Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI)

2.3. TIRE PRESSURE ................................................................................................................................ 2-2 2.4. MASS AND CENTER OF GRAVITY LIMITS :........................................................................................... 2-2 2.5. POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS.............................................................................................................. 2-3 2.6. O THER LIMITATIONS.......................................................................................................................... 2-4 3. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES............................................................................................................. 3-1 3.1. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES CHECKLISTS ......................................................................................... 3-1 3.2. STALLS.............................................................................................................................................. 3-3 3.3. INADVERTENT SPIN ........................................................................................................................... 3-3 3.4. EMERGENCY LANDING ...................................................................................................................... 3-4 3.5. AFTER OVERTURN ON LANDING ........................................................................................................ 3-5 3.6. D EPLOYING THE BALLISTIC RECOVERY SYSTEM............................................................................... 3-6 3.7. ENGINE FAILURE ............................................................................................................................... 3-7 3.8. C ARBURETOR OR ENGINE FIRE......................................................................................................... 3-8 3.9. L OSS OF COOLANT............................................................................................................................ 3-9 3.10. L OSS OF OIL ...................................................................................................................................... 3-9 3.11. FAILURE OF FLAP CONTROL............................................................................................................ 3-10 3.12. D YNON EMS FAILURE ( IF INSTALLED)............................................................................................ 3-11 4. NORMAL PROCEDURES ..................................................................................................................... 4-1 4.1. N ORMAL PROCEDURES CHECKLISTS ................................................................................................ 4-1 4.2. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION.................................................................................................................... 4-5 4.3. PASSENGER BRIEFING ...................................................................................................................... 4-6 4.4. STARTING THE ENGINE ..................................................................................................................... 4-7 4.5. AUTOPILOT OPERATION .................................................................................................................... 4-7 4.6. BEFORE TAKE- OFF............................................................................................................................ 4-8 4.7. TYPICAL PATTERN............................................................................................................................. 4-8 4.8. TAKE - OFF AND CLIMB...................................................................................................................... 4-11 4.9. C RUISE............................................................................................................................................ 4-13 4.10. TURNS............................................................................................................................................. 4-14 4.11. STALL .............................................................................................................................................. 4-15 4.12. APPROACH AND LANDING ............................................................................................................... 4-15 4.13. SHUTTING DOWN THE ENGINE ........................................................................................................ 4-17 4.14. C HECKING THE EMERGENCY LOCATION TRANSMITTER (ELT) ....................................................... 4-17 5. PERFORMANCE .................................................................................................................................... 5-1 5.1. PERFORMANCE DATA FOR MTOW @ 600 KG (1320 LBS ) ............................................................. 5-1 5.2. FLIGHT ALTITUDE AND DENSITY ALTITUDE........................................................................................ 5-2 5.3. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE WIND COMPONENT........................................................................................ 5-4 Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: vi AF 043 00005 Revision No. 8 Date: 05 Aug 2009 5.4. ENGINE PERFORMANCE SUBJECT TO ALTITUDE ............................................................................... 5-6 5.5. C ALCULATING THE TAKE- OFF DISTANCE .......................................................................................... 5-7 5.6. C ALCULATING CLIMB PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................. 5-10 5.7. G LIDING CHARACTERISTICS............................................................................................................ 5-11 5.8. C ALCULATING THE LANDING DISTANCE .......................................................................................... 5-12 6. WEIGHT AND BALANCE, EQUIPMENT............................................................................................ 6-1 6.1. W EIGHT L IMITS ................................................................................................................................. 6-1 6.2. W EIGHING ......................................................................................................................................... 6-1 6.3. FLIGHT MASS AND C ENTER OF G RAVITY ......................................................................................... 6-4 6.4. EQUIPMENT....................................................................................................................................... 6-9 7. AIRPLANE AND SYSTEMS DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................... 7-1 7.1. AIRFRAME ......................................................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2. SYSTEMS .......................................................................................................................................... 7-4 7.3. FLIGHT CONTROLS .......................................................................................................................... 7-12 7.4. C OCKPIT ......................................................................................................................................... 7-20 7.5. PLACARDS AND MARKINGS ............................................................................................................. 7-26 8. HANDLING, SERVICE, MAINTENANCE ........................................................................................... 