Document
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Icing Overview 2023
2023 SAE International Conference on Icing of Aircraft, Engines, and Structures June 20 - 22, 2023 │ Vienna, Austria Presenter Dr. Peter M. Struk Chief, Icing Branch NASA Glenn Research Center Cleveland, Ohio, USA www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Outline
• NASA Aeronautics Overview • NASA’s Icing Mission and Capability Portfolio: – Test Facilities, Laboratories, and Computational Tools – 2020 - 21 Analysis of Alternatives Study in Icing • Icing Research Update • Collaboration opportunities with NASA – we can’t do it alone!
www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Aeronautics Strategic Thrusts
NASA icing work contributes to these thrust areas https://www.nasa.gov/aeroresearch/strategy www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Aeronautics Programs
Airspace Operations Advanced Air Vehicles Integrated Aviation and Safety Program Program Systems Program Transformative Aeronautics Aerosciences Evaluation & Concepts Program Test Capabilities Portfolio https://www.nasa.gov/aeroresearch/programs www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA’s Mission in Icing
NASA maintains world - class facilities for icing research and is developing tools and methods for simulating and evaluating the growth of ice on current and future aircraft surfaces or inside engines and the effect(s) that ice may have on the behavior of aircraft in flight.
www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Portfolio of NASA Capabilities in Icing
Our Staff Facilities Simulation Tools Ice accretion codes Ice accretion codes LEWICE LEWICE 3D PSL PSL GlennICE IRT IRT Facility Simulation Facility Simulation Laboratories TADICE AIT AIT Engine Icing Risk Engine Icing Risk COMDES - MELT LAMP LAMP RIME RIME www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Icing Research Tunnel (IRT)
Recirculating Icing Wind Tunnel 6’ x 9’ test section Constructed in 1943 Underwent numerous upgrades in its history Heavily utilized by NASA, industry, DoD, … Designed for super cooled water icing Now some limited ice crystal capability www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
PSL: Propulsion Systems Lab
Engine test stand with altitude capability Icing capability enhancement started ~2009 Ice crystals and supercooled water Completed tests between 2012 - 2018: 3 full engine icing test campaigns 1 driven rig 2 fundamental icing tests Looking to restart icing testing ~2026 www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Adaptive Icing Tunnel (AIT)
Laboratory scale icing wind tunnel Closed loop, vertical Test section 1’ x 1’ (0.3 m x 0.3 m) Airspeeds up to ~210 knots (~110 m/s) Temperatures as cold as - 20 ° C Walk - in freezer surrounding test section Plans for supercooled water & ice crystals Installation underway, followed by tunnel characterization www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Material’s Laboratories
Laboratory for Adhesion Mitigating Projects (LAMP) Revolutionary Icing Materials Evaluation (RIME) at NASA Langley (Hampton, VA) Lab at NASA Glenn (Cleveland, Ohio) Evaluate surface coatings Ice adhesion testing Simulate contamination conditions Icing experiment Assess mitigation strategies Microstructural analysis Shear adhesion testing Adverse Environment Rotor Test Stand (AERTS) Jr.
Centrifuge www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Icing Tools
LEWICE (1980s – 2006) LEWICE3D (1993 – 2015) Simulates 2D ice accretion using super - Simulates ice accretion in quasi - 3D on cooled droplets impinging on a body. user - specified cut planes using full 3D droplet trajectories.
Experiment LEWICE Clean airfoil www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Icing Tools
COMDES - MELT TADICE Mean - line compressor analysis code Icing wind tunnel simulation tool (1D) that coupled with an ice crystal thermodynamic models the thermodynamic interactions state code, which is used as a turbofan between the water/ice particles of an icing engine icing risk analysis tool cloud as it flows down the tunnel.
Blockage Growth Rate www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Icing Tools - GlennICE
➢ Fully 3D icing simulation tool ➢ CFD post processor ➢ Predicts water impingement & resulting ice growth on aircraft surfaces ➢ Lagrangian droplet tracking with adaptive refinement As of 2018,foundational code GlennICE through which NASA will develop External Icing and evaluate physical models associated with ice accretion Rotational Icing Engine Icing www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Analysis of Alternatives Study ( AoA ) for Icing
➢ In 2020 - 2021, study identified: – Priority needs for NASA Aeronautics – Enduring needs for aviation community ➢ Motivation: – NASA Aeronautics shifting focus • Advance key subsonic areas “Fab 4” – Recognition of potential enduring needs for the aviation community www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Analysis of Alternatives Study ( AoA ) for Icing
➢ Conducted 47 interviews from icing INDUSTRY stakeholder community • Airframe • Engines • Vertical Lift ➢ Re - baseline understanding of • Urban Air Mobility • Ice protection current community challenges & • Instrumentation opportunities • Remote Sensing • Software ➢ Maximize applicability and impact GOVERNMENT of future NASA research • Regulators ACADEMIA • Scientific • Agencies • Department of Defense www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Common Themes Heard from Interviews
Primary Challenge Newer icing regulations (App. C, D and O) will have large impacts on new airframes and propulsion systems design, cost, and certification Cannot rely completely on similarity (e.g.
