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NACA-SR-63 · Notes on Factors Affecting Geometrical Arrangement of Tricycle-Type Landing Gear

NASA (NTRS) · 1937

Open the PDFPublic domain · NASA (NTRS)Technical Reports

Overview

The effects of the geometrical arrangement of tricycle landing gears on various characteristics of an airplane equipped with such landing gear is discussed. The characteristics discussed include directional stability, overturning tendencies, steering and ground handling, shimmy, takeoff, and…

Pages
·
16

Key points

  • The geometrical arrangement of tricycle landing gears affects various characteristics of an airplane, including directional stability and ground handling.
  • Tricycle landing gear provides improved stability and handling on the ground compared to conventional landing gear.
  • An airplane with tricycle landing gear can apply brakes fully upon ground contact without the risk of nosing over, reducing landing distance.
  • Shimmy of the front wheel is more likely in tricycle landing gear configurations and is harder to dampen due to larger wheel size.
  • The stability of tricycle landing gear is maintained under normal taxing speeds, even in the presence of strong crosswinds.
Frequently asked questions
What are the benefits of tricycle landing gear?

Tricycle landing gear improves stability and handling characteristics of an airplane on the ground and allows for easier landings.

How does tricycle landing gear affect braking?

Brakes can be fully applied at ground contact without the danger of nosing over, which significantly decreases landing distance.

What issues are associated with shimmy in tricycle landing gear?

Shimmy of the front wheel is more likely to occur and is more difficult to dampen due to the greater wheel size compared to conventional gear.

Is directional stability affected by tricycle landing gear?

Yes, tricycle landing gear enhances directional stability, allowing the airplane to recover from disturbances more effectively.

What happens if the center of gravity is behind the main wheels in tricycle landing gear?

The airplane will be at risk of overturning backward if the center of gravity is behind the axle of the main wheels.

Document

N A T I O N A L ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS NOTES O N FACTORS AFFECTING GEOMETBICAL ARBANGEldENT OF TRICYCLE-TYPE LANDIBG GEARS By Carl J . Wenzinger and A . R . K a n t r o m i t z SUMMARY I n t h i s p a p e r a r e $ . i s c u s s e d t h e e f f e c t s of t h e geo- m e t r i c a l a r r a n g e r n e n t ' o f t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s on v a r i o ' u s c h a . r a c t e r i s t i c s of a n a i r p l a n e e q u i p p e d w i t h s u c h a l a n d - i n g g e a r . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i s c u s s e d i n c l u d e d i r e c - t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y , o v e r t u r n i n g t e n d e n c i e s , s t e e r i n g a n d g r o u n d h a n d l i n g , shimmy, t a k e - o f f , a n d p o r p o i s i n k : The c o n c l u s i o n s a r e summerized i n a t a b l e .

INTRODUCTIOY The t r i c y c l e L a n d i n g g e a r h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n r e c e i v i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n b e c a u s e of i t s p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r g r e a t l y i m p r o v i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y a n d h a n d l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c s of t h e a i r p l a n e on t h e g r o u n d a n d f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e e a s e w i t h which l a n d i n g s may b e made, ( S e e r e f e r e n c e 1.)

T h i s t y p e of l a n d i n g g e a r h a s t w o f i x e d w h e e l s ( u s u a l l y e q u i p p e d w i t h b r a k e s ) b e h i n d t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y and a s t a b l e c a s t e r i n g wheel c o n s i d e r a b l y a h e a d , which may o r may n o t b e s t e e r a b l e , An a i r p l a n e e q u i ~ p e d m i t h t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r w i l l h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s n o t p o s s e s s e d by one w i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l g e a r :

. The a i r p l a n e n i l 1 be d i r e c t i o n a l l y s t a b l e when

g on t h e g r o u n d a n d w i l l n o t h a v e a p r o p e n s i t y t o l o o p i n g . T h i s f r e e d o m from g r o u n d l o o p i n g p e r m i t s r c r o s s - m i n d l a n d i n g s w i t h s i d e d r i f t t o be made, a n d t h e a i r p l a n e becomes v e r y m a n e u v e r a b l e on t h e g r o u n d .

a , 2. The b r a k e s ma:. b e f u l l y a p p l i e d a t c o n t a c t w i t h ,.

t h e g r o u n d and d u r i n g t h e g r o u n d r u n w i t h o u t d a n g e r of n o s i n g o v e r , which c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e s t h e l a n d i n g d i s - t a n c e .

