NASA Icing Update – May 2024

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

NASA Icing Update – May 2024

Presentation for the SAE AC - 9C Technical Committee Meeting May 6 , 2024│Anchorage, Alaska, USA Contributors Peter M. Struk, Ru - Ching Chen, Mike Oliver, Thomas Ozoroski, Christopher Porter, Judy Van Zante NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Christopher Giuffre HX5, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA Jen - ching Tsao Ohio Aerospace Institute, NASA Glenn Research Center, Cleveland, Ohio USA www.nasa.gov

National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASA’s Mission in Icing NASA maintains world - class facilities for icing research and is developing tools and methods for simulating and evaluating the growth of ice on current and future aircraft surfaces or inside engines and the effect(s) that ice may have on the behavior of aircraft in flight.

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Outline

• Adaptive Icing Tunnel (AIT) • Ice Adhesion / Deformed Skin Adhesion Test • GlennICE • Icing Research Tunnel (IRT) CFD Characterization • Efficient Quiet Integrated Propulsor • Propulsion Systems Lab (PSL) • Supercooled Large Droplet (SLD) Research: – Instrument & Facility Intercomparisons – IRT Droplet Velocity Characterization www.nasa.gov

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Adaptive Icing Tunnel (AIT) Description

➢ Laboratory scale icing wind tunnel ➢ Closed loop, vertical ➢ Test section 1 x 1 ft (0.3 x 0.3 m) ➢ Airspeeds up to ~210 knots (~110 m/s) ➢ Temperatures as cold as - 20 ° C ➢ Walk - in freezer surrounding test section ➢ Plans for supercooled water & ice crystals www.nasa.gov

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Adaptive Icing Tunnel Status

➢ Chiller and most of tunnel loop installed ➢ Targeting assembly completion in May ➢ Goals: • Tunnel operation by July followed by initial characterization • Research by October Icing Grid ➢ Initial characterization planning: • Aero - thermal characterization CDP • LWC – Icing Blade & ICD • Uniformity - Grid • PSD – Rotating Cylinders & CDP Photo of AIT build - up www.nasa.gov

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Ice Adhesion Testing

Laboratory for Adhesion Mitigating Projects (LAMP) Revolutionary Icing Materials Evaluation (RIME) at NASA Langley (Hampton, VA) Lab at NASA Glenn (Cleveland, Ohio) Evaluate surface coatings Ice adhesion testing Simulate contamination conditions Icing experiment Assess mitigation strategies Microstructural analysis Shear adhesion testing Adverse Environment Rotor Test Stand (AERTS) Jr.

Centrifuge www.nasa.gov

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Deformed Skin Adhesion Test

➢ In - Situ ice adhesion testing method which allows for more repeatable measurements ➢ Uses controlled displacement rates to gradually increase stresses along the interface ➢ Experiments can be conducted while the tunnel is running ➢ Delamination events are observed when there is a global change in the behavior of the coupon, i.e. a decrease in the applied load or a change in coupon stiffness Delamination Deformed Coupon Shape Opening Displacements Event Opening Stresses www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: RVLT

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NASA Icing Tools - GlennICE

➢ Fully 3D icing simulation and particle tracking tool [1] GlennICE ➢ Acts as a CFD post processor External Icing ➢ Lagrangian droplet tracking with adaptive refinement Rotational Icing ➢ Predicts water impingement & resulting ice growth on arbitrary Ice Crystal Icing aircraft surfaces ➢ Fully parallelized trajectory scheme built for HPCs As of 2018,GlennICE is the foundational code through which NASA will develop and evaluate physical models associated with ice accretion ARIES - I Transonic Truss Braced Wing Common Research Model - High Lift www.nasa.gov [1] “GlennICE Manual 4.1.0.” NASA Glenn Research Center , NASA - TM - 20240002191, https:// ntrs.nasa.gov /citations/20240002191

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IRT CFD and Wind - Tunnel Characterization