8-1 8.1. J ACKING ............................................................................................................................................ 8-1 8.2. SECURING THE AIRCRAFT FOR ROAD TRANSPORTATION ................................................................. 8-2 8.3. PARACHUTE RECOVERY SYSTEM MAINTENANCE.............................................................................. 8-2 8.4. C LEANING AND CARE ........................................................................................................................ 8-3 8.5. MANDATORY AIRCRAFT INSPECTIONS .............................................................................................. 8-5 8.6. R EPAIRS TO THE AIRFRAME.............................................................................................................. 8-6 8.7. C ONTROL SURFACE DEFLECTIONS ................................................................................................... 8-7 9. SAILPLANE TOW................................................................................................................................... 9-1 10. BANNER TOW ................................................................................................................................. 10-1 11. APPENDICES ................................................................................................................................... 11-1 11.1. CURRENT WEIGHING REPORT.............................................................................................. 11-1 11.2. CURRENT EQUIPMENT LIST................................................................................................... 11-2 11.3. SAFETY OF FLIGHT REPORT FORM ..................................................................................... 11-3 Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-1 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 5 Date: 16 Jan 2009 1. GENERAL 1.1. Introduction Every pilot must familiarize him/herself with the specific characteristics of each Light Sport aircraft. This Aircraft Operating Handbook (AOI-POH) must be studied in detail before the first flight is undertaken with the aircraft. The same applies to the operating handbooks and manuals of the ballistic recovery system, the engine and all other equipment installed in the aircraft, such as the Dynon EFIS / EMS, etc. All avionics and instruments recommendations in this document is for reference only. Engines of Light Sport aircraft are not Part 33 certified aviation engines. The flight route must thus be chosen to ensure that an emergency landing after engine failure can be undertaken without difficulty. The CTLS may only be operated under visual flight rules (VFR). Due to the high cruise speed and the great range, pilots may encounter meteorologically critical weather conditions more often. Flying into IFR conditions without the necessary training is extremely dangerous. As the pilot in command, you are responsible for the safety of your passenger as well as for your own safety. You are also responsible for the safety of uninvolved third parties. Avoiding dangerous situations is a pilot’s first duty. Warning: Use only alkali-free products when cleaning your composite aircraft. For more information, refer to chapter 8 Handling, Service, Maintenance. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-2 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 5 Date: 16 Jan 2009 1.2. Manufacturer: Flight Design GmbH Sielminger Str. 51 70771 L.-Echterdingen Germany 1.3. In the USA contact Flight Design USA P.O. Box 325 South Woodstock, CT. 06267 860-963-7272 airworthiness@flightdesignUSA.com Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-3 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 1.4. Continued Airworthiness Instructions Unlike other aircraft for which the FAA is responsible for the continued certification compliance, for Light Sport Aircraft, the burden of continued certification compliance rests on a cooperative effort between the manufacturer and the Owner/Operator of the aircraft. To this end, certain Manufacturer and Owner/Operator responsibilities are outlined in ASTM F 2295, Standard Practice for Continued Operational Safety Monitoring of a Light Sport Aircraft. 1.4.1. Manufacturer Responsibilities In order to fulfill the manufacturer’s responsibilities, Flight Design USA maintains an Operational Safety Monitoring System that provides for the following practices: A. Operational Safety Monitoring, a system by which: 1. Safety of Flight and Service Difficulties are reported by the Owner/Operator. 2. Safety of Flight and Service Difficulty issues are received, tracked, and evaluated by Flight Design USA. B. Continued Airworthiness Support, a system by which: 1. Flight Design USA issues Safety Directives (Notices of Corrective Action) directed towards correcting Safety of Flight and Service Difficulty issues. 2. The Owner/Operator obtains and verifies that they have the latest safety of flight information developed by the manufacturer. C. Maintenance Instructions Provided to the Owner/Operator and pertaining to 100 hour and annual condition inspections. D. Continued Airworthiness Instructions Provided to the Owner/Operator and pertaining to maintaining the certification compliance of their S-LSA 1.4.2. Owner/Operator Responsibilities and Instructions F 2295 states that the Owner/Operator shall: A. Read and comply with the maintenance and continued airworthiness information and instructions provided by the manufacturer. These instructions are included in the Aircraft Operating Instructions, Maintenance and Inspection Procedures and Flight Supplement manuals. B. Provide the manufacturer with current contact information where the manufacturer may send the Owner/Operator supplemental notification bulletins. At the time of delivery, the Owner/Operator will provide the contact information to Flight Design USA or its representative. Contact information may be updated at any time by: Writing to: Flight Design USA P.O. Box 325, South Woodstock, CT 06267 Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-4 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 Or email: airworthiness@flightdesignusa.com C. Notify the Manufacturer of any Safety of Flight issue or any significant Service Difficulty issue upon discovery. Safety of Flight report forms and Service Difficulty report forms can be found in the aircraft manuals and on the Operational Safety Monitoring page of the Flightdesignusa.com website D. Comply with all manufacturer issued notices of corrective actions and for complying with all applicable FAA regulations in regard to maintaining the airworthiness of the LSA airplane. Airworthiness information will be sent to the Owner/operator contact address of record. Airworthiness information can also be obtained from Safety section of the Flightdesignusa.com website. E. The Owner/operator shall ensure that any needed corrective action be completed as specified in a notice or by the next scheduled annual inspection. Important: Should an Owner/Operator not comply with any mandatory service requirement, the LSA shall be considered not in compliance with the applicable ASTM Standards, and may be subject to regulatory action by the FAA. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-5 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 1.5. Three view, main dimensions: Main Dimensions: Wing span 8.60 m (28 ft 2 in.) Length 6.61 m (21 ft 8 in.) Wing area 9.98 sq. m (107.4 sq-ft) Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-6 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 8 Date: 05 Aug 2009 1.6. Engine The CTLS is only available with the Rotax 912 ULS with 100 rated BHP. More detailed information on the engine is available from Rotax for your specific engine serial number. Engine type: horizontally opposed, four cylinder, four stroke engine Cooling: water-cooled cylinder heads Horsepower rating and engine speed: 73.5 KW / 100 rated BHP at 5800 rpm Carburetor type: Bing constant pressure carburetor Ignition: electronically controlled dual ignition Propeller gear reduction: 2.43 : 1 1.7. Propeller Various types of propeller are available for the CTLS. Each propeller has its own operating handbook and maintenance manual published by the propeller manufacturer. These documents are delivered with the aircraft and must also be studied in detail. The following types of propeller have been certified for the CTLS: Neuform CR3-65-47-101.6, 3 blade, composite propeller, adjustable Neuform CR3-V-R2H, 1.70m diameter, 3 blade, hydraulically activated variable pitch, composite propeller Kaspar- Brändel KA1, 1.60 m diameter, 3 blade, variable pitch, composite propeller PowerFin A R 65 T, 1.65 m diameter, 3 blade, composite propeller, ground adjustable Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 1-7 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 1.8. Minimum equipment Airspeed indicator up to at least 350 km/h (200 knots) Altimeter with Barometric window Safety harness four-point, one for each seat Magnetic compass with calibration card Engine instruments CHT, Oil Temp, Oil press, RPM. Aircraft documents national regulations apply 1.9. Recommended additional equipment Ballistic recovery system national regulations apply Emergency locator transmitter (ELT) mandatory in some countries Radio with intercom and headsets Transponder Mode C or S External lighting anti-collision light (ACL) and navigation lights, landing light Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 2-1 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 6 Date: 05 Jan 2009 2. LIMITATIONS 2.1. Airspeed limitations Stall speed flaps -6° vs1 81 km/h 44 kts CAS** flaps 0° vs1 75 km/h 42 kts CAS flaps 35° vs0 65 km/h 39 kts CAS Maneuvering speed va 184 km/h 98 kts CAS Maximum flap extended speed flaps 0° vfe 184 km/h 100 kts CAS flaps 15° vfe 148 km/h 80 kts CAS flaps 30°, 35° vfe 115 km/h 62 kts CAS Maximum rough-air speed vra 245 km/h 138 kts CAS Caution range 245 – 269 km/h 138 - 145 kts CAS Never-exceed speed (Vne) vne 269 km/h 145 kts CAS * The never-exceed speed (VNE) demonstrated during flight testing is 301 km/h. However, VNE is limited by the maximum deployment speed for the ballistic recovery system or national regulatory requirements. ** The maximum negative flap setting is limited dependent from the country where the aircraft is registered, due to differences in national implementation of the LSA standards. So only one of the values for either -6° applies, dependent on the individual aircraft setting. Maximum demonstrated crosswind flaps 0° 30 km/h 16 kts flaps 35° 20 km/h 11 kts Warning: Take-off and landing with crosswinds require a lot of training and experience. The greater the crosswind component, the more experience required. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 2-2 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 8 Date: 05 Aug 2009 2.2. Flight load factor limits Maximum flight load factor up to VA + 4g/ -2g up to VNE + 4g/ -2g Warning: Up to va = 184 km/h (99 kts) (maneuvering speed) full control movements may be made. Above v a all control surfaces may only be deflected to a third of their maximum displacement. Warning: Up to vra = 245 km/h (132 kts) IAS the CTLS can safely withstand a vertical gust of 15m/s (3000 fpm) Above v ra = 245 km/h (132 kts) IAS the CTLS can withstand the load of a vertical gust of 7.5 m/s (1500 fpm) 2.3. Tire pressure Main landing gear tires 2 bar (28 psi) Nose wheel tire 2 bar (28 psi) 2.4. Mass and center of gravity limits: Minimum weight, solo pilot 54 kg (120 lbs) Maximum mass per seat 118 kg (260 lbs) Typical Empty weight, incl. recovery system * 310 kg (730 lbs) Maximum take-off weight (MTOW) 600 kg (1320 lbs) Baggage compartment 25 kg** (55 lbs) maximum on each side 50 kg** (110 lbs) maximum in total Center of gravity range 282 – 478 mm*** (11.1 inches – 18.8 inches) * Nominal empty weight with minimum equipment. The true empty weight depends greatly upon the equipment installed. The current weight of each aircraft is registered in the current weighing record. Refer to Chapter 6 “weight and Balance”. ** Maximum values. The correct values for each aircraft may be calculated from the current weighing record. Refer to Chapter 6 “weight and Balance”. *** Reference datum is the wing leading edge with the aircraft in the neutral position. Refer to Chapter 6 “weight and Balance”. Warning: The weight data given are standard values. The correct data for each aircraft must be extracted from the current weighing record. Refer to Chapter 6 “Weight and Balance”. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 2-3 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 5 Date: 16 Jan 2009 2.5. Power plant limitations Maximum take-off power 73.5 kW (100 HP) at 5800 rpm (max 5 min) Maximum continuous power 69 kW (95 HP) at 5500 rpm Minimum take-off engine speed (fixed pitch propeller) 4800 rpm Maximum continuous engine speed 5500 rpm Idle engine speed approx. 1500 rpm Cylinder head temperature, maximum * 120°C (248°F) Oil temperature, minimum 50°C (120°F) Oil temperature, maximum 140°C (248°F) Recommended operating temperature 90 – 110°C (190°F - 230°F) Oil pressure, normal operation 2.0 – 5.0 bar (29 – 73 psi) Oil pressure, minimum 0.8 bar (12 psi) Oil pressure, short-term maximum during extreme cold start conditions 7.0 bar (101 psi) Oil grade brand automotive engine oils, no aviation oil - refer to the relevant ROTAX operating handbook for information on viscosity. Do not use oil additives. Oil tank capacity 2.0 - 3.0 l (2.1 – 3.1 quarts) Oil consumption, maximum .06 l/h (.06 q/h) Fuel tank capacity: 130 l (34 gals) 2 wing tanks with 65 l (17 gallons) each Usable fuel: 128 l (32 gallons) Type of fuel: Premium Automotive unleaded per ASTM D 4814 Minimum AKI 91. For more complete information Refer to the Rotax 912ULS Operators manual. Or AVGAS 100 LL. * Coolant temperature is monitored via the cylinder head temperature which is measured at the measuring point of the hottest cylinder Warning: Due to its high lead content AVGAS has a detrimental effect on valve seating and causes greater deposition in the combustion chamber. It should thus only be used if fuel vapor or octane problems arise or if MOGAS is not available. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 2-4 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 Warning: When using AVGAS particular attention must be paid to type of oil used. For details refer to the valid version of the ROTAX engine manual. Warning: The engine data given here is not complete. For complete information refer to the current version of the relevant engine manual from the Rotax company. 2.6. Other limitations Warning: The aircraft is not certified for aerobatics! The aircraft may only be operated during the day or night in visual flight conditions. Flight into instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) is prohibited. Flight into icing conditions is prohibited. Turns steeper than 60 degrees of bank are prohibited. Flight operations are not recommended during strong, gusty winds or wind speeds on the ground of more than 46 km/h (24kts-30 mph). Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-1 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3. EMERGENCY PROCEDURES 3.1. Emergency procedures checklists Emergency procedures are initially presented in the form of checklists. Amplified emergency procedures follow later in the chapter. Even experienced pilots are strongly recommended to work with the checklists in the cockpit. It is the only way to ensure that in the distraction during flight important items are not overlooked. The checklists are formulated so that they may be made into a small booklet which can be used in the cockpit. This booklet can be augmented with specific operational aspects should this be necessary. The detailed procedures augment those points of the checklists which can only be explained in detail. It is important for safe operation that the pilot familiarize himself with these detailed procedures before starting flight operations. Spinning Controls neutral Rudder opposite direction of rotation Rotation stopped Throttle retard Elevator smooth recovery from dive Deploying the ballistic recovery system Ignition off Recovery system release Fuel shutoff valve off Emergency radio call transmit Master switch off Safety harness tight protective position taken Engine failure Below 300 Ft (100m) AGL make an emergency landing straight ahead Above 600 Ft (200m) AGL refer to procedures for restarting the engine Restarting the engine Fuel shutoff valve open Fuel amount check Ignition both Propeller stopped ignition key to start Engine fails to restart make an emergency landing Emergency landing No suitable landing field deploy recovery system Landing field selected Safety harness tight Objects in cockpit securely stored Emergency radio call transmit Flaps as required Airspeed as required Flare 2’ (50 cm) above ground or tree tops Ignition during flare off Fuel shutoff valve closed Elevator on touchdown tail low ELT automatic / as required Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-2 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 Engine fire Fuel shutoff valve off Throttle full Ignition off Ignition key remove Flight attitude slip away from flames Landing make an emergency landing Loss of coolant Engine power reduce Cylinder head temperature below 150°C Landing as soon as possible at airfield Loss of oil Ignition off Ignition key remove Fuel shutoff valve off Landing make an emergency landing Failure of flap control Alternator off Master switch off Master switch after 3 seconds to on Alternator on If everything okay end of procedure Flaps in cruise flight manually set to max. negative Long runway landing flap max. negative Short runway in short final, manually set to max. positive EMS failure Reduce airspeed 100 knots (185 km/h) with flaps negative Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-3 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.2. Stalls The stall characteristics in level flight are docile. Normal flight attitude can be recovered by pushing the stick forward, increasing speed and then smoothly pulling the aircraft up again. Maximum loss of altitude during stall recovery is 50m (165 ft). Pitch down does not exceed 25°. The aircraft does not go into a spin during a stall in a 30° turn. Normal flight attitude can be recovered by pushing the stick forward, increasing speed and then smoothly pulling the aircraft up and simultaneously correcting the angle of bank. Maximum loss of altitude during recovery is 60 m (180 ft). The angle of bank does not exceed 60°. 3.3. Inadvertent spin The aircraft shows no inclination to go into an inadvertent spin during normal stall or during stalls in turns. Should the aircraft, however, inadvertently enter into a spin, the following recovery procedure should be used: All control surfaces in neutral position Rudder opposite to direction of rotation Retard throttle Smooth recovery in the neutral attitude Warning: As this aircraft is aerodynamically very efficient with low drag, airspeed increases quickly during a dive. It is essential that attention be paid to airspeed limitations, control surface deflection and flight load factors when recovering the aircraft from a steep dive. Warning: Should the attempt to recover the aircraft fail or should recovery appear doubtful due to low altitude, the recovery system should be deployed. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-4 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.4. Emergency landing An emergency landing may be necessary for several different reasons. In addition to the loss of lubricants or the failure of aircraft systems, ominous weather conditions may also lead to an emergency landing. In order to carry out an emergency landing, a suitable landing site must be found. It should be free of obstacles - including the approach - and should be long enough. The final approach to the site should be flown at the usual approach speed of 100 km/h (54kts). The following points should be implemented during the approach: Safety harness lap belt tight, shoulders snug Loose objects in the cockpit securely stored Radio signal transmit to the appropriate ATC or to a nearby airfield so that the emergency services can be informed if necessary. During a landing on unknown terrain it is recommended that the landing be accomplished at minimum safe speed and with the flaps set to 30° or 35°. The landing flare should be initiated at approx. 50 cm (2 ft) above the ground and the aircraft slowed down to minimum speed. During flare it is recommended that the engine be shut down in order to reduce as far as possible the danger of a fire: Ignition off Fuel shutoff valve closed On touchdown, the stick should be pulled back smoothly to prevent as far as possible overturning on landing caused by the nose wheel sinking into soft ground. Apply the brakes smoothly to bring the aircraft to a controlled stop. During landings in cornfields, the tops of the trees or other crops should be seen as the landing surface. On short finals the flaps should be fully extended and airspeed should be 90 km/h (48 knots). The landing flare should be initiated at approx. 2 ft. (50 cm) above the assumed landing plain and the aircraft slowed down to minimum speed. On touchdown the stick should be pulled back smoothly to prevent as far as possible overturning on landing. Warning: If urgent help is required after a forced landing, the ELT (if installed) can be activated manually thus alerting the search and rescue services. Warning: Every CTLS is delivered with a fire extinguisher in a pocket on the back of the passenger seat. It can be used to fight small fires in the cockpit. Should a forced landing not be possible and should the aircraft be at a sufficiently high altitude, the ballistic recovery system may be deployed. Refer to special emergency procedures for the deployment of the recovery system. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-5 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.5. After overturn on landing Due to its design, the CTLS offers good occupant protection during an overturn. Should you find yourself in this situation, brace yourself with your legs against the windshield. Unhook your safety harness. Be careful not to injure yourself on shards from the windshield or broken parts of the structure when you drop out of the seat. Evacuate the aircraft as quickly as possible. Warning: Check for leaking fuel when evacuating the aircraft - acute fire hazard - the fuel system is not designed for the upside-down position. Warning: If urgent help is required after an emergency landing, the ELT (if installed) can be activated manually thus alerting the search and rescue services. Warning: Every CTLS is delivered with a fire extinguisher in a pocket on the back of the passenger seat. It can be used to fight small fires in the cockpit. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-6 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 7 Date: 07 May 2009 3.6. Deploying the ballistic recovery system Refer to the operating handbook published by the manufacturer of the recovery system for operating details. The recovery system can be deployed in relatively low altitudes. If deployed at a low airspeed, the damage to the aircraft can be kept to a remarkable minimum. Due to the position in which the aircraft is suspended from the parachute, the pilot is as well protected as possible during the deployment of the recovery system. For the deployment of the ballistic recovery system the manufacturer gives the following sequence of activities. The manufacturer’s manual provides further details the pilot has to acknowledge prior to first flight with the aircraft. Kill the engine (that the rotating prop does not damage the parachute) – deploy the parachute (to do this, pull the handle with force to the very end, until the rocket has started) – re-tighten your seat belts (that they give best protection at touchdown) – brace yourself (hands in the neck, arms to protect face and head). The release lever is located in the centre console between the seats. In an emergency, the lever must be pulled forcefully forward to detent. Warning: Read recovery system operation manual for mandatory information provided by the recovery system manufacturer. Warning: Once the recovery system is activated, the pilot gives up all active control of the aircraft. There is no possibility to release the parachute and return to aerodynamic flight. Warning: The activation of the rescue system depends on the situation and is in the pilot´s decision. Once you decided to activate the rescue system do it at once and do not waste precious time. Before deployment, if possible, tighten lap belts tight, shoulder harnesses snug. Warning: The rescue system requires a certain time – and therefore altitude – to be fully deployed. In an emergency where the pilot has no more control about the aircraft, the recovery system should be deployed regardless of altitude. Warning: Maximum speed for deployment is 178 kts (276 km/h) IAS. Should the condition of the aircraft permit, aircraft speed should be reduced to below this value. If unavoidable, the recovery system can be deployed at a speed above the maximum. The parachute is attached to the aircraft at multiple hard points, so the chances of recovery are still good. Warning: If urgent help is required after a landing using the recovery system, the ELT (if installed) can be activated manually thus alerting the search and rescue services. Warning: Every CTLS is delivered with a fire extinguisher in a pocket on the back of the passenger seat. It can be used to fight small fires in the cockpit. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-7 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.7. Engine failure Warning: Do not attempt to restart the engine at altitudes below 100 m (300 ft) Warning: Do not attempt to return to the airfield if engine failure occurs immediately after take-off below an altitude of 250 m (750 ft). Warning: Due to the increased loss in altitude, turns should not be attempted at altitudes below 50 m (150 ft). After an engine failure in flight, an engine restart should be attempted if altitude and time permits. The prerequisites for a successful restart should first be checked: Fuel shutoff valve open Amount of fuel fuel available in both wing tanks Ignition both If the fuel level is low in both tanks and one of the fuel tanks appears to be empty, level the wings and make certain that the aircraft is not side slipping or holding the wing with the apparently empty tank higher. If the aircraft is level and one of the tank indicators shows fuel available make certain you keep that wing slightly higher to ensure fuel is being supplied to the engine. If airspeed is so low that the propeller has stopped, the engine must be started in the same way as on the ground using the starter. The Rotax 912 ULS engine ignition is only active once a certain minimum propeller rpm is achieved (above 1200 rpm). If the propeller is wind-milling, it may be that the propeller rpm is too low to restart the engine. In this case the starter must be used. Warning: Restarting the engine requires the full attention of the pilot. The stress factor in the cockpit increases considerably and simple mistakes may be made by even the most experienced pilot. It is therefore imperative that you continue to fly the aircraft! Be careful of controlled flight into terrain and other hazards of distraction. If the engine cannot be restarted or if altitude does not allow an attempt to restart, a controlled forced landing should be carried out. The power-off emergency landing procedure is basically the same as an emergency landing with engine power. The best glide speed is 78 knots (140 km/h) at a flight mass of 1320 lbs (600 kg).The flaps should be set to 0°. The flaps should only be extended beyond 0° when it is assured that the landing field will be reached. If you arrive too high at the chosen field perform descending figure 8’s keeping the landing site in view until the turn for final approach. Warning: During a landing without engine power, the glide path cannot be extended. Due to flap effectiveness and side-slipping, the glide path can be shortened considerably. Choose a landing field that you can glide to with certainty. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-8 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.8. Carburetor or engine fire If a fire breaks out in the engine compartment, the fuel shutoff valve must be turned off immediately. Throttle to full open to allow the engine to use up the fuel in the system quickly. Turn the Ignition off and take out the ignition key to ensure that the ignition is not inadvertently turned. Check that the fuel shutoff valve is still completely closed. In the fully closed position the lever is covering the slot for the ignition key. Descend as quickly as possible, holding the flames away from the aircraft by sideslipping and perform an emergency landing similar to that without engine power. If the flames have been extinguished and an emergency landing cannot be performed without engine power, an attempt may be made to restart the engine - should it indeed restart, an emergency landing should be made immediately. The deployment of the recovery system can be a good alternative. If the aircraft has become uncontrollable during the fire or if an emergency landing cannot be performed, the recovery system should not be deployed at greater altitudes, i.e. descend to an altitude of approx. 200 m (600 ft) (make sure that the maximum deployment speed for the recovery system is not exceeded). The recovery system can then be deployed. Evacuate the aircraft immediately after landing. Warning: Every CTLS is delivered with a fire extinguisher in a pocket on the back of the passenger seat. It can be used to fight small fires in the cockpit. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-9 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.9. Loss of coolant A loss of engine coolant does not mean that a forced landing must be carried out immediately. The coolant is used solely to cool the cylinder heads. The cylinders are air-cooled. As coolant temperature is only indirectly indicated via the cylinder head temperature of the hottest cylinder, engine temperature monitoring is still possible even after a total loss of coolant. In the case of a loss of coolant, engine power should be reduced enough to ensure that the cylinder head temperature remains within normal operation limits (below 150°C - 302°F). If airspeed becomes too low, the flaps may be partially extended (0°- 15°). The aircraft can then be flown to a suitable airfield without causing permanent damage to the engine. If the temperature cannot be held within operating limits, one must decide whether one is prepared to risk damage to the engine in order to reach a suitable field for an emergency landing. 