3 . L a n d i n g a n d t a k e - o f f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e somewhat d i f f e r e n t t h a n f o r a i r p l a n e s m i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l g e a r b e c a u s e t h e a n g l e of a t t a c k of t h e wing i s small when t h e t h r e e w h e e l s of t h e t r i c y c l e g e a r a r e a l l on t h e g r o u n d .

4. Shimmy of t h e f r o n t mheel i s more l i k e l y t o oc- c u r t h a n f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l t a i l m h e e l , a n d i t i s more d i f f i c u l t t o damp o u t t h e f r o n t mheel shimmy by t h e u s u a l s p i n d l e damping method b e c a u s e of t h e g r e a t e r w h e e l s i z e .

T h i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s of some of t h e p r o b l e m s r a i s e d by t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a n d i n c l u d e s q u a l i t a t i v e e f f e c t s of d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s of t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y of t h e a i r p l a n e v i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r , A s k e t c h ' o f a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r i s g i v e n i n f i g - u r e 1 i n which t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d a r e i n d i c a t e d .

C a s t e r a n g l e : The a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r l i n e of ---------- t h e f r o n t mheel spinc?.le a n d a p e r y e n d i c u l a r t o t h e r e f e r - e n c e l i n e of t h e a i r p l a n e . P o s i t i v e when t h e l o w e r end of t h e s p i n d l e i s f o r w a r d of t h e u p p e r end.

C a s t e r l e n g t h : The d i s t a n c e measured p e r ~ e n d i c u l a r ---- t o t h e spindLIe a x i s f r o m t h e c e n t e r o f t h e f r o n t t i r e c o n t a c t a r e a t o t h e s p i n d l e a x i s . P o s i t i v e t o t h e r e a r of t h e s p i n d l e a x i s .

O f f s e t : The d i ' s t a n c e of t h e f r o n t mheel a x i s r e l a - --...---- t i v e t o t h e f r o n t w h e e l s p i n d - l e a x i s . P o s i t i v e t o t h e r e a r of t h e s p i n d l e a x i s .

EQLI-J~R raa,djgs: The d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e w h e e l a x l e t o t h e g r o u n d u n d e r a g i v e n l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n .

L o n g i t u d i n a l mheel b a s e : The d i s t a n b e measured i n a

-- ---------------- .-----

h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e between t h e f r o n t wheel a x l e a n d a v e r - t i c a l p l a n e c o n t a i n i n g t h e r e a r ' w h e e l a x l e s , w i t h n o s e w h e e l on g r o u n d .

L a t e r a l wheel b a s e : The d i s t a n c e betweeh c e n t e r ---------- ----.....

l i n e s of t h e r e a r wheel t i r e s when u n d e r l o a d on t h e ground.

~ ) n ' e d e f i n i t i o n s of h , h , , , 1 , 1 , L , d , a n d r a r e c l e a r f r o m f i g u r e 1.

W , w e i g h t of a i r p l a n e .

m , mass of a i r p l a n e .

k , , r a d i u s of g y r a t i o n a b o u t v e r t i c a l a x i s t h r o u g h c e g * , c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n 'cetw.een t h e t i r e s and g r o u n d , e i t h e r r o l l i n g o r s l i d i n g . .

The a i r p l a n e u s e d as an example t h r o u g h o u t t h i s pa- > e r , t h e w-lA, i s d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e l. The W-1A w e i g h s 1 , 2 0 0 pound-s a n d t h e o t h e r v a l u e s , i n f e e t , a r e a s f o l l o w s : k , = 4.75 ( e s t i m a t e d ) The v a l u e s of p w e r e o b t a i n e d from r e f e r e n c e 2.

DISCUSSION O F VA9IOUS G9ARACTERISTICS OF THE TRICYCLE LANDING GEAR D i r e c t i o n a l s t a b i 1 i t z . - One of t h e most d e s i r a b l e f e a - ----.------ ------- --- t u - r e s of t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r i s i t s d i r e c t i c n a l s t a - b i l i t y , w h i c h removes f r o m t h e 3 i l o t a l a r g e amount of t h e s k i l l r e q u i r e d t o g u i d e t h e a i r p l a n e on a s t r a i g h t e o u r s e m h i l e on t h e g r o u n d . An e q u i ~ p e d w i t h a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r m i l l n o t o n l y r u n s t r a i g h t of i t s own a c c o r d b u t w i l l r e c o v e r f r c m a n y d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e s t h a t might be s u p p l i e d by bumps, c r o s s - w i n d l a n d i n g s , e t c . The f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h e s p e e d of t h i s r e c o v e r y .

I t i s assumed t h a t no sid.e f o r c e i s s u p p l i e d b y t h e n o s e wheel. T h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t r u e if t h e r e i s n o t t o o much f r i c t i o n i n t h e f r o n t w h e e l s p i n d l e , i f t h e c a s t e r a n g l e i s n o t t o o l a r g e , a n d if t h e f r o n t w h e e l i s f r e e t o c a s t e r .

Suppose a n a i r p l a n e t o t o u c h t h e g r o u n d w i t h a d i r e c - t i o n of m o t i o n a t a n a n g l e \/ro ( r a d i a n s ) w i t h t h e d i r e c - t i o n of h e a d i n g . A s i d e f o r c e Y w i l l be a p p l i e d t o t h e r e a r w h e e l s ( s e e f i g . 2 ) as soan as t h e y s t r i k e t h e g r o u n d , T h i s s i d e f o r c e w i l l g i v e r i s e t o a l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n i v = ~/m;$'and t o a c o u p l e Y l l a b o u t t h e c , g . T h i s c o u p l e

5 = ~Z,/mk,~:-

g i v e s r i s e t o a n a a g u l n r a c c e l e r a t i o n T h e r e a l s o a r i s e s a o o u p l e ?.bout t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s due t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e f o r c e Y a t a d i s t a n c e (h + r ) b e l o v t h e c,g. T h i s e f f e a t r e s u l t s i n an a d d i t i o n a l f o r c e on t h e i n s i d e t i r e and a d e c r e a s e i n f o r c e on t h e o u t s i d e t i r e , T h e s e f o r c e i n c r e m e n t s j u s t b a l a n c e t h e above- m e n t i o n e d t o r q u e a b o u t t h e l o n g i t , u d i n a l a x i s . L e t t h e " f o r c e i n c r e m e n t on e a c h wheel b e x , t h e n o r x = Y h-2-2 ('per w h e e l ) 1 3 If t h e t i r e s r o l l w i t h a c o e f f i c i e n t of r o l l i n g f r i c t i o n

, t h e f o r c e s x w i l l r e s u l t i n a c o u p l e a b o u t t h e Z

a x i s Thus, t h e t o t a l a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l be ..

Y q j = ---- a [ t , + ( h + r ) p ] .) .

mkz 1 I f t h e r e a r w h e e l s a r e n o t t o s k i d s i d e w i s e , t h e n t h e a i r p l a n e must move i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of h e a d i n g which g i v e s i t a v e l o c i t y -v = u , $ ~ 2 : ~ e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of motion, Combining t h e s e e q u a t i o n s so a s t o e l i m i n a t e $' ".

v a n d Y ' 47'- * ? . / * , /*, - < % The s o l u t i o n of most i n t e r e s t i s : ' . $ , - c5 .

-

L T h i s e q u a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t a n y d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t u r b - a n c e such a s a bnmp o r a l a n d i n g w i t h s i d e d r i f t w i l l b e

t i m e s i t s o r i g i n a l m a g n i t u d e i n a d i s - r e d u c e d to ----

2.718

*

kz2

t ante --------- ---- -

f e e t ; For t h e W-1A w i t h w = 0.05

CL1 4 ( h + r > ~ 3

t h i s d i s t a n c e i s 22.5 f e e t . I t i s , of c o u r s e , d e s i r a b l e t o make t h e r e s p o n s e r a p i d and i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e r e - s p o n s e of t h i s a , i r ~ l a . n e 3a.s s a t i s f a c t o r y .

