NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations

Approval and Documentation Process ...................................................................................................... 46 Interagency and Procurement Document Standards ................................................................................. 46 Responsibility for Checking Carding or Approval Prior to Use ............................................................... 47 Interagency Helicopter Pilot Qualification Card ...................................................................................... 47 Helicopter Data Card ................................................................................................................................ 48 Mechanic Qualification Card .................................................................................................................... 48 Service Truck Data Card ........................................................................................................................... 49 Aircraft Fuel Facility Inspection and Carding .......................................................................................... 50 Chapter 06 – Helicopter Capabilities and Limitations ........................................................................ 51 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 51 Helicopter Performance and Selection...................................................................................................... 51 Weight and Balance .................................................................................................................................. 52 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations ii High Density Altitude ............................................................................................................................... 52 Day/Night Flight Limitations .................................................................................................................... 53 Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) Flight Limitations ..................................................................................... 54 Wind Restrictions...................................................................................................................................... 54 Helicopter Operating in Snow-Covered Areas. ........................................................................................ 54 Helicopter Flight Over Congested and Densely Populated Areas ............................................................ 55 Supplemental Oxygen Requirements ........................................................................................................ 56 Lockdown of Controls .............................................................................................................................. 56 Military Helicopter Limitations ................................................................................................................ 56 Chapter 07 – Helicopter Load Calculations and Manifests ................................................................ 57 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 57 Responsibility for Completion of Load Calculations ............................................................................... 58 Determining Load Capability Using Appropriate HIGE/HOGE Aircraft Performance Charts ............... 59 Manifests ................................................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter 08 – Helicopter Landing Areas ............................................................................................... 68 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 68 Planning .................................................................................................................................................... 68 Permanent Helibase .................................................................................................................................. 69 Temporary Helibases and Helispots ......................................................................................................... 69 Site Ownership and Approval ................................................................................................................... 71 Selection of and Specifications for Temporary Helibases, Helispots, and Unimproved Landing Sites ... 72 Approach/Departure Path.......................................................................................................................... 78 Required Equipment and Facilities ........................................................................................................... 79 Markings for Aerial Identification ............................................................................................................ 80 Dust Abatement ........................................................................................................................................ 81 Procedures for Landings ........................................................................................................................... 82 Chapter 09 – Equipment Requirements and Maintenance ................................................................ 84 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 84 Interagency Fire Helicopter Equipment Requirements............................................................................. 84 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Requirements for Personnel ......................................................... 84 Survival Equipment .................................................................................................................................. 86 Crash Rescue Equipment for Helicopter Landing Sites ........................................................................... 88 Standard Equipment for External Loads ................................................................................................... 90 Inspection and Maintenance of Swivels ................................................................................................... 91 Specialized External Load Equipment ...................................................................................................... 99 Ground-Based Tank Systems for Helicopter Dipping and Filling.......................................................... 102 Chapter 10 – Personnel Transport ...................................................................................................... 104 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 104 Qualified Personnel ................................................................................................................................. 106 Personnel Transport Using Military Helicopters .................................................................................... 106 Special Law Enforcement Operations .................................................................................................... 106 Special Search and Rescue Operations ................................................................................................... 106 Load Calculations and Manifests ............................................................................................................ 107 Loading Procedures ................................................................................................................................ 108 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations iii Chapter 11 – Cargo Transport ............................................................................................................ 112 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 112 Qualified Personnel ................................................................................................................................. 113 Load Calculations and Manifests ............................................................................................................ 113 Aircrew Member on Board during External Load Missions .................................................................. 113 Hazardous Materials Transport and Handling ........................................................................................ 113 Cargo Transport with Military Aircraft .................................................................................................. 114 Cargo Preparation ................................................................................................................................... 114 Equipment Inspection ............................................................................................................................. 115 Cargo Inspection ..................................................................................................................................... 115 Loading and Rigging Procedures ............................................................................................................ 116 Hookup Methods ..................................................................................................................................... 124 General Requirements for External Load Missions ................................................................................ 127 Procedures for Hover Hookups ............................................................................................................... 129 Cargo Letdown........................................................................................................................................ 131 Cargo Freefall ......................................................................................................................................... 131 Chapter 12 – Fire Protection and Crash Rescue Procedures ........................................................... 134 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 134 On-Site Accident Preparedness Planning ............................................................................................... 134 Types of Emergencies ............................................................................................................................. 136 Classes of Fire ......................................................................................................................................... 138 Extinguishing Capacity ........................................................................................................................... 139 Extinguishing Agents .............................................................................................................................. 139 Extinguishers Types Most Commonly Used .......................................................................................... 140 Requirements .......................................................................................................................................... 141 Sequence of Actions ............................................................................................................................... 143 Fatalities .................................................................................................................................................. 146 Extrication and Evacuation ..................................................................................................................... 