text, effective Jan. 21, 2025. For Products, Parts, Appliances, or Mate- the convenience of the user, the revised text rials That May Be Used on Type-Certifi- is set forth as follows: cated Products § 1.2 Abbreviations and symbols.

Sec.

In this chapter: 3.1 Applicability.

3.5 Statements about products, parts, appli- ances and materials.

* * * * * Subpart B—Security Threat Disqualification § 1.3 Rules of construction.

3.200 Effect of Transportation Security Ad- (a) In Subchapters A through K of ministration notification on a certificate this chapter, unless the context re- or any part of a certificate held by an in- quires otherwise: dividual.

(1) Words importing the singular in- 3.205 Effect of Transportation Security Ad- clude the plural; ministration notification on applications by individuals for a certificate or any (2) Words importing the plural in- part of a certificate.

clude the singular; and (3) Words importing the masculine Subpart C—Designated U.S. Agents for gender include the feminine.

Service (b) In Subchapters A through K of this chapter, the word: 3.301 Applicability.

3.302 Definitions.

(1) Shall is used in an imperative 3.303 Designation of a U.S. agent for serv- sense; ice.

(2) May is used in a permissive sense to state authority or permission to do A UTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 106(g), 40113, 44701, 44704, 46111, and 46103.

the act prescribed, and the words ‘‘no person may * * *’’ or ‘‘a person may S OURCE : 70 FR 54832, Sept. 16, 2005, unless not * * *’’ mean that no person is re- otherwise noted.

quired, authorized, or permitted to do the act prescribed; and Subpart A—General Requirements (3) Includes means ‘‘includes but is Concerning Type Certificated not limited to’’.

Products or Products, Parts, Appliances, or Materials That [Doc. No. 1150, 27 FR 4590, May 15, 1962, as amended by Amdt. 1–10, 31 FR 5055, Mar. 29, May Be Used on Type-Certifi- 1966] cated Products E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : At 89 FR 92483, Nov.

§ 3.1 Applicability.

21, 2024, § 1.3 was amended by revising para- graphs (a) introductory text and (b) intro- (a) This part applies to any person ductory text, effective Jan. 21, 2025. For the who makes a record regarding: convenience of the user, the revised text is (1) A type-certificated product, or set forth as follows: (2) A product, part, appliance or ma- § 1.3 Rules of construction. terial that may be used on a type-cer- tificated product.

(a) In this chapter, unless the context re- quires otherwise: (b) Section 3.5(b) does not apply to records made under part 43 of this chapter.

* * * * * (b) In this chapter, the word: § 3.5 Statements about products, parts, appliances and materials.

(a) Definitions. The following terms will have the stated meanings when used in this section: