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Notes on Factors Affecting Geometrical Arrangement of Tricycle-Type Landing Gear

NACA-SR-63 · NASA (NTRS) · 1937

Public domain · NASA (NTRS)Technical Reports

Overview

The effects of the geometrical arrangement of tricycle landing gears on various characteristics of an airplane equipped with such landing gear is discussed. The characteristics discussed include directional stability, overturning tendencies, steering and ground handling, shimmy, takeoff, and…

Publisher
NASA (NTRS)
Document
NACA-SR-63
Year
1937
Pages
16

Document

N A T I O N A L ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS NOTES O N FACTORS AFFECTING GEOMETBICAL ARBANGEldENT OF TRICYCLE-TYPE LANDIBG GEARS By Carl J . Wenzinger and A . R . K a n t r o m i t z SUMMARY I n t h i s p a p e r a r e $ . i s c u s s e d t h e e f f e c t s of t h e geo- m e t r i c a l a r r a n g e r n e n t ' o f t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s on v a r i o ' u s c h a . r a c t e r i s t i c s of a n a i r p l a n e e q u i p p e d w i t h s u c h a l a n d - i n g g e a r . The c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s d i s c u s s e d i n c l u d e d i r e c - t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y , o v e r t u r n i n g t e n d e n c i e s , s t e e r i n g a n d g r o u n d h a n d l i n g , shimmy, t a k e - o f f , a n d p o r p o i s i n k : The c o n c l u s i o n s a r e summerized i n a t a b l e .

INTRODUCTIOY The t r i c y c l e L a n d i n g g e a r h a s r e c e n t l y b e e n r e c e i v i n g c o n s i d e r a b l e a t t e n t i o n b e c a u s e of i t s p o s s i b i l i t i e s f o r g r e a t l y i m p r o v i n g t h e s t a b i l i t y a n d h a n d l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s - t i c s of t h e a i r p l a n e on t h e g r o u n d a n d f o r i n c r e a s i n g t h e e a s e w i t h which l a n d i n g s may b e made, ( S e e r e f e r e n c e 1.)

T h i s t y p e of l a n d i n g g e a r h a s t w o f i x e d w h e e l s ( u s u a l l y e q u i p p e d w i t h b r a k e s ) b e h i n d t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y and a s t a b l e c a s t e r i n g wheel c o n s i d e r a b l y a h e a d , which may o r may n o t b e s t e e r a b l e , An a i r p l a n e e q u i ~ p e d m i t h t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r w i l l h a v e t h e f o l l o w i n g p r o p e r t i e s n o t p o s s e s s e d by one w i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l g e a r :

. The a i r p l a n e n i l 1 be d i r e c t i o n a l l y s t a b l e when

g on t h e g r o u n d a n d w i l l n o t h a v e a p r o p e n s i t y t o l o o p i n g . T h i s f r e e d o m from g r o u n d l o o p i n g p e r m i t s r c r o s s - m i n d l a n d i n g s w i t h s i d e d r i f t t o be made, a n d t h e a i r p l a n e becomes v e r y m a n e u v e r a b l e on t h e g r o u n d .

a , 2. The b r a k e s ma:. b e f u l l y a p p l i e d a t c o n t a c t w i t h ,.

t h e g r o u n d and d u r i n g t h e g r o u n d r u n w i t h o u t d a n g e r of n o s i n g o v e r , which c o n s i d e r a b l y d e c r e a s e s t h e l a n d i n g d i s - t a n c e .

3 . L a n d i n g a n d t a k e - o f f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e somewhat d i f f e r e n t t h a n f o r a i r p l a n e s m i t h t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l g e a r b e c a u s e t h e a n g l e of a t t a c k of t h e wing i s small when t h e t h r e e w h e e l s of t h e t r i c y c l e g e a r a r e a l l on t h e g r o u n d .

4. Shimmy of t h e f r o n t mheel i s more l i k e l y t o oc- c u r t h a n f o r t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l t a i l m h e e l , a n d i t i s more d i f f i c u l t t o damp o u t t h e f r o n t mheel shimmy by t h e u s u a l s p i n d l e damping method b e c a u s e of t h e g r e a t e r w h e e l s i z e .

T h i s r e p o r t c o n t a i n s t h e o r e t i c a l d i s c u s s i o n s of some of t h e p r o b l e m s r a i s e d by t h e s e d i f f e r e n c e s a n d i n c l u d e s q u a l i t a t i v e e f f e c t s of d i f f e r e n t l o c a t i o n s of t h e c e n t e r o f g r a v i t y of t h e a i r p l a n e v i t h r e s p e c t t o t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r , A s k e t c h ' o f a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r i s g i v e n i n f i g - u r e 1 i n which t h e v a r i o u s f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d a r e i n d i c a t e d .

C a s t e r a n g l e : The a n g l e b e t w e e n t h e c e n t e r l i n e of ---------- t h e f r o n t mheel spinc?.le a n d a p e r y e n d i c u l a r t o t h e r e f e r - e n c e l i n e of t h e a i r p l a n e . P o s i t i v e when t h e l o w e r end of t h e s p i n d l e i s f o r w a r d of t h e u p p e r end.

C a s t e r l e n g t h : The d i s t a n c e measured p e r ~ e n d i c u l a r ---- t o t h e spindLIe a x i s f r o m t h e c e n t e r o f t h e f r o n t t i r e c o n t a c t a r e a t o t h e s p i n d l e a x i s . P o s i t i v e t o t h e r e a r of t h e s p i n d l e a x i s .

O f f s e t : The d i ' s t a n c e of t h e f r o n t mheel a x i s r e l a - --...---- t i v e t o t h e f r o n t w h e e l s p i n d - l e a x i s . P o s i t i v e t o t h e r e a r of t h e s p i n d l e a x i s .

EQLI-J~R raa,djgs: The d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e w h e e l a x l e t o t h e g r o u n d u n d e r a g i v e n l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n .

L o n g i t u d i n a l mheel b a s e : The d i s t a n b e measured i n a

-- ---------------- .-----

h o r i z o n t a l p l a n e between t h e f r o n t wheel a x l e a n d a v e r - t i c a l p l a n e c o n t a i n i n g t h e r e a r ' w h e e l a x l e s , w i t h n o s e w h e e l on g r o u n d .

L a t e r a l wheel b a s e : The d i s t a n c e betweeh c e n t e r ---------- ----.....

l i n e s of t h e r e a r wheel t i r e s when u n d e r l o a d on t h e ground.

~ ) n ' e d e f i n i t i o n s of h , h , , , 1 , 1 , L , d , a n d r a r e c l e a r f r o m f i g u r e 1.

W , w e i g h t of a i r p l a n e .

m , mass of a i r p l a n e .

k , , r a d i u s of g y r a t i o n a b o u t v e r t i c a l a x i s t h r o u g h c e g * , c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n 'cetw.een t h e t i r e s and g r o u n d , e i t h e r r o l l i n g o r s l i d i n g . .

The a i r p l a n e u s e d as an example t h r o u g h o u t t h i s pa- > e r , t h e w-lA, i s d e s c r i b e d i n r e f e r e n c e l. The W-1A w e i g h s 1 , 2 0 0 pound-s a n d t h e o t h e r v a l u e s , i n f e e t , a r e a s f o l l o w s : k , = 4.75 ( e s t i m a t e d ) The v a l u e s of p w e r e o b t a i n e d from r e f e r e n c e 2.

DISCUSSION O F VA9IOUS G9ARACTERISTICS OF THE TRICYCLE LANDING GEAR D i r e c t i o n a l s t a b i 1 i t z . - One of t h e most d e s i r a b l e f e a - ----.------ ------- --- t u - r e s of t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r i s i t s d i r e c t i c n a l s t a - b i l i t y , w h i c h removes f r o m t h e 3 i l o t a l a r g e amount of t h e s k i l l r e q u i r e d t o g u i d e t h e a i r p l a n e on a s t r a i g h t e o u r s e m h i l e on t h e g r o u n d . An e q u i ~ p e d w i t h a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r m i l l n o t o n l y r u n s t r a i g h t of i t s own a c c o r d b u t w i l l r e c o v e r f r c m a n y d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t u r b a n c e s t h a t might be s u p p l i e d by bumps, c r o s s - w i n d l a n d i n g s , e t c . The f o l l o w i n g c a l c u l a t i o n s i n d i c a t e t h e s p e e d of t h i s r e c o v e r y .

I t i s assumed t h a t no sid.e f o r c e i s s u p p l i e d b y t h e n o s e wheel. T h i s a s s u m p t i o n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y t r u e if t h e r e i s n o t t o o much f r i c t i o n i n t h e f r o n t w h e e l s p i n d l e , i f t h e c a s t e r a n g l e i s n o t t o o l a r g e , a n d if t h e f r o n t w h e e l i s f r e e t o c a s t e r .

Suppose a n a i r p l a n e t o t o u c h t h e g r o u n d w i t h a d i r e c - t i o n of m o t i o n a t a n a n g l e \/ro ( r a d i a n s ) w i t h t h e d i r e c - t i o n of h e a d i n g . A s i d e f o r c e Y w i l l be a p p l i e d t o t h e r e a r w h e e l s ( s e e f i g . 2 ) as soan as t h e y s t r i k e t h e g r o u n d , T h i s s i d e f o r c e w i l l g i v e r i s e t o a l a t e r a l a c c e l e r a t i o n i v = ~/m;$'and t o a c o u p l e Y l l a b o u t t h e c , g . T h i s c o u p l e

5 = ~Z,/mk,~:-

g i v e s r i s e t o a n a a g u l n r a c c e l e r a t i o n T h e r e a l s o a r i s e s a o o u p l e ?.bout t h e l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s due t o t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h e f o r c e Y a t a d i s t a n c e (h + r ) b e l o v t h e c,g. T h i s e f f e a t r e s u l t s i n an a d d i t i o n a l f o r c e on t h e i n s i d e t i r e and a d e c r e a s e i n f o r c e on t h e o u t s i d e t i r e , T h e s e f o r c e i n c r e m e n t s j u s t b a l a n c e t h e above- m e n t i o n e d t o r q u e a b o u t t h e l o n g i t , u d i n a l a x i s . L e t t h e " f o r c e i n c r e m e n t on e a c h wheel b e x , t h e n o r x = Y h-2-2 ('per w h e e l ) 1 3 If t h e t i r e s r o l l w i t h a c o e f f i c i e n t of r o l l i n g f r i c t i o n

, t h e f o r c e s x w i l l r e s u l t i n a c o u p l e a b o u t t h e Z

a x i s Thus, t h e t o t a l a n g u l a r a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l be ..

Y q j = ---- a [ t , + ( h + r ) p ] .) .

mkz 1 I f t h e r e a r w h e e l s a r e n o t t o s k i d s i d e w i s e , t h e n t h e a i r p l a n e must move i n t h e d i r e c t i o n of h e a d i n g which g i v e s i t a v e l o c i t y -v = u , $ ~ 2 : ~ e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e d i r e c t i o n of motion, Combining t h e s e e q u a t i o n s so a s t o e l i m i n a t e $' ".

v a n d Y ' 47'- * ? . / * , /*, - < % The s o l u t i o n of most i n t e r e s t i s : ' . $ , - c5 .