comparative analysis) for design and certification www.nasa.gov 16 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Community Needs
• Reduce amount of icing flight testing • Include icing in Certification by Analysis Flight Testing Wind Tunnel Testing Computational Tools Earlier impact in the design life cycle, reducing both safety and certification risk • Publicly available data to validate tools • Continued need for IRT and PSL • New technologies like icephobics, low power and weight IPS • Ice shedding concern from nacelles, spinners, and fan blades www.nasa.gov 17 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Icing Analysis of Alternatives Outcomes
NASA priority needs – 3D icing simulation capability for vehicle assessment – Assess TTBW icing impacts and knowledge gaps – Ice phobic material development – Build an icing assessment capability for AAM vehicles – Engine Icing: • Continue ice crystal icing; shift some focus to fan icing / shedding • Use NASA flight expertise to update engine ICI cert. envelope Community enduring needs – Continue performing foundational icing physics studies in the public to improve current capabilities • This is especially needed in newer areas such as SLD and ICI https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20220006956 www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Research Update
1. Transonic Truss Brace Wing 2. High Lift Common Research Model 3. Advanced Air Mobility Icing 4. Characterization of Low Ice Adhesion Materials 5. High Ice Water Content (HIWC) Flight Research 6. Simulated Inter - compressor Duct Research Model (SIDRM) 7. Efficient Quiet Integrated Propulsor (EQUIP) www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Transonic Truss Braced Wing Icing
Objectives ➢ Provide validated capability to assess impact of icing on TTBW ➢ Assess potential impact of icing on fuel burn objective ➢ Develop potential materials that are both durable and icephobic ➢ Targeting IRT tests in FY24 and FY25 www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: AATT National Aeronautics and Space Administration
High Lift Common Research Model - Icing
Objectives ➢ Benchmark computational tools to predict aerodynamic degradation due to icing ▪ Generated ice shapes using LEWICE 3D ➢ Preparing for aerodynamic testing at the NASA National Transonic Facility in FY24 www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: TTT & AETC National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Advanced Air Mobility (AAM) Icing
Objectives ➢ Build an icing assessment capability for AAM vehicles ➢ Add rotational reference frame icing to GlennICE ➢ Initial IRT tests occurred March 2023 • Next tests December 2023 Video www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: RVLT & AATT National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Characterization of Low Ice Adhesion Materials
Objectives ➢ Develop a better understanding of the adhesive properties of impact ice • Grain structure, residual stresses, … ➢ Examining various measurements of the adhesive strength of ice such as modified lap joint and Skin centrifugal methods Deformation • Includes new Deformed Skin Adhesion Test (DSAT), with IRT test in Mar. 2023 ➢ Evaluating icephobic coatings ➢ Overall, conducted 5 IRT tests since 2018 in this area www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: AATT & RVLT National Aeronautics and Space Administration
High Ice Water Content Flight Research
Objectives ➢ Characterize ice crystal cloud properties ▪ Participated in 5 campaigns; 3 with NASA DC - 8 ▪ Most recently in 2022 in high - aerosols ➢ Determine globally representative and data - driven engine certification envelope limits www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: AATT National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Engine Ice Accretion Testing – SIDRM
Objectives ➢ Gather data to develop & validate computational Simulated Inter - compressor icing tools for ice crystal (IC) icing Duct Research Model (SIDRM) ➢ Developed SIDRM Model • Simulates inner compressor duct & strut region • IC accretion using a heated surface ➢ Characterized IC cloud at IRT ➢ Conducted IRT tests in 2022 and 2023 ➢ Also conducted supercooled water tests www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: AATT National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Efficient Quiet integrated Propulsor ( EQuiP )
Icing Work Areas: ➢ Fan Icing • 3D rotational icing simulation • Ice shedding simulation • Requirements for engine fan icing test rig ➢ Ice Crystal Icing (ICI) • Simulation tools / SIDRM analysis • IC capability development for IRT / AIT New Tech Challenge (FY24 - FY28) ➢ Model Based System Analysis & Engineering Tools Overall EQuiP Goals Predict, model, and assess…next - gen propulsors …while reducing risk* for use on…aircraft in 2030s * Icing work in EQuiP seeks to reduce risk by raising TRL of engine icing simulation tools www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: AATT National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NASA Collaborations in Icing
➢ We can’t do it alone!
➢ NASA partners with domestic and international community • Regulators, Industry, Academia, Other Gov’t Entities ➢ NASA Partnerships via Space Act Agreements (SAA) • Reimbursable / non - reimbursable • International Agreements ➢ Research Opportunities: • Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) • NASA Research Announcements • University Leadership Initiative (ULI) • NASA Established Program to Stimulate Competitive Research (EPSCOR) • Student Internships / Academic Fellowships www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Summary
NASA: Maintains world - class icing facilities Develops tools and methods for icing simulation Conducting research activities guided by recent study Icing Research Topics Continually seeking collaboration opportunities 1. Transonic Truss Brace Wing 2. High Lift Common Research Model 3. Advanced Air Mobility 4. Low Ice Adhesion Methods & Materials 5. HIWC Flight Research 6. Ice Crystal Icing - SIDRM 7. Efficient Quiet Integrated Propulsor www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Thank You!
www.nasa.gov