A Survey of Serious Aircraft Accidents Involving Fatigue Fracture ...

4.4 Initiation Sites........ ....o.... o.............. o......o.... 10 4.5 Listing of Accidents by Countryo.................11sol 5.0 CONCLUSIONS..- . ..... .... .. ~eooooeeoooo.. .... _11 6.0 REFERENCES.o......... .......................... 1ooooooeoo2 7.0 ACKNOWLEDODIENTS... ................ .............. 1oooooooo3 TABLES TABLE 1 - Summary of Accidents - Fixed-Wing............................ 17 TABLE 2 - List of Repeated Fatigue Failures - Fixed-Wing ................ 18 TABLE 3 - Breakdown of Accident Types by Year of Accident - Fixed-Wing.. .24 TABLE 4 - Initiation Sites - Fixed-Wing ............ o.....................25 TABLE 5 - List of Accidents by Country - Fixed-Wing ..................... 27 FIGURES FIG. 1 Number of Serious Fatigue Accidents -Fixed-Wing & Rotary-Wing... .31 FIG. 2 Number of Serious Aircraft Accidents -Fixed-Wing .................32 FIG. 3 Number of Serious Aircraft Accidents -Rotary-Wing ............... 32 FIG. 4 Causes of Fatigue Failures - Fixed-Wing Aircraft ................. 33 * APPENDICES PART I - LISTING BY FAILURE TYPE A FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - WING ............................. A-I BFIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - TAIL.... . .. . ....... oo.o ... ooososooooo~ B-i CFIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - FUSELAGEoo..o..ooo . . ..... ........ C I -~D FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - FLIGHT CONTROLS ......-......... *oo*oeoD-1 E FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - ENGINE OR TRANSMISSION.o........ ....oea*E-1 F FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - PROPELLER . .. . .. .. oo.. . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. F- G FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - LANDING GEAR. . .. o. . . . . . . ..... . .... G-1 H FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT - IISCELLA E.oU.. .... .. s-o..... H-1 PART I1 - LISTING BY AIRCRAFT TYPE I LIST OF FIXED-WING ACCIDENTS - ORDERED BY AIRCRAFT TYPE Aero Commander A-9 Ag Coimmander (See Callar A-9)oo......o..... .... 1-23 Aero Commnander 100 Darter Comander.. ........................1- Aero Coimmander 200 (Meyers 200), ... oo ....oo...... . .... ***1 Aero Commander 500/520/560/680/681/685/690oooo..................I-2 V - INDEX (Cont'd) Page Aero Commander S-2 Snow Commander (See Snow S-2) ................ 1-97 Aero Coumander 600 S-2R Thrush Commander ........................ 1-3 Aeronca 7AC Champion .1.................. ........ 1-4 Aeronca 7GCBC Citabria (See Champion Citabria) .................. 1-47 Aeronca Super Chief...................... ...... 1-4 Aerospatiale Caravelle .......... "...... AESL Airtourer .............................................. 1-5 Airbus Industrie A300 .......................................... 1-5 Airspeed Ambassador .......... 1.................. 1-5 Airtourer (See AESL Airtourer) .................... 1-5 American AA-1 Yankee (Trainer, T-Cat, Lynx) ..................... 1-5 American AA-5 ........................ .......................... 1-5 Armstrong Whitworth Argosy ...................................... 1-6 Auster JIB ........................... ....................... 1-6 Auster 3F ............................ .......................... 1-6 Auster 531........................... ............. ............ 1-6 Avro CF-100 Canuck .......... o ....... o ................ 1-6 Barrett Cassut .................. ............................... 1-7 Bayles ................... *................o.......................1-7 "" Beech 18/C-45 ............ ...................................... 1-7 Beech Baron (Travel Air, Cochise) .............................. 1-9 Beech Bonanza ............................................... I0-.-10 Beech Twin Bonanza ....... . ................... . ....... * ...... 1-13 Beech 60 Duke ................................................ 1-13 Beech 90 King Air ........ 0 ....... ......................... 1-13 Beech Musketeer (Sierra, Sundowner, Sport) .......... .. 1-13 Boech Queen Air....... . Beech 99 Airliner ............................................ 1-15 Beech 200 Super King Air ..................................... 1-15 Bellanca 7ECA/7GCBC Citabria (See Champion Citabria) ....... 1-47 Bellanca 8GCBC Scout ........................................... 1-15 Bell&a.. 14-13 Cruisair ......................... 1-15 Bellanca 14-19 Cruisemaster..oo ......... . ...... . .............. 1-15 Bellanca 17-30 ........... o............................o........... 1-16 Boeing/Stearman Kaydet (PT-13, PT-17) ......................... .1-16 Boeing B-17 ...... o...........o..............o......................1-17 Boeing B-47 Stratojet. .... ..... o ..... . ......................... 1-17 Boeing B-52 Stratofortress ... . .............................. 1-18 Boeing 377 Stratocruiser ............. ............... 1-18 Boeing 707/720o............. ....................... .... I-18 Boers Fly Baby. .......... 1-21 Bristol Britannia ................. ................ 1-21 Bristol 170 Wayfarer/reighter ......... 1-22 British Aerospace Buccaneer ............ . . ................. 1-22 Britten-Norman Islander .... ................................ 1-22 Britten-Normn Trislander ....................................... 1-22 Bucker Jung BU-131 ............ o................ o................. 1-22 Bushby/Long Midget Mustang ............. o ........ ............. 1-23 - " "% % - m " • • " "" " "0 " . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. .. . " " -Vi % INDEX (Cont'd) Page C.A.C. CA-28 Ceres (See Commonwealth CA-28 Ceres) ............... 1-48 Callair A-5 ............................. 1-23 Callair A-9........ .1-23..................1-23 Canadair CL-41 Tutor...oo.oo....................... Canadair CL-44. ............................................ 1-23 -4Canadair CL-44........................................ 1-23 Canadair CL-84 .... o. o... o......o..... .. ........................ 1-24 Centre Est (See Robin) ........................... 1-94 Cessna T-50 Crane.......o......o.....o...o ........... ....... 1-24 Cessna 120 .................................................. 1-24 Cessna 140.. .............................................. 1-24 Cessna 150 ............... ...................... 1-25 Cessna 170 (L-19) ............................................. 1-28 Cessna 172 Skyhawk............. -......... ..... 128 Cessna 175 Skylark... ...................................... 1-31 Cessna 177 Cardinal.............. .......... ..... 1-31 Cessna 180 (Skywagon)..... .......... ............. .....- 31 Cessna 182.................................... ........... •34 Cessna 185..........................1-37 ,. Cess a 18 oo.o o o~oooo oooo ooo oooooeooooo oooooe ooooeoeo~oool 3 Cessna 188 AgWagon/AgPickup/AgTruck/AgHusky.....................1-38 Cessna 190.. ........... ................... 1-40 Cessna 195... ......... . . ........................ 1-40 Cessna 206 Skywagon. ................ .................... 1-40 Cessna 207 Skywagon..........................................1-42 Cessna 210 Centurion..o.. ........ ............. 1-42 Cessna 305 Bird Dog........... ............. ............. 1-44 Cessna 310. ....... . .... ............ 1-44 Cessna 320 Skynight ...... .......................... 1-45 Cessna 336 Skymaster ....................................... 1-46 Cessna 337 1. .......o. . ..... .... 1-46 Cessna 402 ....... ............... ....... 1-46 Cessna 411- ..... .. o .. . . .. . ... . ...... 1-47 Cessna 421 Golden Eagle....... . ............. .. 1-47 Champion Citabria.1-47 Champion Tri-Traveler.................. ....... 1-48 Commonwealth CA-28 Ceres 1-48 "".... .... 1-48 Commonwealth 185. .... ...... 1-48 Consolidated PBY Catalina. .......... o- . ............ . ..1-49 Convair B-36............................... ............... 1-49 Convair 240/340/440/580/600 ................................. 1-49 Convair 990 1... . o.o.... ........... o........1-50 Cooney R-1 Tomcat ........ .. ...... ....... . ....... 1-50 Cropmaster YAI-25 ............ ..... ................. .1-50 C l e oooooooooooooooo oeoeooooo*&.oeoeooeo o o~oge s • o •ososo I Curtiss AT-32 Condor 11.......................................1-s50 Curtiss C-46 Commando ................. ....... 1-50 Curtiss SB2C Helldiver..... ...... .......oo-o.o ... 1-51 DasaltMiag II..ooo.ooooooooossooosooo oooeoeeeoooeoeoeoeoI5 de Havilland D.H. 82 Tiger Moth/Queen Bee..................... 1-52 de Havilland D.H. 104 Dove.............. ...... .... .1-52 de Havilland D.H. 114 Heron .. ..................... ...... .... 1-52 de Havilland Comet 1 ................ 1-52 de Havilland Comet ..... ............. . .1-52 do Havilland C-e Cooooooo.oooooioo..oooo.ooooo.oeooeooeoooo .53 de Hailn DClCiuno-o .. oooooeoooeooooooooooooeooooo l 5 - J i-. .Vii- INDEX (Cont'd) Page de Havilland DHC-2 Beaver ....................................... 1-53 de Ravilland DHC-3 Otter ....................................... 1-54 de Havilland DHC-6 Twin Otter .................................. 1-54 Dornier Merkur ..... ... ............................ # ............. 1-54 Dornier 27 ... ................................................................. 1-54 Douglas A-26/B-26 Invader ....................................... 1-54 Douglas DC-3/C-47/Dakota ....................................... 1-55 Douglas DC-4 ............ .......... #......... *.................. . 1-56 Douglas DC-6 ....................... ............................. 1-57 Douglas DC-7 ......................................................... 1-58 Douglas DC-8 (See McDonnell Douglas DC-8) ....................... 1-73 Douglas DC-9 (See McDonnell Douglas DC-9) ....................... 1-73 Dutton SPL J-4 ............... .............................. 1-58 Dyke Delta ............ ....*................................ 1-58 Erco Ercoupe 415-C .................................. .................. 1-58 Fairchild C-119 Packet . * ......................... 1-59 Fairchild F-27 (See Fokker F-27) ................................ 1-60 Fairchild Swearingen (see Swearingen) ........................... 1-100 Fairy Gannet ...................... ............................... 1-59 FFA Diamant (Sailplane)... ........ ........................ 1-59 Fleet Model I ......................... 1-59 Fleet Model 80 Canuck.. ... . .. . . .......... ... ........................... 1-59 Fletcher FU-24i ...................................... ..........1-59 Fokker DR- ..................................... 1-60 Fokker F-27 Friendship .............. ........................... 1-60 Folland Gnat ............ ................... .1-60 Fuji FA 200 Aero Subaru ........... ............................... 1-60 Funk F-23 ................. #...................*.......#............1-60 General Aircraft Cygnet II ....... e ... .......... 1-61 General Dynamics F-16 ........................................... 1-61 General Dynamics F-Ill ...................... #.................. .1-61 Glasfluegel Standard Libelle (Sailplane) ...................... 1-61 Glendening Stits (See Stits) ................ **.................... 1-100 Globe GC-IB ................ ................................... 1-61 Great Lakes Sport Trainer. ..# .......... ......................... 