I t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s show t h a t a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r m i l l alma,ys b e s t a b l e s i n c e t h e e x p o n e n t i n e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) i s a l w a y s n e g a t i v e f o r t h e c.g. a h e a d of t h e r e a r m h e ~ l s . I t h a s been f o u n d t h a t a l l of t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s c o n s t r u c t e d t h u s f a r h a v e b e e n s t a b l e a t a l l n o r m a l t a x y i n g s p e e d s even i n t h e p r e s - e n c e of s s t r o n g c r o s s wind.

The a e r c d y n ~ m i c e i ' f e c t of t h e f i n , which h a s been n e g l e c t e d , should. o r d i n a r i l y make t h e a i r p l a n e somewhat more s t a b l e t h a n i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

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I t a p p e a r s d e s i r a b l e t o a e v e l o p a c r i t e r i o n f o r a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g gea,r so t h a t i t w i l l s k i d r a t h e r t h a n n o s e o v e r i n a l l c o n t a c t s w i t h l e v e l ground.

C o n s i d e r t h e t r i a n g l e formed by t h e t h r e e w h e e l s a s a p e x e s , ( S e e f i g , 3.) L e t t h e r e s u l t a n t of a l l t h e a c c e l - e r a t i o n s a c t i n g a t t h e c.g, b e r e p r e s e n t e d by a n a c c e l e r - a t i o n v e c t o r e x t e n d i n g i n t h e p r o p e r d i r e c t i o n o u t from t h e c.g. If t h i s r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i n t e r s e c t s t h e g r o u n d i n s i d e t h e t r i a n g l e , t h e n t h e a i r p l a n e w i l l n o t o v e r t u r n ; i f i t i n t e r s e c t s t h e g r o u n d o u t s i d e t h e t r i a n g l e , t h e n i t -

w i l l o v e r t u r n . -+>CC 1

-..".;4z p

e =

- y e p -Xi(, , l j t 7 - I/: C

, /: -, ;(, . ->y

" 9.

6' '**' The l a r g e s t p o s s i b l e m a g n i t u d e of t h e h o r i z o n t a l ac- c e l e r a t i o n v e c t o r w i l l b e pW; ( t h e p r e s e n c e o f v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s g r e a t e r t h a n g w i l l n o t , a f f e c t t h e f i n a l r e s u l t ) h e n c e , t h e g r e a t e s t d i s t a n c e of t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r m i t h t h e g r o u n d f r o m t h e c.g. w i l l

b e p ( h + r ) . C l e a r l y t h i s a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l b e most

l i k e l y t o n o s e t h e a i r p l a n e o v e r when i t i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o o n e s i d e of t h e t r i a n g l e , The c o n d i t i o n f o r n o s i n g o v e r w i l l b'e > II ( h f r ) = t 2 s i n 6 &- ( s e e f i g . 3) ' 9

> t 2 s i n t a n - ' 2 /'

*y .- d 2 7, : > - : / < , > . 2,. A:..<. P,'. -.&";; , : ,.::, ,. & ., . . ' :.;. .

/$<<.J +a2<dJt. . .@$:.+? ../"2%4? .-.? : ! 6

#pw-;,4.7 c . 6 Thus t h e W - 1 ~ a i r p l a n e m i t h 7 , = 8.46 f t . , 1, = 9.0 f t .

> mould n o s e o v e r f o r p, = 0.8, i f t h e t i r e s w e r e s l i p p i n g a t e x a c t l y t h e c o r r e c t a n g l e . The p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t might make t h e a i r p l a n e somewhat more l i k e l y t o t i p o v e r b u t p r o b a b l y mould n o t b e a p p l i e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e b r a k e s .

An a i r p l a n e m i t h a t r i c y c l e - t y p e l a n d i n g g e a r w i l l o v e r t u r n backward when t h e c.g. i s b e h i n d t h e a x l e cf t h e main w h e e l s . Thus t h e l a r g e s t a n g l e t o which t h e a i r p l a n e can b e t i l t e d backward and s t i l l r e t u r n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y I l / h r a d i a n s . T h i s a n g l e amounted t o a b o u t 10' f o r t h e W-lA a i r p l a n e .