3.10. Loss of oil A loss of oil is a very serious condition as the hot oil can easily ignite if it drops on to the hot exhaust system. An emergency landing performed to the procedures described above should be carried out as soon as possible. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-10 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.11. Failure of flap control The flap motor is activated by a controller which allows the preselection of the desired flap position. The flap position is indicated digitally. In principle, the CTLS can be landed irrespective of flap position. However, with negative flaps, the stall speed is higher and the resulting landing distance longer. When in doubt, an alternate airfield with a longer runway should be chosen. Recommended approach speed with flaps 0° is 100 km/h - 54 kts. With flaps -6° the recommended approach speed increases to 120 km/h – 64 kts. Should the control unit fail (not the motor), the electronic control of the flap motor should be reset. This is achieved by switching the alternator switch and the master switch off and then on again. It is safe to do this in flight as engine ignition is independent from the aircraft’s power supply. Should this not work, the flaps can be set manually by moving the flap selection lever past the detent, up or down. To set the flaps to negative, the flap lever is moved past and above the -6° position. Once the desired setting has been reached, the lever is returned to the -6° position. The flaps remain in the set position. To set the flaps to positive, the flap lever is moved past and below the +35° position. Once the desired setting has been reached, the lever is returned to the +35° position. The flaps remain in the set position. Warning: If the lever is not returned from the manual position, the flap motor continues to run until the end position is reached. Warning: As the flap position is no longer regulated by the controller, the pilot must ensure that airspeeds for flight with flaps extended are not above the limits shown on the flap lever placard. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 3-11 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 3.12. Dynon EMS failure (if installed) Dynon EMS failure (if installed) does not automatically adversely affect flight safety. However, should the Dynon EMS fail completely, engine parameters can no longer be monitored by the pilot. In order to reduce the risk of damage to a minimum, the flight may be continued but engine speed should be kept moderate (185 km/h – 100 kts) cruise speed with negative flaps). Sailplane towing or banner towing should be stopped when this failure occurs. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-1 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 4. NORMAL PROCEDURES 4.1. Normal procedures checklists Normal procedures are initially presented in the form of checklists. Amplified normal procedures follow later in the chapter. All pilots are strongly recommended to work with the checklists in the cockpit. It is the only way to ensure that in the distractions that may arise during flight important points are not overlooked. The checklists are formulated so that they may be made into a small booklet which can be used easily in the cockpit. This booklet can be augmented with specific operational aspects including helpful local information. The amplified procedures augment those points of the checklists which can only be explained in detail. Self-explanatory points will not be further dealt with. Both sources (checklists and amplified procedures) should be used during normal operation. 21 24 23 22 29 15 1 - 12 44 - 56 57 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 21 24 23 22 29 15 1 - 12 44 - 56 57 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 21 24 23 22 29 15 1 - 12 44 - 56 57 43 42 41 40 39 38 37 36 35 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 1 - 12 25 28 27 26 20 21- 24 44 - 55 13 14 15 15 16 17 18 19 1 - 12 25 28 27 26 20 21- 24 44 - 55 30 29 31 32 33 34 44 - 55 30 29 31 32 33 34 44 - 55 Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-2 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 PREFLIGHT INSPECTION A. Cabin 1 Aircraft documents on board 2 Control surfaces free and correct 3 Main pins inserted, caps in place and secured 4 Ignition off, key removed 5 Electrical equipment off 6 Avionics switch off 7 Master switch on 8 Wing flaps extended 9 Master switch off 10 Fuel shutoff valve open 11 Doors function checked 12 Windows check PREFLIGHT INSPECTION B. Left side of aircraft 13 Main landing gear, tire Landing gear fairing check 14 Baggage compartment locked 15 Antennas undamaged 16 Static pressure source check clear 17 Fuselage no damage 18 Rear tie-down remove 19 Vertical stabilizer check 20 lower Fin check 21 Horizontal stabilizer check 22 Trim tab check 23 Elastic flap hinge check 24 Trim tab link check 25 Rudder check cables, bolts 26 Rudder ACL check 27 Tow release check 28 Tail navigation light check PREFLIGHT INSPECTION C. Right side of aircraft 29 Horizontal tail check 30 Vertical stabilizer check 31 Fin check 32 Fuselage l check 33 Baggage compartment locked 34 Main landing gear and tire check D. Right wing 35 Wing flap check 36 Aileron check 37 Winglet, wing tip check, vent clear 38 Navigation light check 39 Pitot probe check 40 Tie-down remove 41 Fuel quantity check 42 Filler cap shut 43 Wing leading edge check PREFLIGHT INSPECTION E. Aircraft - Nose 44 Engine cowling remove 45 Exhaust system check 46 Nose gear check 47 Air inlet check 48 Fluid lines check 49 Electrical wiring check 50 Fuel drain; no contamination 51 Landing light check 52 Propeller check 53 Spinner check 54 Battery check 55 Oil quantity check 56 Coolant quantity check F. Left wing 57 Wing leading edge check 58 Fuel quantity check 59 Filler cap shut 60 Tie-down remove 61 Navigation light check 62 Winglet, wing tip check, vent clear 63 Aileron check 64 Wing flap check Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-3 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 STARTING THE ENGINE Preflight inspection complete Parking brake set Carburetor heat off Circuit breakers all in Avionics off Master switch on ACL on Fuel shutoff valve on (up) Ignition key in Choke as required Throttle idle Propeller area clear Ignition key turn to start then release Choke adjust, then off (forward) Oil pressure check Alternator switch on Avionics switch on Wing flaps retract TAXIING Brakes check Steering check BEFORE TAKE-OFF Parking brake set Safety harnesses lap tight, shoulders snug Doors shut Control surfaces free Altimeter set to field elevation Transponder on, standby Choke shut Carburetor heat off Throttle 4000 rpm Engine gauges check Magneto, left max. drop 300 rpm Magnetos, both check Magneto, right max. drop 300 rpm max. diff. 120 rpm Magnetos, both check Oil temperature min. 51°C (122°F) Alternator control lamp off Throttle idle Flaps set Pitch trim set (neutral for takeoff) Radios set Recovery system unlocked (pin out) ELT armed … continued … BEFORE TAKE-OFF (continued) Passenger briefing complete Approach & departure clear Parking brake release NORMAL TAKE-OFF Wing flaps 0° - 15° Carburetor heat off Throttle full Take-off rpm 4800 – 5000 rpm Best rate-of climb 120 km/h (67 kts) (flaps 15°) 132 km/h (73 kts) (flaps 0°) 140 km/h (78 kts) (flaps -6°) Best angle-of-climb 110 km/h (61 kts) (flaps 15°) 120 km/h (66 kts) (flaps 0°) SHORT FIELD TAKE-OFF Wing flaps 15° Parking brake set Choke shut Carburetor heat off Throttle full Parking brake release Rotation 75 km/h (42 kts) Acceleration 110 km/h (61 kts) Best angle of climb 110 km/h (61 kts) CLIMB Wing flaps -6°, 0° Airspeed @ -6° and 600 kg (1320 lbs) for … best rate-of-climb vy = 140 km/h (78 kts) … best angle-of-climb vx = 126 km/h (70 kts) Rpm max. 5500 rpm CRUISE Throttle as required Engine parameters in the green