-

L T h i s e q u a t i o n i n d i c a t e s t h a t a n y d i r e c t i o n a l d i s t u r b - a n c e such a s a bnmp o r a l a n d i n g w i t h s i d e d r i f t w i l l b e

t i m e s i t s o r i g i n a l m a g n i t u d e i n a d i s - r e d u c e d to ----

2.718

*

kz2

t ante --------- ---- -

f e e t ; For t h e W-1A w i t h w = 0.05

CL1 4 ( h + r > ~ 3

t h i s d i s t a n c e i s 22.5 f e e t . I t i s , of c o u r s e , d e s i r a b l e t o make t h e r e s p o n s e r a p i d and i t was f o u n d t h a t t h e r e - s p o n s e of t h i s a , i r ~ l a . n e 3a.s s a t i s f a c t o r y .

I t s h o u l d b e p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s show t h a t a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r m i l l alma,ys b e s t a b l e s i n c e t h e e x p o n e n t i n e q u a t i o n ( 1 ) i s a l w a y s n e g a t i v e f o r t h e c.g. a h e a d of t h e r e a r m h e ~ l s . I t h a s been f o u n d t h a t a l l of t h e t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s c o n s t r u c t e d t h u s f a r h a v e b e e n s t a b l e a t a l l n o r m a l t a x y i n g s p e e d s even i n t h e p r e s - e n c e of s s t r o n g c r o s s wind.

The a e r c d y n ~ m i c e i ' f e c t of t h e f i n , which h a s been n e g l e c t e d , should. o r d i n a r i l y make t h e a i r p l a n e somewhat more s t a b l e t h a n i s i n d i c a t e d by t h e s e c a l c u l a t i o n s .

!verturnLng--t end en c i e s of .-trLcxsle-llizn_d_i11.g~~earse -

I t a p p e a r s d e s i r a b l e t o a e v e l o p a c r i t e r i o n f o r a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g gea,r so t h a t i t w i l l s k i d r a t h e r t h a n n o s e o v e r i n a l l c o n t a c t s w i t h l e v e l ground.

C o n s i d e r t h e t r i a n g l e formed by t h e t h r e e w h e e l s a s a p e x e s , ( S e e f i g , 3.) L e t t h e r e s u l t a n t of a l l t h e a c c e l - e r a t i o n s a c t i n g a t t h e c.g, b e r e p r e s e n t e d by a n a c c e l e r - a t i o n v e c t o r e x t e n d i n g i n t h e p r o p e r d i r e c t i o n o u t from t h e c.g. If t h i s r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r i n t e r s e c t s t h e g r o u n d i n s i d e t h e t r i a n g l e , t h e n t h e a i r p l a n e w i l l n o t o v e r t u r n ; i f i t i n t e r s e c t s t h e g r o u n d o u t s i d e t h e t r i a n g l e , t h e n i t -

w i l l o v e r t u r n . -+>CC 1

-..".;4z p

e =

- y e p -Xi(, , l j t 7 - I/: C

, /: -, ;(, . ->y

" 9.

6' '**' The l a r g e s t p o s s i b l e m a g n i t u d e of t h e h o r i z o n t a l ac- c e l e r a t i o n v e c t o r w i l l b e pW; ( t h e p r e s e n c e o f v e r t i c a l a c c e l e r a t i o n s g r e a t e r t h a n g w i l l n o t , a f f e c t t h e f i n a l r e s u l t ) h e n c e , t h e g r e a t e s t d i s t a n c e of t h e i n t e r s e c t i o n of t h e r e s u l t a n t v e c t o r m i t h t h e g r o u n d f r o m t h e c.g. w i l l

b e p ( h + r ) . C l e a r l y t h i s a c c e l e r a t i o n w i l l b e most

l i k e l y t o n o s e t h e a i r p l a n e o v e r when i t i s p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o o n e s i d e of t h e t r i a n g l e , The c o n d i t i o n f o r n o s i n g o v e r w i l l b'e > II ( h f r ) = t 2 s i n 6 &- ( s e e f i g . 3) ' 9

> t 2 s i n t a n - ' 2 /'

*y .- d 2 7, : > - : / < , > . 2,. A:..<. P,'. -.&";; , : ,.::, ,. & ., . . ' :.;. .