S t e e r i n g a n d g r o u n d h a n d l i n g . - Seme d i f f i c u l t y i s en-

------- ------ -------------

c o u n t e r e d i n m a n e u v e r i n g t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s i n s o f t g r o u n d a t l o w s p e e d s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e p r e s e n c e of much c a s t e r a n g l e , i n which c a s e t h e w h e e l i s u n s t a b l e a t v e r y low s p e e d s . I t seems f r o m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t h a t t h i s d i f f i c u l t y c o u l d be overcome b y e i t h e r of t h e f a l l o m - i n g m e t h o d s : F i r s t , i f t h e f r o n t a h e e l S s made s t e e r a b l e t h r o u g h p r o b a b l y shorn much more *.

s m a l l a n g l e s a t low s p e e d s i t w i l l , a n d t h e p i l o t . w i l l al- a b i l i t y t o g e t o u t of h o l e s , e t c , , F a y s b e a b l e t o p r e v e n t t h e w h e e l f r o m a s s u m i n g a c r o s s e d p b s i t i o n . S t e e r i n g , h o s e v e r , i n t r o d u c e s d i f f i c u l t i e s * ,- The wheel i s more l i k e l y t o shimmy t h a n b e f o r e a n d i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e t h e w h e e l d i s e n g a g e d from t h e s t e e r i n g c o n t r o l i n l a n d i n g a n d t a k i n g o f f so t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y of t h e l a n d i n g g e a r m i l l n o t b e i m - p a i r e d .

S e c o n d , i f c a s t e r a n g l e i s n o t u s e d t h e w h e e l w i l l n o t t e n d t o t i p o v e r s i d e w i s e a n d i t w i l l b e e a s i e r ' t o m a - n e u v e r t h e a i r p l a n e on t h e g r o u n d a t low f o r w a r d s p e e d s .

I t i s t h e r e f o r e a d v i s a b l e t h a t a l l of t h e c a s t e r l e n g t h u s e d b e o b t a i n e d by f o r k o f f s e t . I n a n y c a s e , t h e r d s h o u l d b e s t o p s on t h e f r o n t w h e e l s g i n d l e so t h a t i t c a n n o t r o - t a t e t h r o u g h a n g l e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e n e c e s s a r y f o r g r o u n d maneuvering.

. The s t e e r i n g mechanism must overcome tmo t o r q u e s : o n e d u e t n s p i n d l e f r i c t i o n , which may b e u s e d t o combat shim- my; and t h e o t h e r due t o t h e n a t u r a l s t a b i l i t y of t h e l a n d - i n g g e a r when i n m o t i o n ( a s s u m i n g no c a s t e r a n g l e ) . An ap- p r o x i m a t e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e t o r q u e i n t h e l a t t e r c a s e m i l l 5 e g i v e n . L e t B b e t h e r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of t h e t u r n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Then t h e c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e on t h e a i r p l a n e i s m V o 2 / ~ . f l ~ h i s l o a d w i l l b e d i v i d e d between t h e f r o n t a n d r e a r w h e e l s i n t h e same may t h a t t h e w e i g h t i s d i v i d e d , i . e . , t h e s i d e l o a d on t h e f r o n t wheel w i l l be m'g2 1 1 --- * --- ,/"and t h e s t e e r i n g t o r q u e t h a t must be overcome i s En, t a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h i s f o r c e t i m e s t h e c a s t e r l e n g t h m v " I . 1

of t h e w h e e l , o r --- . -- L. F o r t h e W - l A , w i t h v ,= 50

R t

f e e t p e r s e c o n d , s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t h e f o r m u l a Torque =: ----- l g 7 0 f o o t - p o u n d s R T h u s , f o r a r a d i u s of t u r n of 1 0 0 f e e t t h e t o r q u e would b e 1 9 . 7 f o o t - p o u n d s .

Sbimmx -- of ----- f r o n t --------- wheel.- A t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e dynamic s t a b i l i t y of c a s t e r i n g w h e e l s i s b e i n g made by t h e N.A.C.A. a n d w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d l a t e r . The a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n v e r i f i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y on small models a n d i s s t i l l t o be c h e c k e d f u l l - s c a l e . I t i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n most c a s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g t h i n g s s h o u l d ke h e l p f u l i n a v o i d i n g shimmy.

