AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook

5.3 Climb performance........................................................................................................ 23 5.4 Cruise speeds and fuel consumption at various RPM settings ..................................... 23 3 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 6 Weight and Balance and Equipment List ......................................................................... 24 6.1 Actual empty airplane weight and CG position ......................................................... 24 6.2 Computation of the CG position before flight ............................................................... 25 6.3 Installed equipment list ................................................................................................ 26 7 Airplane and Systems Descriptions ................................................................................. 27 7.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 27 7.2 Airframe ........................................................................................................................ 27 7.3 Landing gear ................................................................................................................. 27 7.4 Engine and its controls................................................................................................. 28 7.5 Propeller ...................................................................................................................... 28 7.6 Fuel system .................................................................................................................. 29 7.7 Airplane control systems ............................................................................................... 31 7.8 Instrument panel ........................................................................................................... 40 7.9 Full and static pressure system..................................................................................... 42 7.10 Electrical system ......................................................................................................... 43 7.11 Seats and harness belts ............................................................................................. 47 7.12 Cockpit doors .............................................................................................................. 47 7.13 Baggage compartment................................................................................................ 47 7.14 Recovery system ........................................................................................................ 47 8 Aircraft Ground Handling and Servicing .......................................................................... 49 8.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 49 8.2 Towing, parking and tie-down instructions .................................................................... 49 8.3 Servicing fuel, oil and coolant ....................................................................................... 49 8.4 Approved fuel and oil ................................................................................................... 50 8.5 Cleaning and care ......................................................................................................... 50 8.6 Disassembling and assembling the airplane ................................................................. 50 9 Supplements....................................................................................................................... 54 9.1 General ......................................................................................................................... 54 9.2 Engine manual .............................................................................................................. 54 9.3 Avionics and special engine instruments ...................................................................... 54 9.4 Recovery system .......................................................................................................... 54 9.5 Floats ............................................................................................................................ 54 9.6 List of installed equipment ............................................................................................ 55 9.7 Actual empty weight and CG position data ................................................................... 56 9.8 Airplane Flight Training Supplement ............................................................................. 57 9.9 Airplane Owner Feedback to Manufacturer.................................................................. 60 4 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH Introduction This Pilot Operating Handbook has been prepared to provide the airplane owner and operators with information required for the safe and efficient operation of this airplane. This A-32L airplane was manufactured by: Aeroprakt Ltd. 24 Polyova str. Kyiv, 03056 UKRAINE Tel.: +380 44 496-77-21 Fax: +380 44 496-77-31 E-mail: aeroprakt.kievgmail.com www.aeroprakt.kiev.ua 5 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 1 General information 1.1 General description of the airplane AEROPRAKT-32L (A-32L) is a two-seat, high-wing strut braced monoplane of "classic" aerodynamic layout with closed cockpit, non-retractable landing gear with steerable nose wheel, Rotax-912 engine with tractor three-blade on-ground adjustable pitch propeller. AEROPRAKT-32L is approved for flying in VFR, simple meteorological conditions. AEROPRAKT-32L was designed in accordance with the German Airworthiness Requirements for Three axes standard control Ultra Light Aircraft (LTF-UL — LufttOchtigkeitsforderungen fur aerodynamisch gesteuerte Ultraleichtflugzeuge). 1.2 Airplane specifications Specification US units Metric Wing span 31 ft 9.45 m Wing area 138 sq ft 12.83 m2 Length 20 ft 7 in 6.27 m Height 7 ft 3 in 2.22 m Wheel base 4 ft 2 in 1.27 m Wheel track 5 ft 9 in 1.75 m Gross weight (Maximum Take-Off Weight, MTOW) 1040 lb 472.5 kg Maximum level speed at sea level, ISA conditions 116.6 kts 216 km/h Cruising speed (IAS) at 1000 ft, ISA conditions, engine RPM: 3500 54 kts 100 km/h 3800 67 kts 125 km/h 4200 81 kts 150 km/h 4650 94 kts 175 km/h 5150 108 kts 200 km/h 5500 116 kts 215 km/h Maximum noise level with Kievprop 263 propeller at 500 ft, ISA conditions 65 dB 65 dB Range with full tanks (30 min. reserve) at 1000 ft, still air, ISA conditions, 3 700 RPM 706 nm 1307 km Best angle of climb speed (Vx), IAS 43 kts 80 km/h Best rate of climb speed (Vy), IAS 65 kts 120 km/h Stalling speed at MTOW, flaps up (Vs), IAS 30 kts 55 km/h Stalling speed at MTOW, full flaps (Vso), IAS 24 kts 45 km/h Maximum engine power at 5800 RPM (5 minutes limit) 80/100 hp 59.6/73.5 kW Total fuel capacity 23.8 US gal 90 I Usable fuel 23.6 US gal 89.5 I Approved fuel types: unleaded mogas min. RON 95 or avgas 100LL 6 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 2 Limitations 2.1 Airspeeds and airspeed indicator markings Airspeed limitations and their operational significance are shown in the table below. All speed values are given for the maximum takeoff weight. Speed Description IAS Remarks VNE Never exceed speed 230 km/h 143 mph 124 kts Do not exceed this speed in any operation VRA Rough air speed 200 km/h 124 mph 108 kts Do not exceed this speed in gust conditions VA Maximum maneuvering speed 158 km/h 98 mph 85 kts Do not make full or abrupt control movement above this speed, because under certain conditions the airplane may be overstressed by full control movement VFE Maximum flap extended speed 117 km/h 73 mph 63 kts Do not exceed this speed with flaps extended Vsi Stalling speed, flaps up 55 km/h 34 mph 30 kts At maximum takeoff weight and engine at idle Vso Stalling speed, full flaps 45 km/h 28 mph 24 kts At maximum takeoff weight and engine at idle Scheme of color markings of airspeed indicator is shown on Fig. 1. Explanations are given in the table below: Marking IAS range or value Significance White arc 50 — 117 km/h 31 — 73 mph 27 — 63 kts Positive flap operating range Green arc 60 — 200 km/h 38 — 124 mph 33 — 108 kts Normal operating range Yellow arc 200 — 230 km/h 124 — 143 mph 108 — 124 kts M a n e u v e r s m u s t b e c o n d u c t e d w i t h c a u t i o n a n d o n l y i n s m o o t h a i r Yellow line 158 km/h 98 mph 85 kts Design Maneuver Speed Red line 230 km/h 143 mph 124 kts Maximum speed for all operations 7 Yellow line Green arc Yellow line Green arc AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH ASI km/h White arc ASI mph, knots White arc Fig. '1 2.2 Operating weights and loading Maximum takeoff weight: 472,5 kg (1042 Ib). Empty weight: must not exceed 306 kg. Maximum fuel weight: 65 kg (143 Ib) — standard tanks; or 82 kg (181 Ib) — optional tanks. Maximum baggage weight (in container): 30 kg (66 Ib). Permissible CG range: 19 to 37 % of wing MAC (mean aerodynamic chord). The airplane may be flown by 1 or 2 pilots. Total weight of pilots, fuel and baggage may not exceed the maximum useful load (maximum takeoff weight less actual empty weight). 2.3 Service ceiling Service ceiling of A-32L with Rotax-912ULS (100 hp) engine is equal to at least 5000 m (16 000 ft). However A-32L has neither pressurized cockpit nor oxygen equipment and therefore may not be used for high-altitude flight. 2.4 Maneuvering load factors Limit load factors for the airplane at gross weight of 472.5 kg (1040 Ib) are as follows: Maximum positive limit load factor +4.0 Maximum negative limit load factor -2.0 2.5 Approved maneuvers A-32L airplane belongs to a non-aerobatic category. All maneuvers shall be done within its airspeed and maneuvering load factor limits (G limits). Approved maneuvers include: - turns with bank angles up to 60°, - side-slipping with angles up to 15°, − level and accelerated stalls without spinning, − diving at a speed below VNE of 230 km/h (143 mph, 124 kts) IAS. Any aerobatics including intentional spinning is prohibited! 8 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 2.6 Fuel capacity and type Standard Optional Capacity of tanks: 2x45 I (11.9 US gal) 2x57 I (2x15.05 US gal) Total fuel capacity: 90 I (23.8 US gal) 114 I (30.1 US gal) Total usable fuel: 89.5 I (23.6 US gal) 113.5 I (30.0 US gal) Non-usable fuel: 0.5 I (0.13 US gal) 0.5 I (0.13 US gal) Approved fuel types: see the table in the paragraph 2.7 Engine. NOTE: The readings of the fuel level indicators have to be read as follows (for both standard and optional fuel tanks): «4/4» — 38 I (10.57 US gal); «1/2» — 21 I (5.55 US gal); «0» — 10 I (2.64 US gal); «reserve fuel remains» light ignites — 8 I (2.11 US gal). 2.7 Engine Engine data and operational limitations (as specified in the "OPERATORS MANUAL FOR ROTAX ENGINE TYPE 912 SERIES") are given in the table below: Engine manufacturer BRP-Rotax GmbH&Co KG, Austria Engine model Rotax-912UL Rotax-912ULS Take-off performance 59.6 kW 73.5 kW Max. continuous performance 58 kW 69 kW Take-off speed 5800 rpm (max. 5 min.) Max. continuous speed 5500 rpm Idle speed min. 1400 rpm Oil pressure max. 7 bar (102 psi) min. 0.8 bar (12 psi) (below 3500 rpm) normal 2.0 to 5.0 bar (27-73 psi) (above 3500 rpm) Oil temperature max. 140 °C (285 °F) 130 °C (266 °F) min. 50 °C (120 °F) normal approx. 90 to 110 °C (190-230 °F) Exhaust gas temperature, max. 880 °C (1616 °F) Coolant temperature limit measured in cylinder head max. 120 °C (248 °F) Engine start, operating temperature max. 50 °C (120 °F) (ambient temperature) min. -25 °C (-13 °F) (oil temperature) Fuel pressure max. 0.5 bar (7.26 psi) min. 0.15 bar (2.2 psi) Fuel antiknock properties min. RON 90 (min. AKI 911) min. RON 95 (min. AKI 91) 1 Anti Knock Index (RON+MON)/2 9 • Settings of fuel shut-off valves: AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH European standard EN 228 normal, EN 228 super, EN 228 super plus EN 228 super, EN 228 super plus Aviation standard AVGAS 100 LL (ASTM D910) AVGAS 100 LL (ASTM D910) Oil: with RON 424 classification NOTE: On all issues of engine operation refer to Rotax engine Operator's Manual. Follow its instructions to ensure safe and efficient operation of the engine. 2.8 Kinds of operation limits This aircraft is approved for flying day and night, VFR, simple meteorological conditions. Flight into icing conditions is prohibited. 2.9 Crosswind limitation Maximum crosswind component for A-32L airplane is 7 m/s (14 kts). It is highly recommended to choose upwind direction for takeoff and landing with the least crosswind. It will significantly shorten takeoff and landing distances and increase degree of safety. 2.10 Markings and placards The markings and placards are made using pieces of sticking film with inscriptions. All switches for electrical systems are switched ON when moved UP, and switched OFF when moved DOWN. The respective switches' positions are marked with: ON and OFF labels. Apart from the individual markings of the instruments, controls and switches there are placards and markings with the following information: • Prohibited aerobatic maneuvers: ANY AEROBATIC MANOEUVRES AND INTENTIONAL SPINNING ARE PROHIBITED • Limit aircraft loading data: MAXIMUM WEIGHT - 472 KG (1040 LB) MINIMUM LOAD IN COCKPIT - 60 KG (132 LB) MAXIMUM LOAD IN COCKPIT WITH FULL FUEL TANKS - 100 KG (220 LB) • Maximum luggage weight: LUGGAGE COMPARTMENT MAX. LOAD - 30 KG (66 LB) • Fuel grade marking on the fuel inlet caps: UNLEADED GASOLINE MINIMUM RON 95 Beside the above mentioned markings there is a fire-resistant aircraft identification plate made off 1 mm aluminum sheet that is attached with rivets to fuselage structure in a clearly 1 0 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH visible place (left-hand side, rear vertical beam of the entrance door opening) with the required aircraft data ingraved on the plate (see the picture below). EROPRAKT-32 Aircraft type: S e r i a l \ o X X X 4 " ' V a n u f a c t u r e d b y A e r o p r a k t L t d . U < R A I N E 11 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3 Emergency procedures 3.1 General This section contains recommendations to the pilots in case of emergency in flight. However such situations, caused by airframe or engine malfunction are extremely rare provided that pre-flight inspections and checks are performed regularly. 3.2 Emergency checklists 3.2.1 Engine fire during start (on the ground) 1. Throttle — IDLE. 2. Ignition — OFF. 3. Fuel valves — CLOSE. 4. Unfasten seat belts, abandon cockpit. 5. Take measures to extinguish the fire. 3.2.2 Engine failure during takeoff 3.2.2.1 during takeoff roll 6. Throttle — IDLE. 7. Ignition — OFF. 8. Brakes — APPLY as necessary. 3.2.2.2 immediately after takeoff 9. Direction — NO TURN BACK. 10. Airspeed — 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) — best glide. 11. Throttle — IDLE. 12. Ignition — OFF. 13. Master switch — OFF. 14. Fuel valves — CLOSE. 15. Landing — STRAIGHT AHEAD, avoid colliding with obstacles. 3.2.3 Loss of engine power in flight 3.2.3.1 during climb 16. Airspeed — 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) — best glide. 17. Throttle — IDLE. 18. Ignition — OFF. 19. Fuel valves — CLOSE. 20. Direction — TURN to the airfield (if altitude permits). 21. Landing — STRAIGHT AHEAD, avoid colliding with obstacles. 1 2 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3.2.3.2 in level flight 22. Airspeed — 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) — best glide. 23. Landing area — SELECT (consider altitude and wind). 24. Engine — RESTART (if time and altitude permit), see section 3.2.4. 25. Unable to restart — follow emergency landing procedure, see section 3.2.5. 3.2.4 Restarting engine in flight 26. Throttle — IDLE. 27. Fuel valves — check OPEN. 28. Fuel level — CHECK. 29. Ignition — ON. 30. Master key — turn to START. 3.2.5 Emergency landing without engine power 31. Airspeed — 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) — best glide. 32. Flaps — position 1. 33. Ignition — OFF. 34. Fuel valves — CLOSE. 35. Landing area — SELECT, consider altitude and wind. (No place suitable for landing — use recovery system.) 36. Emergency call — TRANSMIT (121.5 MHz or nearest airfield frequency). 37. Flaps — EXTEND FULLY on final. 38. Landing — in the SELECTED place, avoid colliding with obstacles. 39. Touchdown — at minimum speed. 3.2.6 Precautionary landing with engine power (In case of decision to discontinue the flight with engine running) 40. Airspeed — SELECT SAFE for the particular situation. 41. Throttle — SET to maintain selected airspeed. 42. Fuel — CHECK level and valves. 43. Map — CHECK for nearest airfields/area suitable for landing. 44. Landing area — SELECT. 45. Radio — REPORT decision to land on the selected place if necessary. 46. Landing — follow NORMAL or SHORT-FIELD landing procedure as appropriate. 1 3 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3.2.7 Fire in flight 47. Ignition — OFF. 48. Fuel valves — CLOSE. 49. Yoke/Stick — PUSH to descend. 50. Airspeed — BELOW 230 km/h (143 mph, 124 kts). 51. Landing area — SELECT (consider altitude and wind). 52. Landing — in the SELECTED place, avoid colliding with obstacles. 53. Unfasten seat belts, abandon cockpit. 54. Take measures to extinguish the fire. 3.2.8 Loss of oil pressure 55. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 56. Engine overheating or stopped — follow EMERGENCY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.5 3.2.9 High oil pressure 57. Throttle — REDUCE rpm, IDLE if necessary. 58. Airspeed — 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) — best glide. 59. Oil pressure — CONTROL. 60. Oil pressure normal — follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 61. Oil pressure high — follow EMERGENCY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.5. 3.2.10 Emergency descent 62. Yoke/Stick — PUSH to descend. 63. Throttle — IDLE. 64. Airspeed — BELOW 230 km/h (143 mph, 124 kts). 65. Engine speed — BELOW 5800 rpm. 66. Air traffic — CONTROL to avoid collisions. 67. Altitude — CONTROL. 68. Terrain — CONTROL. 69. At safe altitude — PULL YOKE GENTLY to level off. 70. G loads — DO NOT EXCEED +4g. 3.2.11 Alternator failure Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 3.2.12 Overvoltage 71. Additional electrical consumers (landing light, strobes, etc.) — switch ON. 72. Voltage — CHECK. 73. Voltage normal — CONTINUE normal flight. 74. Voltage high — REMOVE battery charge fuse and FOLLOW PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 1 4 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3.2.13 Inadvertent spin 1. Rudder pedals — FULLY AGAINST ROTATION. 2. Yoke/Stick — PUSH slightly forward of neutral. 3. Rotation stopped — rudder pedals NEUTRAL. 4. Speed reached 110 km/h (68 mph, 59 kts) — PULL YOKE GENTLY to recover from diving. Do not exceed +4g and 230 km/h (143 mph, 124 kts)! WARNING: Intentional spinning in A-32L is prohibited! NOTE: In level flight and during turn stall warning is assured by the aerodynamic characteristics of A-32L — gentle shaking of the airplane and yoke due to the starting airflow separation. 3.2.14 Inadvertent icing encounter 5. Abandon icing build-up area. 6. Icing build-up not stopped — FOLLOW PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 3.2.15 Loss of primary instruments 3.2.15.1 ASI failure due to full pressure line blockage Signs of the blockage — airspeed indicator reading either: − does not change with changing airspeed in level flight or, − reduces during a steady descent or, − increases during a steady climb. 7. Airspeed indicator readings — IGNORE. 8. In level flight — SET THROTTLE to 4000-4500 rpm. 9. Altitude — MAINTAIN. 10. In descent — SET THROTTLE to IDLE. 11. Sink rate — SET to 3 m/s (600 ft/min). 12. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 3.2.15.2 Altimeter, VSI and ASI failure due to static pressure line blockage Signs of the blockage: − altimeter and vertical speed indicator readings do not change with changing altitude or, − airspeed indicator reading increases during a steady descent or, − airspeed indicator reading reduces during a steady climb. 13. IGNORE altimeter, VSI and ASI readings. 14. Airplane attitude — CONTROL by the position of the horizon line with relation to the wings and engine cowling. 15. Airspeed and vertical speed — CONTROL using throttle. 16. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 1 5 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3.2.15.3 Powerplant instruments failure (Tachometer, oil, water and exhaust temperature indicators, fuel quantity indicator) 75. IGNORE powerplant instruments readings. 76. Engine rpm — CONTROL by engine noise. 77. Follow PRECAUTIONARY LANDING procedure, see section 3.2.6. 3.2.16 Loss of flight controls 78. Elevator control fails — use elevator TRIM TAB control. 79. Rudder control fails — use AILERONS to control direction. 80. Aileron control fails — use RUDDER to control bank. 1 6 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 4 Normal Procedures 4.1 General This section describes normal procedures recommended for safe operation of the A-32L. 4.2 Preflight check Pilots must inspect the general condition of the airplane during its preflight check. The airplane must have no damage or maladjustments that may be critical for the flight safety. The cockpit glass, propeller, wing and empennage must be clean of rainwater, snow, frost, ice, and dirt as they impair visibility and aerodynamics and increase weight. Preflight check must be performed according to the following order and requirements: 4.2.1 Entire airplane 1. Covers and clamps — REMOVED. 2. Airplane — CLEAN of rainwater, snow, frost, ice and dirt. 3. Rigging — CHECK visually. 4. External damage — NONE. 4.2.2 Power plant 5. Propeller and spinner — CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE. 6. Top cowling — REMOVE for engine inspection. 7. Oil, coolant and braking fluid — CHECK level. 8. Engine mount and vibration dampers — NO CRACKS and INTACT. 9. Cables and hoses — INTACT and SECURE. 10. Fuel, oil, coolant leaks — NONE. 11. Exhaust system, its attachments, joints and springs — NO CRACKS and INTACT. 12. Top cowling — INSTALL back. 13. Cowling and its locks — INTACT and LOCKED. 4.2.3 Landing gear 14. Wheel fairings — CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE. 15. Wheel pressure — OK. 16. Tires — NO CRACKS, WEAR OK. 17. Main wheel brakes — CLEAN, INTACT and SECURE. 18. Braking fluid — NO LEAKS. 19. Nose and main legs — NO CRACK and INTACT. 20. Nose leg shock absorber — INTACT. 4.2.4 Right wing 21. Wing and strut surface — CLEAN and INTACT. 22. Wing and strut attachment fittings and bolts — IN PLACE, INTACT and SECURE. 1 7 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3. Wing fuel tank cap - IN PLACE and SECURE. 1. Fuel leaks - NONE. 2. Fuel tank vent outlet - CLEAN and INTACT. 3. Wing tip and navigation/strobe light - INTACT. 4. Flaperon clamp - REMOVED. 5. Flaperon - CLEAN and INTACT. 6. Flaperon hinge brackets - INTACT, BOLTS SECURE, HINGES GREASED. 7. Flaperon control linkage attachment - INTACT and SECURE. 4.2.5 Right side of fuselage 8. Fuselage surface - CLEAN and INTACT. 9. Cockpit glass - CLEAN, INTACT and NO CRACKS. 10. Door hinges and lock - INTACT. 11. Recovery system condition - CHECK visually. 12. Drain valve - CLOSED, NO FUEL LEAKS. 13. Fuel residue - DRAIN and CHECK. 4.2.6 Empennage 14. Empennage surface - CLEAN and INTACT. 15. Clamps/stops - REMOVED. 16. Horizontal stabilizer attachment fittings and bolts - INTACT and SECURE. 17. Rudder, elevator and trim tab - CLEAN and INTACT. 18. Rudder, elevator and trim tab hinge brackets - INTACT, SECURE and GREASED. 19. Rudder, elevator and trim tab control linkage attachment - INTACT and SECURE. 4.2.7 Left side of fuselage 20. Fuselage surface - CLEAN and INTACT. 21. Cockpit glass - CLEAN, INTACT and NO CRACKS. 22. Door hinges and lock - INTACT. 23. Battery and power cables' attachment - SECURE, CONDITION OK. 24. Control system linkages inside the rear fuselage - CHECK visually. 25. Baggage container condition - CHECK visually. 4.2.8 Left wing 26. Flaperon control linkage attachment - INTACT and SECURE. 27. Flaperon hinge brackets - INTACT, BOLTS SECURE, HINGES GREASED. 28. Flaperon - CLEAN and INTACT. 29. Flaperon clamp - REMOVED. 30. Fuel tank vent outlet - CLEAN and INTACT. 1 8 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 6. Fuel leaks - NONE. 1. Wing fuel tank cap - IN PLACE and SECURE. 2. Wing tip and navigation/strobe light - INTACT. 3. Wing and strut attachment fittings and bolts - IN PLACE, INTACT and SECURE. 4. Wing and strut surface - CLEAN and INTACT. 5. Pitot/static pressure probe - COVER REMOVED, CLEAN and INTACT. 4.2.9 Cockpit 1. Cockpit interior - CLEAN, INTACT, NO FOREIGN OBJECTS. 2. Seats - INTACT, ADJUSTED and SECURE. 3. Harness belts - INTACT, ADJUSTED and LOCKED (with pilots in the seats). 4. Doors - CLOSED and LOCKED. 5. Flight planning including weight and CG check - PERFORMED. 6. Onboard documentation/maps required for the flight - AVAILABLE. 7. Baggage container - BAGGAGE SECURED, CONTAINER CLOSED. 8. Starter key - REMOVED 9. All electrical switches - OFF. 10. Flight instruments - INTACT, CHECK READINGS. 11. Movements of controls - check FREE and FULL. 12.Yokes/Stick, rudder pedals, elevator trim tab lever - NEUTRAL. 13. Flaps - RETRACTED. 6. Parking brake - ON. 4.3 Engine starting 7. Starter key - INSERT, set to ON. 8. Fuel level - CHECK. 9. Fuel valves - CHECK. 10. Throttle - IDLE. 11. Doors - check CLOSED. 12. Choke lever (cold engine only) - set FULLY FORWARD. 13. Propeller - CHECK CLEAR. 14. Starter key (cold engine only) - set to START for 5 seconds with ignition OFF. 15. Ignition - ON. 16. Starter key - set to START until engine starts (10 seconds maximum). 11.Throttle - set MINIMUM STABLE REVOLUTIONS (approx. 1600-1700 RPM). 12. Choke lever - FULLY BACK (gradually, when engine runs smoothly). 13. Engine - WARM UP at 2000-2500 RPM. 14. Required electric equipment/instruments - switch ON and ADJUST. 1 9 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-F0-POH 15. Ignition - TEST at 4000 RPM holding brakes. 16.0i1 pressure - check 2.0-5.0 bar (29-73 psi) at above 3500 RPM. 4.4 Taxiing 31. Throttle - IDLE. 32. Taxiway - CHECK CLEAR. 33. Coolant and oil temperature - CHECK. 34. Parking brake - OFF. 35. Throttle - SET REQUIRED TAXI SPEED. 36. Yoke/Stick - elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST crosswind. 37. Brakes - use as required, set throttle to IDLE when stopping. 38. To stop immediately - IGNITION OFF and ENGAGE BRAKES. 4.5 Before takeoff 39. Hold position - LINE UP AND WAIT. 40. Brakes - ENGAGE. 41. Coolant temperature - CHECK minimum 140°F (60°C). 42. Oil temperature - CHECK minimum 120°F (50°C). 43. Fuel level - CHECK. 44. Fuel valves - CHECK. 45. Flaps - EXTEND position 1. 4.6 Normal takeoff 46. Rudder pedals - NEUTRAL. 47. Brakes - RELEASE. 48. Throttle - gradually FULL POWER. 49. Yoke/Stick - elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST CROSSWIND. 50. Rudder pedals - maintain takeoff direction. 51. Yoke/Stick - PULL gently to lift the nose wheel at 40 km/h. 52. Liftoff - at 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kts). 53. Accelerate to at least 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) at 3-7 ft and start to climb. 4.7 Short/soft field takeoff 54. Flaps - EXTEND FULLY. 55. Hold position - OCCUPY. 56. Takeoff distance - CHECK if sufficient. 57. Rudder pedals - NEUTRAL. 58. Throttle - gradually FULL POWER. 59. Brakes - RELEASE. 2 0 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7. Yoke/Stick - elevator NEUTRAL, ailerons AGAINST CROSSWIND. 17. Rudder pedals - maintain takeoff direction. 18. Yoke/Stick - PULL gently to lift the nose wheel at 40 km/h (25 mph, 22 kts). 19. Liftoff - at 65 km/h (40 mph, 35 kts). 11.Accelerate to at least 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) at 1-2 m (3-7 ft) and start to climb. 12. Speed - SET best angle of climb speed Vx = 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts). 4.8 Climb 20. Speed - SET: best angle of climb speed Vx = 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) or best rate of climb speed VY = 110 km/h (68 mph, 54 kts) in strong turbulence +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts). 21. Flaps - RETRACT SLOWLY at safe altitude. 22. EGT - max. 850°C (1560°F). 23. Coolant temperature - max. 120°C (248°F). 24. Oil pressure - max. 5.0 bar (73 psi). 25. Oil temperature - max. 130°C (266°F) 4.9 Cruise 26. Flight altitude - OCCUPY and monitor, in strong turbulence - at least 100 m (300 ft). 27. Cruise speed - SET, in strong turbulence - minimum 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts), maximum 200 km/h (124 mph, 108 kts). 28. Elevator trim tab - ADJUST as required. 29. Fuel level - MONITOR. 30. Fuel valves - check OPEN for fuel tank with fuel, CLOSE empty fuel tank. 31. Turns - perform with caution in strong turbulence and at low altitudes. 4.10 Approach 32. Speed - REDUCE below 117 km/h (73 mph, 63 kts), minimum 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts). 33. Flaps - EXTEND position 1. 34. Elevator trim tab - ADJUST as required. 35. Approach speed on final - 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts), +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts) in rain or strong turbulence. 36. Too high on final - REDUCE RPM, at idle - SLIP. 37. Too low on final - INCREASE RPM. DO NOT RETRACT FLAPS when flying low over high obstacles or close to the ground! 4.11 Normal landing 38. Direction - ALIGN the airplane WITH THE RUNWAY using rudder pedals. 39. Side drift - ELIMINATE by banking against the drift (crosswind, if any). 2 1 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 3. Flare — start at 3 m (15 ft), level off at approximately 0.3 m (1 ft). Gradually reduce bank and side drift while flaring and leveling off. 81. Throttle — IDLE. 82. Touchdown — at minimum speed. Avoid touching ground with the tail. 83. Yoke/Stick — HOLD to reduce the speed and PUSH gently to lower the nose wheel slowly. 84. Flaps — RETRACT. 85. Brakes — ENGAGE as required. Avoid braking at a high speed or nose wheel up! 4.12 Short/soft field landing 86. Flaps — EXTEND FULLY. 87. Approach distance — REDUCE by side slipping when clear of obstacles. 88. Approach speed on final — 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts), +10 km/h (6 mph, 5 kts) in rain or strong turbulence. 89. Direction — ALIGN the airplane WITH THE RUNWAY using rudder pedals. 90. Side drift — ELIMINATE by banking against the drift (crosswind, if any). 91. Flare — start at 3 m (15 ft), level off at approximately 0.3 m (1 ft). Gradually reduce bank and side drift while flaring and leveling off. 92. Throttle — IDLE. 93. Touchdown — at minimum speed at the beginning of the runway. Avoid touching ground with the tail. 94. Flaps — RETRACT. 10.Yoke/Stick — HOLD to reduce the speed and PUSH gently to lower the nose wheel slowly. 11. Brakes — soft field: DO NOT USE; short field — ENGAGE as required. Avoid braking at a high speed or nose wheel up! 4.13 Balked landing 95. Throttle — gradually FULL POWER. 96. Descent — DISCONTINUE. 97. Speed — accelerate to at least 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts) flying level. 98. Climb — at 90 km/h (56 mph, 49 kts). 99. Flaps — RETRACT SLOWLY at safe altitude. 2 2 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 5 Performance 5.1 General This section contains performance data of A-32L airplane of standard (basic) configuration at maximum takeoff weight in the following environmental conditions: ICAO standard atmosphere (ISA), mean sea level (MSL), no wind, hard and even runway. Those data may vary depending upon the configuration and technical condition of a particular aircraft and actual environmental conditions of its operation. 5.2 Takeoff and landing distances The minimum takeoff and landing distances of A-32L for the above conditions are specified below. However pilots should always keep in mind that actual takeoff and landing distances depend on condition of the aircraft, environment and pilot skill. Engine Rotax-912UL Rotax-912ULS Takeoff/Landing run 100/80 m (328/262 ft) 80/80 m (262 ft) Takeoff distance to 15 m (50 ft) 280 m (918 ft) 250 m (820 ft) Landing distance from 15 m (50 ft) 350 m (1148 ft) 350 m (1148 ft) 5.3 Climb performance The rate of climb depends on atmospheric conditions, airplane takeoff weight and flap setting. The climb performance data of A-32L in ISA conditions at MSL, maximum takeoff weight are specified below: Engine Rotax-912UL Rotax-912ULS Best angle of climb speed Vx 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kts) 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kts) Best rate of climb speed Vy 120 km/h (75 mph, 65 kts) 120 km/h (75 mph, 65 kts) Maximum rate of climb at Vx 3.5 m/s (689 fpm) 4.3 m/s (846 fpm) Maximum rate of climb at Vy 4.2 m/s (826 fpm) 5 m/s (984 fpm) 5.4 Cruise speeds and fuel consumption at various RPM settings The cruise speeds and fuel consumption depend upon a multitude of factors: propeller pitch and engine adjustments, fuel quality, atmospheric conditions, flight altitude, aircraft loading and condition of its outer surface, etc. With the KievProp three-blade propeller adjusted to take-off RPM of 5100 per minute and standard condition of atmosphere and aircraft the following cruise speeds and fuel consumption values may be used for flight planning: Engine RPM Cruise speed ( AS) Fuel consumption 3400 80 km/h 50 mph 43 kts 6.9 I/h 1.83 US gal/h 3500 100 km/h 62 mph 54 kts 7.2 I/h 1.90 US gal/h 3800 125 km/h 78 mph 67 kts 8.5 I/h 2.24 US gal/h 4200 150 km/h 93 mph 81 kts 10.5 I/h 2.78 US gal/h 4650 175 km/h 109 mph 94 kts 13.0 I/h 3.43 US gal/h 5150 200 km/h 124 mph 108 kts 16.9 I/h 4.47 US gal/h 5500 215 km/h 134 mph 116 kts 21.51/h 5.69 US gal/h However these values should be considered as approximate as they may vary due to effect of the above mentioned factors. It is recommended to verify those values for the particular conditions in which the exact values are required. 2 3 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH XCGe mpt y = 60.0 + 122.7 + 121.4 = 1.568 m. Empty C.G. position from the datum (engine flange): (60.0 x 0.588 + (122.7 + 121.4) x 1.831) 6 Weight and Balance and Equipment List This section contains information about weight and balance requirements for the safe operation of the airplane. It is responsibility of the pilot in command to ensure before every flight that weight and balance of the airplane remains within the specified limits. Failure to do so may cause deterioration in airplane's flight performance and stability characteristics and, as consequence, lead to unsafe operation. 