146 Preservation of the Accident Scene ........................................................................................................ 147 Chapter 13 – Fueling Operations ........................................................................................................ 148 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 148 Responsibilities ....................................................................................................................................... 148 Fuel and Oil Pollution Prevention........................................................................................................... 148 Types of Fuel .......................................................................................................................................... 149 Identifying Types of Fuel........................................................................................................................ 150 Contamination Testing ............................................................................................................................ 151 Fueling Hazard ........................................................................................................................................ 152 Safety Precautions ................................................................................................................................... 154 Rapid Refueling ...................................................................................................................................... 155 Vendor Fueling Operations ..................................................................................................................... 155 Government Fueling Operations ............................................................................................................. 157 General Guidance and Requirements...................................................................................................... 158 Inspections and Quality Control ............................................................................................................. 162 Fuel Spills ............................................................................................................................................... 163 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations iv Chapter 14 – Helicopter Maintenance ................................................................................................ 167 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 167 Inspection ................................................................................................................................................ 167 Pilot Functioning as a Mechanic ............................................................................................................. 167 Mechanic Approval ................................................................................................................................. 168 Unscheduled Maintenance ...................................................................................................................... 170 Chapter 15 – Helibase and Helispot Management and Operations ................................................. 171 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 171 Coordination with Project Aviation Manager or ASGS and AOBD ...................................................... 171 Helibase Briefing and Debriefing ........................................................................................................... 171 Helibase Personnel and Organization ..................................................................................................... 173 Helibase Setup and Layout ..................................................................................................................... 174 Helispot Considerations .......................................................................................................................... 180 Dipsite Considerations ............................................................................................................................ 183 Additional Considerations ...................................................................................................................... 185 Chapter 16 – Law Enforcement........................................................................................................... 187 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 187 Personnel Duties and Responsibilities, Qualifications, Certification and Training................................ 187 Operational Planning .............................................................................................................................. 187 Flight Following, Resource Tracking and Communications .................................................................. 188 Personnel and Equipment Approval and Carding ................................................................................... 188 Helicopter Capabilities and Limitations ................................................................................................. 189 Helicopter Load Calculations and Manifests. ......................................................................................... 189 Helicopter Landing Areas ....................................................................................................................... 189 Equipment Requirements and Maintenance ........................................................................................... 189 Personnel Transport ................................................................................................................................ 190 Cargo Transport ...................................................................................................................................... 190 Fire Protection and Crash Rescue ........................................................................................................... 191 Fueling Operations .................................................................................................................................. 191 Helicopter Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 191 Helibase and Helispot Management and Operations .............................................................................. 191 Administration ........................................................................................................................................ 192 Chapter 17 – Search and Rescue Operations ..................................................................................... 193 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 193 Personnel Duties and Responsibilities, Qualifications, Certification and Training................................ 193 Operational Planning .............................................................................................................................. 193 Flight Following and Communications. ................................................................................................. 194 Personnel and Equipment Approval and Carding. .................................................................................. 194 Helicopter Capabilities and Limitations. ................................................................................................ 194 Helicopter Load Calculations and Manifests .......................................................................................... 194 Helicopter Landing Areas ....................................................................................................................... 195 Equipment Requirements and Maintenance ........................................................................................... 195 Personnel Transport ................................................................................................................................ 195 Cargo Transport ...................................................................................................................................... 196 Fire Protection and Crash Rescue ........................................................................................................... 196 Fueling Operations .................................................................................................................................. 196 Helicopter Maintenance .......................................................................................................................... 196 Helibase and Helispot Management and Operations .............................................................................. 196 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations v Appendix A – Helicopter Management Forms and Checklists ........................................................ 197 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 197 Applicability ........................................................................................................................................... 197 Electronic HCM Forms ........................................................................................................................... 197 Aircraft Contract Daily Diary, OAS-137 or HCM-1 .............................................................................. 203 CWN Pre-Use Checklist, HCM-2 ........................................................................................................... 204 Aircraft Fuel Facility Inspection Log, HCM-3 ....................................................................................... 205 Helicopter Turbine Engine Power Assurance Check, HCM-4 ............................................................... 206 Turbine Engine Performance Trend Analysis, HCM-5 .......................................................................... 208 Helicopter Information Sheet, HCM-6 ................................................................................................... 209 Helicopter Crew Information Sheet, HCM-7.......................................................................................... 210 Interagency Helicopter Load Calculation, OAS-67/FS 5700-17 ............................................................ 211 Interagency Helicopter Passenger/Cargo Manifest, HCM-9 .................................................................. 212 Helicopter Load Capability Summary Multiple Helispots and Fuel Loads, HCM-10. .......................... 213 Aircraft Dispatch, NIFC HCM-1 ............................................................................................................ 214 Pilot Flight Time/Duty Day Cumulative Log, HCM-12 ......................................................................... 215 Helicopter Daily Use and Cost Summary, HCM-15 .............................................................................. 216 Contractor Performance Assessment Report System (CPARS) ............................................................. 217 Appendix B – Helibase Management Forms and Checklists ............................................................ 218 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 218 Daily Helicopter Operations Briefing/Debriefing Checklist (HBM-00) ................................................ 223 Helibase Organization Chart (HBM-1) ................................................................................................... 