1-62 Gruiman AA-5 (See American AA-5) ...............................1-5 Grumman ACa........................... ............... ...... 1-62 Gruman Avenger .......... .......... ....................... 1-63 Gru an Goose ....... ............... ... ...................... 1-63 Gru oinMallard .............................. ............. *.... 1-64 Gru man OV-l Mohawk ...... ..................... 1-64 Grumman Tracker .. ............. ...... * ..................1-64 Gruman Widgeon .......... ............ .................... 1-64 HAL Pushpak.... ..... ..................... *.# ...... 1-64 Hall Cherokee II (Sailplane) . # .................... 1-64 Handley Page .10.................... . ............ ....1-65 Handley Page H.P.50 Heyford ....... ... ................... 1-65 Handley Page H.P.67 Hastings. ..... *.**.**. . ........ 44......1-65 Handley Page H.P.80 Victor. *.*.*.. ..................... 1-65 Handley Page H.P.81 Hermes. ... ........ *........1-65 i e.4 4 .•.. • - . . S . . - - % SJ - Y -2 %,b .A - viii . INDEX (Cont'd) Page Handley Page H.P.R.7 Herald ........ . ... . .. . ............. 1-65 Handley Page H.P. 137 Jetstream ............ o...... __ ....... 1-66 Hawker Typhoon ...... ...... .... _.... o... oo...... ... 1-66 Hawker Siddley Argosy (See Armstrong Whitworth Argosy)o........-1-6 Hawker Siddley Harrier...o................ o........... .1I-66 Hawker Siddley HS 748.. . .. oo . . ... o-o-o o o . .. ...... .. .1-66 Helio H-250 Courier 11 .. . .. ................ o...1 o-66 Helio H-2950H-395 Super Courier.................. ....... 1-66 Hirth Acrostar.. . .. oo ..... .. .--. o . . . ...... .o . ...... 1-o-67 Howard DG-15... .............. oo. . . .. . . .. -.. ..... -67 I lyushin 11-62. ......oo..........-. oooo . ........ -... ... o.1-67 Intermount A9A ........o.... o....o. .. . .. ...... -....- 1-67 Interstate Sllo......oooooo. oo . . .... o ......... 1-68 Jodel (See SoA.N. Jodel),....... o......................9 Junkers F.13 . ....... o oo - o . ..... 1o--68 Junkers Ju 52.o...... . . . . . . . . .. .... ..... 1 ooo-68 L~ake LO-......... ...... oo. .. o..o.oo. oooo.. o.o......1-68 LET L-13 Blanik (Sailplane).. . .. o ................. o..... 1-68 Lockheed Constellation/Super Constellation ......... o............ 1-68 Lockheed Electra...* .. .. .. .. ... .. .... . .. .. .... . . .. o ...... 1-69 L~ockheed C-5A Galaxyo .... .. .. .. .. ..... o ... ......... .. .. . .. .1-69 Lockheed Hercules... ....... o- ... . .. ... o.......... oo . .. o . ... 1-70 Lockheed 18 Lodestar................... ...... ......... 1-70 Lockheed T-331TV-2 Silver Star ... * ..... .... o ..... 1-70 Lockheed 7-104 Starfighter.. ..... -.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. o . . .. .1-70 Lockheed L-1011 TniStar. ... . .. .. .. ...... . .. ...... . .. o . ..... 1-71 LTV A-7 Corsair 11 (See Vought Corsair II)................ -0 Luscombe 8-...... o. o........ ... o............ .. .. .. . .. .1-71 Maurt-i Lnanoce. . . . . ...... . . . . ... . .. .. . . . ... .. . .. 1-72 Martinl 4-0 Voodo. ... o .. . . . ... , .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. 1-72 Mcronnel Douglas.. .. C- o...........o............ *.......... 17 Mcaonel D- ouglas..... . .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. ... . .. . ...... 1-72 McBonnell Douas DC-.. ... o.... ... . . .... * .... ... .... 1.-72 McDonnell Doul11- Phdo ant..o... #.......... ... 17 McDonnell Douglas F-18 Hornet.-............o ..- o-.. l Meyers 200 (See Aero Commander 200)............. ........ o- Midget Mustang (See Bushby/Long Midget Mustang)..... ........ .. .- 23 Mie * ,M .~~ .65 Comini.o(. ooooo~ooooosooosoooooI7 Mitsubishi ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 5 .- 2o.o~ovooooo~oo*oooooooooool7 INDEX (Cont'd) Page Morovan Zlin 326/Z526 ...................._............ o........ 1-77 Morrisey 2150 (See Varga 2150Kacbina) ......................... 1-102 Mustang L-2................................................o..1-77 Navion ..... o...........o.... oo...... o.......................o..1-77 Noorduyn Nosmn.........................o......1-78 North American AT-6 Texan/Harvard ..................... o...........1-78 North American B-24 Liberator ............ ..................... 1-79 North American P-51 Mustang.................. ....... ........... 1-79 North AmericanFP-86 Sabre WFiFury).... ........................ 1-79 North American F-100 Super Sabre ...............................1-80 North American Sabreliner ......................... o........... 1-80 North American Rockwell Commander (See Aero Commander) ....o..... 1-1 Northrup F-5..................... ..... 1 0 Northrup P-89Scrin............... .... 18 Owl Racer.-.................. ................. ..... o........... 1-80 Piagio P149 .... Piaggio P.149..... ........... o...........o.....................1-80 PiaggiolP16.......................18 Pipeepo Aic e......................18 Piper J-3 Cub.....e............. o..........o.....................1-81 Piper P-12Cu eCo ruiser.......o.................. o...............1-81 Piper PA-16 SuiprCier..o.........o..............oo.............1-82 Piper PA-18 Cliper.............. ....... 18 Piper PA-28SprCb0. . . . . .. . . . .18 Piper PA-22 Pcel/r.....er...................................1-83 Piper PA-22 AtCo/ .- Pc.._....... .....................1-83 Piper PA-24 Atc..... . . . . .......-.. 1-84 Piper PA-25 omace...................18 Piper PA-25 Pawnoee. ... oo . . o ............. o.... o .... 1-88 Piper PA-30 Chenroee.ch . ... .. .. o..... .o.. . ........ 1-88 Piper PA-31 TwnavjCmhe..........ooooeo..........1ee*-90 Piper PA-32 Navao/eennX~o~e.... . . . .............. 1oo -91 Piper PA-34 Cheaoke I.... . ....... o.o.......1-,91 Piper PA-36 Sene a............-...... .... o.......1-92 Piper PA-36 Poaw k Brave.. ........ o....... ..... osoeo1-92 Piper SpecialT.oawk. .... ..... ...... o....... 1-93 PZL-102 KO0S. ... . ...... .... ............ 1eooo~sooseso-93 R .F.C. Skyrider (Ultralight),........o....oe....~o... .193 Republic F-84 Thunderatreak. . .o.. . .. o... ... o ...... 1-93 Republic F-105 Thunderchief,. .o...*......s..oo....1-93 RLU Breezyo.......oo....... ................ eooooooeo 9 Robin/Centre Eat DR 253 Regent.-....... ........-.. .oo....-94 Robin/Centre Eat DR 400................ . . . .. . .1-ssooooosotsool94 Rockwell Commuander (See Aero Coue.nder) ............... ~ oe1 Rockwell OV-10 Bronco.. ......... **. . . oo o ........ o... ... 1-94 Rya PT 2 . .. . .. . . .- . .* . *.. ** * INDEX (Cont'd) Page Saab-Scania 35 Draken ........................................... 1-95 Saab-Scania AJ-37 Viggen ........................................ 1-95 Scheibe Bergfalke III (Sailplane) ............................ 1-96 Scheibe SF-26 Standard (Sailplane)............................ 1-96 Scheibe Zugvogel (Sailplane) .... .......................... 1-96 Schleicher K 8 (Sailplane) ................................ 1-97 Schveizer TSC-lA ................................................ 1-97 Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer............................... 1-97 SIAI-Marchetti S.205 ............................................ 1-97 SIAI-Marchetti SF.260 ......................................... 1-97 Smith Aerostar (See Ted Smith Aerostar) ......................... 1-101 Snow S-2 ............. o.......................................... . 1-97 Socata 880/885/892/893/894 Rallye .......................... 1-98 Sportavia RF4D Avion-Planeur (Motor Glider) ..................... 1-98 Stampe SV-4B .................................................... 1-98 Stearman Kaydet (See Boeing/Stearman Kaydet)................... 1-16 Steen Skybolt I ..................................1-98 Stinson A2W ................................. 1-99 Stinson 76 Sentinel (L-5) ....................................... 1-99 Stinson SR-8C Reliant ........................................... 1-99 Stinson V-77 .................................................... 1-99 Stinson 108 ............ ............... 1-99 Stirs ........................................................... I-100 Stolp Starduster ............................................ 1-100 Sud Aviation (See Aerospatiale) ................................. 1-4 Swearingen SA-226 Metro It ................................... 1-100 Taylorcraft BC-65 ............................................... 1-101 TeA Smith Aerostar..... ...... 1......... .......... 1-101Tenco D-16 ...................................................... I-101 Thorp T-18 Tiger ............................................... 1-101 Transavia PL-12 Airtruk ...................................... .1-101 Travel Air D4000 ....................................... 1-102 Turbulent ................... .................................... 1-102 UTVA Weihe (Sailplane) ........................................ 1-102 Varga 2150 Kachina (Morrisey 2150) ........................ 1-102 Vickers Super VC. 10 ................................ 1-102 Vickers Vanguard ...... s ......... ............................... 1-102 Vickers Viking .......................... 1-103" Vickers Viscount .... * ...... . ........... .......... ............. 1-103 Vickers-Armstrongs Wellington ................................... 1-104 Victa 210 Aircruiser ........... o ............ ................... 1-104 Vollmer Sportsman......-. ". . . ................... 1-104 Volpar 18 (See Beech 18) ..................... 1-7 Vought A-7 Corsair I......... .*. ............................ 1-104 i-i Waco UPF-7 .................. . .......... 0...................... 1-105 Whittman Tailwind .. ...... se...............1-105 Zlin (See Morovan Zlin) ..................................... 1-77 Type Unknown (Fixed Wing) .................... Type Unknown (Fixed Wing) ..... ................ .......... 1-105 .ooe.e o. .oo.e e.e e.o e.e oeeo. ' ' : ' ~'_k _AL "is<: "• o "" " " " ' """' "" "'-" " ' "'-' -. -"" """"" ""','- "" xi - INDEX (Cont'd) Page Type Unknown (Fixed Wing Bomber)................................. 1-105 Type Unknown (Fixed Wing)........................................ 1-105 Type Unknown (Fixed Wing)........................................ 1-105 Type Unknown (US Medium Patrol Bomber)........................... 1-105 Type Unknown (Fixed-Wing, US Navy Attack Aircraft) .............. 1-106 Type Unknown (Fixed-Wing, US Navy Fighter) ....................... 1-106J 1.*4 - - - - - -- P -7 7- - .