Normal Procedures for the Beechcraft B19 Sport

Marine Corps Supporting Establishment Imagery Intelligence Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Marine Corps Combat Development Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Marine Corps Systems Command. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Marine Corps Intelligence Activity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Chapter 3. MAGTF IMINT Units and Organizations Imagery Intelligence Platoon, Intelligence Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Concept of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 Joint Surveillance Target Attack Radar System Common Ground Station . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Concept of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 Direct Support Teams, Production and Analysis Company, Intelligence Battalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Concept of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 Marine Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Tasks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Imagery Intelligence ______________________________________________________________________________________________ v Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Concept of Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 Marine All-Weather Fighter Attack Squadron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 Tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Concept of Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 Marine Light/Attack Helicopter Squadron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 Tasks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 Concept of Employment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11 Miscellaneous . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12 Ground Reconnaissance Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 Command and Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13 Manpack SIDS Concept of Employment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-14 Tactical Intelligence Photographic Capability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15 Chapter 4 Imagery Intelligence Systems, C2 Nodes, Communications Information Systems, and Other Systems Basic Imagery Intelligence Communications and Information Systems Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Imagery Intelligence and Key Related Command and Control Nodes. . . 4-2 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 JTF J-2 and the Joint Intelligence Support Element. . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 Amphibious Forces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 MEF Command Element . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 Imagery Intelligence Information Systems and Supporting Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Imagery Direction and Collection Management. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13 Imagery Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-16 Imagery Processing, Exploitation, and Production Capabilities . . . 4-21 Imagery CIS Architecture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25 IMINT Communications and Information Systems Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25 Chapter 5. Operational Planning and Execution Marine Corps Planning Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 Mission Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 COA Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 vi _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 COA Wargaming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 COA Comparison and Decision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Orders Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Transition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Joint Planning Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Joint Deliberate Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Crisis Action Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 Planning and Imagery Intelligence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Planning and Intelligence Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Basic IMINT Planning Process. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Planning Responsibilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Intelligence Officer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Intelligence Battalion Commander/Detachment OIC . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 General Planning Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Principles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-7 Concept of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8 Threat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Specific Planning Considerations and Execution Activities. . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Planning and Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-9 Collection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-10 Processing and Exploitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-20 Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21 IMINT Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-27 IMINT Operations Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28 IMINT Plans within Other Portions of Annex B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28 Appendix 11 (Intelligence Estimate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28 Appendix 14 (Reconnaissance and Surveillance Plan). . . . . . . . . . . 5-29 Appendix 16 (Intelligence Operations Plan). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30 Appendix 17 (Support to Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-31 Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ vii Appendices A Imaging Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 B National Imagery Interpretability Rating Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 C Request Formats for Aerial Imagery Collection Missions . . . . . . . . . C-1 D Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Squadron Equipment and Performance Characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 E MAGTF Imagery Intelligence Planning Checklist. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 F Imagery Intelligence Report Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1 G Imagery Intelligence Support to Intelligence Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1 H Imagery and Supporting Intelligence Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H-1 I Imagery Intelligence Target Folders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I-1 J National Imagery Transmission Format Compression. . . . . . . . . . . . J-1 K Imagery Intelligence Appendix Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . K-1 L Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Plan Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L-1 M Aerial Imagery Plan Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . M-1 N Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . N-1 O References and Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O-1 C HAPTER 1. F UNDAMENTALS If you can’t get behind enemy lines and peer around with your own good eyes, what’s your next best bet? A photograph, isn’t it? —FMFRP 12-16, Front Line Intelligence Imagery is the representation of objects reproduced electronically or by optical means on film, elec- tronic display devices or other media. Imagery, along with the graphical, geospatial, and textual intelligence products derived from it, is an increasingly critical element in the planning and de- cisionmaking efforts of commanders and support- ing staffs at all echelons. Much of the imagery available to the Marine air-ground task force (MAGTF) commander requires detailed analysis by highly trained specialists to fully exploit its value. Imagery and imagery-related information—when processed, exploited, analyzed, and fused with other intelligence information—results in imagery intelli- gence (IMINT). Principal sources of imagery and related data are national overhead intelligence systems such as satellites; manned aircraft such as the F-14 or F/A-18 with the advanced tactical airborne reconnaissance system (ATARS); the U-2 and the joint surveillance target attack radar system (JSTARS); unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs); and various hand-held cameras. Overview IMINT Information vs. Intelligence A critical distinction must be made when dis- cussing, planning for, and executing IMINT operations and operations yielding imagery-re- lated combat information. IMINT is the func- tion performed by the G-2/S-2 that involves imagery analysis and integration with other intel- ligence activities to produce all-source intelli- gence products. The intelligence battalion’s (intel bn’s) imagery intelligence platoon (IIP), unit in- telligence personnel, and Marine Corps Intelli- g e n c e A c t i v it y ( M C I A ) c o n d u c t I M I N T operations, planning, collecting, producing, and disseminating information or intelligence to the commander, staff, and major subordinate com- mands (MSCs). To provide imagery analysis for fusion into intelligence, specifically trained tech- nical personnel, adequate time, and sophisticated equipment are required. Imagery and related combat and sensor data from JSTARS, UAVs, and various reconnaissance sources with hand- held cameras may sometimes be rapidly dissemi- nated to tactical commanders to effect decisions without extensive intelligence processing and analysis. This type of intelligence support is pro- vided directly to the tactical commander without being analyzed or evaluated against other intelli- gence. Caution should be exercised to ensure that the commander is apprised of the strong poten- tial for misleading information when the provided intelligence is based on a single, unevaluated in- telligence source. IMINT aids commanders and planners primarily through two forms of support. First, IMINT pro- vides situational awareness for the terrain, both natural and manmade, to support the com- mander’s intelligence preparation of the bat- tlespace (IPB) effort through various baseline IMINT and geographic intelligence (GEOINT) based studies such as helicopter landing zones (HLZs); beach, coastal, port and airfield studies; and gridded reference graphics (GRG). Second, support is provided through imagery as a con- firming source of intelligence for another disci- pline such as signals intelligence (SIGINT) or human intelligence (HUMINT). 1-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 Objectives of IMINT Reduce Uncertainty IMINT must support the commander’s decision- making process by reducing uncertainty about the hostile situation and the surrounding environment. Counterintelligence and Force Protection IMINT supports the identification of hostile intelli- gence collection operations; aids with the identifica- tion of MAGTF vulnerabilities that could be exploited by the enemy; and assists with the evalua- tion of friendly security measures to counter these. Capabilities and Limitations of IMINT Capabilities IMINT is an extremely valuable part of intelli- gence. IMINT provides concrete, detailed, and precise information on the location and physical characteristics of both the threat and the environ- ment. It is the primary source of information con- cerning key terrain features, installations, and infrastructure used to build detailed intelligence studies, reports, and target materials. Order of battle (OOB) analysis, enemy courses of action assessments, development of target intelligence, and battle damage assessment (BDA) are intelli- gence functions that rely heavily upon IMINT. Limitations The major limitations of IMINT are the time re- quired to task, collect, process, analyze, and dis- seminate the imagery product; the detailed planning and coordination required to ensure the collected imagery is received in time to impact the decisionmaking process; and the requirement for considerable assets in personnel, equipment, and communications connectivity to conduct IMINT operations. Also, imagery operations can be ham- pered by weather; enemy air defense capability; and enemy camouflage, cover, concealment and deception activities. Sensors Appendix A describes the basic capabilities and limitations of electro-optical (EO), radar, and in- frared imagery sensors. Responsibilities and Products Overview The Marine Corps relies on a complementary mix of tactical, theater, and national IMINT sources to support its intelligence planning and operations. The MAGTF must use the full range of US intelli- gence capabilities, from national through theater to organic, in support of the assigned mission. Due to the nature of expeditionary operations, the employ- ment of organic MAGTF intelligence collection assets within the assigned area of operations (AO) is not feasible until just prior to the introduction of forces. This means that national or theater intelli- gence assets must be relied upon for predeploy- ment IMINT support. The MAGTF will rely almost exclusively on ex- ternal support during the planning and deploy- ment phases of any operation. Even when employed, the MAGTF will continue to require national and theater support in specific areas to add depth to the reconnaissance effort and cover gaps in organic collection capabilities. Marine Corps IMINT Responsibilities The MAGTF G-2/S-2 has staff responsibility for intelligence, counterintelligence (CI), and recon- naissance, to include support of IMINT operations. In conjunction with the G-3/S-3, the G-2/S-2 devel- ops the intelligence operations plan (appendix 16 to annex B), the supporting IMINT plan (appendix 7 to annex B), and the reconnaissance and surveil- lance (R&S) plan (appendix 14 to annex B), which allocate resources and assign specific imagery reconnaissance and supporting missions to MAGTF and supporting elements. Together, these intelligence plans assign intelligence missions, Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-3 reconnaissance missions, and tasks, and also allo- cate supporting resources. Factors affecting the development of intelligence and supporting IMINT plans are—
Priority intelligence requirements (PIR) and in- telligence requirements, to include the specific intelligence questions to be answered for each.