225 Helibase Complexity Analysis (HBM-1A) ............................................................................................. 226 Aviation Locations Summary (HBM-2) ................................................................................................. 227 Helibase Aircraft Information Summary (HBM-3) ................................................................................ 228 Allowable Payload Chart (HBM-4) ........................................................................................................ 229 Helibase Flight Following Log (HBM-5) ............................................................................................... 230 Flight Hour Tracking (Multiple Helicopters) (HBM-5A) ...................................................................... 231 Helibase Daily Use and Cost Summary (HBM-7) .................................................................................. 233 Helibase Communications Plan (HBM-8) .............................................................................................. 234 Helicopter Demobilization Information Sheet (HBM-9) ........................................................................ 235 None. Helicopter Flight Schedule (HBM-9A) ........................................................................................ 235 Facilities, Hazard, and Flight Route Map (HBM-10) ............................................................................. 237 Helibase Cumulative Cost Summary (HBM-11) .................................................................................... 238 Helitack Crew Performance Rating (HBM-12) and Helibase Personnel Performance Rating (HBM-13) .............................................................................................................................. 239 Two for One HMGB and/or Standard to Limited Request (HBM-14) ................................................... 240 Emergency Rescue Information, HBM-15 ............................................................................................. 241 Appendix C – Emergency Response .................................................................................................... 242 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 242 Emergency Response Preparedness Plan ................................................................................................ 242 Medical Incident Report, part of ICS-206WF ........................................................................................ 243 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations vi Appendix D – Contract Administration, Agency Flight Payment Documents ............................... 244 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 244 Contract File............................................................................................................................................ 244 Types of Contracts and Ordering Agreements........................................................................................ 244 Authority of Government Personnel ....................................................................................................... 245 Disputes with Vendors ............................................................................................................................ 245 Generic Duties and Responsibilities of Contracting Personnel .............................................................. 245 Flight Payment Documents ..................................................................................................................... 247 Services Ordered and Received by the U.S. Forest Service ................................................................... 247 Appendix E – Helitack Crew and Helibase Preparedness Reviews ................................................. 249 Purpose.................................................................................................................................................... 249 Applicability ........................................................................................................................................... 249 Responsibility and Instructions for Completion ..................................................................................... 250 Routing and Filing .................................................................................................................................. 250 Appendix F – NSHO Helibase Job Aids Package .............................................................................. 252 Emergency Medevac/Medical Transport Request (HJA-1).................................................................... 254 Helibase Manager’s Reminders List (HJA-2)......................................................................................... 255 Remote Fuel Site Reminders List (HJA-3) ............................................................................................. 256 Crash Rescue/Medevac/Evacuation Plan (HJA-4) ................................................................................. 257 Risk Assessment / Risk Management Worksheets (HJA-5, HJA-6, HJA-7) ......................................... 258 Operational Risk Assessment – Green-Amber-Red (GAR) Form .......................................................... 259 Appendix G – Safety Risk Management Process ............................................................................... 260 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 260 Safety Risk Management Principles ....................................................................................................... 260 Terms ...................................................................................................................................................... 261 The Five-Step Process............................................................................................................................. 264 Risk Assessment Tools and Methods ..................................................................................................... 272 SAFECOM .............................................................................................................................................. 280 After Action Review (AAR) ................................................................................................................... 281 Appendix H – Incident, Hazard and Accident Reporting ................................................................. 282 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................. 282 Situations that Warrant a Written Report................................................................................................ 282 Maintenance Deficiency ......................................................................................................................... 282 Aircraft Incident ...................................................................................................................................... 283 Reports and Forms .................................................................................................................................. 283 Appendix I – Crash Rescue Diagrams ................................................................................................ 285 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 1 of 311 Chapter 01 – Introduction 1 Scope 2 If an agency chooses to incorporate the NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations (NSHO) as policy 3 within the agency’s directives system, it is essential that the user understands the use of language in the 4 NSHO regarding mandatory or optional compliance. The use of the verb “must” conveys mandatory 5 compliance; use of “should” conveys required compliance except for documented justifiable reasons; 6 and use of “may” and “can” conveys optional compliance. 7 While it is recognized that field offices from most participating agencies have the authority to issue 8 more restrictive guidance and directives than that contained in the NSHO, they are encouraged not to do 9 so in the interests of the guide’s objective to promote interagency standardization of helicopter 10 operations. Exceptions to the NSHO may only be authorized through agency-specific procedures. 11 For aviation operations using Active Duty/Reserve military helicopters, and National Guard units 12 officially “federalized” by the Department of Defense (DoD). See Chapter 70 of the National 13 Interagency Fire Center, Military Use Handbook for specific policy and procedural information located 14 at https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/intelligence/military/military_use.pdf. 15 The use of National Guard units for federal firefighting purposes within their state must be outlined in 16 national, regional, state or local agreements and Memorandums of Understanding (MOUs) between 17 federal agencies and the specific National Guard units. 18 There may be discrepancies between direction found in this guide and applicable helicopter contract 19 language. When discrepancies arise, the current helicopter procurement document should be followed. 20 However, if discrepancies cannot be resolved to the satisfaction of the vendor and government 21 representative, the Contracting Officer should be consulted. 22 Authority 23 The aviation directives of the participating agencies contain the authority to require implementation of 24 this guide as policy. 25 Fire Operations 26 The target group for distribution includes users and managers of helicopters, helibase management and 27 air operations personnel, and other personnel involved in helicopter operations such as aviation 28 managers, dispatchers, and project managers. 29 Resource Operations 30 The USFS, BIA, BLM, and NPS have adopted the NSHO as policy for all helicopter resource 31 operations. 32 Organization 33 The chapters of the NSHO are organized to assist the user in obtaining an understanding of standards 34 and requirements for helicopter operations. The appendices provide standard operational and 35 administrative forms, checklists, and other job aids. 36 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 2 of 311 Chapter 02 – Personnel 1 Introduction 2 This chapter establishes common duties and responsibilities of helicopter or helibase management 3 positions. Roles and responsibilities cover both incident and resource operations. 4 Training, Qualification and Currency Requirements 5 An individual must be trained, experienced, current and certified prior to planning or participating in 6 helicopter operations. Agencies may require additional training, experience and currency standards of 7 their employees. 8 Training, qualification and currency requirements for helicopter and helibase management positions on 9 incidents are established in the NIMS: Wildland Fire Qualification System Guide, PMS 310-1, 10 https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/310-1. 11 Resource Helicopter and Helibase Management Positions 12 Training, qualification and currency requirements for DOI and USFS helicopter and helibase 13 management positions for resource missions are found in the Interagency Aviation Training (IAT) 14 Guide, https://www.iat.gov/. 15 Additional interagency guides and handbooks that contain information include: 16  DOI Law Enforcement Short-Haul Policy, https://www.doi.gov/aviation/library/guides. 