~~~ 1.0 LITRODUCT.LION In 1980, NRCC began a comprehensive study of aircraft-related incidents involving metal fatigue. It was quickly realized that this was a monumental task because of the large number of examples available. Many of the fatigue "incidents" were not of a serious nature, such as cracks in the wing skin. These cracks usually were found during routine inspec- tions, were easily repairable, and, considering the size of the crack, did not affect the safety of the aircraft. In order to reduce the extent of that survey to a more manageable size, it was decided to limit the study to aircraft accidents that involved fatalities. The results of that study were reported in References 1 and 2, and the list of accidents covered civil and, to a limited extent, military accidents worldwide for the period 1934 to early 1980. The listing was not complete, as it was difficult to obtain much information on accidents that happened prior to the early 1960s, except for large civil aircraft, for which complete records go back to about 1945. Nonetheless, the survey was able to document a total of 306 accidents, in which a total of 1803 people were killed. The results also showed that worldwide there was at that time an average of 18 fatal aircraft accidents per year resulting from metal fatigue. There were many cases where significant accidents were omitted from the survey because no fatalities occurred, either through good for- tune, or through excellent piloting skill. An example of the former was the fatigue fracture of the aft cabin pressure bulkhead of an Air Canada DC-9 on September 17, 1979 (Ref. 3). The tailcone along with the aft cabin pressure access door and a portion of the aft cabin pressure bulkhead separated from the aircraft, causing rapid decompression of the passenger and flight-crew compartments. An example of exceptional pilot- ing skill preventing a fatality was the failure of a lower-wing spar on a Zlin during an acrobatic flight in the U.K on 3 June 1970 (Ref. 4). The wing failed, although it remained attached in such a way that it would only support airloads during inverted flight. The pilot, Neil Williams of the British aerobatic team, flew the aircraft inverted until just above the runway, then rolled the aircraft so that it crash-landed on the 'U runway. Although the aircraft was a complete write-off, Mr. Williams was unhurt. Accidents such as these should be included in any comprehensive survey of fatigue fracture in aircraft. Another shortcoming of the initial survey was that only three landing-gear failures to fixed-wing aircraft were included, whereas anyone * reading through accident reports will note that a large number of fatigue failures involve the landing gear. These accidents, however, are seldom fatal. -~ In order to cover cases like this, the survey has been expanded to include accidents involving either - a fatality, - substantial damage to the airframe, or - aircraft destroyed. Accidents are included in the survey if fatigue fracture was somehow involved, although not necessarily as the primary cause of the accident. #1 for example, the survey includes the 25 May 1979 crash at Chicago of a -2- DC-10, following separation of an engine from the wing. In that case, the probable cause was determined to be maintenance-induced damage to the engine pylon during installation of the engine (Ref. 5). This accident is included in the survey (Appendix H, item H33), because the pylon crack, though caused by a maintenance error, propagated by fatigue during the 24 days between the engine change and the crash. Another example is the Boeing 707 tail-fin failure at Mount Fuji, Japan, on 5 March 1966 (Ref. 6). The probable cause was attributed to the sudden encounter of abnormally severe turbulence, which imposed a gust load considerably in excess of the design limit. The accident is included (item B14, Appendix B), because fatigue cracks were found in the vertical- stabilizer rear-spar attachment fitting, and tests on a similar fitting with cracks of that size failed at 110% of the limit design fin gust load, well below the design ultimate load. The results of the survey are given in two parts: - Volume 1 - fixed-wing aircraft (this report), - Volume 2 - rotary-wing aircraft (Ref. 7). The complete survey covers both fixed-wing aircraft and helicopt- ers, and lists 1885 accidents since 1927, involving 2240 fatalities. This volume (fixed-wing aircraft) lists 1466 accidents, which have resulted in 1861 fatalities. The accidents are listed two ways, first by type of failure, such as wing or tail failure, and secondly by aircraft type. It should be noted that this survey cannot be claimed to be comprehensive, and is restricted to the sources listed in Section 3. The * survey does, however, indicate the magnitude of the fatigue problem. There are other considerable costs, besides fatalities, that are * attributable to metal fatigue, and are not covered by this survey. These -' costs include: - cost of inspections required to detect cracks in known areas prone to fatigue cracking; - cost of replacing components known to be fatigue-crit- ical, and which have a safe life much shorter than the * airframe as a whole (such as main and tail rotor blades); - cost of down-time when a fleet is grounded because of the unexpected discovery of a fatigue crack in a critical region. -cost of repairs or strengthening of an area found to be fatigue-prone. - loss of operational capability (including the reduced ability to defend one's country) when a fighter or bomber * fleet is grounded for inspections and possibly repairs, following the unforseen discovery of a fatigue crack in a critical area. .*--..~~~~~ .. *.b*%**. 4 . -3- How to Use This Report Fixed-wing accidents are covered in Volume 1 (this volume), while for rotary-wing accidents, refer to Volume 2 (Ref. 7). In this report, the information is presented a number of different ways: (1) For a listing of accidents by major component or system, see the fol loving Appendices: -wing Appendix A - tail Appendix B - fuselage Appendix C *- flight controls Appendix D - engine or transmission Appendix E - propeller Appendix F - landing gear Appendix G - miscellaneous Appendix H (2) For a listing of fatigue failures experienced by a particular aircraft type, see Appendix I ("LIST OF FIXED-WING ACCIDENTS - ORDERED BY AIRCRAFT TYPE"). A summary of repeated fatigue failures is found in Table 2 ("LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING"). (3) To find out what accidents occurred in a particular country, or belonging Co a particular military service, see the cross-reference list- ing in Table 5 ("LIST OF ACCIDENTS BY COUNTRY - FIXED-WING") and use the identification number to find the corresponding accident in Appendices A through H. (4) To find out accidents occurring from a particular form of crack initiation (for example "fretting"), look up the cross-reference list in Table 4, and use the identification number to find the accident in Appen- dices A through H. 2.0 DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS Whether to call a structural failure an "incident" or an "accident" can sometimes be a problem. For example, if a main spar fails on an aircraft having a multi-spar wing, and the damage is detected during the post-flight inspection, the case would be considered an "accident". But suppose in the same instance, the damage was not discovered until several months later, as in the case of the Vickers Viking in 1951 (item A32 in Appendix A)? In that case, a "bang" was heard during the flight, but no damage could be found in the post-flight inspection. It was not until three months later that the centre-section spar boom was found to be completely severed (Ref. 8). The approach used in this report is to adopt the definitions used by the International Civil Aviation Organization.(Ref. 9): "Aircraft Accident: An occurrence associated with the operation of an ii aircraft which takes place between the time any person boards the aircraft with the intention of flight until such time as all persons -4- have disembarked, in which: (a) any person suffers death or serious injury as a result of being in or upon the aircraft by direct contact with the aircraft or anything attached thereto, or (b) the aircraft receives substantial damage. Substantial Damage: Damage or structural failure which adversely affects the structural strength, performance, or flight characterist- ics of the aircraft and which would normally require the major repair or replacement of the affected component. The following types of damage are specifically excluded: engine failure, damage limited to an engine, bent fairings or cowling, dented skin, small punctured holes in the skin or fabric, taxiing damage to propeller blades, damage to tires, engine accessories, brakes, or wing tips." In the example of the Vickers Viking given above, the item was included in the survey as an accident, by virtue of the above definition of substan- tial damage. An example of an incident would be the loss of one of the small trailing-edge foreflaps of a jumbo jet. List of Abbreviations Used The following abbreviations have been used in this report: AA Administration de l'Aeronautique (Belgium). AD Airworthiness Directive. AF Air Force. AFFDL US Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory. ARC UK Aeronautical Research Council. ARL Australian Aeronautical Research Laboratories. ASTH American Society for Testing and Materials. AMST "AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY" magazine. AW "AVIATION WEEK" magazine. BoA Board of Aviation. BoT Board of Trade. CAA UK Civil Aviation Authority. CAB US Civil Aeronautics Board. CF ACAIRS Canadian Forces Aircraft Accident Reporting System (a computer storage/retrieval system for accident data). D Destroyed. Dam Damage to the airframe. DoT Department of Transport. FI "FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL" magazine. ICAF International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue. ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO AAD ICAO "AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT DIGEST". ICAO ADREP ICAO Accident Data Report (a computer storage/retrieval system for accident data). MLG Main landing gear. NoT Ministry of Transport (Canada). BS US National Bureau of Standards. NTS3 National Transportation Safety Board (USA). NTSB AAR NTSB Aircraft Accident Report. NZ AAR New Zealand Aircraft Accident Report. NZ AI New Zealand Accident Investigation Bureau. 0 -5- RAN Royal Australian Navy RAAI Royal Australian Air Force RAF Royal Air Force, UK S Substantial damage to the airframe. UK United Kingdom. USAF United States Air Force. *WAAS "WORLD AIRLINE ACCIDENT SUMMARY" (Ref. 10). WADC Wright Air Development Centre 3.*0 SOURCES OF INFORMATION The following sources were used for information on fatigue-related accidents: World-Wide Civil Accidents 1. "WORLD AIRLINE ACCIDENT SUMM4ARY" (Ref. 10). This reference, which is updated several times per year, lists all civil aircraft accid- ents that have occurred since 1946. Only fixed-wing aircraft over 5700 kg (12,500 lb) maximum gross weight are covered. 2. International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). ICAO has a computer data-bank of all civil aircraft accidents for 1970 and onwards. The date-bank covers all civil aircraft, both fixed-wing and helicopter, whose gross weight is over 2250 kg (4960 lb). 3. Magazines, such as "AVIATION WEEK & SPACE TECHNOLOGY", "FLIGHT INTERNATIONAL", and "INTERNATIONAL HELICOPTER". 