NASA Glenn Icing Facilities Update

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

NASA Glenn Icing Facilities Update

Presented by: Emily Timko (Amentum) PSL contributions from: Patrick Rachow (HX5 Sierra) April 2025 1 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Overview

• Brief description of NASA Glenn’s icing facilities • Icing capabilities at Propulsion Systems Laboratory • Past testing • Future plans • Icing Research Tunnel updates • Interim calibration results • Mod2 cloud development • Optical Array Probe comparison studies April 2025 2 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Icing Research Tunnel (IRT)

• Test section size: 6 ft. x 9 ft. (1.8 m x 2.7 m) • Calibrated MVD range: 14 – 300 μm • LWC & MVD calibration measurements are made • Calibrated LWC range: 0.19 – 4.5 g/m in the center of the test section (function of airspeed) • LWC uniformity: ± 10% for central 4 ft x 6 ft • Two types of spray nozzles: • Calibrated test section airspeed: 50 – 300 kts o Standards = higher water flow rate • Air temperature: - 40ºC static to +10ºC total o Mod1 = lower water flow rate April 2025 3 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Propulsion Systems Laboratory (PSL)

• NASA’s only ground - based test facility that provides true flight simulation for experimental research on air - breathing propulsion systems.

• Recently added the capability to simulate clouds of ice crystals and liquid water droplets.

• PSL - 3: Altitude engine icing test cell layout o Spray bars: can generate ICI or SCL o Transition Duct (s) o Instrumentation Duct and Tomography Duct o Calibration Instrumentation or a Test Article.

April 2025 4 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

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Past Testing at PSL - 3

• Last icing test performed in 2018 – icing spray bars removed for other non - icing test programs • Preparations for re - establishing icing capabilities at PSL ongoing • 2018: used Multi - Probe Traversing System (MPTS) for cloud calibration o Run test points with instrumentation only (no test article) o Install test article, remove instrumentation, rerun same test points with known cloud conditions o Observe how cloud affects test article performance Instrumentation for Calibration: - Tomography Laser Ring - MPTS ➢ Intrusive Probes ➢ Non - Intrusive Lasers ➢ Airfoil (optional) - Iso - Kinetic Translating Probe April 2025 5 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

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Past Testing at PSL - 3

April 2025 6 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Future Testing at PSL - 3

• Request for cloud calibration for larger duct (54” vs 36”) which will include expansion of current tomography capabilities • Redesign MPTS - 2 from lessons learned: robustness, more measurement probes, and intentions of MPTS - 2 being a more permanent system • Increased interest in PSL - 3 use from industry April 2025 7 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

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IRT Interim Calibration

• Performed one year post full calibration per ARP - 5905 recommendation • Uniformity test - to - test repeatability and beginning/end of day repeatability within +/ - 10% • Difference map shown is comparison of Mod 1 nozzle map interim cal uniformity and calibrated uniformity 8 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

IRT Interim Calibration

• Difference map shown is comparison of Std nozzle map interim cal uniformity and calibrated uniformity 9 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

IRT Interim Calibration

MVD within +/ - 10% for Mod1 and Standard nozzles

10 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

IRT Interim Calibration

MVD within +/ - 20% for large drop conditions (actually within +/ - 10%)

11 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

IRT Interim Calibration

LWC within +/ - 10% for Mod1 and Standard nozzles

12 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

IRT Interim Calibration

LWC within +/ - 20% for large drop conditions

13 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Lower Water Content Cloud

• Mod2 nozzles • Lower flow rate than Mod1 • Average coefficient of flow of Mod1 = 0.0045 • Mod2 = 0.0015 • Developed uniformity with 89 spraying nozzles • Mod1 cloud has 101 spraying nozzles • Vertical gradient +/ - 10% LWC variation (follows ARP - 5905 recommendations) • Measured drop size and water content and developed preliminary curve fits • Appendix C – high confidence in development • Started on large drops (MVD > 50 μm) • Need to collect more data for further conclusions • Appendix C initial results show an average reduction in water content of 65% • Currently processing large drop data that was collected in December 2024 and preparing for ice shape comparison tests 14 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Drop Size Probes Comparison Tests

• Implementation of OAP - 1D2DY as trusted calibration instrument • OAP - 230Y is aging and reliability decreases over time • Development work with SEA, Inc., CIRA, NCAR, and other contractors • Data processing methods with SODA • Crossover regions • Data acquisition modes • MUA team at NASA Glenn doing repeatability studies and statistical analysis Paper to be presented at 2025 AIAA - Aviation in Las Vegas 15 April 2025 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting

National Aeronautics and Space Administration www.nasa.gov

Questions?

April 2025 16 Spring 2025 AC - 9C meeting