17  NWCG Standards for Aerial Ignition, PMS 501, https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/501. 18  Interagency Helicopter Rappel Guide, PMS 511, https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/511. 19  DOI Helicopter Short-Haul Handbook, https://www.doi.gov/aviation/library/guides. 20  DOI Aerial Capture, Eradication, and Tagging of Animals (ACETA) Handbook, 21 https://www.doi.gov/aviation/library/guides. 22  National Interagency Fire Center, Military Use Handbook, 23 https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/intelligence/military/military_use.pdf. 24  Aviation Life Support Equipment (ALSE) Handbook, 25 https://www.doi.gov/aviation/library/guides. 26  See the NWCG Glossary of Wildland Fire, PMS 205, https://www.nwcg.gov/glossary/a-z, for 27 definitions of terms used within this publication. 28 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 3 of 311 Helicopter Staffing Requirements 1 Exhibit 2.1 – Minimum Staffing for Helicopter Operations. 2 Helicopter Type FAA Standard/Transport Category FAA Standard Category Temporarily Designated for Limited Use FAA Standard Category Permanently Designated for Limited Use or FAA Restricted Category Type 1 Helicopter Manager plus 4 Helicopter Crewmembers Manager only Manager only Type 2 Helicopter Manager plus 3 Helicopter Crewmembers Manager only Manager only Type 3 Helicopter Manager plus 2 Helicopter Crewmembers Manager only Manager only  The minimum required staffing levels must be filled with fully qualified personnel. Trainees may 3 be ordered in addition to the minimum staffing levels. 4  Call-When-Needed (CWN) Helicopter and Module should marry up away from the assigned 5 incident. 6 Helicopter Minimum Staffing Exceptions 7 The types of missions a helicopter may perform using the following exceptions are approved by the 8 state/regional aviation manager by assessing the risks and benefits of the individual request. 9 An Air Operations Branch Director (AOBD) or Air Support Group Supervisor (ASGS) may request 10 delegated authority to approve the following exceptions from the regional or state aviation manager. 11 Limited Use Exception 12 Helicopters designated as “Limited Use” may be staffed with fewer assigned Helicopter Crewmembers 13 than listed in Exhibit 2.1. A Helicopter designated as limited use must be staffed by a fully qualified 14 Helicopter Manager. 15 Requests for “Limited Use” will be documented using form HBM-14. 16 Typical missions performed by a limited use helicopter are those which do not require the support of 17 multiple Helicopter Crewmembers. 18 2 for 1 Exception 19 State/Regional aviation managers may allow two (2) helicopters designated as “Limited Use” or FAA 20 Restricted Category or both types to be managed by one qualified Helicopter Manager. 21 Requests for “2 for 1” will be documented using form HBM-14. 22 Required elements for approval are: 23  An order for another Helicopter Manager for the second helicopter has been placed and is 24 actively trying to be filled. 25  Both helicopters are working out of the same helibase and are physically located side-by-side. 26 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 4 of 311  A Helibase Manager is assigned. 1 Alaska Exception 2 A Helicopter Manager is assigned to all Exclusive-Use and CWN helicopters in Alaska. No additional 3 Helicopter Crewmembers are required unless otherwise requested. 4 NWCG Incident Position Descriptions 5 For the following positions, position standards (including position descriptions and minimum position 6 requirements for training, experience, physical fitness, and position currency) are located in the NWCG 7 Position Catalog, https://www.nwcg.gov/positions: 8 Helicopter Manager (HMGB), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/hmgb, 9 Helicopter Crew Member (HECM), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/hecm, 10 Helibase Manager (HEBM), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/hebm, 11 Deck Coordinator (DECK), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/deck, 12 Aircraft Base Radio Operator (ABRO), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/abro, 13 Mix Master Retardant (MXMS), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/mxms, and 14 Helicopter Coordinator (HLCO), https://www.nwcg.gov/positions/hlco. 15 Non-NWCG Helicopter Management Personnel Roles and Responsibilities 16 Helicopter Flight Manager 17 Missions may be supervised by a Helicopter Flight Manager who has been trained and is qualified to 18 conduct helicopter missions. These missions are limited to: 19  Point-to-point transport of personnel from one developed heliport/helibase or airport to another 20 developed heliport/helibase or airport. 21  Reconnaissance missions both below 500’ above ground level (AGL) and above 500’ AGL. 22  Landings at or takeoffs from improved or unimproved sites. 23 Helicopter Flight Manager Duties and Responsibilities 24 1. Coordinate with scheduling office, pilot, and users on flight planning. 25 2. Complete required administrative and operational forms specified in Appendix A and optional 26 forms as required by local aviation management. 27 3. Ensure required personal protective equipment is available and used correctly. 28 4. Perform preflight briefing and ensure a preflight passenger briefing by the pilot is accomplished 29 prior to the flight; verification that the aircraft and pilot are approved and authorized for the type 30 operation to be conducted by checking Interagency Helicopter Pilot Qualification Card and 31 Aircraft Data Card. 32 5. Ensure flight following and resource tracking is performed; perform a preflight radio check. 33 6. Ensure load calculation and manifests are completed correctly. 34 7. Ensure, except in an emergency, there is no deviation from established flight plan or type of 35 intended use unless such deviation is relayed and/or approved through identified procedures and 36 that any requirements of such a deviation are met. 37 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 5 of 311 8. Assist the pilot in aerial hazard identification; ensure a high-level reconnaissance is made prior to 1 flight less than 500’ AGL. 2 9. Report any deviations from planned flight or normal operations immediately using agency 3 incident/hazard report. 4 10. When requested, assist pilot in loading and unloading passengers and cargo. 5 11. Ensure flight payment documents are accurate and submitted according to direction found in 6 procurement document. 7 Pilot 8 The pilot is an essential part of any aviation mission and must be made an integral part of a team effort 9 whose objective is flight safety and efficiency. The pilot is in command of the aircraft and has ultimate 10 responsibility, under both FAA and agency regulations, for the safety of the aircraft and its occupants. 11 The pilot’s decisions and judgment are final. No agency employee must explicitly or implicitly ask or 12 require a Pilot to perform any mission or flight maneuver which compromises flight safety. 13 Pilot Duties and Responsibilities 14 1. Adheres to Federal Aviation Regulations (FARs), agency regulations (for agency pilots), and the 15 requirements of the procurement document (vendor pilots). 16 2. As applicable, coordinates with dispatcher, helicopter manager, and/or Helibase Manager on 17 project or incident planning and logistics; reviews manifests and intended loads to ensure aircraft 18 is capable of performing the mission; is responsible for knowledge of hazards in area of 19 operations. 20 3. Ensures that all aircraft and communications equipment is in good condition and operable; 21 performs flight following as required by the agency. 22 4. Carries a current Interagency Helicopter Pilot Qualification Card; ensures the Aircraft Data Card 23 is physically present in the aircraft; presents the card upon request. 24 5. Military, cooperator and other-government agency aircraft may have non-carded aircraft or pilots 25 but a copy of the approving document must be available. 26 6. Performs aircraft preflight using an approved checklist and preflight safety briefing of 27 passengers, or delegates the briefing responsibility to qualified personnel. 28 7. Completes Helicopter Load Calculation using applicable aircraft Flight Manual Performance 29 Chart(s); ensures that payload does not exceed allowable payload. 30 8. Meets contract requirements for fueling using approved static bonding procedures. 31 9. Is responsible for the security of the aircraft. 32 10. Except in an emergency, does not deviate from flight plan without relaying change to appropriate 33 dispatch office or other flight following facility; does not descend below 500 feet AGL unless 34 such flight has been authorized in advance or an in- flight deviation is approved; makes no 35 descent below 500 feet AGL without first performing a high-level reconnaissance of the 36 operations area to identify hazards. 37 11. Wears personal protective equipment as required by agency directive (agency Pilots) or the 38 procurement document (vendor Pilots). 39 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 6 of 311 12. Completes flight payment documents per agency or procurement document direction. 1 13. Speaks English fluently and communicates clearly. 2 14. Responsible for transporting hazardous materials in accordance with federal, state. and local 3 requirements. 4 15. Follows FAA-approved company operational specifications. 5 Helibase/Helispot Management 6 See the NWCG Glossary of Wildland Fire, PMS 205, https://www.nwcg.gov/glossary/a-z for definitions 7 of helibase, helispot, and unimproved landing sites. 8 Further information on specific requirements for helibase and helispot management can be found in 9 Chapter 15 or other appropriate chapter(s) of this guide. 10 Unless otherwise specified, the following job descriptions apply to both incident and resource 11 operations. 12 Helispot Manager 13 Helispot Managers are responsible for providing safe and efficient management of all helicopter 14 activities at the assigned helispot. The Helibase Manager assigns the position of Helispot Manager to a 15 person assigned to manage the aviation operations at a location physically separate from the helibase. A 16 Helispot Manager performs under the supervision of the Helibase Manager. 17 Helispots are physically separate from the helibase, resulting in the inability of the Helibase Manager to 18 oversee and monitor helispot operations, it is essential that the Helibase Manager assign the most 19 capable person based on the complexity and nature of the assignment. 20 Minimum training, qualification and currency requirements of the Helispot Manager position on 21 incidents are outlined in the NIMS: Wildland Fire Qualification System Guide, PMS 310-1, 22 https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/310-1, within the position of Helicopter Crewmember. 23 Prior to the start of operations, the Helibase Manager should extensively review Helispot Manager 24 duties and responsibilities, as well as the load capability planning forms in Appendices A and B. 25 Environmental considerations may affect the construction of a helispot. However, at no time will aircraft 26 or personnel safety be compromised. Significant helispot improvements such as the cutting of numerous 27 trees should be cleared by the Helibase Manager with a higher-level authority, for example, the AOBD 28 or Project Aviation Manager in consultation with the Resource Advisor. 