The i t e m s a r e l i s t e d i n t h e oi-der of t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

1. F r i c t i o n o r h y d r a u l i c damping i n t h e f r o n t wheel s p i n d l e , As much f r i c t i o n s h o u l d b e u s e d i n t h e s p i n d l e a s w i l l n o t i n t e r f e r e w i t h g r o u n d m a n e u v e r a b i l f t y . I f s o l i d f r i c t i o n i s u s e d , i t w i l l b e n e c e s b a x y t o u s e some d e v i c e t o h a v e t h e w h e e l p r o p e r l y c e n t e r e d on c o n t a c t w i t h t h e g r o u n d .

2. Use of h i g h - p r e s s u r e t i r e s i I n c r e a s e d t i r e p r e s s u r e .

3. R e a r w h e e l s l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e c o g .

4. S m a l l c a s t e r l e n g t h .

5. R e d u c t i o n of any s p r i n g - r e s t o r i n g f o r c e s t h a t might t e n d t o k e e p t h e wheel s t r a i g h t t o t h e amount n e c e s - s a r y t o k e e p t h e wheel s t r a i g h t when i t i s n o t i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e g r o u n d .

Take-off.- Take-off w i t h a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r d i f -

--------

f e r s from t h a t w i t h a c o n v e n t i o n a l l a n d i n g g e a r i n t h a t when a l l t h e w h e e l s a r e r e s t i n g cn t h e g r o u n d t h e a n g l e of a t t a c k of t h e wing i s u s u a l l y s m a l l . Thus i n t h e e a r l y s t a , g e s of t h e t a k e - o f f r u n when i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o c o n t r o l t h e a n g l e o f a . t t a c k , t h e l i f t and t h e i n d u c e d d r a g a r e s m a l l e r m i t h t h e t r i c y c l e - t y p e g e a r t h a n w i t h t h e conven- t i o n a l g e a r .

If t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e f i e l d i s s u c h t h a t i t i s more e f f i c i e n t t o h a v e t h e w e i g h t of t h e a i r p l a n e s u p p o r t e d by t h e g r o u n d t h a n by t h e a i r , t h e n t h i s r e p r e s e n t s a g a i n .

But lien t a k e - o f f i s most d i f f i c u l t , on a s o f t o r a n un- even f i e l d , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of . t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s m i l l make i t s l i g h t l y more d i f f i c u l t . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e i t would a p p e a r a d v i s a b l e t o l i f t t h e f r o n t w h e e l a s soon a s p o s s i b l e , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e a n g l e of a t t a c k .

The moments which t e n d t o k e e p t h e f r o n t w h e e l down a r e t h e moment of t h e w e i g h t of t h e a i r p l a n e a b o u t t h e r e a r , a x l e !TIl and t h e moment of t h e p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t

a b o u t t h e r e a r a x l e T ( h l + h ) . The moments t h a t t e n d t o

l i f t t h e n o s e a r e t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e a i r p l a n e t o f o r w a r d

a c c e l e r a t i o n , which h a s a m a g n i t u d e mch, a n d t h e mod

men% s u p p l i e d by t h e a e r o d y n a m i c d r a g M A . The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e two g r o u p s of moments . .

must b e s u p p l i e d by t h e e l e v a t o r . Hence i t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e moment r e q u i r e d f r o m t h e e l e - v a t o r a n d h e n c e r e d u c e t h e s p e e d a t which t h e n o s e can b e r a i s e d , i t w i l l b e d e s i r a b l e t o r e d u c e 2 , t o i p c r e h , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t o k e e ~ t h e t h r u s t a x i s lorn. !' ' S i n c e t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r p p l y o n l y a t t h e low s p e e d s a t which t h e r e i s n o t a d e q u a t e e l e v a t o r c o n t r o l , i. e., a t s p e e d s c o n s i d e r a b l y below minimum f l y i n g s p e e d , t h e e f f e c t on t h e t o t a l t a k e - o f f r u n w i l l b e s m a l l .

P o r n o i s i n g . - I t h a s been f o u n d i n one c a s e o f an air- --------- p l a n e e q u i p p e d w i t h a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r t h a t , when t

-- -

< 0 . 0 8 , a slom o s c i l l a t i o n i n p i t c h , c a l l e d " p o r p o i s -

7, i n g , 'I o c c u r r e d . T h i s o s c i l l a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h more f o r w a r d r o s i t i o n s of t h e c.g.