Communications connectivity and information systems capabilities available, both in IMINT units as well as in supported commands.
Time available.
Available information and intelligence from other sources.
Redundancy required.
Assets available.
Knowledge of the enemy situation.
Enemy counter-reconnaissance capabilities. Based on these factors, the commander’s intent, anticipated enemy activity, the MAGTF concept of operations, and the overall intelligence opera- tions plan, the G-2/S-2 develops specific intelli- gence, reconnaissance, and imagery-related tasks. Individual units are assigned reconnaissance tasks per the intelligence plan. The intelligence support coordinator (ISC), under the staff cognizance of the MAGTF G-2/S-2, establishes an intelligence operations center (IOC) to perform intelligence re- quirements management, staff cognizance of on- goi ng o r gan ic an d s up por tin g c oll ec tion operations, intelligence production and analysis, and intelligence dissemination. The following are the key elements within the IOC:
Support Cell. Primary element for conducting Marine expeditionary force (MEF)-wide intelli- gence requirements management; weather sup- port; collections and dissemination planning and direction; and intelligence staff cognizance of MEF organic and supporting intelligence and reconnaissance operations.
Surveillance and Reconnaissance Cell (SARC). Primary element for supervising the execution of organic and supporting intelligence and recon- naissance plans.
Production and Analysis (P&A) Cell. Primary production and analysis element of the MAGTF. Processes and produces all-source intelligence products in response to requirements of the MAGTF. Additionally, principal IMINT and GEOINT production element of the MEF. MAGTF subordinate units also conduct intelli- gence and reconnaissance planning and opera- tions in support of their own efforts through a variety of means. Close coordination with the ISC and IOC is essential to ensure overall effec- tive MAGTF intelligence operations and intelli- gence support to all commanders. IMINT and imagery-related data and information are col- lected by a variety of assets, each with unique ca- pabilities and limitations. The following MAGTF units and organizations are those most likely to be tasked with imagery-related collection mis- sions and production support:
Imagery intelligence platoon, intel bn.
Marine unmanned aerial vehicle squadrons (VMUs).
JSTARS common ground station (CGS).
Marine fighter/attack (all weather) squadrons (VMFA[AW]s) F/A-18D.
Marine light/attack helicopter squadron (HML/A).