4. Mann's bibliographies on the fatigue of materials (Refs. 11 and 12), and Anderson's review paper on the fatigue of aircraft structures (Ref. 13) provided references to much of the data available in the published literature. Anderson's paper, in addition, lists some service fatigue experiences for the period from early in World War 11 until 1970. Also, all the member countries of ICAO were queried for civil accid- ent information, and National Delegates from the International Committee on Aeronautical Fatigue were asked to obtain whatever information was openly available from the military authorities in their country. The following countries provided information for the periods indicated: CIVIL MILITARY Argentina Royal Australian Air Force (1953 - 1981) Australia (1969 - mid-1981) Royal Australian Navy (1959 - 1981) Barbados Belgian Air Force (to mid-1981) Belgiumn (1950 - mid-1981) Canadian Forces (1950 - early 1981) Brazil Swedish Air Force (1967 - Aug. 1981) Burma UK - Royal Air Force Canada (1916 - mid-1982) US Army (1972 - Mar. 1981) Cape Verde Cyprus Egypt Finland (1962 - Jan. 1982) Federal Republic of Germany (1975 -Aug. 1981) -6- Greece Guyana Hong Kong Ice land Iraq Ireland Jamaica (1966 -1981) Japan (1973 - Feb. 81) Kenya Lethoso Malaysia Ma law i Mal ta Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Norway Pakistan Papua New Guinea Portugal Rwanda Seychelles South Africa (to April 1981) 4 Sweden Switzerland Thailand USA (1964 - late 1981) Data on accidents prior to the introduction of the ICAO reporting system in the late 1940s are very difficult to obtain. Details of accid- ents to aircraft below 2250 kg (4960 lb) gross weight (the lower limit for which accidents are reported to ICAO) are scarce prior to the mid 1960s, when countries began transferring to computer storage and retrieval of accident data. Even for cases where accident data are available, particularly prior to the 1950s, often the accident cause does not specifically mention fatigue. The cause will be listed as "failure of component", rather than 'fatigue-failure of component". This is particularly true for failures involving engine components, and it is quite possible that the number of engine-related accidents has been understated in this survey. There are almost no accident data available from commsunist countries, as they do not divulge accident data, not even to ICAO. Because of security reasons, only six countries were able to provide data on accidents to military aircraft. The few examples from other countries included in this report were obtained from news reports and trade publications. 4.0 RESULTS The results of the survey are sumarized in Table 1. A total of 1466 fixed-wing accidents were found, resulting in 1861 fatalities. Including the rotary-wing accidents from Volme 2 of this survey (Ref. 7) -7- gives a combined fixed-wing and rotary-wing total of 1885 accidents and 2240 fatalities. A total of 393 fixed-wing and 165 rotary-wing aircraft were destroyed. For fixed-wing aircraft, failure of the landing gear was the most common fatigue problem, and accounted for 37% of the accidents. A landing-gear failure is, however, seldom a fatal accident, as only 5 of the 542 landing-gear accidents (1%) resulted in a fatality. Following close behind were engine/transmission failures (28% of the fixed-wing accidents), and propeller failures (162). 4.1 Listing of Accidents Where possible, the following information is given in the listings for each accident: - Aircraft type - Aircraft operator (private aircraft excepted) - Accident date - Damage to airframe ("D" - destroyed, "S" *substantial) - Number of fatalities Geographical location of the accident -A brief description of the location of the fatigue failure -A reference to the accident report number, or where information on the accident was obtained. (To conserve space, references are only given in the listing by accident type). Each accident has been assigned an identification number for cross-referencing purposes. The identification number consists of a * letter, corresponding to the Appendix in which the accident is listed, and a number, referring to the number of the accident within the Appendix. For example, the identification number A39 refers to the 39th accident listed in Appendix A (fixed-wing aircraft, wing failure). 4.1.1 Listing of Accidents by Failure Type The listing of fixed-wing accidents according to failure type is found in Appendices A through H. 4* Three of the wing failures in the United States are included, although it was not possible to verify them officially, because they occurred prior to the introduction of the National Transportation Board's computer-based data bank. These accidents are for the Cessna 140 (1956, item A48 in Appendix A), and the Cessna 195 (1960, item A57, and 1963, item A66). Similarly, no detailed information is available on the wing failures of the Wellington Bomber (items A4 to A23) during World War 11. The earliest reported accident was the 1927 wing-failure in Germany of a Dornier Merkur, a single-engined, six-passenger airliner belonging to Luft Hans& (item Al). The wing strut failed close to the upper attachment point (Refs. 14, 15, & 16). As a point of interest, failures of the left and right wings -8-'V VN occurred about equally, with 32 of the failures being of the port wing, and 34 of the starboard wing. It should be noted that the number of wing accidents (137) is somewhat biased by the 20 wing failures of the Wellington bomber in the 1942 to 1944 period (items A to A23). 4.1.2 Listing of Accidents by Aircraft Type The listing of accidents by aircraft type is given in Appendix 1. Even the venerable DC-3 has not been immune to fatigue problems, and three DC-3 wing failures are included. That number is, however, only a very small percentage of the approximately 10,000 DC-3/C-47 aircraft that were manufactured. 4 Ten accidents occurred for which the aircraft type was not specif- ied. These are listed at the end of Appendix I under the headings "Type Unknown". The authors welcome any further information on these accidents. 4.2 List of Repeated Failures Table 2 lists fixed-wing aircraft that have had more than one ser- ious accident resulting from metal fatigue of the same general area. (There is a similar list for rotary-wing aircraft in Reference 7.) Un- fortunately, there was generally insufficient information available to determine if these failures were in precisely the same part and location. The ordering of the list is by number of accidents. For additional information on individual accidents, refer to the corresponding identification numbers in Appendices A through H. In searching for repeated fatigue failures, it is advised also to check the aircraft type under Appendix I ("Listing of Accidents by Aircraft Type"), as some accidents have insufficient information to pinpoint the exact failure location, so additional failures may appear in that Appendix that do not show up in Table 2. Some examples of repeated failures are: No. of Aircraft Accidents Failure Area Cessna 182 21 Nose gear fork Vickers-Armstrongs Wellington 20 Wing spar boom Mooney M-20 15 Propeller blade Piper PA-28 Cherokee 14 Propeller blade Boeing Stearman 12 Propeller blade Grumman AgCat 11 Main landing gear Cessna 180 10 Main landing gear leg (at axle attachment bolt holes) It is beyond the scope of this report to examine each of the cases of repeated failure in order to determine which are still on-going and 111%-low.9h%. -~;:Y.~2.*N v2.. K WXK&:__ -9- have not had sufficient action taken in order to arrest the problem. An examination of the Airworthiness Directives for the aircraft in question would be required, as well as a detailed review of the accident reports to determine if the accident vas not aimply a result of inadequate mainten- ance by the operator. Examples of recent fatigue failures that have occurred at least four times in the past include: NO. OF AIRCRAFT FAILURE AREA ACCIDENTS DATES Aero Commander S-2R Engine cylinder 4 1974-81 Beech Bonanza Propeller blade 4 1967-80 Beech Baron/Cochise Propeller hub 5 1974-81 Cessna 140 Main landing gear (bolt hole 4 1964-81 at step attach point) Cessna 150 Propeller blade 6 1967-80 Cessna 150 Engine cylinder 5 1968-81 Cessna 150 Nose gear fork 4 1964-80 Cessna 170 Main landing gear axle 7 1966-81 Cessna 172 Propeller blade 6 1970-81 Cessna 180 H4ain landing gear leg (at 10 1959-81 axle attachment bolt holes) Cessna 180 Main landing gear leg (at 8 1959-80 fuselage) Cessna 185 Propeller blade 5 1964-80 Cessna 185 Outer main landing gear 5 1976-81 support bracket Douglas B-26 Invader Wing spar 4 1964-80 Grumman AgCat Engine cylinder 4 1968-80 Mooney M-20 Propeller blades 15 1965-80 Piper PA-25 Pawnee Wing 5 1967-80 Some of these problems have been on-going for a number of years, as for example the two problem areas in the Cessna 180 main landing gear leg. 4.3 Breakdown of Accidents by Year Table 3 gives a yearly breakdown of the type of fatigue failures that have occurred in fixed-wing aircraft. The total number of reported fixed-wing plus rotary-wing accidents occurring in each year is plotted in Figure 1. The big increase in the mid-1960s is the result of improved availability of accident information with the introduction of computer-based information systems in a number of countries (particularly the introduction of the US National Transportation Safety Board system in 1964). Over the last five years there has been an average of 100 fatal accidents (fixed-wing plus rotary-wing) per year resulting from metal fatigue. The number of fixed-wing accidents for each year is plotted in Figure 2. An average of 69 serious fatigue accidents per year have occur- red over the past five years. The numbers of rotary-wing accidents are shown in Figure 3. -10- Figure 4 shows the breakdown of fixed-wing accidents by failure type. Failures in the wing primary structure have occurred fairly con-j sistently since the early 1950s, and are still a problem, as the latest five-year average is about three per year. Since 1976, engine/tranemis- sion fatigue failures have been the most common accident cause, with 26 *accidents per year on average. Prior to that time, landing gear failures were the most common accident, with a peak of 58 accidents reported in 1965, but landing-gear failures have dropped to about 20 per year recent- ly. As pointed out by Buxbaum (Ref. 17), the loads seen by a landing gear are very complex, and it is apparent, from the number of accidents, that landing gears have been under-designed in the past. Propeller failures have a five-year average of 11 accidents per year. Most of the current propeller problems are for light aircraft, and many of these fatigue failures initiate from dents, nicks, or pits, which should be detectable by the pilot during his pre-f light inspection. .jr Propeller failures were a common problem in the 1930s, but no specific details are available. Reference 18 reports the following numbers of 4%0 propeller failures for US aircraft. It is not known how many of these were attributable to fatigue, although the report indicates that vibratory stresses were the main cause. V, No. of propeller Year failures 1931 37 1932 41 1933 34 1934 13 1935 8 1936 11 1937 15 1938 23 1939 6 1940 0 The introduction of vibration dampeners after 1938 considerably reduced the nmber of propeller problems, as the above table shows. 4.4 Initiation Sites The fatigue-crack initiation sites for the fixed-wing accidents are listed in Table 4. The identification numbers that are given can be used to look up the corresponding accident in Appendices A through H. Some failures are listed under more than one cause. For example, accident A122 in Appendix A was initiated by a corrosion pit in the bore of a bolt hole, so the accident is listed in Table 4 under "Fastener Hole", as well as "Corrosion". The initiation sites are summarized as follows: - 11 - NO. OF INITIATION SITE ACCIDENTS Bolt, Stud or screw 108 Fastener hole or other hole 72 Fillet, radius, or sharp notch 57 Weld 53 Corrosion 43 Thread (other than bolt or stud) 32 Manufacturing defect 27 Scratch, nick, or dent 26 Fretting 13 Surface or subsurface flaw 6 Improper heat treatment 4 Maintenance-induced crack 4 Work-hardened area 2 Wear 2 The above total does not equal the number of accidents in the survey, since information about the initiation site is unavailable in many cases. 