29 Helispot Manager Duties and Responsibilities 30 1. Obtain briefing from Helibase Manager and obtain the following forms: Incident Action or 31 Project Aviation Safety Plan; Air Operations Summary, ICS-220; and Incident Radio 32 Communications Plan, ICS 205, if available. 33 2. Ensure that qualified HECMs are assigned to assist in helispot management, providing on-the- 34 job training as necessary; conduct regular briefings with helispot crew; ensure all assigned 35 personnel understand their responsibilities and authority; manage resources/supplies dispatched 36 to helispot. 37 3. Obtain necessary equipment and supplies for the operation of the helispot (tools, fire 38 extinguishers, wind indicators, etc.) 39 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 7 of 311 4. On incidents, ensure that all helispot personnel are capable of and prepared to perform fire 1 suppression duties in and around the helispot; ensure that helispot crew is equipped to remain 2 overnight, even in adverse weather conditions. 3 5. Obtain allowable payload information for the helispot for each assigned helicopter, utilizing 4 forms outlined in Appendices A and B. 5 6. Obtain transportation and report to the assigned helispot; establish radio communications with 6 the helibase; provide the Helibase Manager with initial or additional information for the Helispot 7 Information Summary. 8 7. Ensure that all helispot personnel and personnel to be transported wear required personal 9 protective equipment. 10 8. Ensure the helispot and landing pad is constructed and prepared properly to ensure safe use of 11 the highest gross weight helicopter and/or helicopter with the largest diameter rotor blades; 12 construct the helispot according to safety standards; if required, obtain approval prior to making 13 improvements. 14 9. Install wind indicators and sign the area perimeter as necessary; perform any necessary aerial and 15 ground hazard reduction and safety improvements. 16 10. Anticipate dust abatement needs and provide or request as necessary. 17 11. Make crash rescue equipment such as fire extinguishers available. 18 12. Number and map the helispot in coordination with the Helibase Manager. 19 13. Ensure that flight routes and area hazards are made known to all Pilots; ensure communications 20 and Parking Tender(s) are in place. 21 14. Complete manifests accurately for all flights originating from assigned helispot; perform 22 manifesting, briefing, and loading of personnel and cargo. 23 15. Return external load equipment (nets, leadlines, and swivels) and excess firefighting equipment 24 to the helibase promptly. 25 16. Inform Helibase Manager of helispot activities; coordinate activities and requests for air support 26 with the Helibase Manager. 27 17. If applicable, supervise or perform water or retardant loading at helispot. 28 18. Maintain records and reports of helicopter activities for later inclusion in the Helicopter Daily 29 Use and Cost Summary. 30 19. If returned to the helibase, attend the nightly debriefing and provide feedback on day’s 31 operations; otherwise, provide by radio. 32 Parking Tender (PARK) 33 The Parking Tender is supervised by the DECK and is responsible for ground and air traffic in and 34 around the assigned landing pad and for the landing and parking of helicopters at that pad. 35 Parking Tenders should be fully briefed regarding responsibility for the landing pad to which each is 36 assigned, as well as the helicopter(s) assigned to the pad. Parking Tender should perform the bulk of 37 their duties from outside the safety circle. 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 8 of 311 Minimum training, qualification and currency requirements of the Parking Tender position on incidents 1 are outlined in the NIMS Wildland Fire Qualification System Guide, PMS 310-1, 2 https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/310-1, within the position of Helicopter Crewmember. 3 Parking Tender Duties and Responsibilities 4 1. Obtain briefing from the DECK; obtain radio frequencies and other information necessary to 5 perform the job. 6 2. Supervise activities at the assigned landing pad, including personnel, ground vehicle, and 7 helicopter movement. 8 3. Know and understand crash rescue procedures; ensure that extinguishers are placed at the 9 landing pad; be responsible for extinguisher operation in the event of fire either on landing, 10 takeoff, or refueling. 11 4. Ensure touchdown pad is properly prepared, numbered, and maintained. 12 5. Ensure adequate communications between the pad, Pilot, DECK, and ABRO. 13 6. Know and understand helicopter hand signals; provide wind advisories and other landing, 14 takeoff, and holding directions to the Pilot; assist the Pilot as needed when the helicopter is 15 departing, approaching, or is on the landing pad. Communication with the Pilot may be done 16 either through hand signals or by way of radio communication. Positive communication over the 17 radio by the Parking Tender via a patch cord and flight helmet is the preferred method. Parking 18 Tender should be positioned outside the safety circle. 19 7. Be alert for potential conflicts between inbound and/or outbound aircraft. Coordinate with 20 Loadmasters on the loading and unloading of personnel and cargo; ensure that loading personnel 21 check personnel seat belts, cargo restraints, and helicopter doors prior to departing the area. 22 8. Monitor the fueling of helicopters; report any problems to the Helibase Manager. 23 9. Wear high-visibility clothing to distinguish from other personnel. 24 10. Coordinate frequently with DECK; attend the nightly debriefing and provide feedback on 25 problems encountered; recommend corrective action. 26 Loadmaster (Personnel or Cargo) 27 The Loadmaster is assigned and supervised by the DECK and is responsible for the safe loading and 28 unloading of personnel and/or cargo. 29 It is essential that all Loadmasters be briefed concerning the characteristics of each make/model 30 helicopter assigned, as well as standard Aircraft Safety Briefing procedures, personnel/cargo weighing. 31 Loadmaster Duties and Responsibilities 32 1. Obtain briefing from DECK; obtain radio frequencies and other information necessary to 33 perform the job. 34 2. Ensure designation and signing of crew and cargo staging areas and of egress and ingress routes 35 to the deck. 36 3. Obtain sufficient personnel resources to load personnel and cargo; supervise personnel assigned 37 to loading positions, to include: 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 9 of 311 a. Ensure the safety and welfare of personnel (both agency and contract) assigned; ensuring all 1 personnel understand their responsibility and authority; monitoring their actions to ensure 2 duties and responsibilities are correctly performed 3 b. Conducting briefings of subordinates. 4 4. Ensuring personal protective equipment is worn by both personnel assigned to the deck and by 5 personnel being transported. 6 5. Meeting timekeeping, eating, sleeping, and transportation needs. 7 6. Supervise the manifesting of personnel and cargo according to requirements: 8 7. Ensure that appropriate hazardous materials regulations are enforced as outlined in the NWCG 9 Standards for Aviation Transport of Hazardous Materials, PMS 513, 10 https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/513. 11 8. Ensure the Pilot is aware of weight and nature of all loads being transported. 12 9. Supervise loading and unloading crews. 13 10. Ensure all passengers receive preflight briefings. 14 11. Ensure external load equipment is checked for proper operation before use. 15 12. Know and understand crash rescue procedures; inform personnel of helibase and helicopter crash 16 rescue procedures. 17 13. Coordinate with ABRO and Parking Tenders. 18 14. Coordinate frequently with the DECK; attend the nightly debriefing and provide feedback on 19 problems encountered; recommend corrective action. 20 Dipsite Manager 21 A Dipsite Manager is responsible for monitoring aviation activities at the assigned dipsite(s) mitigating 22 hazards as required, maintaining communications with pilots and other ICS positions, and providing for 23 crash rescue/emergency response in the case of a mishap. The Dipsite Manager is assigned as needed to 24 a natural or man-made water/retardant source(s). 25 A Dipsite Manager typically performs under the supervision of the Helibase Manager in coordination 26 with the assigned Division Supervisor or Task Force Leader when applicable. It is recommended that the 27 assigned Dipsite Manager is a qualified helicopter crewmember. 28 Dipsite Manager Duties and Responsibilities 29 1. Obtain briefing from Helibase Manager, (or assigning official); obtain Incident Action Plan or 30 Project Aviation Safety Plan, Air Operations Summary (ICS-220), Incident Radio 31 Communications Plan (ICS-205), and local Mishap Response Plan/Crash Rescue Plan, 32 commensurate with incident complexity. 33 2. Conduct briefings as necessary with dipsite personnel i.e. water tender, pump operator, law 34 enforcement, etc. Ensure assigned personnel understand their duties and responsibilities. 35 3. Obtain necessary equipment and supplies for the operation of the dipsite, i.e. radios, tools, fire 36 extinguishers, crash rescue kits, wind indicators, etc. Include a VHF-AM radio when available to 37 monitor the assigned rotor wing air-to-air frequency. 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 10 of 311 4. Dipsite personnel should be prepared to perform fire suppression and/or crash rescue duties in 1 and around the dipsite. 2 5. Report to the assigned dipsite; establish and maintain radio communications with the helibase, 3 pilots and Division Supervisor when applicable. Provide the Helibase Manager with initial 4 and/or additional dipsite specific information for dissemination to assigned pilots and Helicopter 5 Managers. 6 6. When applicable, communicate with the public and/or coordinate with law enforcement/public 7 safety official(s) to assure that the public are clear of dipsite operations and not exposed to 8 hazards. 9 7. Perform any necessary hazard reduction and safety improvements 10 8. Install wind indicators and sign the area perimeter as needed. 11 9. Anticipate dust abatement needs and provide or request as needed. 12 10. Make crash rescue equipment such as fire extinguishers and crash rescue kits available, visible, 13 and accessible. 14 11. Name and map the dipsite in coordination with the Helibase Manager and Aerial Supervisor. 15 12. Monitor aircraft separation; ensure that flight routes and area hazards are made known to all 16 pilots. 17 13. Identify an emergency landing area near the dipsite. Identify a landing area where helicopter 18 equipment troubleshooting can occur. 19 14. Identify escape routes for dipsite personnel in case of helicopter mishap at the dipsite. 20 15. Maintain records and reports of dipsite activities and as requested. 21 16. Report to Helibase Manager, Air Attack and Division Supervisor upon staffing/unstaffing of 22 assigned dipsite as well as return to helibase, (or other assigned destination). 23 17. At the end of each operational period, provide feedback on the day's operations to the Helibase 24 Manager. 25 Law Enforcement Helicopter Positions 26 Sensitive mission requirements and objectives may require security clearances of personnel participating 27 in the mission. Any individual deemed not suitable for the mission by the law enforcement officer 28 (LEO) must be removed from the operation and documentation of the action taken must be submitted to 29 the Unit Aviation Manager. 