D e s i g n l o a d s . - D e s i g n l o a d s f o r t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s ----- -------- a r e b e i n g i n v e s t i g n t e d b o t h e x p e r i m e n t e l l y a n d t h e o r e t i c a l - l y by t h e H.A.C.A. 2nd t h e r e s u l t s a r e t o % e p u b l i s h e d l a t e r e I t a p p e a r s t h a t , i f t h e t r i c y c l e g e a r i s t o be u s e d i n a menner s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l g e a r , t h e n t h e main v h e e l s t r u c t u r e n e e d b e no s t r o n g e r f o r e q u a l s a f e t y * However, i f f u l l a d v e n t a g e i s t o b e t a k e n of t h e c a p a b i l - i t i e s of t h e t r i c y c l e g e a , r , t h e n t h e main w h e e l s t r u c t u r e sho.uld be s t r o n g e r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s p e c t s : (a) S i d e - d r i f t l a n d i n g s r e q u i r e h i g h e r d e s i g n s i d e l o a d s .

( b ) F u l l - b r a k e d l a n d i n g s w i t h v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y r e - q u i r e h i g h e r d e s i g n b r a k i n g l o a d s . ' The f r o n t wheel s t r u c t u r e a p p e a r s t o r e q u i r e g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e c o n v e n t i c n a l t a i l wheel b e c a u s e of l a r g e r v e r t i c a l a n d , p o s s i b l y , s i d e l o a d s .

CONCLUSIONS The c o n c l u s i o n s c f t h i s s t u d y a r e summarized i n t h e t a b l e . The e f f e c t s of t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r a m e t e r s on t h e v a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e g i v e n .

P r o b a b l y t h e most i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r i s t h e l o n g i t u - d i n a l p o s i t i o n of t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y which s h o u l d b e as f a r b a c k w a r d a s w i l l % e p e r m i t t e d b y t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t ' t h e a i r p l a n e s h a l l n o t t i p o v e r b a c k w a r d i n a n y u s e f u l l o a d i n g o r a t t i t u d e c o n d i t i o n .

L a n g l e y M e m o r i a l A e r o n a u t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y , , N a t i o n a l A d v i s o r y Committee f o r A e r o n a u t i c s , L a n g l e y F i e l d , Va., March 8 , 1 9 3 7 .

REFERENCES

1. Weick, F r e d E. : Everyman 1s A i r p l a n e - A ~ e v e l o p m e n t

Toward S i m p l e r F l y i n g . S.A.E. J o u r . , v o l . 3 8 , no.

5 , May 1 9 7 6 , pp. 176-187.

2. Wetmore, J. W . : The R o l l i n g F r i c t i o n of S e v e r a l A i r - p l a n e Wheels a n d T i r e s a n d t h e E f f e c t of R o l l i n g T . R . No, 5 8 3 , N..A.C.A., 1937.

F r i c t i o n on Take-Off.

* SUR?MARV 09 EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMXTERS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF TRICYCLE LANDING GEARS \ Height Longi- Lateral Forward IIeight Caster Caster wheel distance of length angle thrust wheel

base of c.g, c.g, axis Of ltudinal I Dase

--

Directional

-

+ f f 4-

staoility 0 0

- -

- -

Take- of f + +

0 0 Ground

- - ... -

handling +

i - -

Steering

I

- d - - -

force +

0 0 d

Shimmy - - +

.-. - -

+

Nosing over - - 0

Tipping over

backward - I 0 0 0

0 0 0

Porpoising - 0

I

*

Assumes t l i e use of differential braking.

, + or f + Indicates that an increase in the numerical value of the parameter has a beneficial, or very beneficial, effect on the characteristic concerned.

Indicates that the parameter has no known effect on the character- istic.

- o r - - Indicates that an increase in the numerical value of the parameter has a detrimental, or very detrimental, effect on the characteristic concerned.

N . A . S . A . Fig 1. c o n t .

Fig. 2 N . A . C . A .

Fig. 3

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Doc number
·
NACA-SR-63
Publisher
·
NASA (NTRS)
Year
·
1937
Pages
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16
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607 KB