4.5 Listing of Accidents by Country Table 5 gives a cross-reference list of accidents by the country of occurrence. The identification numbers that are given can be used to look up the accident in Appendices A through H. The cross-reference list is in two parts - civil aircraft, and military aircraft. For military aircraft, the accidents are listed by owner (i.e., Canadian Forces), rather than by country of occurrence. 5.0 CONCLUSIONS 1. Although this survey does not claim to be comprehensive, a total of 1885 fixed-wing and rotary-wing aircraft accidents involving fatigue fracture since 1927 are covered by this survey. These accidents claimed 2240 fatalities worldwide. Furthermore, serious fatigue-related accidents are still occurring at a rate of about 100 per year. 2. Fixed-wing aircraft accounted for 1466 accidents and 1861 fatalities. Recently, there has been an average of about 61 fixed-wing fatigue accidents per year. 3. For fixed-wing aircraft, failure of the landing gear has been the most comon fatigue problem over the years, accounting for 372 of the accidents. However, a landing-gear failure is only fatal about I of the time. 4. The comon causes of fixed-wing fatigue failures over the past few years have been engine failure/transmission failure (averaging 26 per year), landing gear (20 per year), propeller failure (11 per year), and the wing primary structure (three per year). 9! S "•• . ••. o . ."•-.- % ". ° ° ,, % ,. ' . ~-.-., - -o . ° °- • . ,• " - .•" . .o,- ". % . .% ' . .o - 12 - 5. Many of the propeller problems occur for light aircraft, and initiate from nicks or dents on the blade. This type of damage should be noticed by the pilot during his pre-flight inspection. 6. There are many cases of repeated accidents from the same cause. Seventeen examples are given of fixed-wing aircraft that have had at least four fatigue failures, one of which was recent. A more thorough review of the accident reports and Airworthiness Directives would be required in order to determine which of these problems are still on-going and have not had sufficient action taken in order to arrest the problem. 7. The five most common initiation sites for fatigue cracks that have resulted in fixed-wing accidents are: (1) bolt, stud, or screw, (2) fastener hole or other hole, (3) fillet, radius, or sharp notch, (4) weld, and (5) corrosion. 6.0 REFERENCES 1. Glen S. Campbell A SURVEY OF FATAL AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING METAL FATIGUE - FINAL REPORT. National Research Council of Canada NAE LTR-ST-1219, I December 1980. 2. Glen S. Campbell A NOTE ON FATAL AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING METAL FATIGUE. International J. Fatigue, Oct. 1981, pp 181-185. 3. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT. AIR CANADA MCDONNELL- DOUGLAS DC-9-32 (CF-TLU) EAST OF BOSTON, MASSECHU- SETTS SEPTEMBER 17, 1979. NTSB-AAR-80-13, 17 Sept. 1979. 4. Neil Williams STRUCTURAL FAILURE. ir Flight International, 18 June 1970, pp 993-994. 5. AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT. AMERICAN AIRLINES, INC., A.: DC-10-10, NlIOAA, CHICAGO-O'HARE INTERNATIONAL AIR- PORT, CHICAGO ILLINOIS, MAY 25, 1979. NTSB AAR-79-17, 21 Dec. 1979. 6. REPORT OF THE JAPANESE COMMISSION OF INVESTIGATION ON THE ACCIDENT TO BOEING 707 G-APFE AT THE FOOT OF MOUNT FUJI, JAPAN ON 5TH MARCH 1966. U.K. Board of Trade C.A.P. 286, 1967. 7. Glen S. Campbell A SURVEY OF SERIOUS AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS INVOLVING R.T.C. Lahey FATIGUE FRACTURE. VOLUME 2 - ROTARY-WING AIRCRAFT. National Research Council of Canada NAE-AN-8, 28 April 1983. 8. J.K. illiams THE AIRWORTHINESS APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL FATIGUE. In Gassner & Schutz "Fatigue Design Procedures", Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1969. 13 9. INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND RECOMMENDED PRACTICES, AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT INQUIRY. Annex 13 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation, Second Edition, March 1966. 10. WORLD AIRLINE ACCIDENT SUMMARY. Civil Aviation Authority, (Great Britain), Technical Publications Dept., Cheltenham, England, with Amend- ments to December 1982. 11. J.Y. Mann BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE FATIGUE OF MATERIALS, COMPON- ENTS,& STRUCTURES, 1838-1950. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1970. 12. J.Y. Mann BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE FATIGUE OF MATERIALS, COMPON- ENTS,& STRUCTURES. VOLUME 2: 1951-1960. Pergamon Press, Oxford, 1978. 13. W.E. Anderson FATIGUE OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES. International Metallurgical Reviews, Vol. 17, 1972, pp 240-263. 14. Karl Arnstein FATIGUE PROBLEMS IN THE AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY. E.L. Shaw Metals and Alloys, July 1939, p 208. 15. Von Paul Brenner DYNAMISCHE FESTIGKEIT VON FLUGZEUG-KONSTRUCTION- STEILEN. DVL Jahrbuch 1929, pp 149-155. 16. i.V. Brenner Private communication from Dornier GmbH to the i.A. Dr. Rostan author, 2 Dec. 1982. 17. 0. Buxbaum LANDING GEAR LOADS OF CIVIL TRANSPORT AIRPLANES. In "Aircraft Fatigue in the Eighties", J.B. de Jonge & H.H. van der Linden (ed.), Proc. lth ICAF Sym- posium, Noordwijkerhout, The Netherlands, 20-22 May 1981. 18. Earle Martin ELIMINATING PROPELLER FAILURES. AVIATION, March 1941, pp 40, 41, 118 & 120. 7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author is grateful to the following people who either provided information, or who suggested other sources of information for the current edition of this survey. E.M.R. Alexander Civil Aviation Dept., Jamaica. Capt. Bertil Andersson Flight Safety Office, Defence Material Adminis- tration, Sweden. William E. Anderson Pacific Northwest Laboratories, Batelle, USA. N. Attard Dept. of Civil Aviation, Malta. Mario Bantamaria Junta de Investig. Accidentes de Aviacion, Argentina. -%7- * * %7 r . - .. w - 14 Dr. Boonsorn Boonsukha Air Safety Division, Thailand. Col. A.B.H. Bosman Director of Flight Safety, Canadian Forces. J. Bray Aviation Safety Analysis, Transport Canada. Dr. David Broek FractuREsearch Inc., Ohio, USA. Prof. W. Bunk DFVLR, West Germany. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Franhofer-Institut fur Betriebsfestigkeit LBF, 0. Buxbaum Darmstadt, West Germany. Patrick D. Callaghan Dept. of Civil Aviation, Pakistan. J. Chau Civil Aviation Dept., Hong Kong. R. Chippendale Chief Inspector of Air Accidents, New Zealand. Lt. Cdr. A.W. Criddle SOFS, Royal Australian Navy. Sigge Eggvertz FFA, Sweden. M.M. El-Kholy Ministry of Civil Aviation, Egypt. Ing. C. Erbetta Giovanni Agusta, Italy. Celso Estrela Director General of Civil Aviation, Cape Verde. Mr. 0. Fritsch International Civil Aviation Organization, Montreal Canada. Ing. Guillermo Oficina de Investigacion de Accidentes de Aviacion, Leyva Galindo Mexico. Dr. G.H. Gessinger Brown, Boveri & Co. Ltd., Baden, Switzerland. Irvine Griffith Civil Aviation & Tourism Division, Barbados. P.D.G. Griggs Ministry of Transport and Civil Aviation, Seychelles. Seppo Hamalainen National Board of Aviation, Finland. W.J. Hamoudi Flight Safety Department, Iraq. Dorothy P. Henning Accident Data Branch, NTSB, USA. Motoki Hiraguri Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission, Japan. Lars Jarfall Saab-Scania, Sweden. LTC, FA Thomas F. Johnson, US Army Safety Centre, Ft. Rucker, Ala., USA. B.P.K. Jordaan Dept. of Transport, Republic of South Africa. Dr. G.S. Jost Aeronautical Research Laboratories, Australia. E. Keller Federal Aircraft Accident Investigation Bureau, Switzerland. Quek Seng Kiew Civil Aviation Dept., Malaysia. Tor B. Kirkvaag Aeronautical Inspection Dept., Civil Aviation Administration, Norway. Theodore Kobolis Accidents Investigation Bureau, Greece. A. Laflame Aviation Safety Analysis, Transport Canada. Ing. B. Lovers Giovanni Agusta, Italy. D. Macklin Ottawa, Canada. A. Maenhaut Administration de l'Aeronautique, Belgium. P.M. Maranga Ministry of Transport and Communications, Kenya. Maj. Morris Directorate of Flight Safety, Canadian Forces. J.C. Mwinjilo Dept. of Civil Aviation & Meteorol. Services, Malawi. Col. Milton Naranjo Centro de Investigacao e Prevencao de Acidentes Aeronauticos, Brazil. Mr. Neufeldt Flugunfalluntersuchungstelle beim Luftfahrt-Bundesamt, Federal Republic of Germany. Noel Ngirumhatse Le Directeur de l'Aviation Civile, Rwanda. R. Nilsson Flight Safety Department, Board of Civil Aviation, Sweden. H. Panayotides-Djaferis Dept. of Civil Aviation, Cyprus. Dr. Elio Passaglia National Bureau of Standards, USA. J. Pierre Civil Aviation Dept., Guyana. J. Ryan Civil Aviation Division, Ireland. Dr. A. Salvetti Univ. degli Studi, Pisa, Italy. - 15 - Dr.-Ing. D. Schutz Franhofer-Institut fur Betriebsfestigkeit LBF, Darmstadt, West Germany. Skuli Jon Sigurdarson Directorate of Civil Aviation, Iceland. R.K. Slatter Airworthiness Officer, Civil Aviation, Lethoso. int Thein Dept. of Civil Aviation, Burma. Van Laer Administration de l'Aeronautique, Belgium. F.A. van Reijsen Accident Investigation Bureau, Netherlands. Americo Vieira Director of the Aeronautical Equipment, Portugal. Sqn Ldr P.M. Warner Ministry of Defence, United Kingdom. W. Weibe National Research Council of Canada. A.R. Woodward Air Safety Investigation, Australia. N.W. Yong Supt. of Air Safety, Papua New Guinea. I ~ l p o a O ' = o S k". , . -*°, " . . '. . . . - ' . ". . ! - .o.-. . •. . • , ,% ,, .. ,= .. " ., e" - I.- I- . -1 _j• - 17 - TABLE I SMAYOF SERIOUS ACCIDENTS -FIXED-WING NO. NO. AIRCRAFT NO. *CATEGORY ACCIDENTS DESTROYED FATALITIES FIXED-WING AIRCRAFT Landing Gear 542 9 21 Engine or Transmission 408 144 536 Propeller Failure 232 52 162 Wing 137 119 400 Flight Controls 48 28 68 Tail 37 21 244 Miscellaneous 37 11 285 Fuselage 25 9 145 FIXED-WING TOTALS 1466 393 1861 ROTARY-WING TOTALS 419 165 379 OVERALL TOTALS (FIXED-WING + ROTARY-WING) 1885 558 2240 is-L - 18 - TABLE 2 LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING (Note: failure may not be in exactly same part) NO. OF ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION AIRCRAFT TYPE ACCIDENTS FAILURE AREA DATES NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS Cessna 182 21 Nose gear fork 1964-75 G46 G59 G72 G82 G93 G109 G113 G115 G120 G124 G144 G151 G177 G186 G192 G197 G198 G208 G225 G239 G388 Vickers-Armstrongs 20 Wing spar boom 1942-44 A4-A23 Wellington Mooney M-20 15 Propeller blade 1965-80 F26 F34 F47 F52 F62 F69 F72 F83 F90 F91 F128 F133 F138 F200 F223 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 14 Propeller blade 1964-79 F21 F33 F38 F39 F80 F93 F99 F119 F152 F180 F190 F197 F206 F213 Boeing Stearman 12 Propeller blade 1965-76 F31 F42 F44 F50 F59 F77 F78 F82 F104 F140 F150 F176 Grumman AgCat 11 Main landing gear 1964-76 G67 G170 G188 G232 G302 G311 G312 G347 G383 G414 G427 Cessna 180 10 MLG leg (at axle 1959-81 G13 G17 G1lO G167 attachment bolt G181 G207 G270 G276 holes) G465 G537 Beech 35/36 Bonanza 9 Crankshaft 1971-79 E158 E183 E222 E256 E289 E321 E343 E344 E345 *- - ----------------------------------------------------------------- t Beech 18 8 Wing 1947-73 A27 A75 A78 A79 A82 A102 A107 AllO Cessna 172 8 Nose gear fork 1964-70 G61 GlO0 G106 G107 G147 G175 G220 G278 Cessna 180 8 MWG leg (at 1959-80 G15 G26 G33 G47 fuselage) G146 G462 G484 G497 Cessna 170 7 MLG axle 1966-81 G193 G216 G305 G399 G451 G513 G533 Cessna 180 7 MLG leg (location 1959-77 G12 G327 G365 G389 unspecified) G395 G428 G441 'ft.