/$<<.J +a2<dJt. . .@$:.+? ../"2%4? .-.? : ! 6

#pw-;,4.7 c . 6 Thus t h e W - 1 ~ a i r p l a n e m i t h 7 , = 8.46 f t . , 1, = 9.0 f t .

> mould n o s e o v e r f o r p, = 0.8, i f t h e t i r e s w e r e s l i p p i n g a t e x a c t l y t h e c o r r e c t a n g l e . The p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t might make t h e a i r p l a n e somewhat more l i k e l y t o t i p o v e r b u t p r o b a b l y mould n o t b e a p p l i e d s i m u l t a n e o u s l y w i t h t h e b r a k e s .

An a i r p l a n e m i t h a t r i c y c l e - t y p e l a n d i n g g e a r w i l l o v e r t u r n backward when t h e c.g. i s b e h i n d t h e a x l e cf t h e main w h e e l s . Thus t h e l a r g e s t a n g l e t o which t h e a i r p l a n e can b e t i l t e d backward and s t i l l r e t u r n i s a p p r o x i m a t e l y I l / h r a d i a n s . T h i s a n g l e amounted t o a b o u t 10' f o r t h e W-lA a i r p l a n e .

S t e e r i n g a n d g r o u n d h a n d l i n g . - Seme d i f f i c u l t y i s en-

------- ------ -------------

c o u n t e r e d i n m a n e u v e r i n g t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s i n s o f t g r o u n d a t l o w s p e e d s , e s p e c i a l l y i n t h e p r e s e n c e of much c a s t e r a n g l e , i n which c a s e t h e w h e e l i s u n s t a b l e a t v e r y low s p e e d s . I t seems f r o m t h e i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e t h a t t h i s d i f f i c u l t y c o u l d be overcome b y e i t h e r of t h e f a l l o m - i n g m e t h o d s : F i r s t , i f t h e f r o n t a h e e l S s made s t e e r a b l e t h r o u g h p r o b a b l y shorn much more *.

s m a l l a n g l e s a t low s p e e d s i t w i l l , a n d t h e p i l o t . w i l l al- a b i l i t y t o g e t o u t of h o l e s , e t c , , F a y s b e a b l e t o p r e v e n t t h e w h e e l f r o m a s s u m i n g a c r o s s e d p b s i t i o n . S t e e r i n g , h o s e v e r , i n t r o d u c e s d i f f i c u l t i e s * ,- The wheel i s more l i k e l y t o shimmy t h a n b e f o r e a n d i t i s p r a c t i c a l l y n e c e s s a r y t o h a v e t h e w h e e l d i s e n g a g e d from t h e s t e e r i n g c o n t r o l i n l a n d i n g a n d t a k i n g o f f so t h a t t h e d i r e c t i o n a l s t a b i l i t y of t h e l a n d i n g g e a r m i l l n o t b e i m - p a i r e d .

S e c o n d , i f c a s t e r a n g l e i s n o t u s e d t h e w h e e l w i l l n o t t e n d t o t i p o v e r s i d e w i s e a n d i t w i l l b e e a s i e r ' t o m a - n e u v e r t h e a i r p l a n e on t h e g r o u n d a t low f o r w a r d s p e e d s .

I t i s t h e r e f o r e a d v i s a b l e t h a t a l l of t h e c a s t e r l e n g t h u s e d b e o b t a i n e d by f o r k o f f s e t . I n a n y c a s e , t h e r d s h o u l d b e s t o p s on t h e f r o n t w h e e l s g i n d l e so t h a t i t c a n n o t r o - t a t e t h r o u g h a n g l e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h o s e n e c e s s a r y f o r g r o u n d maneuvering.