Ground reconnaissance units with Manpack secondary imagery dissemination system (SIDS) or tactical intelligence photographic (TACPHOTO) capability. Types of IMINT Products Major types of IMINT products include IMINT reports, hard copy prints, mosaics, overlays, an- notated photographs, and various hard copy and electronic all-source intelligence products. See chapter 5 for a detailed discussion of imagery and IMINT products. 1-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 Related Terminology Reconnaissance A reconnaissance mission is undertaken to ob- tain, by visual observation or other detection methods, information about the activities and re- sources of an enemy or potential enemy, or to se- cur e data concerning the meteor ological, hydrographic, or geographic characteristics of a particular area. (JP 1-02) Broad Area Coverage, Broad Area Search, and Directed Search Area These imaging strategies provide a reconnais- sance capability to cover large areas of the earth’s surface. These techniques are especially suited for providing large area coverage for baseline studies of terrain and lines of communication. On the negative side, they take extended time to pro- duce large format mosaic prints, are normally produced at a low National Imagery Interpreta- tion Rating Scale (NIIRS) rating, and possess im- agery quality of only fair to poor (see appendix B for a discussion of NIIRS). Broad area coverage (BAC), also known as broad area search (BAS), are missions entailing imagery coverage of large areas of the earth’s surface that enable analysis of a greater amount of area and provide the imagery needed for the creation of large area mosaics. Directed search area (DSA) imagery missions identify a geographic region in the shape of a polygon that may contain from 3 to 24 corner points with latitude and longitude coordinates. This gives intelligence planners the flexibility to tailor intelligence collection and other operations plans to meet commanders’ needs. Route Reconnaissance or Lines of Communications Coverage This imagery coverage is defined by a road, mo- bility corridor or other form of transportation passageway delineated by a specific start and end point. This type of reconnaissance is not limited to enemy areas but may be requested to facilitate friendly logistics or troop movements. The image product is normally produced as a variation of a standard mosaic, a strip map or as a GRG. Battlefield Surveillance Battlefield surveillance is the systematic observa- tion of the battle area to provide timely informa- tion and combat intelligence. The primary difference between reconnaissance and surveil- lance is that reconnaissance is normally a single “look” while surveillance denotes a continuous ob- servation. Surveillance is not normally considered a capability of the imagery process, with the ex- ception of JSTARS and UAVs. Both the JSTARS and UAV platforms have endurance limitations that do allow for the long-term continuous obser- vation often required for operational support. Point Target A point target is a specified imaging target that is normally less than 1 nautical mile in diameter. It is meant for higher resolution imagery such as EO NIIRS (see appendix B for a discussion of NIIRS) of 5.0 or better to provide the clarity of detail required for specific equipment identification or for precision targeting solutions. This type of tar- get is best suited for static/semistatic targets that will require detailed analysis to answer specific PIR and intelligence requirements (IRs). Point tar- gets are the most common technique used in imag- ery collection operations. National Imagery National imagery refers to imagery platforms under the control of a US Government agency such as the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA). These platforms normally consist of imagery satellites used for military operations, treaty verification, mapping, and foreign humanitarian assistance. Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-5 Theater Imagery Theater imagery refers to the imagery platforms un- der the cognizance of the theater combatant com- mander. These may include airborne platforms such as the U-2, high altitude or extended endur- ance UAVs, and F-14 tactical aerial reconnaissance pod system (TARPS). Organic Imagery Organic imagery refers to all other types of imagery platforms organic to or under the control of the MAGTF commander. These platforms range from hand-held cameras with ground reconnais- sance teams to F/A-18D ATARS aircraft. IMINT vs. Imagery IMINT is fully analyzed and evaluated imagery and supporting detailed intelligence text reports (which may also include information from other int ell igence disciplines such as SIGINT), whereas imagery consists of the raw, unevalu- ated pictures of an area or target. An annotated target graphic represents IMINT while either the on-screen picture or prints from the screen of a downlinked UAV represent imagery in an un- evaluated form. Role and Functions General IMINT and other intelligence disciplines provide information regarding the enemy and the bat- tlespace (weather and terrain) that help the com- manders reduce uncertainty; identify opportunities for success; assess risk; outline their intent; make decisions that provide focus, generate speed, and tempo; and achieve decisive results. IMINT provides MAGTF commanders operational and tactical intelligence support. Imagery and IMINT contribute to all six specific intelligence functions: support to the commander’s estimate, situation development, indications and warning (I&W), force protection, targeting, and combat as- sessment. Specifically, IMINT assists intelligence