- '4% -19- TABLE 2 (Cont'd) LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING NO. OF ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION AIRCRAFT TYPE ACCIDENTS FAILURE AREA DATES NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS - Cessna 150 6 Propeller blade 1967-80 F55 F75 F135 F212 F216 F218 Cessna 172 6 Propeller blade 1970-81 F89 P94 P115 F121 F203 F228 Cessna 180 6 Propeller blade 1961-75 FII F24 F40 F87 F88 F144 Cessna A188 6 MLG leg 1969-79 G245 G264 G296 G362 G461 G481 Cessna 210 6 Crankshaft 1976-79 E254 E262 E282 E299 E303 E347 Champion Citabria 6 MLG attach bolt 1970-76 G279 G290 G307 G321 G338 G436 Beech 18 5 Propeller blade 1964-77 F20 F23 F45 F141 F188 Beech Baron/Cochise 5 Propeller hub 1974-81 F131 F181 F182 F221 F232 Cessna 150 5 Engine cylinder 1968-81 El01 E329 E335 E380 E401 Cessna 185 5 Propeller blade 1964-80 F16 F53 F106 F149 F219 Cessna 185 5 Outboard MLG 1976-81 G416 G496 G499 G500 support bracket G525 Cessna 210 5 Propeller blade 1964-78 F15 F74 F130 F136 F195 Cessna 210 5 MLG actuator 1966-78 G160 G195 G298 G340 spindle shaft G455 Piper PA-25 Pawnee 5 Wing 1967-80 A83 A108 A109 AIli A131 Saab-Scania Draken 5 Compressor blade 1967-75 E93 E127 E136 E185 E232 Aero Commander S-2R 4 Engine cylinder 1974-81 E216 E393 E396 E400 American AA-1 4 Propeller blade 1971-76 F95 F117 F147 F169 Beech 35 Bonanza 4 Propeller pitch- 1967-75 F64 F85 F110 F151 change bolts Beech Bonanza 4 Propeller blade 1967-80 F60 F134 F191 F222 Beech Musketeer/ 4 Propeller blade 1966-77 F37 F56 F161 F184 Sundovner Boeing Stearman 4 Crankshaft 1964-69 E39 E44 E85 E117 (thrust nut area) Cessna 140 4 MLG (bolt hole at 1964-81 G45 G215 G261 G539 step attach point) Cessna 150 4 Nose gear fork 1964-80 G58 G117 G234 G515 Cessna 172 4 Engine cylinder 1966-79 E83 E179 E304 E330 Cessna 180 4 MLG attach bolt 1964-79 G71 G187 G285 G480 Cessna 182 4 Propeller blade 1974-77 F142 F171 F177 F187 Cessna 195 4 MLG leg 1967-75 G222 G252 G262 C412 Cessna 210 4 MLG saddle 1969-78 G244 G417 G425 G457 assembly Cessna 310 4 Propeller hub 1968-76 F76 F124 F163 F174 Curtiss C-46 4 Hold-down studs 1956-65 E6 E23 E24 E59 of engine cylinder *JIM e-.. -20- TABLE 2 (Cont'd) LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING NO. OF ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION AIRCRAFT TYPE ACCIDENTS FAILURE AREA DATES NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS Douglas B-26 Invader 4 Wing spar 1964-80 A70 A71 A74 A134 Douglas DC-6 4 Propeller blade 1950-76 F5 FIO F17 F165 General Dynamics 4 Tailplane actuator 1968 D15 D16 D17 D18 F-1lIA assembly Gru man AgCat 4 Engine cylinder 1968-80 E107 E190 E302 E356 Transavia Airtruk 4 Nose landing gear 1970-74 G265 G318 G339 G364 Aero Comaander 560/680 3 Wing spar cap 1961-67 A62 A73 A81 Aero Commander 500 3 Propeller hub 1971-73 P98 F102 F122 Beech 35 Bonanza 3 Wing centre- 1961-63 A61 A63 A68 section truss Boeing B-47 3 Wing (longeron) 1958 A53 A54 A55 Boeing B-52 3 Wing 1953?-61? A39 A40 A60 Boeing B-52 3 Fuselage 1961-63 CIO CII C12 Boeing 727 3 Main landing gear 1970-71 G282 G291 G304 trunnion support beam Bristol 170 3 Wing 1953-57 A43 A47 A51 CallAir/Aero 3 Crankshaft 1969-73 E114 E157 E188 Comander A-9 Cessna 140 3 MLW axle 1965-76 G99 G263 G423 Cessna 177 3 Propeller blade 1975-78 F154 F155 F202 Cessna 182 3 Nosewheel shimny 1964-67 G53 G191 G226 dampener support bracket Cessna 185 3 Mixture-control 1977-80 D297 E306 E360 valve shaft in air intake box Cessna A188 3 Propeller hub 1973-81 F118 F145 F230 Cessna A188 3 MLG bolt 1971-74 G297 G341 G375 Cessna 206 3 Crankshaft 1973-81 E189 E226 E378 Cessna 206 3 Propeller hub 1968-81 F68 F125 F229 Cessna 206 3 Propeller blade 1968-81 F67 F112 F227 Cessna 402 3 Exhaust manifold 1975-78 E233 E295 E318 system Champion Citabria 3 MLG axle 1970-81 G287 G469 G522 Champion Citabria 3 MLG leg strut 1975-82 G398 G446 G540 attachment de Havilland Dove 3 Wing 1951-71 A33 A92 A98 DHC-2 Beaver 3 Wing strut 1963-81 A69 A76 A136 attachment fitting Douglas DC-3 3 Wing 1968-73 A85 A104 A106 Douglas DC-3 3 Engine cylinder 1946-64 E2 E3 E38 Douglas DC-3 3 MW brace strut 1959-64 GIO G24 G74 fitting Douglas DC-6 3 NLG upper torque 1965-80 G121 G283 G505 link Fokker F-27 3 Engine, low- 1972-79 E177 3203 E331 pressure impeller Lockheed Constellation 3 Propeller blade 1947-53 F3 F4 F8 McDonnell Douglas F-4 3 Wing skin 1969-70 A90 A93 A94 %*Q -21- TABLE 2 (Cont'd) LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING NO. OF ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION AIRCRAFT TYPE ACCIDENTS FAILURE AREA DATES NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS McDonnell Douglas F-4 3 Stabilator pre-1972 B19 B20 B21 Mooney M-20 3 Propeller hub 1967-76 F48 F51 F162 N. American F-86 3 Wing 1954-59? A44 A45 A46 Sabre/FJ-4 Fury Piper PA-22 3 Nose gear mount/ 1965-78 Gill G156 G467 support tubes Piper PA-25 Pawnee 3 MLC shock strut 1964-74 G57 G84 G377 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 3 Exhaust valve 1976-81 E267 E388 E392 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 3 MLG torque link 1972-81 G323 G325 G527 Piper PA-32 Cherokee 3 Engine cylinder 1974-81 E221 E308 E4C.2 SIX Saab-Scania Draken 3 Turbine disc 1977-79 E298 E310 E341 Saab-Scania Viggen 3 Wing spar 1974-75 A113 A115 A116 Snow S-2 3 Connecting rod 1971-75 E159 E176 E241 Snow S-2 3 Propeller blade 1966-71 F43 F65 F1O0 Stinson 108 3 Engine cylinder 1964-79 E31 E187 E332 LTV A-7 Corsair II 3 Engine spacer 1972 E161 E162 E163 collar --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- --- -- - 7 - - -2 - -- 14- Aero Commander 100 2 Propeller 1973-75 F123 P146 Aero Commander 112 2 Propeller 1975-76 F159 F178 Aero Comma nder 500 2 Propeller blade 1976-78 F172 F192 Aero Commander 520 2 Nosewheel fork 1964-66 G73 G194 Aero Commander 690 2 Torque link shaft 1979-80 G475 G511 Aero Commander S-2R 2 Propeller blade 1978-79 F194 F211 Aerospatiale Caravelle 2 Nose wheel axle 1964-66 G50 G185 Avro CF-1O0 Canuck 2 Flap hinge bracket 1954-56 D2 D3 Beech 58 Baron 2 Crankshaft 1976-79 E266 E326 Beech 58 Baron 2 Landing gear 1975-78 G393 G453 retract ball end Beech 35 Bonanza 2 Conrod bolt 1974 E212 E224 Beech 35 Bonanza 2 Cylinder hold- 1971-77 E153 E285 down studs Beech 35 Bonanza 2 Nose gear actuator 1964-67 G62 G223 retract arm Beech Queen Air 2 Crankshaft 1976-77 E265 E287 Boeing 377 2 Propeller 1952-55 F6 F9 Stratocruiser Boeing 707/720 2 Fan disc 1965-71 ES0 E149 Boeing 707 2 Nose gear outer 1973-75 G350 G394 cylinder Boeing 707 2 Landing gear axle 1964-65 G90 G112 CallAir/Aero 2 Conrod 1971-74 E146 E206 -! Commander A-9B Cessna 150 2 Rudder 1962-68 Bll B16 Cessna 150 2 Left gear spring 1964-65 G92 G134 assembly Cessna 172 2 Aileron push- 1965-71 DlI D21 pull rod Cessna 172 2 Engine mixture 1971-81 E151 E403 control wire Cessna 175 2 Nose wheel fork 1964-68 G80 G227 -22- TABLE 2 (Cont'd) LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING NO. OF ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION AIRCRAFT TYPE ACCIDENTS FAILURE AREA DATES NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS Cessna 182 2 Master & 1964 E33 E37 connecting rods Cessna 185 2 Crankshaft 1966-76 E77 E259 "'- Cessna 185 2 MLG leg (at axle 1971-77 G306 G452 - ,* attachment) Cessna 195 2 Wing 1960-63 A57 A66 carry-through Cessna 206 2 Cylinder head 1969-79 EllI E324 Cessna 210 2 Connecting rod 1965-75 E57 E240 Cessna 210 2 Cylinder hold- 1976-80 E273 E361 down studs Cessna 310 2 Propeller blade 1967-72 F58 F114 Cessna 336 2 Propeller blade 1968-76 F70 F168 Convair 580 2 Nose gear drag 1973-79 G352 G477 strut Convair 600 2 Nose gear piston 1969-72 G257 G324 rod de Havilland Comet 1 2 Fuselage at ADF 1954 C6 C7 window DHC-2 Beaver 2 Engine cylinder 1979-80 E338 E363 DHC-3 Otter 2 MLG attachment 1967-77 G217 G445 bolt Gr uman AgCat 2 Crankshaft 1973-80 E192 E362 Gr u=an Mallard 2 Hydraulic line 1964 H4 H5 Handley Page Hastings 2 Elevator outer- 1953-65 B8 B13 hinge bolt Handley Page Hermes 2 Crankshaft web 1952 E8 E9 Helio M-295 2 Wing attach 1971-78 AIO0 A122 . ' fitting Lockheed Constellation 2 MLG strut cylinder 1960 G19 G20 Lockheed Constellation 2 Nose gear 1964 G49 G76 actuating strut Lockheed C-5A 2 Engine compressor 1982 E406 E407 rear frame Lockheed F-104 2 Wing pre-1969-71 A89 A97 Luscombe 8A 2 Landing gear bolt 1966-68 G179 G236 Luscombe 8A 2 Landing gear 1973-75 G361 G411 M eM2 attachment .Maul M-4 2 Landing gear shock 1965 G116 G123 strut Douglas DC-8 2 MLG bogie beau 1969-80 G260 G517 McDonnell Douglas F-4 2 Wing lock lug 1973-76 A105 AIlS Mooney M-21 2 Propeller blade 1964 FIB F19 Noorduyn Norseman 2 Wing strut eyebolt 1958-63 A56 A67 N. American F-100 2 Wing 1967-68 A84 A86 Northrup F-89 Scorpion 2 Wing 1952 A36 A37 - Piper J-3 Cub 2 Wing strut fitting 1947-79 A26 A126 Piper J-3 cub 2 Landing gear 1965-80 G136 G506 -- float attachment Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2 Propeller blade 1975-78 F148 F205 . . Piper PA-18 Super Cub 2 Landing gear axle 1966-71 G182 G315 Piper PA-22 2 Wing lift-strut 1972-80 A103 A129 fork 4. ? . . • q . . . . .. . . . . . . - , . - . . . . . . .. . -23- TABLE 2 (Cont'd) LIST OF REPEATED FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WING NO. OF ACCIDENT IDENTIFICATION AIRCRAFT TYPE ACCIDENTS FAILURE AREA DATES NUMBER OF ACCIDENTS Piper PA-22 2 Nosewheel assembly 1974-81 G384 G521 Piper PA-22 2 MLG at weld 1964-76 G65 G419 Piper PA-23 Aztec 2 Prop mounting stud 1967-76 F49 F175 Piper PA-23 Aztec 2 MLG drag link bolt 1976-81 G420 G518 Piper PA-23 Aztec 2 NLG upper drag 1969-74 G251 G373 link Piper PA-24 Commanche 2 Crankshaft 1980-81 E372 E377 Piper PA-24 Comanche 2 Nose gear drag 1964 G85 G94 link clevis Piper PA-25 Pawnee 2 Mixture-control 1968-71 E106 E141 part Piper PA-25 Pawnee 2 Crankshaft 1973-75 E193 E245 Piper PA-25 Pawnee 2 MLG brace tube 1970-72 G268 G320 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 2 Connecting rod 1968-73 E100 E182 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 2 Crankshaft 1971-80 E148 E350 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 2 Engine cylinder 1977-78 E278 E313 Piper PA-28 Cherokee 2 MLG torque link 1977 G440 G442 bolt Piper PA-30 2 Propeller blade 1969-71 F86 FlOl Twin Commanche Piper PA-31 Navajo 2 Propeller blade 1973-79 F126 F208 Piper PA-31 Navajo 2 Hinge on right 1976-80 G418 G503 gear door Piper PA-32 Cherokee 2 Crankshaft 1976-81 E255 E398 SIX Piper PA-32 Cherokee 2 Prop pitch-change 1974-75 F132 F158 SIX dowel Piper PA-36-375 2 MLG leg (radius 1981 G532 G531 Pawnee Brave outboard of fuselage) Republic F-lOS 2 Fuselage 1964-65 C13 C15 Saab-Scania Lansen 2 Fuel pipe 1970-72 E135 E166 Scottish Aviation 2 Wing V-brace strut 1957 A50 A52 Twin Pioneer Stinson 108 2 Exhaust valve 1965 E55 E60 Stinson 108 2 Crankshaft 1976-80 E258 E359 Stinson 108 2 Propeller blade 1964-65 F22 F32 Stinson 108 2 Tail wheel attach 1965-67 G126 G205 tubing Stits 2 Horizontal 1967-73 B15 B23 stabilizer attachment Transavia Airtruk 2 Propeller blade 1972-76 F113 F166 Transavia Airtruk 2 MLG attach lugs 1972-79 G317 G473 LTV A-7 Corsair II 2 Nose gear strut 1971 G294 G295 Attack-type US Navy 2 Wing approx A29 A30 aircraft 1950 %I *~ V*1 -- v.