. The s t e e r i n g mechanism must overcome tmo t o r q u e s : o n e d u e t n s p i n d l e f r i c t i o n , which may b e u s e d t o combat shim- my; and t h e o t h e r due t o t h e n a t u r a l s t a b i l i t y of t h e l a n d - i n g g e a r when i n m o t i o n ( a s s u m i n g no c a s t e r a n g l e ) . An ap- p r o x i m a t e c a l c u l a t i o n of t h e t o r q u e i n t h e l a t t e r c a s e m i l l 5 e g i v e n . L e t B b e t h e r a d i u s of c u r v a t u r e of t h e t u r n u n d e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n . Then t h e c e n t r i f u g a l f o r c e on t h e a i r p l a n e i s m V o 2 / ~ . f l ~ h i s l o a d w i l l b e d i v i d e d between t h e f r o n t a n d r e a r w h e e l s i n t h e same may t h a t t h e w e i g h t i s d i v i d e d , i . e . , t h e s i d e l o a d on t h e f r o n t wheel w i l l be m'g2 1 1 --- * --- ,/"and t h e s t e e r i n g t o r q u e t h a t must be overcome i s En, t a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a l t o t h i s f o r c e t i m e s t h e c a s t e r l e n g t h m v " I . 1

of t h e w h e e l , o r --- . -- L. F o r t h e W - l A , w i t h v ,= 50

R t

f e e t p e r s e c o n d , s u b s t i t u t i n g i n t h e f o r m u l a Torque =: ----- l g 7 0 f o o t - p o u n d s R T h u s , f o r a r a d i u s of t u r n of 1 0 0 f e e t t h e t o r q u e would b e 1 9 . 7 f o o t - p o u n d s .

Sbimmx -- of ----- f r o n t --------- wheel.- A t h e o r e t i c a l a n a l y s i s of t h e dynamic s t a b i l i t y of c a s t e r i n g w h e e l s i s b e i n g made by t h e N.A.C.A. a n d w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d l a t e r . The a n a l y s i s h a s b e e n v e r i f i e d e x p e r i m e n t a l l y on small models a n d i s s t i l l t o be c h e c k e d f u l l - s c a l e . I t i n d i c a t e s t h a t i n most c a s e s t h e f o l l o w i n g t h i n g s s h o u l d ke h e l p f u l i n a v o i d i n g shimmy.

The i t e m s a r e l i s t e d i n t h e oi-der of t h e i r e f f e c t i v e n e s s .

1. F r i c t i o n o r h y d r a u l i c damping i n t h e f r o n t wheel s p i n d l e , As much f r i c t i o n s h o u l d b e u s e d i n t h e s p i n d l e a s w i l l n o t i n t e r f e r e w i t h g r o u n d m a n e u v e r a b i l f t y . I f s o l i d f r i c t i o n i s u s e d , i t w i l l b e n e c e s b a x y t o u s e some d e v i c e t o h a v e t h e w h e e l p r o p e r l y c e n t e r e d on c o n t a c t w i t h t h e g r o u n d .

2. Use of h i g h - p r e s s u r e t i r e s i I n c r e a s e d t i r e p r e s s u r e .

3. R e a r w h e e l s l o c a t e d c l o s e t o t h e c o g .

4. S m a l l c a s t e r l e n g t h .

5. R e d u c t i o n of any s p r i n g - r e s t o r i n g f o r c e s t h a t might t e n d t o k e e p t h e wheel s t r a i g h t t o t h e amount n e c e s - s a r y t o k e e p t h e wheel s t r a i g h t when i t i s n o t i n c o n t a c t w i t h t h e g r o u n d .