DESCENT Carburetor heat as required Altimeter set to field barometric BEFORE LANDING Safety harnesses tight Airspeed 110 km/h (61 kts) Wing flaps 15° … 35° Landing light as required Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-4 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 NORMAL LANDING Approach airspeed 100 km/h (54 kts) Flaps in finals 15° or 30° as required Airspeed on final 100 km/h (54 kts) Flare smoothly, nose not too high After touchdown stick smoothly back to relieve nose wheel AFTER LANDING Throttle idle Brakes as required Carburetor heat off Landing light off Wing flaps retract GO-AROUND Throttle full Carburetor heat off Wing flaps 15° Airspeed 110 km/h Rate of climb confirm positive rate SHUTTING DOWN THE ENGINE Parking brake set Avionics off Electrical equipment off Alternator off Ignition off Master switch off Ignition key remove Recovery system lock (pin in) ELT check off Passenger briefing Safety harness instructed Door lock instructed Recovery system instructed Fire extinguisher spray instructed ELT remote control instructed Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-5 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 4.2. Preflight inspection Even if the CTLS was operated within the last 24 hours, it is essential that the aircraft be thoroughly inspected before the first flight of each day. This also means removing the engine cowling. Warning: The inadvertent start-up of the engine is dangerous! Always ensure that the ignition and master switch are off. Inspection details are given in the Rotax engine operating handbook. This pilot’s operating handbook can only deal with the more important points. Oil quantity can only be checked after the propeller has been slowly cranked (always crank in the rotation direction of the propeller, never against the direction of rotation) until a gurgling noise is clearly heard. Only then has the measurable amount of oil been transported into the oil reservoir. The amount of oil must lie between the two limits on the oil dipstick - max. /min. - and should never be allowed to sink below the minimum level. Before undertaking an extended trip, make sure that the oil level lies at least midway between the two limits. Do not overfill the tank. Warning: If leakage of operating liquids is discovered, the engine may not be started until the cause of the leakage has been rectified. This is particularly important in the case of oil and fuel leaks as both constitute a fire risk. The various propellers which can be installed in the CTLS are made of light-weight composite materials. In comparison to propellers from the General Aviation sector, these propellers do not consist of a wooden core which has been covered with composite material. Should such a full-composite propeller be damaged, then the entire load-carrying structure is affected. The propeller can no longer be used and must be inspected by a qualified technician. The same applies to the spinner. It is subject to high loads which can cause the smallest damage to grow very quickly. If it is damaged it too may no longer be used. If necessary, the aircraft may however be flown to an aviation workshop without the spinner cap. Should cracks appear in the finish, the cause should be sought immediately. Cracks in composite structures are often indication of damage to the underlying structure. A qualified technician often has the means to check the structure without first having to remove the finish. During the inspection of the cockpit and the baggage compartment, particular attention should be paid to loose objects. Objects easily fall out of bags and/or pockets when leaving the aircraft. These objects can then shift during flight and interfere with the control surfaces. When flying alone, the passenger seat safety harness should be pulled tight and locked. No loose objects should be on the passenger side as they are not accessible to the pilot during flight. Warning: The passenger seat is not intended for the transport of objects or bags. However, should objects (e.g. bags) be placed on the passenger seat, Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-6 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 they must be secured so that they cannot shift even if the aircraft experiences strong vertical gusts and accelerations. 4.3. Passenger briefing Before take-off, passengers should be briefed on the emergency procedures. This ensures that in an emergency passengers will act properly and not become a further problem for the pilot. Even although one can confidently assume that these circumstances may never happen, it is important that they be discussed calmly on the ground. In this way, one can be sure that if it comes to it, the passenger will react correctly. The briefing should include at the least the following points. Passengers should be briefed on the proper use of the safety harness - how it is worn, locked, tightened and opened. The safety harness is tightened first at the waist and then the shoulders in order to prevent the lap strap from riding up in a dangerous manner. The safety harness should be held tight at all times as light aircraft such as the CTLS can experience turbulence at any time during flight. The door latching mechanism should be demonstrated. Particular emphasis should be placed on the fact that the doors must be pulled firmly against the door seals before locking the doors in order to prevent the latches from jamming. Deployment of the recovery system should be explained. Passengers must be told of the importance of the handle in the middle console and how to operate it. In the unlikely event that the pilot is incapacitated, this information is very important. Warning: Even if the passenger is an experienced General Aviation pilot, he/she should be briefed on the peculiarities of Light Sport aircraft. This is especially the case with respect to the parachute recovery system as these are usually not installed in GA aircraft. A fire extinguisher spray is provided in a pocket on the back of the passenger seat. It can be used to extinguish small fires in the cockpit. This may be necessary after an emergency landing. Briefing passengers accordingly on the use of the fire extinguisher spray is very important. If immediate help is required after an emergency landing, the ELT (if installed) can be activated using the remote control in the lower central panel. If the pilot is no longer capable of acting, the passenger should know how he can activate the unit. This information is very important. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-7 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 4.4. Starting the engine The fuel shutoff valve is positioned so that it impedes the turning of the ignition key so that it is virtually impossible to forget it completely. However, before starting the engine one should make sure that the valve is completely open as only then is the supply of sufficient fuel to the engine guaranteed. Before starting the engine, it should be cranked manually in the direction of rotation to prevent a hydraulic lock and thus damage to the engine. The safety regulations given in the engine operating handbook must be followed. Warning: When starting the engine, the pilot’s attention is directed to inside the cockpit. The parking brake should thus be applied to prevent the aircraft from moving. Should the aircraft, despite parking brake, start to taxi after the engine has been started, the engine must be cut immediately by turning off the ignition. The aircraft has a tendency to move with the engine in idle when on concrete or if a tail wind prevails. To start the engine, the starter should be activated for a maximum of 10 seconds. This prevents over-heating and a continuous over-loading of the battery. A cool down period lasting two minutes is recommended between attempts at starting. Pull the choke out completely and keep it fully open for about 20 - 30 seconds after the engine starts to turn, then slowly push shut. Adjust the throttle as required. The throttle must be closed (full aft on lever) during choke operation for mixture enrichment to function. Since the engine has a propeller gearbox, start-up impact loads should be avoided. When starting the engine the throttle should not be more than 10% open. Once the engine starts to turn, the throttle should be adjusted to ensure that the engine runs smoothly. This is usually the case at engine rpm between 2000 and 2500 rpm. Warning: Oil pressure must begin to show at the latest 10 seconds after the engine has started to turn. If this is not the case, the engine must be cut immediately. Engine rpm may only be increased once oil pressure exceeds 2 bar (28 psi). Allow the engine to warm up at medium rpm. We recommend 2 minutes at 2000 rpm and then increase to 2500 rpm. The engine is ready for operation when the oil temperature has reached 50°C (122°F). 