~~S - 24- TABLE 35 BREAKDOWN OF ACCIDENT TYPES BY YEAR OF ACCIDENT -FIXED-WING FLIGHT ENGINE/ LANDING YEAR WING TAIL FUSELAGE CONTROLS TRANSMN PROP GEAR MISC TOTAL 1927 1 1 1929 1 1 1930 1 1932 1 1 1934 1 1 2 1942 1 1 2:1944 1 12 *1945 11 1946 2 1 3 1947 2 1 1 4 1948 1 1 1 3 1949 0 1950 1 1 2 1951 2 1 2 1 6 1952 3 3 1 7 1953 3 1 1 5 1954 2 1 2 1 1 7 1955 1 1 1 3 1956 1 1 2 1957 4 1 1 2 1 9 1958 4 1 1 1 7 1959 1 3 1 10 15 1960 3 5 8 16 1961 3 1 3 1 7 15 1962 1 1 1 4 2 6 15 1963 4 2 1 3 1 11 5'1964 7 1 2 2 10 9 52 6 89 1965 1 4 4 30 10 58 3 110 1966 2 1 1 20 12 43 79 Al' 1967 5 1 1 3 8 21 31 2 72 1968 4 1 5 11 11 16 2 50 1969 2 1 12 10 21 46 1970 5 1 19 5 30 2 62 1971 5 2 1 1 20 14 23 1 67 1972 3 1 1 20 12 20 57 1973 7 2 21 12 26 1 69 1974 3 3 2 23 13 25 69 1975 2 5 24 18 27 76 1976 3 1 26 18 24 2 74 1977 1 2 1 4 25 11 15 7 66 1978 3 4 1 2 24 18 19 2 73 1979 4 3 1 3 24 8 19 3 65 1980 5 1 6 26 10 26 1 75 d'.1981 4 1 2 30 7 22 1 67 317- -. . . . . . . . . . .. -25- TABLE 4 INITIATION SITES - FIXED-WING Bolt, Stud, or Screv (108 failures) A59 A121 A127 A128 B2 B8 B13 D4 D36 El E6 E17 E20 E23 E24 E25 E41 E59 E66 ESI E88 E95 E104 E109 E153 E210 E212 E224 E221 E235 E252 E273 E285 E288 E293 E336 E357 E358 E361 F30 F49 F57 F61 F64 F66 F85 F110 F151 F167 F175 G28 037 G56 G70 G71 G78 G87 GIO G119 G179 G187 G202 G217 G231 G235 G236 G242 G279 G285 G297 G290 G300 G307 G319 G321 G332 G338 G341 G355 G371 G374 G375 G378 G382 G390 G400 G420 G426 G435 G436 G440 G445 G447 G442 0460 G464 G480 G484 G494 G502 0506 G518 0530 G532 0536 HI H8 H15 Fastener Hole or Other Hole (72 failures) A24 A34 A51 A64 A81 A84 A86 A87 A88 A90 A93 A94 All A112 All4 A117 A122 A131 A134 B3 B9 B14 B23 C24 C25 E50 E251 E297 E319 E337 F124 GlO 012 G13 G15 016 G17 G26 G27 G33 G45 G47 G67 0110 G146 G167 G181 0194 G207 G213 G215 0219 G222 G228 G243 G270 0276 G277 G291 G301 G304 G328 G330 G343 G364 0452 G462 G465 G500 G515 G537 G539 Fillet, Radius, or Sharp Notch (57 failures) A4-A23 A26 A65 A136 BII B31 C6 C7 C13 C15 E26 E92 E106 E144 E157 E263 E320 E369 E376 E388 E393 E404 FI F13 F45 F96 F196 039 G40 042 G59 G193 G227 G360 G407 0493 G523 G531 Weld (53 failures) A3 A25 A27 A79 A83 A107 C16 D15 D16 D17 DI D32 D39 D46 184 E230 E250 E274 E346 E384 02 G32 057 065 088 010 G127 G140 0153 G166 0168 G172 0183 G196 G203 G218 G253 G303 0308 G318 0345 0363 G364 G366 G386 G391 0419 0421 0483 0514 0519 G522 H2 Corrosion (43 failures) A98 A122 A128 A137 C9 C21 C23 D22 D39 E194 E197 E247 E330 E364 5368 E384 E388 F39 F62 F86 F97 F172 F183 F220 F225 049 0326 0335 0349 0350 0379 0395 0430 0424 0454 0479 0487 0512 0517 0520 G525 0529 G540 Thread (other than bolt or stud) (32 failures) A26 D34 144 E85 5i1 E117 E198 E355 E364 E383 E400 F14 F16 F24 F113 F127 F129 F143 F162 F171 F177 F214 F215 G5 021 G69 085 G94 G173 G189 0212 0463 Manufacturing Defect (27 failures) A81 A95 AIII A131 A136 CIS E78 E170 E209 E291 E297 E304 E359 E372 E376 F25 F105 G38 086 0185 0204 G314 0392 0394 0503 0533 H5 Scratch, Nick,or Dent (26 failures) 5370 F5 F17 F26 F38 F40 F55 F87 F89 FIO0 F119 F147 F148 F149 F154 F160 F169 F184 F188 F200 7202 F207 F216 F219 F224 F228 Fretting (13 failures) A64 A98 1186 5203 F12 030 0181 0326 0327 0362 0497 0500 H13 Surface or Subsurface Flay (6 failures) A65 A91 5367 5387 E391 H21 *i.*,****..* "" " ' " "'"'. -. . '" "'" " " "" " ' ' " """ "." """-"" " "" " "" "" ' -26- TABLE 4 (Cont'd) INITIATION SITES - FIXED-WING Improper Heat Treatment (4 failures) E377 F60 G274 HI Maintenance-Induced Crack (4 failures) F144 F155 F223 H33 Work-Hardened Area (2 failures) F133 H20 Wear (2 failures) G14 G420 Crazing (1 failure) C22 Belling of Pipe (I failure) H35 Rivet ( failure) D28 .4.- 44i 4 .4 4'i , ' .. 4'. -_. - . . -" . . - . " "--.,.. .- .- . . .- -,,, .- . . , -;- .. . " . "" -' -" -- lp -. P. -. t .i . -.- P- - - -27. TABLE 5 LIST OF ACCIDENTS BY COUNTRY -FIXED-WING PART 1. CIVIL AIRCRAFT ARGENTINA A117 AUSTRALIA A25 A33 A69 A76 A88 B34 B36 B37 D40 D46 EllO ElI E122 £141 E142 E181-184 E202 E249-252 E275 E300 E324 E325 E327 E338 E374 E375 F17 F86-88 F106 F11B F119 F130 F161 F181 F190 F216 F226 G7 G235 G243-245 G264-269 G296-302 G317-320 G337-346 G358 G363-366 G388-393 G415-420 G434 G439-442 G453-457 G472-475 0488 G491 G492 G518 G519 H117 H120 H23 1124 H130 1131 AUSTRIA G333 BELG IAN CONGO E7 BELGIUM C21 BRAZIL E59 F6 G44 JCANADA A56 A67 A73 A77 AllO A120 A122 A124 A136 B11 B33 C22 D29 D34 D41 E17 E18 E20 E22 E25 £28 E34 E40 E62 E78 E82 E83 £90 E95 E96 £104 £115 £118 E119 E131 E138 E213 E223 £229 £234 £236 £240 E243 E259 E264 E286 E291 E296 E297 E304-306 E313 £319 E331 E337 £339 E351 E357-359 £363 E364 E366 £368 E373 E388 E391 E393 E398 E405 1408 112 P16 F40 F70 F92 F116 F128 F135 F148 F149 F154 F172 F183 7184 F213 F214 F217 F219 G12 G15 017 G26 027 G30 G33-35 G47 G105 G110 0146 G167 G168 G176 0181 G204 G207 0217 0227 0228 G270 G276 G323 0325 0399 0422 0423 0426 0428 0430 0445 0452 G462 G465 G468 0478 0480 0484 0494 0496 G497 G499 G500 0502 0503 G506 G510 G515 G522 G525 G527 G528 0530 0533 0538 0540 G542 H2 118 1113 H28 1137 CHILE A85 B24 'aCOLUMBIA B25 £89 DENMARK D50 ETHIOPIA A104 FINLAND D5 E197 E217 E267 E335 P218 0371 0397 0408 0541 113 FRANCE DI D48 E8 E74 E120 EAST GERMANY Al GREECE 0283 GUATEMALA E13 INDIA ASO E272 0413 - 28- TABLE 5 (Continued) LIST OF ACCIDENTS BY COUNTRY IRAN G370 IRELAND 710 G450 ISRAEL G405 ITALY C6 C7 E125 E177 JAMAICA E159 E176 E241 F211 G200 JAPAN B14 D36 E247 E312 E381 F127 F143 F160 F196 G410 G438 G483 LYBIA A52 E178 G74 NEW GUINEA A50 F227 G328 NEW ZEALAND A51 A58 A62 A106 C23 E150 E174 E175 E179 E180 E276 F11 F96 7100 F108 F113 F120 F166 F193 F215 G306 G313 G332 G362 G376 G421 G523 G531 G536 NICARAGUA E19 G280 NIGERIA A47 NORTH YEMEN E404 PAKISTAN E27 PHILIPPINES E225 POLAND E353 PUERTO RICO C17 F41 F153 G38 G95 G322 QATAR G516 RWANDA G529 SICILY E9 SINGAPORE D51 SPAIN G292 SOUTH AFRICA E369 H35 SUDAN E203 G25 4'SWITZERLAND E123 SYRIA E4 TANGANYIKA A42 TURKEY 78 -29- TABLE 5 (Continued) LIST OF ACCIDENTS BY COUNTRY UK A96 BI B2 C20 D4 D19 D26 El E5 E15 E29 E30 E10 E102 E132 E198 F97 G6 G23 G351 G357 G406 G470 G497 G482 H H34 USA too many to list VIRGIN ISLANDS E316 F179 G396 WEST GERMANY A2 A123 B32 D24 D30 D33 D35 D42 E218 E228 E238 E257 E258 E268 E271 E280 E284 E292 E293 E309 E314 E322 E336 E370 F57 F157 G353 G354 G360 G372 G385 G398 G400 G401 G409 G432 G437 G446 G451 G463 G535 H29 H36 ZAMBIA B28 G387 PART 2. MILITARY AIRCRAFT ROYAL AUSTRALIAN AIR FORCE A43 E170 E209 E239 H15 ROYAL AUSTRALIAN NAVY BI0 G448 HIO BELGIUM - AIR FORCE E382 CANADIAN FORCES A49 A97 B31 C18 D2 D3 D22 D44 E10 E56 E143 E230 E260 FRANCE - L'ARMEE DE L'AIR A64 A65 ROYAL SWEDISH AIR FORCE A113 Al15 A116 E93 E127 E135 E136 E166 E185 E200 E232 E244 E246 E248 E294 E298 E310 E328 E341 E379 E397 H22 H25 H27 UK - ROYAL AIR FORCE A4-23 All$ A125 A130 B3 B8 B9 B13 B18 D23 D45 E370 01 US AIR FORCE A35-41 A44 A45 A53-55 A60 A70 A71 A74 A84 A86 A90 A91 A93-95 A105 B4 B6 B7 B19-21 C1-5 ClI-13 C15 D15-18 E354 E406 E407 F7 G2-5 G294 G295 G493 US AIR FORCE OR US NAVY E161-163 US ARlMY E173 US NAVY A29-31 A46 E367 WEST GERMAN AIR FORCE A89 -. * - ., - _ . . . - .... - - L -.. .,L ' ,. .=, ..-- e.-' . --. -a '-.. C.. - . 31 - - - .. FIXED & ROTrARY WING Its- ISOI Cie 110 70-CC3 .1 8 0 co 78- 60- n - .,- 4 4 8 8, . - . , - , . . - . NYEAR FI.INMBRO EIOSFTGE CIET FIXD-IN &, ROAYWN • J -32- 1B Ffl(ED-WING ACCIDENTS I so- 10- 0 to- !. -, ! '7 , 46 Q8 W S2 S4 W6 W8 W W 64 W 8 78 72 74 76 78 8 YEAR FIG. 2 NUMBER OF SERIOUS AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS FIXED-WING SROTARY-WING ACCIDENTS l" 310 29- 46 Q8 W8 62S NM8 68 78 72 74 78 88 YEAR FIG. 3 NUMBER OF SERIOUS AIRCRAFT ACCIDENTS ROTARY-WING * " .,0,. ']",,% ,'.''. '' ;-.. % % . '- ., ..,., ' ."''.•.-...-. '-''''° . , -,,.-.- """. " . , , -" . , . . .", --. ,. 33 - LAND.ING GEAR .404 5-9 28- -', t6" ]:-o- 46 46 5652 54 56 58682 64 6 08 78 72 74 76 78 86 YEAR_ 3-ENGINE OR TRAN4SMISSION 46 48 5 62 54 56 58 66 62 64 66 68 76 72 74 76 78 86 . YEAR 4 8652 54 56 8 06 7 27 I fIII 1.' 1 r rI..nr----inF1rI 40 48 5652 54 56 58 6662 64 66 68 76 72 74 76 78 8 YEAR 4i 48 5652 5458 58 62 64 66 68 76 72 74 76 78 86 YEAR s-IKm r"L_ _9-L_. 46 46 46 62 54 686 6e2 4668 78 72 74 76 78 8 YEAR FI"G. 4 CAUSES OF FATIGUE FAILURES - FIXED-WNG AIRCRAFT ::4 .. .. . .........,... .,_...,..,,,. .. ,. , -'Y E, .A.-. R,- . .... A-I WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) ** *** ** ******** **** ****** ********** * * PARTI * 4 * LISTING BY FAILURE TYPE * * ** ** * * * ******** ****** **** ***** *** ** * * APPENDIX A * * FIXED WING AIRCRAFT - WING * * *** ***** ** *** **** ** ********* * D ID Aircraft Accident No. a No. Type Date Dead m Remarks Al Dornier 23 Sep 27 6 D Schleiz, Thuringen, Germany. Merkur Wing failure. Wing strut close to upper attach- (Luft Hansa) ment point. Ref: Brenner, "DYNAMISCHE FESTIGKEIT VON FLUGZEUG-KONSTRUCTIONSTEILEN", DVL Jarbuch 1929, p 149; THE AEROPLANE, 28 Sept 27 p 440; Arnstein & Shaw, METALS & ALLOYS, July 1939, p 206 & 208; and Dornier GmBH files. A2 Curtiss 27 Jul 34 11 D Tuttelingen, Germany. AT-32 Condor II Port inter-wing strut failed, causing separa- (Swissair) tion of engine and part of lower wing. Ref: J. Branger, p 9 in Proc. ICAF Symp., Melbourne, 1967; THE AEROPLANE, Aug 8 1934, p 180; L'AERONAUTIQUE, Sept. 1934 p 228. A3 Type unknown pre 1940 1? D USA? Welded wing strut failed, causing collapse of wing and fatal crash. Ref: "Prevention of the Failure of Metals under Repeated Stress", Batelle, John Wiley, 1941, p. 31. A4 Vickers- May 42 to ? D England. to Armstrongs 1944 Wing failure. Lower spar boom at serration A23 Wellington of boom joint outboard of nacelle (WS 41). (Royal Air 20 aircraft lost in a 2-year period. Most Force) failures at WS 41. Airframe hours: 180-400. Ref: UK Ministry of Supply S&T Memo 10/54; Aeron. Research Council R&M No. 2300. A24 Junkers WW II ? D S. America. Ju 52 1943? Wing failure. Spar at a riveted construction in the tension chord. Ref: Gassner in FATIGUE IN AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, A. Freudenthal (ed), 1956, p. 198. '' . .. . . .. • . *, . ,.*...*q * s s *.,. . .. ,,. .o .. . . . . . . . . A-2 WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) A25 Stinson A2W 10 Jan 45 10 D Spring Plains, Victoria, Australia. Left wing failure. Joint in welded steel tube between outer & centre sections of wing. Material: X4130 steel. 