6.1 Actual empty airplane weight and CG position This subsection contains weighing and CG location data of the aircraft in configuration "as built". Any permanent modification of the aircraft configuration (such as replacement, removal/installation of any parts or/and equipment) essentially affecting those data shall be accounted for in this weight and balance chart by appropriate revisions of this subsection data. Weight readings at: front wheel.................. 60.0 kg left wheel ............. 122.7 kg right wheel ........... 121.4 kg Total empty weight: ................................. 304.1 kg Total maximum take-off weight ................ 472.5 kg 2 4 x c c = AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 6.2 Computation of the CG position before flight Before every flight pilot in command must make sure that the airplane takeoff weight and CG are within the specified safe limits. The airplane CG position from datum (engine flange) may be determined using the following formula: W A E X X C G e m p t y W c r e w X x c r e w W f u e l X X f u e i W b a g X X b a g W A E W c r e w W f u e l W b a g where: WAE — actual empty weight of the airplane; XCGe mp ty CG position of the empty airplane; Wcrew — total weight of pilots; Xcrew = 1.663 m — position of pilots' CG; Wfuel — total weight of fuel in the tanks; xfuel = 1.960 in — position of fuel tank CG; Wbag weight of the baggage in the baggage container; xbag = 2.320 m — position of the baggage CG. Computation must be performed in the same system of units: either kg-m or lb-in. Note: XCG must be between 1.529 m and 1.78 m (19% and 37% MAC) as shown in Fig. 2. The sample of the C.G. position calculation is provided in the table below: Item Weight, kg x Arm, m = Moment, kg•rn Empty aircraft 305.0 x 1.620 = 494.1 Crew (2x76 kg) 152.0 x 1.663 = 252.8 Baggage 0.0 x 2.320 = 0.0 Fuel (20 I, 0.72 kg/I) 14.4 x 1.960 = 28.2 Total: 471.4 775.1 XCG = Total Moment / Total Weight = 1.644 m 2 5 Equipment description and Part No. Weight, kg CG arm, m No. AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 6.3 Installed equipment list This subsection contains a table with the list of the installed optional equipment affecting weight and balance of the aircraft. It is responsibility of the aircraft owner/operator that any such equipment installed in the aircraft after the date of its manufacture is listed in the table below. 2 6 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7 Airplane and Systems Descriptions 7.1 General This section provides description and operation of the airplane and its systems. Some equipment described herein is optional and may not be installed in the airplane. Refer to Section 9, Supplements, for details of other optional systems and equipment. 7.2 Airframe Wing: high placed, strut braced, constant chord. Wing section is P-IIIa-15%. Wing primary structure consists of a single spar, ribs and aft web. Forward of the spar the wing has 2024T3 aluminum alloy skin of 0.020"-0.032" sheet, which together with the spar web forms the wing torsion box. Aft of the spar the wing is covered with thermoshrinkable fabric on top and bottom sides. Wing ribs are made of 6061T6 sheet of 0.020"-0.032" thickness. The spar is a riveted structure consisting of a web, made of 0.032" 6061T6 sheet, and caps, made of an extruded section (D16chT alloy angle). The wing strut attachment bracket and front attachment bracket of the wing are fixed to the spar. The rear attachment bracket of the wing is fixed to the aft web. The flaperon (drooping aileron) hinge brackets are fixed to ribs No. 1, 5, 9 and 13. All brackets are made of 5 mm 2024T3 sheet. The primary structure of the flaperon consists of the leading edge skin, spar, trailing edge section and ribs. The LE skin and spar comprise the torsion box. Flaperon covering is made of synthetic thermoshrinkable fabric. The fuselage is an all-metal semimonocoque structure. The frames are made of 6061T6 aluminum alloy sheets of 0.063" to 0.080" thickness. The fuselage skin is made of 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheets of 0.02" to 0.04" thickness. Engine cowling is made of composites. The doors, cockpit and part of the fuselage have windows of organic glass. The primary structure of the all-moving horizontal tail (AMHT) of ribs and a spar. The leading edge skin is made of a 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheets of 0.020" thickness. Aft of the spar AMHT is covered with fabric. The AMHT has 2 hinge brackets of its attachment to fuselage. The fin is made as integral part of the fuselage. It consists of a spar, ribs and 2024T3 aluminum alloy skin of 0.020" thickness. 7.3 Landing gear Airplane landing gear is of tricycle type with steerable nose wheel. The main LG is of the cantilever spring type. The main LG leg is made of aluminum alloy. It is attached to the lower boom of the frame No. 3 at two points: upper and lower supports. The support brackets are machined of aluminum alloy. The main LG wheels are fitted with hydraulic disk brakes. The nose LG leg is steerable, of trailing link type. The steering is ensured using the rudder pedals via pushrods, connecting the left and right side pedals with rockers on the strut. The leg consists of a strut and a trailing link in form of nose wheel fork. The trailing link is connected to the strut with a shock absorber/damper. The nose leg is attached to the frame No. 1 at two points — at upper and lower supports. The upper support is made of 5 mm 2024T3 aluminum alloy sheet and the lower one is build-up. The supports are fitted with brass bearings. Each wheel is fitted with a wheel spat (fairing) or mud screens (in case of the low-profile tires and 6.00x6 wheels). 2 7 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH Landing gear data: wheel base = 1.243 in (4 ft 1 in), wheel track = 1.729 m (5 ft 8 in), min. turn radius 7,- 2 m (7 ft). Main wheels, size: 6.00x6; pressure — 1.6 bar (22.7 psi). Nose wheel, size: 6.00x6 (brakeless) steering angle: ±30 degrees pressure: 1 bar (14.5 psi) 7.4 Engine and its controls This aircraft is equipped with a four-cylinder four-stroke Rotax-912UL/ULS carburetor combined cooling engine produced by BRP-Rotax GmbH&Co KG, Austria. The engine is has the flat-four layout, dry sump lubrication system with a separate oil tank of 3 I (0.8 US gal) capacity, automatic valve clearance adjustment, two carburetors, mechanical membrane fuel pump, double electronic ignition system, integrated water pump, electrical starter, integrated gearbox of 2.43 reduction ratio. All engine systems (fuel, electrical, cooling) are assembled in accordance with Rotax-912 engine operation manual. The engine can be optionally fitted with an air intake pre-heater box designed by Aeroprakt, which improves engine operating conditions, preventing carburetor icing in cold weather and increasing the engine output in hot weather. 