30 All law enforcement aviation operations using helicopters must, depending on the mission profile, be 31 conducted either by a qualified Resource or Incident Helicopter Manager or by a Helicopter Flight 32 Manager. 33 It is recommended that a qualified LEOs fill the Helicopter Manager position. 34 The one exception to personnel being required to fulfill the above requirements is when the agency is 35 using other-government agency or military aircraft, and the provider of the aircraft is also providing all 36 helicopter and/or helibase management services, e.g., flight following, loading/unloading of personnel 37 and/or cargo, external load operations., etc. 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 11 of 311 Any law enforcement personnel participating as a Helicopter Crewmember, and not solely as a 1 passenger being transported, must meet the requirements for a Resource Helicopter Crewmember. 2 All law enforcement personnel filling helibase positions must meet the training, qualification and 3 currency requirements of the position outlined in the NIMS Wildland Fire Qualification System Guide, 4 PMS 310-1, https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/310-1. 5 Pilots from other law enforcement agencies, the National Guard, or DoD must be either approved 6 through a Memorandum of Understanding or similar agreement, or must possess a current Interagency 7 Helicopter Pilot Qualification Card. 8 Sensitive mission requirements may require security clearances of the Pilot and/or vendor to ensure 9 mission integrity. Law Enforcement Helicopter Managers are responsible for informing the scheduling 10 unit of any such requirements. 11 Search and Rescue Helicopter and Helibase Personnel 12 Helicopter Managers and Crewmembers performing search and rescue missions must meet resource 13 requirements for helicopter or helibase management, as well as associated duties and responsibilities for 14 each position filled. 15 Military Helicopter Personnel 16 See Chapter 70 of the National Interagency Fire Center, Military Use Handbook, located at 17 https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/intelligence/military/military_use.pdf for operational 18 procedures regarding personnel associated with the use of military aviation. 19 Aerial Capture, Eradication, and Tagging Of Animals (ACETA) Helicopter Positions 20 Vendors who provide gunners and muggers for ACETA operations are not required to adhere to the 21 agency personnel requirements outlined below. 22 The Helicopter Manager of an ACETA operation must meet the requirements for a Resource Helicopter 23 Manager. 24 ACETA Helicopter Manager Duties and Responsibilities 25 1. Ensures that Pilot and aircraft are carded and certified for ACETA operations. 26 2. Ensures dual controls are removed prior to commencement of the ACETA operation. 27 3. Ensures crew and passengers wear PPE as specified in the ALSE Handbook, as well as in 28 agency-specific manuals and handbooks 29 4. Ensures all cargo is restrained according to requirements. 30 5. The Gunner of an ACETA operation must: 31  Operate appropriate weapon(s); ensures the weapon is not loaded or cocked unless the 32 muzzle is outside and pointed away from the aircraft. 33  Identify the animals(s) to target. 34  Ensure adequate covering for protection of control mechanism and under seat area to prevent 35 ejected shells, etc., from interfering with controls. 36 6. The HECM participating on an ACETA operation as a mugger must meet the requirements for a 37 Resource HECM. 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 12 of 311 7. All agency personnel filling helibase positions on an ACETA project must meet position 1 requirements. 2 8. ACETA Pilots must be carded for the ACETA mission and specific animals targeted. 3 9. If single-skid, step-out, or toe-in landings are to be performed, Single-skid Toe-in Exit 4 Procedures (STEP) training is required as well as an approved exemption granted by the 5 appropriate agency aviation manager. 6 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 13 of 311 Chapter 03 – Operational Planning 1 Introduction 2 It is essential that aviation operations be planned with consideration given to safety and operational 3 efficiency. Missions can be accomplished safely and efficiently, provided that a high degree of planning, 4 risk analysis and management is applied. The success of a project or flight is affected by the ability to 5 anticipate and influence events before they occur. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) have been 6 developed to help streamline the planning process, incorporate the lessons learned from experience, and 7 use the best practices that balance the demands for safety and efficiency. 8 The planning process includes several steps as a project or flight is considered. Initial planning tasks 9 include determining objectives, risk assessment and contingency planning. Once these primary tasks are 10 completed the process continues with aircraft selection and mission profile and planning that is more 11 operational in nature. 12 Developing Objectives and Contingency Planning 13 Objectives 14 The objectives for a project or particular flight will affect the planning and decision making process. To 15 be effective and support the overall goals of the organization, objectives must be clear, concise, 16 achievable, and measurable. 17  Achievable does not necessarily mean easy, but expectations should be reasonable. 18  Measurable on some quantifiable scale so success can be determined. 19 Contingency Planning 20 Preparation is the key to flexibility. Considering multiple options in the planning stage rather than 21 relying on one course of action will lead to success. Options based on “What If?” questions should be 22 considered during the planning phase: 23  What if the flight is delayed? 24  What if the passengers are late? 25  What if the meals for the spike crews aren’t delivered as scheduled? 26 It is easier to do contingency planning in advance rather than on short notice during active operations. 27 Contingency planning should be detailed. Projects should be broken down into individual missions and 28 missions should be broken down to their smallest elements. These elements should be ranked according 29 to their importance, such as, “What’s going to stop progress?” or “What elements are essential?” After 30 considering what can go wrong with each mission element, specific solutions can be developed. 31 Risk Management 32 This section is directed toward risk management as it applies to helicopter and helibase field operations. 33 Risk management is an ongoing process. 34 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 14 of 311 Risk Management Principles 1 These basic decision making principles must be applied before any anticipated job, task, or mission is 2 performed: 3 1. Accept no unnecessary risk. The most logical choices for accomplishing a mission are those 4 that meet all the mission requirements while exposing personnel and resources to the lowest 5 possible risk. 6 2. Make risk decisions at the appropriate level. Making risk decisions at the appropriate level 7 establishes clear accountability. Those accountable for the success or failure of a mission must 8 be included in the risk decision process. Supervisors at all levels must ensure subordinates know 9 how much risk they can accept and when they must elevate the decision to a higher level. 10 3. Accept risk when benefit outweighs cost. Weighing risks against opportunities and benefits 11 helps to maximize unit capability. Even high-risk endeavors may be undertaken when there is 12 clear knowledge that the sum of the benefits exceeds the sum of the costs. 13 4. Integrate risk management into planning and execution at all levels. To effectively apply 14 risk management, leaders at all levels must dedicate time and resources to incorporate risk 15 management principles into the planning and execution phases of all operations. Integrating risk 16 management into planning as early as possible provides the decision maker with the greatest 17 opportunity to apply risk management principles. 18 Time Element in Risk Management 19 Performing risk management is limited by the amount of time available for planning and requires 20 flexibility and judgment by both Pilots and air operations supervisors. 21 Risk management can be divided into three categories according to time element. 22 Time Critical 23 This type of risk management is an “on-the-run” mental or verbal review of the situation using the risk 24 management process without necessarily recording the information. The process is often used to make 25 decisions in a time limited situation. Many of the skills used in this context are applicable to normal 26 mission where deliberate risk management has occurred and crews must manage risk in a dynamic 27 situation. 28 Search and rescue missions also fall in this category. Encountering unexpected winds at a helispot is 29 another common occurrence, where the pilot must rapidly assess the risk and determine whether to land, 30 attempt to land at another spot farther from the objective, or abort the mission and return to base. 31 Deliberate 32 This type is used when planning time permits. It involves risk identification, evaluation, consideration of 33 control options and risk decision making, implementation of controls, and supervision. Note that all of 34 these may be applied to time critical risk management; however, the time frame in which the rapid 35 examination is performed is compressed by the urgency of the situation. This is the type of risk 36 assessment that should be performed by the AOBD while completing the form ICS 220; by the Helibase 37 Manager while briefing personnel and discussing intended missions, and by project personnel when 38 planning a flight mission days or weeks in advance. 39 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 15 of 311 For example, if a Wild Horse and Burro Specialist knows that a census in a certain area is required at a 1 specific time of year, there is ample time to identify and evaluate hazards (wires, military training 2 routes, deep canyons, etc.), develop and implement controls (for example, coordinate with the military 3 to deconflict airspace) and supervise preparations for the mission. 4 Strategic/In-Depth 5 This type should be used in instances where new technology is being proposed, when risks appear high, 6 and time and resources allow thorough assessment. Risk management at this level requires more 7 sophisticated techniques and professional reviews. 8 An example would be the Safety Management System testing and implementation of a new aerial firing 9 device, new external load method, or new method of personnel delivery. In these cases, handbooks and 10 operating procedures must also be developed and/or revised. 11 Risk Management Process 12 During mission planning, risk decisions should be made at a level of command that corresponds to the 13 degree of risk. For personnel at the field level a general field appraisal may often be sufficient and may 14 be accomplished through the use of one of the risk management tools discussed in Appendix G. 15 Risk management tools are found in Appendix G. 16 Medium-risk decisions should be elevated to a somewhat higher level (for example, to the AOBD or 17 Project Aviation Manager level). Low-risk decisions can usually be made at the Helibase Manager or 18 Helicopter Manager level. See Appendix G for guidance. 