13,763 airframe hours. Ref: Hooke, ARL/STRUC-RPT-363 p 6. A26 Piper Cub 26 May 47 2 D Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. USA. J-3 Wing failure at shoulder machined on threaded insert, inner end of left front, lower lift- strut fitting. Ref: AW May 24/48, p 36. A27 Beech D18C 6 Dec 47 2 D Wellsburg, W. Virginia, USA. (All American Wing failure. Lower spar cap steel tube at toe Aviation) of weld, right outboard wing panel. Ref: AMER- ICAN AVIATION, Dec. 15/47 p 28, & Jan 1/48, p 28; NTSB-AAR-72-33 p 3; & NBS CIRC 550, p. 28 A28 Martin 2-0-2 29 Aug 48 37 D Winona, Minn., USA. (Northwest) Outer panel, left wing separated. Lower front wing root fitting. Material: 75ST. Airframe hours: 1542. Ref: CAB AAI file 1-0117, SA-178, 20 Jun 49; WAAS p. 18/48. A29 Attack-type approx ? ? USA? airplane 1950 Wing failure. Role: dive bombing & rocket (US Navy) launching. Ref: Carl & Wegeng, INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE FATIGUE OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, Proc. ASTh 1954 p. 903. A30 Attack-type approx ? ? USA? airplane 1950 Wing failure. Role: dive bombing & rocket (US Navy) launching. Ref: Carl & Wegeng, INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE FATIGUE OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, Proc. ASTM 1954 p. 903. A31 Piston-engine approx ? ? USA? fighter 1950-52 Wing failure. Role: training in ground support (US Navy) tactics, rocket launching runs. Ref: Carl & Wegeng, INVESTIGATIONS CONCERNING THE FATIGUE OF AIRCRAFT STRUCTURES, Proc. ASTM 1954 p. 903. A32 Vickers 1951 0 S Central Africa. Viking Inspection found centre-section spar boom com- pletely failed. Failure probably occurred with "bang" 3 months previously, but post-flight in- spection could not locate failure at that time. Matl: DTD 464 (equiv 24ST). 6800 airframe hrs. Ref: J.K. Williams, p 108 in Gassner & Schutz, FATIGUE DESIGN PROCEDURES. A33 D.H. 104 Dove 15 Oct 51 7 D Kalgoorlie, Western Australia. Left wing failure. Crack in channel section, centre section spar. Matl: DTD 363 (equiv 75ST). 8977 airframe hours. Ref: Hooke, ARL/ STRUC-RPT-363, p. 9 ". . . . . . . . . A- 3 WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) A34 Douglas DC-6 1952 0 S ? Failure of front spar cap, and bottom skin and stringer panel between front & centre spar cap. Origin: bolt hole connecting engine attachment angle to front spar. Material: 75ST. 13,000 airframe hours. Aircraft landed safely. Ref: J.K. Williams, p 102 in Gassner & Schutz, FATIGUE DESIGN PROCEDURES, 1969. A35 Convair B-36 1952 or ? ? ? (USA) 1953 Wing failure. Ref: J.D. Caldara, p 23 & x in WADC TR 59-507, 1959. A36 Northrup 1952 ? D ? F-89C Scorpion Wing failure, wing-fuselage fitting. (USA) Ref: AW Dec. 1/52, p 16, & Oct. 20/52, p 52 A37 Northrup Sep 52 2 D Detroit, USA. F-89 Scorpion Right wing failure, wing-fuselage fitting. (USAF) Ref: AW Dec. 1/52, p 16 & Sept. 15/52, p 17 A38 Republic F-84 1953 ? ? ? Thunderstreak Wing failure. Ref: J.D. Caldara, p 20 & x in (USA) WADC TR 59-507, 1959. A39 Boeing B-52 1953-59 ? ? ? Stratofortress Wing failure. Ref: J.D. Caldara, p 25 in WADC (USA) TR 59-507, 1959. A40 Boeing B-52 1953-59 ? ? ? Stratofortress Wing failure. Ref: J.D. Caldara, p 25 in WADC (USAF) TR 59-507, 1959. A41 N. American 1953-59 ? ? ? F-51 Mustang Wing failure. Ref: J.D. Caldara, p 29 in WADC (USA?) TR 59-507, 1959. A42 Vickers 29 Mar 53 13 D Mtara, Tanganyika. Viking Wing failure. Single-spar mainplane joint, (CAA) lower spar boom, WS 141. Material: DTD 363 (equiv to 75ST). Airframe hours: 8800. Ref: J.K. Williams, 4th ICAF Proc., Munich, 1965, p. 103; WAAS, p. 7/53. A43 Bristol 170 25 Nov 53 2 D Mallala, South Australia. Freighter Wing failure in high-load high-speed manoeuvre. (RAAF) Fatigue crack reduced strength below design strength, but not necessarily below limit strength. Lower surface of torsion box on joint between rear lower skin angle and inter-span skin. Ref: Hooke, ARL Report SM224. A44 North Nov 54 ? D Nellie Air Force Base, Nevada USA. American Wing failure at under-wing aluminum attach F-86F Sabre bars. Ref: AW Nov 15/54 p 7, & Nov. 29/54, p 16 (USAF) . . ,'.. . . .- - A-4 WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) A45 North Nov 54 ? D Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada USA. American Wing failure at under-wing aluminum attach F-86H Sabre bars. Ref: AW Nov 15/54 p 7, & Nov. 29/54, p 16 (USAF) A46 N. American 1955-59 1 D ? FJ-4 Fury Wing failure (bolt holes). Role changed from (US Navy) fighter to fighter-bomber. Ref: Keen, p 121 in WADC TR 59-507, 1959. A47 Bristol 170 5 Feb 55 13 D Lagos, Nigeria. a Wayfarer Left wing failure, doubler plate of spar. (West African Ref: WAAS p. 3/55 Airways) A48 Cessna 140 1956 ? D USA. Wing failure. Lift strut fitting. Ref: Australian DoT. A49 Lockheed/ 29 May 57 1 D Zweibrucken, Germany. Canadair T-33 Port wing failed from crack in spar cap Silver Star (lower front) near attachment fitting. Ref: A(Canadian Forces) CF ACAIRS. ASO Scottish 30 Aug 57 3 D Off Jahen Island, New Guinea. Aviation Separation of right wing. Failure of V- Twin Pioneer brace strut. Ref: WAAS p. 15/57 (Kroonduif) A51 Bristol 170 21 Nov 57 4 D Christchurch, New Zealand. Freighter Wing failure. Lower boom of starboard (Straits Air outer wing, front spar joint at last bolt Express) hole. Material: DTD 364 (equiv. 24ST). Airframe hours: 7900. Ref: Williams, 4th ICAF Proc., 1965, p. 105; ICAO AAD 10, 1961 -. A52 Scottish 7 Dec 57 6 D Fezzan, Libya. Aviation Failure in forward tube of V-brace strut, Twin Pioneer port wing. Outer wing panel separated. Material: 4T2 steel. Airframe hours: 564. Ref: ICAO AAD No. 9, 1959, p.2 4 1 A53 Boeing B-47 1958 3? D USA. Stratojet Wing separation. Longeron failure. Role: (USAF) Low Altitude Bombing System. Ref: AW May 4d 11/59, p 33 & Dec. 15/58, pp 71-75. A54 Boeing B-47 1958 3? D USA. Stratojet Wing separation. Longeron failure. Role: (USAF) Low Altitude Bombing System. Ref: AW May 11/59, p 33 & Dec. 15/58, pp 71-75. A55 Boeing B-47 1958 3? D USA. Stratojet Wing separation. Longeron failure. Role: (USAF) Low Altitude Bombing System. Ref: AW May 11/59, p 33 & Dec. 15/58, pp 71-75. _, ' '; , :, e ;. .; :.; ... . . .2* * .. . 9.:.... . .""." -. . ....... '.. A-5 WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) A56 Noorduyn 15 Sep 58 1 D Nanika, Ont. Canada. Norseman V Wing failure. Rear front eyebolt, attaching diagonal wing strut to front spar of right wing. Ref: MoT Canada file 5008-B19-10 A57 Cessna 195 1960 1? D USA. Wing failure, wing carry-through. Ref: Australian DoT. A58 Cessna 180 1 Mar 60 1 D Mendip Hills, New Zealand. Wing failure. Starboard rear spar (root end). Crack probably initiated in ground-loop 3 months previously. Role: agricultural fertilizing. Airframe hours: 1813. Ref: NZ AIB Report 25/3/1060. A59 Curtiss 15 Oct 60 2 D Plain City, Utah USA. C-46F Right wing separated. Lower attach angle (Capitol bolts holding forward portion of outer Airlines) wing to centre section. Ref: WAAS p 24/60 A60 Boeing B-52 1961? ? D USA? (USAF) Wing failure. Ref: McCarthy, AEROSPACE HISTORIAN, March 1982, p. 52. A61 Beech 35 25 Mar 61 1? D Brookfield, Mass. USA. Bonanza Wing failure. Centre-section steel truss. Ref: CAB Structures Report dated 14 June/63 on May 13/63 accident. A62 Aero 21 Nov 61 6 D Mount Ruapehu, New Zealand. Commander Separation of right wing. Lower spar cap, 680S front spar at WS 24. Upper & lower rear spar caps had failed sometime previously from single load of unknown origin. Airframe hours: 5040. Ref: NZ AIB Report Report 25/3/1192. A63 Beech 35 30 Sep 62 1? D Parsons, Kansas USA. Bonanza Wing failure. Centre-section steel truss. Ref: CAB Structures Report dated 14 June/63 on May 13/63 accident. A64 Military approx ? D France? bomber 1963 Wing failure. Lower boom, forward spar, (French) 2014 forging. Origin: fretting at bolt hole edge. Ref: Barrois, AGARD-AG-176, pp 334-5. A65 Old military approx ? D France? aircraft 1963 Wing failure. Lower boom, forward spar, (French) 2014 forging. Origin: flaw at external sharp angle. Ref: Barrois, AGARD-AG-176, pp 334-5 A66 Cessna 195 1963 1? D USA. Wing failure, wing carry-through. Ref: Australian DoT. . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6 WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) A67 Noorduyn 22 Jan 63 1 D Pickle Lake, Ont. Canada. Norseman V Left wing failure. Upper forward strut eyebolt. seaplane Ref: ICAO AAD no. 15 Vol. II, 1967, p 134. A68 Beech 35 13 May 63 1? D Perry, Oklahoma USA. Bonanza Failure of left wing. Forward centre-section 4steel truss at wing-fuselage attachment. Material: steel. Airframe hours: 4132. Ref: CAB Structures Report dated 14 June/63. A69 de Havilland 10 Sep 63 1 D Armidale, Australia. DHC-2 Beaver Wing failure (strut attachment fitting). Ref: Australia DoT A70 Douglas B-26 7 Jan 64 2 D Vietnam. Invader Wing failure, main spar. Role: counter-insur- (USAF) gency. Ref: LIFE magazine, 8 May 64 p 34D & 29 May 64 p 23; Francillon, MCDONNEL DOUGLAS AIR- CRAFT SINCE 1920, p. 359; Wagner, AMERICAN COMBAT PLANES, 3rd edition, p.189. A71 Douglas B-26 9-15 2 D Vietnam. Invader Feb 64 Wing failure, main spar. Role: counter-insur- (USAF) gency. Ref: LIFE magazine, 8 May 64 p 39; Francillon, MCDONNEL DOUGLAS AIRCRAFT SINCE 1920, p. 359; Anderton, THE HISTORY OF THE U.S. AIR FORCE. A72 Mooney M-18C 31 Mar 64 1 D Roanoke Rapids, N.C. USA. Wing failure (spar). Ref: NTSB file 2-1036 A73 Aero I Apr 64 4 D Thompson, Man. Canada. Commander Separation of right wing. Front spar lower 680E cap, WS 24. Airframe hours: 5949. Role: low-level surveys. Ref: MoT file C-30139; ICAO AAD No. 16, vol. I, 1968, p. 138. A74 Douglas Apr 64 2 D Elgin Air Force Base, Fla. USA. B-26 Left wing separated. Failure of lower spar Invader cap. Role: Ground-attack strafing. Ref: (USAF) AWST Apr. 13/64, p 30, & May 4/64, p 13. A75 Beech G18S 16 Jul 64 4 D Toadlena, New Mexico, USA. Wing failure, WS 81. Ref: NTSB file 2-0912 A76 de Havilland Jul 64 I D Australia. DHC-2 Beaver Wing failure (strut attachment fitting). Ref: Australia DoT A77 Piper PA-18 11 Jun 66 1 D Moose Jaw, Sask. Canada. Super Cub Right wing failure (rear strut fork end). Problem brought about by repeated heavy loadings imposed by crop spraying and rough field operations. Ref: MoT Canada File 2969 " .¢ * ."- .- ,. ..--... ......-.. . . . A-7 WING FAILURE (FIXED-WING) A78 Beech C18S 15 Aug 66 4 D Anchorage, Alaska USA. Right wing failed. Fracture adjacent to landing gear slide cluster. Ref: NTSB file 2-1183 A79 Beech C-45H 28 Feb 67 2 D Middletown, Del. USA. Left wing failure. Lower cap of spar at weld approx 8 inches outboard of outer panel attach point. Ref: NTSB file 2-0164 A80 HAL Sep 67 1? D Jaipur, India. Pushpak Wing failure. Lift strut lower-rear attach lug. Ref: Australian DoT. A81 Aero 27 Sep 67 7 D Dallas, Texas USA. Commander Left wing failure (spar). Two overlapping 560E rivet holes found in aft leg of spar cap. Ref: NTSB file 2-1000 A82 Beech E18S 28 Apr 67 1 D Acworth, Georgia USA. Wing failure at WS 81, lower left spar (elliptical steel tube). NTSB file 2-0854 A83 Piper PA-25 11 Aug 67 1 D Coweta, Okla. USA. Pawnee Right wing failure. Spar lugs, wing attach fitting, improper weld. Role: aerial application. Ref: NTSB file 2-1044 A84 N. American 1967 or 68 1? D Nellis AFB, USA. F-100 Wing failure at Wing Canted Station 102, lower Super Sabre skin 51% spar bolt holes. Matl: 7075-T651. 2140 (USAF) airframe hours. Ref: Fitch, AFFDL TR 70-144, pp 742, 746 & 749; AGARD CP-118 p. 5-10 A85 Douglas DC-3 8 Apr 68 36 D Coyhaique, Chile. Starboard wing failure. Ref: Finch, p 2.4/49 in " PROCEEDINGS 10TH ICAF SYMPOSIUM, Brussels 1979; & WAAS. A86 N. American 21 Oct 68 0 D Laughlin AFB, Del Rio, Texas USA. F-100D Wing failure at Wing Centre Sectio