Take-off.- Take-off w i t h a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r d i f -

--------

f e r s from t h a t w i t h a c o n v e n t i o n a l l a n d i n g g e a r i n t h a t when a l l t h e w h e e l s a r e r e s t i n g cn t h e g r o u n d t h e a n g l e of a t t a c k of t h e wing i s u s u a l l y s m a l l . Thus i n t h e e a r l y s t a , g e s of t h e t a k e - o f f r u n when i t i s d i f f i c u l t t o c o n t r o l t h e a n g l e o f a . t t a c k , t h e l i f t and t h e i n d u c e d d r a g a r e s m a l l e r m i t h t h e t r i c y c l e - t y p e g e a r t h a n w i t h t h e conven- t i o n a l g e a r .

If t h e c o n d i t i o n of t h e f i e l d i s s u c h t h a t i t i s more e f f i c i e n t t o h a v e t h e w e i g h t of t h e a i r p l a n e s u p p o r t e d by t h e g r o u n d t h a n by t h e a i r , t h e n t h i s r e p r e s e n t s a g a i n .

But lien t a k e - o f f i s most d i f f i c u l t , on a s o f t o r a n un- even f i e l d , t h i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of . t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s m i l l make i t s l i g h t l y more d i f f i c u l t . I n t h e l a t t e r c a s e i t would a p p e a r a d v i s a b l e t o l i f t t h e f r o n t w h e e l a s soon a s p o s s i b l e , t h u s i n c r e a s i n g t h e a n g l e of a t t a c k .

The moments which t e n d t o k e e p t h e f r o n t w h e e l down a r e t h e moment of t h e w e i g h t of t h e a i r p l a n e a b o u t t h e r e a r , a x l e !TIl and t h e moment of t h e p r o p e l l e r t h r u s t

a b o u t t h e r e a r a x l e T ( h l + h ) . The moments t h a t t e n d t o

l i f t t h e n o s e a r e t h e r e a c t i o n of t h e a i r p l a n e t o f o r w a r d

a c c e l e r a t i o n , which h a s a m a g n i t u d e mch, a n d t h e mod

men% s u p p l i e d by t h e a e r o d y n a m i c d r a g M A . The d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e s e two g r o u p s of moments . .

must b e s u p p l i e d by t h e e l e v a t o r . Hence i t w i l l b e s e e n t h a t i n o r d e r t o r e d u c e t h e moment r e q u i r e d f r o m t h e e l e - v a t o r a n d h e n c e r e d u c e t h e s p e e d a t which t h e n o s e can b e r a i s e d , i t w i l l b e d e s i r a b l e t o r e d u c e 2 , t o i p c r e h , a n d e s p e c i a l l y t o k e e ~ t h e t h r u s t a x i s lorn. !' ' S i n c e t h e s e c o n s i d e r a t i o n s r p p l y o n l y a t t h e low s p e e d s a t which t h e r e i s n o t a d e q u a t e e l e v a t o r c o n t r o l , i. e., a t s p e e d s c o n s i d e r a b l y below minimum f l y i n g s p e e d , t h e e f f e c t on t h e t o t a l t a k e - o f f r u n w i l l b e s m a l l .

P o r n o i s i n g . - I t h a s been f o u n d i n one c a s e o f an air- --------- p l a n e e q u i p p e d w i t h a t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r t h a t , when t

-- -

< 0 . 0 8 , a slom o s c i l l a t i o n i n p i t c h , c a l l e d " p o r p o i s -

7, i n g , 'I o c c u r r e d . T h i s o s c i l l a t i o n h a s n o t b e e n e n c o u n t e r e d w i t h more f o r w a r d r o s i t i o n s of t h e c.g.

D e s i g n l o a d s . - D e s i g n l o a d s f o r t r i c y c l e l a n d i n g g e a r s ----- -------- a r e b e i n g i n v e s t i g n t e d b o t h e x p e r i m e n t e l l y a n d t h e o r e t i c a l - l y by t h e H.A.C.A. 2nd t h e r e s u l t s a r e t o % e p u b l i s h e d l a t e r e I t a p p e a r s t h a t , i f t h e t r i c y c l e g e a r i s t o be u s e d i n a menner s i m i l a r t o t h a t of t h e c o n v e n t i o n a l g e a r , t h e n t h e main v h e e l s t r u c t u r e n e e d b e no s t r o n g e r f o r e q u a l s a f e t y * However, i f f u l l a d v e n t a g e i s t o b e t a k e n of t h e c a p a b i l - i t i e s of t h e t r i c y c l e g e a , r , t h e n t h e main w h e e l s t r u c t u r e sho.uld be s t r o n g e r i n t h e f o l l o w i n g r e s p e c t s : (a) S i d e - d r i f t l a n d i n g s r e q u i r e h i g h e r d e s i g n s i d e l o a d s .