➢ Establish a tighter coupling between flow characterization work and CFD ➢ Assisting in test development Droplet Trajectory Capabilities with GlennICE ➢ Model sizing ➢ Load verification ➢ Interpretation of measured data ➢ Develop CFD ready geometry based on technical knowledge ➢ Improve collaboration between computational and experimental SMEs across centers and disciplines ➢ Experimental testing has been conducted to provide validation data for CFD analyses RANS, WMLES, and DNS Heat Exchanger Analyses Full Tunnel Loop CFD Geometry Mesh Adapted and Multi Solver Analyses www.nasa.gov

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Efficient Quiet integrated Propulsor ( EQuiP )

Engine Fan Icing Work Areas: • 3D rotational icing simulation • Rotating Reference Frame, Mixing Planes, Water Runback, and Periodic Boundary Conditions • Ice shedding simulation • Model onset time and mass of shed ice • Requirements for engine fan icing test rig • Actively meeting with industry

New Tech Challenge (FY24 - FY28)

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Overall EQuiP Goals

Predict, model, and assess…next - gen propulsors …while reducing risk* for use on…aircraft in 2030s * Icing work in EQuiP seeks to reduce risk by raising TRL of engine icing simulation tools www.nasa.gov Project Sponsor: AATT

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EQUIP Icing Notional Timeline

FY24 FY25 FY26 FY27 FY29

FY28

Efficient Quiet Integrated Propulsor Technical Challenge (TC) Follow - on Icing TC GlennICE GlennICE Developments for Propulsor Icing Ongoing GlennICE development Development Numerical Numerical Ice Shedding Ice Shedding Requirements Development (scientific, technical, operational) Engine / Contract Model Build & Fan Test Testing Calibration Facility Studies Development Facility Modification Contributing Tests AAM Rotor Propeller Driven Icing Studies Rig Test Scaling Test www.nasa.gov

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Propulsor Icing Testing Timeline

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PSL: Propulsion Systems Lab

Engine test stand with altitude capability Icing capability enhancement started ~2009 Ice crystals and supercooled water Completed icing tests between 2012 - 2018: 3 full engine test campaigns 1 driven rig 2 fundamental physics tests Looking to restart icing testing ~2026 https://www.nasa.gov/directorates/armd/aetc/propulsion - systems - laboratory - psl - facility/ www.nasa.gov

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Instrument & Facility Intercomparison in SLD

• Partners: – NASA, CIRA, FAA, NRCC, ECCC – Began ~2016 • Motivation, better understand SLD: – Probes and data processing • PSD, Particle Size Distribution • LWC, Liquid Water Content – Simulation in several facilities: • NRCC’s Altitude Icing Wind Tunnel • NASA’s Icing Research Tunnel Common Reference Probes tested at each facility: CDP - 2, 2D - S and Multi - wire • CIRA’s Icing Wind Tunnel – Evaluate potential for inter - facility bias from calibration instruments • Results to date: – NRCC & NASA completed testing; CIRA to test in FY25.

– Improvements to IRT SLD Cal instrumentation being investigated .

www.nasa.gov https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230003531 and https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210017752

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SLD – IRT Droplet Velocity Characterization

• Experimental measurements of large droplet velocities completed in IRT • Used Artium PI - PTV Probe – Studied probe via CFD to better understand local airflow & particle behavior near probe • Results – Non - dimensional data collapses to a single correlation of velocity (V) vs.

diameter (D) – Independent of spray bar pressures & tunnel velocity – Full paper to appear in 2024 AIAA Aviation Forum www.nasa.gov https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20230003531 , Full - paper to appear in 2024 AIAA Aviation Forum

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Summary

NASA: Icing research in this briefing: Maintains world - class icing facilities • Adaptive Icing Tunnel • Ice Adhesion / Deformed Skin Develops tools and methods for icing simulation Adhesion Test Provided update on some ongoing research • GlennICE Continually seeking collaboration opportunities • IRT CFD Characterization • Efficient Quiet Integrated Propulsor • Propulsion Systems Lab • SLD Research www.nasa.gov

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Thank You!

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