19 During mission planning, risk decisions should be made at a level of command that corresponds to the 20 degree of risk. The Pilot and/or Helicopter Manager always have the authority to decline the mission. 21 How to Properly Refuse Risk 22 Every individual (government and contract) has the obligation to report safety problems affecting his or 23 her safety and has the responsibility to contribute ideas to correct the hazard. In return, supervisors are 24 expected to give these concerns and ideas serious consideration. When an individual feels an assignment 25 is unsafe, he or she also has the obligation to identify, to the degree possible, safe alternatives for 26 completing that assignment. Turning down an assignment is one possible outcome of managing risk. 27 A “turn down” is a situation where an individual has determined he or she cannot undertake an 28 assignment as given and is unable to negotiate an alternative solution. The turn down of an assignment 29 must be based on assessment of risks and the ability of the individual or organization to control or 30 mitigate those risks. Individuals may turn down an assignment when: 31  There is a violation of regulated safe aviation practices. 32  Environmental conditions make the work unsafe. 33  They lack the necessary training, qualifications or experience. 34  Defective or inappropriate equipment is being used. 35 Individuals will directly inform their supervisor that they are turning down the assignment as given. The 36 most appropriate means of documented turn down criteria is using the Aviation Watch-Out Situations. 37 See Exhibit 3-1. 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 16 of 311 The supervisor will notify the AOBD immediately upon being informed of a turn down. If there is no 1 AOBD, notification must go to the appropriate Section Chief, the Incident Commander, or the local 2 Aviation Manager. Proper handling of turn downs provides accountability for decisions and initiates 3 communication of safety concerns within the incident organization. 4 If the assignment has been turned down previously and the supervisor asks another resource to perform 5 the assignment, he or she is responsible to inform the new resource that the assignment has been turned 6 down and the reasons why. Furthermore, the personnel need to realize that a turn down does not stop the 7 completion of the assigned operation. 8 The turn-down protocol is an integral element that improves the effective management of risk, and it 9 provides timely identification of hazards within the chain-of-command, and raises risk awareness for 10 both supervisors and subordinates and promotes accountability. 11 If an unresolved safety hazard exists, the individual needs to communicate the issue/event/concern 12 immediately to their supervisor and document as appropriate, including filing a SAFECOM. 13 Exhibit 3.1 Aviation Watch Out Situations 14  Is this flight necessary? 15  Who is in charge? 16  Are all hazards identified and have you made them known? 17  Should you stop the operation or flight due to change in conditions? 18  Communications 19  Confusion 20  Conflicting Priorities 21  Weather 22  Turbulence 23  Personnel 24  Is there a better way to do it? 25  Are you driven by an overwhelming sense of urgency? 26  Can you justify your actions? 27  Are there other aircraft in the area? 28  Do you have an escape route? 29  Are any rules being broken? 30  Are communications getting tense? 31  Are you deviating from the assigned operation or flight? 32 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 17 of 311 Flight Missions, Profiles and Categories 1 Informational needs, flight following methods, requirements for personal protective equipment, 2 aircraft/pilot carding, and required management approvals differ between point-to-point and mission- 3 type flights, and between general use and special use flight. In order to identify the type of flight, the 4 following definitions have been established. 5 Point-to-Point Flight 6 Typically, the flight originates at one developed airport or permanent helibase, with flight route being 7 direct to another developed airport or permanent helibase. The flight is conducted solely for the purpose 8 of transportation of persons or cargo or for administrative travel purposes. 9 When planning to deviate from a direct route for aerial surveillance or other reasons, the deviation must 10 be specified and documented in advance. 11 Except in an emergency or at the direction of an air traffic control facility, there must be no deviation 12 from the submitted flight plan while en route unless the agency representative aboard the aircraft reports 13 the amended flight plan to a designated point-of-contact. 14 All point-to-point flight is considered general use flight. For explanation, see the general and special use 15 definitions below. 16 Mission Flight 17 These flights are defined by exclusion as all flights not meeting the definition of point-to-point flight. As 18 such, mission flight requires work to be performed in the air, for example, retardant or water delivery, 19 reconnaissance, or through a combination of ground and aerial work, for example, delivery of personnel 20 and/or cargo from helibases to helispots or unimproved landing sites, rappelling or cargo letdown, horse 21 herding. 22 Mission flight inherently requires greater planning due to the greater number of hazards and 23 consequent higher degree of risk commonly involved in non-point-to-point flights. 24 General Use or Special Use Flight 25 Flights are also categorized as either “general use” or “special use” activities. Special use flights require 26 additional pilot qualifications, aircraft equipment, and passenger safety equipment. All helicopter flights, 27 including those aboard cooperator, military, and other government agencies’ aircraft, must conform to 28 the requirements as outlined in appropriate agency directives. 29 During a flight mission, the type of use must not change from a planned “general use” environment to an 30 unplanned “special use” flight environment unless the following conditions have been met: 31  Required personal protective equipment is being worn by both pilot and all passengers. 32  Line manager approval is obtained prior to the change in type of flight activity. Pilot and aircraft 33 are carded for the special-use activity, as verified by either the dispatcher or the Helicopter 34 Manager. 35  The dispatcher or other point-of-contact reviews the unit aerial hazard map and relevant 36 information on area of operations is relayed to the pilot or Helicopter Manager. 37  The Pilot performs a high-level reconnaissance above 500 feet AGL of the area to identify 38 hazards prior to descent to low level. 39 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 18 of 311 These requirements are waived when a life-threatening situation exists on the ground, and intervention 1 or surveillance by the occupants of the helicopter will avert the situation. Such situations must be 2 documented by the Helicopter Manager or Flight Manager and a report submitted to the Unit Aviation 3 Manager. 4 General Use Flights include point-to-point flights and mission flights conducted at greater than 500 feet 5 AGL, with no descent at any time below 500 feet AGL. 6 Special use activities are described as operations involving helicopters which require special 7 considerations due to their functional use. This may require deviation from normal operating practices 8 when authorized. Special pilot qualifications and techniques, special aircraft equipment, and personal 9 protective equipment are required to enhance the safe transportation of personnel and property. 10 Special use flight includes the following missions: 11  Flights conducted below 500 feet AGL. 12  Water or retardant application. 13  Hover Fill operations. Prior agency authorization and training is required. 14  HLCO and ATGS operations. 15  Aerial ignition activities. 16  Night Vision Goggle operations. 17  Offshore vessel or platform landings. 18  Single-skid, Toe in, hover Exit/entry Procedures (STEP). Prior authorization or exemption is 19 required. 20  Takeoff or landing requiring special techniques due to hazardous terrain, obstacles, pinnacles or 21 surface conditions. 22 Specific Special Use Missions 23  Law Enforcement. See Chapter 16 for more information of law enforcement specific missions 24 and operational requirements. 25  Search and Rescue. See Chapter 17 for more information of search and rescue specific missions 26 and operational requirements. 27  Aerial Ignition. All aerial ignition operations must be conducted in conformance with the NWCG 28 Standards for Aerial Ignition, PMS 501, https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/501. 29  Rappel. The use of rappel requires agency approval. Training, qualification, and certification 30 must be in accordance with the current Interagency Helicopter Rappel Guide, PMS 511, 31 https://www.nwcg.gov/publications/511. Tactical use of rappelling will be determined by the 32 individual agency. 33  Short-Haul. The use of helicopter short-haul requires agency approval. Training, qualification, 34 and certification must be in accordance with agency policy. Tactical use of helicopter short-haul 35 will be determined by the individual agency. 36 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 19 of 311  Aerial Capture, Eradication, and Tagging of Animals (ACETA). ACETA operations are 1 conducted primarily by DOI bureaus. For these operations, refer to the ACETA Handbook. 2 Bureaus may have additional guidance. 3  Media. Transportation of media personnel may be conducted in government helicopters provided 4 media personnel meet the definition of “official passengers.” Refer to agency specific direction 5 concerning level of approval needed to conduct flights with media on board. Media personnel 6 must adhere to all requirements (for example, personal protective equipment). See Chapter 10 for 7 more information. 8  External Load Operations. External load operations include water bucket operations, seeding, 9 sling loads using either lead line/swivel/cargo hook or the swivel/remote electric hook/longline. 10 When planning an operation which will involve external loads, the personnel requirements and 11 operational procedures outlined in Chapter 11 must be followed. 12 Flight Planning and Scheduling Process 13 Flight planning involving all participants in the intended mission serves to reduce the risk inherent in 14 any aviation mission to acceptable levels. Levels of aviation safety and efficiency can be significantly 15 improved by comprehensive planning of both one-time and recurrent aviation projects. Individuals who 16 have a need to initiate or participate on a flight mission should consult their agency’s manual and 17 handbooks for the specific process and procedures to be followed. 18 Elements of the Scheduling Process 19 There are common elements involved in any planning and aircraft scheduling process. This process 20 should consist of: 21 1. An Aircraft Flight Request/Schedule submitted by the user requesting the mission. 22 2. A cost-analysis performed by the dispatcher or individual scheduling the flight. 