4.5. Autopilot operation The autopilot master switch should be in the off position when the engine is started. After the engine is started, turn on the autopilot master switch and hold the aircraft stationary as the internal gyros are initialized. The model and software version will be displayed briefly. For approximately ten seconds afterward, the display will show the words PWR UP in the lower display. When initializing is complete PWR UP will change to AP OFF. The autopilot can be turned on and off by pressing the control buttons on the Autopilot controller itself. The Autopilot can also be turned on and off using the white button on the control stick. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-8 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 For more details regarding the Autopilot operation please take the time to look at the Autopilot manual. Warning: Do not mistaken the autopilot button on the control stick with the Radio Transmit button. During the flight pay attention that you DO NOT press unintentionally white button on the control stick because it turns on and off the autopilot. Warning: Normally the Autopilot is using your GPS Track as source for the course it tries to follow. In this case you see “TRK” in the upper half. When your plane holds wings level, but does not follow the selected route in your GPS, check if the Autopilot has lost the GPS signal. This can be clearly seen in the display, as the “TRK” display is gone and replaced by “NO GPS BANK”. In this backup mode the Autopilot tries to hold the wings according to the selected bank angle. 4.6. Before take-off A flight should only be undertaken after a proper flight planning has been completed. Even if only pattern training is planned, you should first check if the runway length suffices under the prevailing conditions (surface conditions, wind, humidity, temperature). The relevant checklist should be properly executed before each take-off. Small mistakes - such as the wrong flap setting - can lead to unanticipated developments during take-off and quickly lead to problems, for example on short runways with obstacles. 4.7. Typical pattern The typical pattern can serve as a guidance for the suitable flight configuration during the various different phases of the pattern. In practice, it must, of course, be modified to take into account external influences, local circumstances or a compulsory pattern. Nevertheless you will be able to find the individual points again. Following charts show two variants of traffic patterns. The big one is used when flying together with General Aviation Aircraft in the same pattern. In order to not slow them down flaps are retracted relatively early, and portions of the pattern are flown at good speed. The pattern is more roomy and fast. The small pattern can be flown on typical small light sport or private airstrips, and together with slower aircraft. As the CTLS is aerodynamically very efficient emphasis is laid upon keeping flaps set and speed controlled within the lower but safe limits. The pattern can be flown much more narrow this way, without generating pilot overload. Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-9 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 6 Date: 05 Feb 2009 Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-10 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 6 Date: 05 Feb 2009 Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-11 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 4 Date: 29 Apr 2008 4.8. Take-off and climb The airfoil of the CTLS offers good climb characteristics, even in the cruise-optimized flap position. Normally on short runways, the flaps are set to 15° for take-off. On hard surface runways, however, take-off is more efficient with the flaps set to 0°. This setting can also be used for a closed circuit as it reduces the pilot workload as the flaps need not be reset until abeam the touchdown point. During the take-off roll, engine rpm should be checked after full throttle has been applied. Indicated engine rpm should be about 4800 rpm. Only when the engine has reached this speed is the correct take-off power available. These values are not valid for variable pitch propellers which leads to higher rpm for take-off which, in turn, results in better take-off performance. In order to be able to hold direction on the runway, the CTLS pilot must look for an appropriate reference point. Pilots used to flying other types of aircraft are often confused by the strongly tapered fuselage nose of the CTLS, tending to take-off and land with a lot of sideslip. The pilot’s view straight ahead is very much to the left. At first this appears to be far too far to the left, but it is indeed correct. The point can be located by drawing a vertical line upwards from the between the rudder pedals. View from the pilot’s seat, looking straight ahead. As soon as the aircraft starts to accelerate, the stick should be pulled back slightly to unload the nose wheel. The aircraft takes off faster when the nose wheel is slightly lifted. When airborne, relax the aft pressure slightly to increase speed to best rate-of- climb speed (120 km/h – 67 kts with wing flaps +15°; 132 km/h – 73 kts with wing flaps 0°; both at takeoff weight of 1320 lbs – 600 kg). Warning: Climbing at speeds below the recommended rate-of-climb speed does not bring any advantages as the aircraft will not climb as steeply when it is flying below the best angle-of-climb speed. With decreasing speed, the aircraft also becomes more difficult to control. These circumstances Aircraft Operating Instructions (AOI) Type: CT Series: CTLS LSA Page: 4-12 AF 043 00005 Revision No. 6 Date: 05 Feb 2009 should be brought to mind when taking off from a short runway with obstacles. Wing flap settings may be adjusted once a safe altitude of 50 m (150 ft) has been reached. The CTLS climbs at a better rate and a better angle with the flaps retracted to 0°. It is recommended that once an airspeed of 120 km/h (67 kts) is exceeded to retract the flaps from 15° to 0°. The climb can then be continued at 132 km/h (73 kts). When this speed is exceeded, the flaps can be further adjusted to -6°. The aircraft can then climb further and efficiently at 140 km/h (78 kts). Warning: When adjusting the flaps to the negative position, the drag and lift co- efficient of the airfoil are reduced for the same angle of incidence. The aircraft must thus be accelerated during flap retraction. As a result, climb rate drops initially before it then picks up again. When retracting the flaps in horizontal flight, the aircraft can sink slightly. Therefore, the flaps should never be moved in the negative direction near the ground!