personnel by providing commanders with I&W of hostile action; IPB; identification of enemy dispo- sition, location, and strength; situational develop- ment to confirm or deny enemy intentions and courses of action; and BDA to allow continual as- sessment of the effectiveness of friendly attacks and their effects on enemy strengths, vulnerabili- ties, and capabilities. Tactical IMINT Principles Focus on Tactical Intelligence National and theater imagery assets support the strategic and operational levels of war as well as tactical operations. MAGTF IMINT operations focus on the generation of tactical intelligence and utilization of strategic/operational IMINT for tactical purposes. However, consideration should always be given to required timelines for processing, exploitation, production, and dissemi- nation of imagery and IMINT products in relation to the MAGTF operational tempo when selecting an imagery system to provide tactical support. For example, a theater system may not able to tai- lor imagery or IMINT in the format required of the battle area in a timely enough manner to sup- port tactical I&W decisions. Intelligence is Focused Downward While the management of IMINT collection and production is centralized in the MAGTF com- mand element (CE), the focus is on providing im- agery support needed to plan and execute the mission to every unit involved in the operation. 1-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 Critical products will be pushed down to the tac- tical commander, who will be able to pull addi- tional IMINT support as needed. Intelligence Activities Require Centralized Management Scarcity of IMINT assets, the broad geographic range and operational capabilities, and the require- ment to focus IMINT resources on the com- mander’s PIR require centralized coordination and management. This centralization will be done in the MAGTF IOC, under the direction of the intel bn commander as the ISC. Although centralized management is generally required to best plan and use IMINT resources, mission, enemy, terrain and weather, troops and support available-time avail- able (METT-T) may require the MAGTF com- mander to either attach or place task-organized IMINT elements in direct support of MAGTF sub- ordinate elements to satisfy their IRs. G-2/S-2 Facilitates Utilization of Intelligence The intelligence officer enables effective utiliza- tion of IMINT and all other intelligence and recon- naissance activities and products throughout the unit. As the principal disseminator of intelligence and a full and continuous participant in the plan- ning process, the intelligence officer ensures that the full implications of the IMINT and overall in- telligence picture are understood. This and the full intelligence operations mission are accomplished through three key subordinate officers. The first, the G-2 operations officer, is responsible for the provision and effective use of intelligence to the commanding general, the battlestaff, the current and future operations sections, and force fires. The second, the G-2 plans officer, is responsible for this support to the future plans team. Finally, the third is the intel bn commander as the assistant chief of staff (AC/S) G-2’s ISC, having principal staff responsibility for the timely dissemination of intelligence throughout the MAGTF and ensuring it is understood, complete, and if any new IRs re- sult from it. Tailored and Timely Intelligence Intelligence tailored to the requirements of the user provide a useful format, effect the develop- ment of pertinent IMINT and all-source intelli- gence products, and thus support decisionmaking. Dissemination of these intelligence products— not simply data, pictures or information—to the right place at the right time is the guiding princi- ple of all intelligence dissemination activities. Utilization: The Final Step IMINT’s value is derived from its support of decisionmaking. The IMINT intelligence cycle is not complete until the IMINT that has been developed is used to plan and/or execut e operations. Central to this principle is the need for intelligence personnel to ensure that disseminated IMINT and other intelligence products have been received by all needing it; that they understand it; the degree to which it satisfies their previously stated IRs; and whether it leads to new IRs. IMINT and the Intelligence Cycle The IMINT cycle mirrors the intelligence cycle (see figure 1-1). These steps define both a sequential and an interdependent process for developing IMINT. These steps differ from the joint intelligence cycle in its emphasis on utilization of intelligence. Imag- ery-related data and intelligence should be passed directly to the appropriate user—depending upon the situation, either an intelligence command and control (C2) node or directly to commanders—to meet the requirement for rapid action related to the demands of current and future operations. Planning and Direction Planning and directing MAGTF IMINT opera- tions includes:
Determining IMINT intelligence collection re- quirements (ICRs) intelligence production re- q u i r e m e n t s ( I P R s ) , a n d i n t e l l i g e n c e dissemination requirements (IDRs). Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-7
Reviewing on-hand/accessible all-source and IMINT products and databases to see if the needed intelligence is available.
Planning supporting collection, production, and dissemination efforts for validated require- ments.
Issuing orders and requests to IMINT and all- source agencies.
Integrating and coordinating intelligence opera- tions with maneuver, fires, communications and information systems (CIS) and combat ser- vice support (CSS).