( b ) F u l l - b r a k e d l a n d i n g s w i t h v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y r e - q u i r e h i g h e r d e s i g n b r a k i n g l o a d s . ' The f r o n t wheel s t r u c t u r e a p p e a r s t o r e q u i r e g r e a t e r s t r e n g t h t h a n t h e c o n v e n t i c n a l t a i l wheel b e c a u s e of l a r g e r v e r t i c a l a n d , p o s s i b l y , s i d e l o a d s .

CONCLUSIONS The c o n c l u s i o n s c f t h i s s t u d y a r e summarized i n t h e t a b l e . The e f f e c t s of t h e d i f f e r e n t p a r a m e t e r s on t h e v a r i o u s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a r e g i v e n .

P r o b a b l y t h e most i m p o r t a n t p a r a m e t e r i s t h e l o n g i t u - d i n a l p o s i t i o n of t h e c e n t e r of g r a v i t y which s h o u l d b e as f a r b a c k w a r d a s w i l l % e p e r m i t t e d b y t h e c o n d i t i o n t h a t ' t h e a i r p l a n e s h a l l n o t t i p o v e r b a c k w a r d i n a n y u s e f u l l o a d i n g o r a t t i t u d e c o n d i t i o n .

L a n g l e y M e m o r i a l A e r o n a u t i c a l L a b o r a t o r y , , N a t i o n a l A d v i s o r y Committee f o r A e r o n a u t i c s , L a n g l e y F i e l d , Va., March 8 , 1 9 3 7 .

REFERENCES

1. Weick, F r e d E. : Everyman 1s A i r p l a n e - A ~ e v e l o p m e n t

Toward S i m p l e r F l y i n g . S.A.E. J o u r . , v o l . 3 8 , no.

5 , May 1 9 7 6 , pp. 176-187.

2. Wetmore, J. W . : The R o l l i n g F r i c t i o n of S e v e r a l A i r - p l a n e Wheels a n d T i r e s a n d t h e E f f e c t of R o l l i n g T . R . No, 5 8 3 , N..A.C.A., 1937.

F r i c t i o n on Take-Off.

* SUR?MARV 09 EFFECTS OF GEOMETRICAL PARAMXTERS ON CHARACTERISTICS OF TRICYCLE LANDING GEARS \ Height Longi- Lateral Forward IIeight Caster Caster wheel distance of length angle thrust wheel

base of c.g, c.g, axis Of ltudinal I Dase

--

Directional

-

+ f f 4-

staoility 0 0

- -

- -

Take- of f + +

0 0 Ground

- - ... -

handling +

i - -

Steering

I

- d - - -

force +

0 0 d

Shimmy - - +

.-. - -

+

Nosing over - - 0

Tipping over

backward - I 0 0 0

0 0 0

Porpoising - 0

I

*

Assumes t l i e use of differential braking.

, + or f + Indicates that an increase in the numerical value of the parameter has a beneficial, or very beneficial, effect on the characteristic concerned.

Indicates that the parameter has no known effect on the character- istic.

- o r - - Indicates that an increase in the numerical value of the parameter has a detrimental, or very detrimental, effect on the characteristic concerned.

N . A . S . A . Fig 1. c o n t .

Fig. 2 N . A . C . A .

Fig. 3

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Doc number
NACA-SR-63
Publisher
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Year
1937
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