7.5 Propeller A-32L can be equipped with any suitable propeller matching to Rotax-912 UL/ULS engine power output and the airplane speed range. One of the optional propellers is KievProp three- blade on-ground adjustable propeller of 1.7 m (5'7") diameter. 2 8 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7.6 Fuel system The fuel system (see Fig. 3) includes two wing fuel tanks (1,2), fuel lines (5,6,9,10,12,14,16,18,19,20,), two shut-off valves (7,8), fuel sediment collector (11), fuel filter (13), fuel pump (17), return line (24), drain line (25) and drain valve (25). The fuel tanks (11.9 (15.05) US gal each) are located at the wing root between the spar and aft web. The fuel inlet 3(4) is located at the front outboard corner of the tank. The inlet cover has vent fitting 27(28) connecting the tank volume free of fuel to the atmosphere. The fuel shut- off valves (7,8) are located on the vertical beams of the frame No.3, on the left and right sides respectively. The shut-off valve is open when its handle is set vertically and closed when the handle is set horizontally. The left and right fuel tank is connected with the fuel lines to the left and right fuel shut-off valve respectively. Further two fuel lines are joined into a single one with the T-connector, which is located near the web of the frame No.4 at its bottom part. Then fuel goes to the fuel sediment collector (12). The top outlet of the fuel sediment collector is connected to the fuel filter (14) located on the right side behind the main landing gear beam. The fuel filter can be inspected visually through a window in the protecting cover of the aileron control cables. The bottom outlet of the fuel sediment collector is connected to the drain valve (25) with a fuel line. The drain valve alows draining fuel through the hole in the bottom rear panel of fuselage. The valve handle is accessible outside of the fuselage. After the fuel filter the fuel line (14) runs throught the main landing gear beam, seat beam along the right-hand side of fuselage to the firewall where it is connected with a 90° bulkhead fitting (15), that is passing through the hole in the firewall, to the fuel line of the engine (16) and is connected to the inlet of the fuel pump (17) located on the right-hand side of the engine gearbox. The pump outlet is connected with the fuel lines (18,19,20) to the carburettors (21, 22). The excessive fuel is returned through the line (24) to the sediment collector (11).The fuel system optionally may contain fuel pressure sensor (24) and fuel flow sensor (26). Standard Optional Capacity of tanks: 2x45 I (11.9 US gal) 2x57 I (2x15.05 US gal) Total fuel capacity: 90 I (23.8 US gal) 114 I (30.1 US gal) Total usable fuel: 89.5 I (23.6 US gal) 113.5 I (30.0 US gal) Non-usable fuel: 0.5 I (0.1 US gal) 0.5 I (0.1 US gal) NOTE: When both tanks are full, fuel may flow from one tank to the other (e.g. due to the lateral forces during side slipping or when wings are not level on parking or during taxiing), overfill it and spill out through the vent line. To prevent this close one of the fuel valves. CAUTION! At all times during the flight ensure fuel coming to the engine by opening the valve(s) of the tank(s) WITH fuel. If one of the tanks is empty, close its valve to prevent air getting into the fuel line and causing engine malfunction or even failure. 2 9 ________________ feed line - - - - - return line ........ drain line AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH Fig. 3. Fuel system schematic 3 0 8 9 7 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7.7 Airplane control systems Airplane control systems include control systems for drooping ailerons (flaperons), elevator with trim tab, rudder and nose wheel, engine and brakes. The control system is combined consisting of foot- and hand-actuated subsystems. Ailerons and elevator are hand-actuated and are controlled using stick. The rudder and nose wheel control is foot-actuated using pedals. 7.7.1 AMHT control system The all-moving horizontal tail (AMHT) control system (see Fig. 4) is combined, it consists of two 04.0 mm (5/32") cables, passing through a block of pulleys and a fairlead, rocker and push rod. "Push" and "pull" forces are applied by the pilot to the control stick (1) is passed via the control column, pushrod (2) and bellcrank (3) to the cables (4). Then via the bellcrank (5) located near the frame No.9, the control forces is passed to the pushrod (6) connected to the AFHT arm (7). The cables routing is ensured with a block of pulleys (8), located in front of the seat beam and fairlead (9) on the luggage container wall. The cable tesion and AFHT incidence angle adjustment is ensured using the turnbuckles (10) located forward of the bellcrank (5). AMHT deflection angles: 15±1° up and 5±1° down. Fig. 4 AMHT control system 3 1 8 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7.7.2 AMHT antiservo/trim tab control system The AMHT antiservo/trim tab is used for controlling the force on control yokes in pitch. Fig. 5 AMHT antiservo/trim tab control system The AMHT antiservo/trim tab control system (Fig. 5) is combined, it consists of a lever (1), two 01.5 mm (1/16 in) cables (2), a rocker (3), a friction clamp (9) and a rod (4). The trim control lever (1) is located on the central console forward of the pilot seats and is accessible for both pilots. The trim tab control lever is connected with cables (2) to the trim tab control rocker (3). The cables are running through the flexible sheaths (6) in the central console and a fairlead (7) located near frame No.9. The antiservo/trim tab is hinged at the trailing edge of the AMHT. Tension of the cables and antiservo/trim tab alignment can be ensured using the adjustable forward stops of the sheaths (8), located aft of the seat beam. The trim control lever friction force can be adjusted using the bolt (10) of the friction clamp (9), located on the rocker axle (3). The antiservo/trim tab angles of deflection are specified in the table below: Deflection angles: down neutral up of the AMHT -5° 0° +15° antiservo-trim tab -7.3° 0° +21.2° Trim deflection angle (from the antiservo position) up +7.7° +7.9° +8.8° down -6.4° -6.3° -6.2° Total trim and antiservo deflection agle (from the neutral position) up +0.4° +7.9° +30° down -13.7° -6.3° +15° 3 2 11 10 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7.7.3 Rudder and nose wheel control system The rudder and nose wheel control system (Fig. 6) is combined, it consists of pedals, nose landing gear strut control rocker, two pushrods, two 02.5 mm (3/32 in) cables, passing through two front and two rear pulleys. Fig. 6. Rudder and nose landing gear control system The front (right) pedals (1) and rear (left) pedals (2) are fixed with nylon supports to longitudinal beams of the cockpit floor. The rocker (3) attached to the nose landing gear strut is connected to the pedals with the right (4) and left (5) pushrods. The right (6) and left (7) cables connect the pedals to the rudder arms. The cable routing is ensured with two pulleys (8) on the frame No.3 and two pulleys (9) near the frame No.9. Adjustment of the nose landing gear position is achieved with pedals set to neutral position using pushrods (4) and (5). The cable tension and adjustment of the rudder position is achieved using the turnbuckles (11) located near the frame No.9. In its neutral position the rudder is deflected to the right by the angle of +2.5° (to the right) for compensation of the engine torque. The rudder deflection angle to each side is 25±1°. 