23 3. OMB Circular A-126 requires a formal cost-analysis only for point-to-point (administrative 24 travel) flights. 25 4. Performance of a cost-analysis of different makes and models of helicopters, as well as of 26 various vendors or other aircraft sources available, for all flights is recommended. 27 5. Refer to agency-specific direction concerning requirements for a cost-analysis of mission-type 28 flight. The Interagency Helicopter Approval Performance Index (IHAPI) for Type 1 and 2 CWN 29 helicopters is recommended. 30 6. A Dispatch/Aviation Manager Checklist and Hazard Analysis performed by the requester 31 (assigned Helicopter/Flight Manager), the scheduler (the Dispatcher and/ or Aviation Manager), 32 and for complex missions, the Pilot. 33 7. Appropriate approvals. Higher-level approval may be required. 34 8. Agency-specific direction may require line manager approval for special use flights. 35 9. Administrative travel flights with senior federal officials on board require higher approvals and 36 documentation. See OMB Circular A-126 for specific details. 37 10. Standard Aircraft Safety Briefing completed by the Helicopter Manager or Project Flight 38 Manager and Pilot just prior to the flight. 39 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 20 of 311 11. A post-flight evaluation which identifies any problems encountered so that corrective action can 1 be taken on future flights. 2 Frequency of Completion 3 One-Time Missions. The elements of the flight planning scheduling process described above should be 4 addressed or completed for each flight mission. 5 Recurrent Special Use Projects and Operations. For recurrent flight missions of a similar nature in a 6 special use environment, scheduling and approval requirements are identified in the Project Aviation 7 Safety Plan. 8 Aircraft Flight Request/Schedule Preparation 9 Flight request formats will vary among agencies. See form HBM-9A for an example. 10 For cooperator (civil), other-government agency or National Guard aircraft, refer to agency specific 11 direction and agreements for the approval process. For military aircraft, see the National Interagency 12 Fire Center, Military Use Handbook, located at 13 https://www.predictiveservices.nifc.gov/intelligence/military/military_use.pdf for ordering and approval 14 process. Gaining approval for use of these types of aircraft is the joint responsibility of the Dispatcher, 15 Unit Aviation Manager, and the individual requesting the aircraft. 16 The flight request/schedule must be relayed to all personnel and offices involved in the flight including 17 other dispatch offices, the Pilot, and the Helicopter/Flight Manager. This may be accomplished by 18 automated flight planning and transmission by email, fax or telephone. The Helicopter/Flight Manager is 19 responsible for relaying flight specifics to other passengers. 20 Aircraft Cost-Comparison Analysis 21 Requirements 22 OMB Circular A-126 requires that a cost analysis and comparison of different aircraft and vendors be 23 performed for point-to-point administrative travel flights. States may have similar requirements. 24 If a helicopter flight falls within the point-to-point definition, then a cost-comparison that meets 25 OMB Circular A-126 requirements must be performed. 26 The majority of helicopter flights involve non-point-to-point, mission-type flight for which this cost 27 comparison may not be required. 28 It is recommended that a cost comparison be completed for helicopter mission flights. Often a helicopter 29 that has a more expensive hourly rate will prove to be cheaper due to a variety of factors, including 30 higher cruise speed during ferry, greater load-carrying capability, and other factors. 31 Documentation 32 The comparison and the reason for selecting any aircraft other than the lowest cost aircraft (for example, 33 safety considerations, cannot meet ordered time frames, etc.) should be documented in writing. 34 Scheduling Aircraft with Vendors 35 The following guidance applies primarily to project flights. 36  Documentation of Contacts. Once a preliminary flight plan has been prepared and a cost 37 comparison performed, the scheduling dispatcher may contact a vendor to determine availability. 38 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 21 of 311 These contacts may be documented on a Resource Order form or other appropriate format. 1  Vendor Review of Flight Request and Preliminary Flight Plan. During the scheduling contact, 2 the preliminary flight plan must always be reviewed with the vendor and preferably the Pilot 3 who will fly the mission. Scheduler should relay an accurate itinerary and manifest along with 4 the desired sequence of events. Flight plans should be amended at this time, subject to aircraft 5 limitations, refueling needs, or other concerns identified by the vendor. More complex projects 6 may require in-person meetings with the vendor to plan the flight or project correctly. 7 Obtaining Approved Pilots and Aircraft 8 During the scheduling process, the individual scheduling the aircraft must ensure that the vendor 9 provides approved pilots and aircraft. 10 Aircraft and Pilots must not be scheduled or dispatched unless it is verified that both are approved and 11 current for the mission. Note that use of other-government agency, military, and civil aircraft requires 12 approval, but not necessarily carding. 13 Initially it is the responsibility of the dispatcher to verify that the equipment and Pilots are carded. This 14 may be done by reference to the agency’s vendor source list. The dispatcher should then verify with the 15 vendor that the Pilot(s) and aircraft are approved and that the Pilot is current for the intended mission. 16 Obtaining Necessary Equipment and Personnel 17 It is essential that the individual submitting the flight request give sufficient information to ensure any 18 specialized mission equipment requirements are met, especially for equipment which is to be supplied 19 by the vendor. Local operating plans should specify procedures for obtaining agency supplies such as 20 handheld radios, external load equipment and personal protective equipment. 21 Analyzing Known Aerial Hazards 22 Known aerial hazards must be identified and analyzed during the flight planning process. Each flight 23 request or Resource Order for mission-type flights, regardless of altitude, must have known hazards 24 identified or a hazard map attached. 25 Aviation Project and Mission Planning 26 The following is a discussion of recommended procedures for project operations. Most sections are 27 applicable to both resource and incident operations. 28 Identify Hazards and Manage Risks 29 The special use flight profile of low altitude flight places people and equipment in a higher risk area of 30 potential wire strikes, mid-air collisions with other low flying aircraft, and impact with obstacles 31 protruding beyond normal surface features. 32 To mitigate this risk, pilots, helicopter and flight managers, and passengers must be made aware of 33 obstacles which they may encounter during low-level operations. 34 Managers must be made aware of the associated risk and make a risk management decision to accept 35 those risks, provided they are properly mitigated. If not, managers will require the mission to be changed 36 to avoid identified risks, or cancel the flight. 37 Known flight hazards must be identified on the unit’s “Known Aerial Hazard Map.” Each permanent 38 helibase must obtain and post. 39 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 22 of 311 Known Aerial Hazard Map 1 Purpose 2 The purpose of aerial hazard mapping is to identify aerial hazards within and/or near local 3 administrative boundaries so that flight safety awareness by the pilot, the helicopter manager and 4 passengers is achieved. 5 Applicability 6 Each unit must maintain a current aerial hazard map in each location where flight planning, flight 7 tracking and aircrew dispatching occur. 8  The master map should be located in the office where flight planning and scheduling is 9 accomplished (for example, in the dispatch office). 10  For units without dispatch offices, the hazard map should be located where flights are normally 11 planned and scheduled. 12  Maps must also be maintained at permanent helibases. 13 Responsibility 14 Unit Aviation Managers are responsible for ensuring the development and update of Known Aerial 15 Hazard Maps. All personnel are responsible for reporting aerial hazards to the designated point-of- 16 contact for inclusion on the hazard map. 17  Particular emphasis should be placed on identifying those obstructions not normally indicated on 18 government published flight maps including old mining wires, stream flow gauges, areas of 19 extreme turbulence, etc. 20  Military Training Routes (MTR) and Special Use Airspace (SUA) must be included on the 21 known aerial hazards map. 22  Medical facilities (hospitals, clinics, etc.) with landing areas or heliports should be shown on the 23 hazard map. Those with air transport (“life flight”) capability should be so indicated. 24  All airports, landing strips and heliports/helibases should be added. 25  Each flight request or Resource Order for non-point-to-point, mission-type flights, regardless of 26 altitude, must have known hazards identified or a hazard map attached. 27  Instructions for completion. Potential hazards and emergency services as identified above must 28 be marked. Method of marking is optional, but may be determined by agency-specific direction. 29  The following NWCG site will display aviation data standards: https://www.nwcg.gov/data- 30 standards/aviation-hazards-plp. 31  The following FAA site will display standard symbols in the FAA Aeronautical Chart User’s 32 Guide: https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/flight_info/aeronav/digital_products/aero_guide/. 33 NWCG Standards for Helicopter Operations 23 of 311 Hazard Maps on Large Incidents 1 Hazards must be reviewed each morning during the briefing of pilots and helibase personnel. 2 In-Flight Hazard Identification. To reduce wire strike potential, it is essential that an on-site risk 3 assessment be conducted prior to all low-level flights. All low-level flights require a thorough, high- 4 level reconnaissance of the route to be flown. Transition to an unplanned low-level flight mode should 5 only be conducted when determined to be critical to the safety of the operation. Extreme caution must be 6 exercised. 7 Aviation Manager Responsibility. Prior to the start of the second full operational period, the dispatcher 8 must furnish the incident air operations staff and all aircraft operating bases with a copy of the current 9 local aerial hazard map for the area surrounding the incident, as well as the areas surrounding any 10 aircraft operating bases. 11 Air Operations Branch Responsibility. Upon arrival at the incident, the AOBD or designee must make 12 an aerial survey of incident operations airspace and post a detailed aerial hazard map at all aircraft 13 operating bases. This map is usually the one received from dispatch, with any amendments or additional 14 hazards observed added. 15 During the initial stages of a large incident, the AOBD position may be filled by the Operations Section 16 Chief or by one of the sub-functions of the branch (for example, by a Helibase Manager). It must be the 17 responsibility of that individual to perform the above survey. The local Unit Aviation Manager should 18 ensure compliance. 19 Helicopter Capabilities a