7.7.4 Control system of flaperons (drooping ailerons) The airplane is equipped with flaperons (drooping ailerons), which serve as both ailerons and flaps. The flaperon control system ensures independent function of flaperons as ailerons and flaps by means of aileron drooping (flap extension) mechanism. The flaperon control system (Fig. 7) is combined and, besides the aileron drooping mechanism, it includes two yokes, control column, two control column pushrods, control column rocker, two 02.5 mm 3 3 5 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH (3/32 in) cables, passing through a system of pulleys, two inner and two outer rockers, two inner and two outer pushrods. Fig. 7. Control system of flaperons (drooping ailerons) The control force applied by the pilot to the control stick (1) is passed via the lever (2) to the cables (4) by cable's terminals (3). Then via the cables (4) the force is passed to the inner right and left (5) bellcranks, via the inner pushrods (6) to the outer left and right (7) bellcranks. Then the control force is passed from the outer bellcranks to the flaperons via the outer pushrods (8). The inner bellcranks hinged on the flap extension mechanism beam are connected to each other with the pushrod (10). The cables are routed using two pulleys (12) on aft of the frame No.3 low in the middle, two pulleys (13) on aft of the frame No.3 low on the sides, and two pulleys (14) on the frame No.3 up near the rear wing attachment points. The cable tension and flaperon position adjustment is achieved using the turnbuckles (18) located near the inner rockers (7). Deflection angles of the flaperons (as ailerons): up — 20±1°, down — 13±1°. 3 4 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH The aileron drooping (flap extension) mechanism (Fig. 8) consists of a beam with lever (1) hinged to the upper rim of the frame No.3. Flap position setting is achieved with the fixer (2) having three holes for the pin (3) on the lever. Unfixing is achieved by bending the springlike lever to the right. After the pin comes out of the fixer hole the lever can be set to the selected position. When the pin aligns with another hole of the fixer the lever springs back fixing the flaperons in a different position. Fig. 8. Flap extension mechanism Aileron drooping (flap extension) angles: 1st position — 10±1°, 2nd position — 20±1°. 3 5 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7.7.5 Engine controls Fig. 9 Engine RPM controls The engine control system includes engine RPM (throttle) controls, engine starting fuel mixture (choke) controls, carburettor heating controls (with air intake box installed). The engine starting fuel mixture (choke) control are located on the central console and are accessible from both right and left side pilot seat. The engine RPM control (Fig. 9) is achieved using the right and left trottle levers (1) connected with the control column (2) based on the bracket (3) and throttle control cables (4) to the right and left carburettors. The cables are passed through the flexible sheaths — the right and the left (5) one. The throttle lever friction force can be adjusted on the ground by tightening the bolt (7). Rearmost throttle lever position corresponds to MIN engine RPM, the foremost position — to MAX engine RPM. Pulling the friction force adjusting lever back increases the throttle lever friction, pushing it forward — reduces. Engine pre-start mixture control (Fig. 10) is achieved using the choke control lever (1), connected with cables to the choke control arms of the right (3) and left (4) carburetor. The cables are passed through the flexible sheaths — the right (5) and the left (6) one. Rearmost choke lever position corresponds to OFF, the foremost position — to ON. Carburetor heating control (Fig. 11) is achieved by means of controlling the position of the shutter (2) in the air intake box (1) covering the air filters of the carburetors. The control lever (3) is connected to the shutter with forward (4) and rear (5) push-pull cables and clip (6). The cables are enclosed in forward sheath (7, fixed to air intake box) and rear sheath (8, fixed to the instrument panel) connected to each other with a clamp (9). 3 6 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH Fig. 10 Engine pre-start mixture control 3 7 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH Fig. 11 Carburetor heating control To set the carburetor heating to OFF — PUSH the control knob (3) forward — the shutter is set to its lower (open) position and ambient cold air comes through the air intake on top of the engine cowling. To set the carburetor heating to ON — PULL the control knob back, the shutter is set to its upper (closed) position and warm air comes through the duct (1) from the exhaust muffler. 7.7.6 Brake control system The main wheel brakes (Fig. 12) are actuated hydraulically using the brake lever (2) (installed next to the throttle lever 3) controlling the pressure supplied from the master cylinder (1) to the slave cylinders (5) in the wheels. The main LG wheels have disk brakes. The cylinders are connected to each other with copper tubing 6 with outside diameter of 3 mm. The master cylinder (1) is connected with a hose (8) to the extension tank (7), installed on the firewall in the engine compartment. When the brake lever is pulled the brake pads squeeze the brake disc creating the braking moment proportional to the applied force. A-32L is equipped also with a parking brake, which is actuated with a lever (4) on the central console. To use the parking brake, set the lever to 'Parking brake ON', then pull and release 3 8 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH the brake lever. The brake pads will remain pressed to the brake disc. To release the parking brake set its control lever to its initial position ('Parking brake OFF'). Fig. 12. Brake control system 3 9 .91p ball 10 11 17 12 13 16 14 20 Fig. 13 AEROPRAKT-32L Pilot Operating Handbook A32L-FO-POH 7.8 Instrument panel This airplane has the following flight instruments set and instrument panel arrangement: 4 0