Supervising to assess the productivity of these agencies to determine if PIRs and IRs are be- ing satisfied, and to rapidly respond to chang- ing battlespace conditions, modifying old or initiating new IMINT orders and operations as appropriate. The core nodes for all MAGTF intelligence plan- ning are the G-2 plans branch within the MEF G-2 section for intelligence support to future plans; the G-2 operations branch for intelligence support to the current and future operations cells; and the support cell within the IOC established by the in- telligence battalion, under the direction of the ISC, for all detailed internal and supporting intelli- gence and reconnaissance planning. Effectively identifying IMINT requirements is critical to successful IMINT operations. This is true for several reasons. IMINT operations are only successful if integrated intelligence plan- ning and direction, collection and production management, exploitation, and dissemination functions are effectively accomplished, and espe- cially since generally limited imagery collection and production assets are available. Finally, each and every IMINT requirement requires a well- planned and potentially different technology mix of tools, significant computing power, and techni- cally qualified personnel. Stating IMINT requirements well is the best way to improve a unit’s chances of satisfying their im- agery-related intelligence requirement. Requests for imagery support are submitted via the chain of command using the Joint Tactical Air Re- connaissance/Surveillance (JTAR/S) format shown in appendix C. These will be processed in the IOC by the ISC in coordination with the G-2 opera- tions officer and the G-2 air officer. Requests for imagery must include the following: Mission State what must be accomplished, such as find- ing unlocated enemy forces, distinguishing cer- tain types of tanks, assessing the status of a bridge, etc. Type of Target Most MAGTF tactical IMINT requirements will be for point targets of 10 nautical miles or less. Broad area search requirements are taxing in terms of communications bandwidth require- ments and man-hours; and should be avoided un- less absolutely necessary. Date Desired Date desired (DATEDES) is the date-time-group of when the requester requires either the imagery or the IMINT product. Planning and Direction Production Processing and Exploitation Dissemination Collection Utilization Figure 1-1. The Intelligence Cycle. 1-8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 Latest Time Intelligence Is of Value The latest time intelligence is of value (LTIOV) is the time by which information must be deliv- ered to the requestor in order to provide decision- makers with timely intelligence. Intelligence Requirements The requester must identify the specific IRs asso- ciated with the imagery/IMINT request. This should also include a statement as to the preferred format/method and quantity for the desired intel- ligence products. It is critical that commanders and nonintelligence planners understand what is required of them when stating an IMINT requirement. The following ac- tions are necessary to ensure that IMINT require- ments are effectively articulated to intelligence planners, collectors, producers, and disseminators:
State clearly what is wanted to obtain from the imagery, what specifically it will be used to support, and when you anticipate these actions to occur. Example I want to be able to clearly identify all obstacles on both approaches to the bridge across river X located at point Y to move tracked and wheeled vehicles across the bridge during the period 14-17 Oct 2000.
State your DATEDES, which is the date and time you require the imagery or IMINT product be provided to you. This provides IMINT plan- ners with a way of prioritizing their missions, es- pecially when there are limited assets available. This also allows intelligence personnel the op- tion of providing a partial or lower quality prod- uct by the DATEDES and using the limited assets for an operation in the execution phase. Example DATEDES is 1200 14 Oct 00 to support planning and briefing.
State your LTIOV and what it will support. It is critical that the user carefully considers the date and time submitted as LTIOV, because if IMINT planners cannot meet the LTIOV, the request will be rejected. Example LTIOV 0500 15 Oct 00, 1 hour prior to the estimated crossing of the line of departure. Note: IMINT and intelligence planners must notify supported commanders immediately once it is identified that a LTIOV cannot be met, and that their IMINT requirement will not be supported.
State the format you desire and at least one ac- ceptable alternative for the IMINT products to be produced. If you have any specific requirements such as specific annotation, state that as well. Example Request that a finished imagery product be posted in JPEG format on the MEF imagery homepage accessible via either the MAGTF tactical data network (TDN) or SIPRNET. Request standard annotation set. Acceptable alternate format is hard copy print (10 each) in 11x17 inch format. Collection Collection is defined as the gathering of intelligence data and information to satisfy identified validated IRs. Within the MAGTF, collection management is a function of the collection management and dissemination (CMD) section that is established during operations within the IOC support cell. For IMINT, the collection phase of the intelligence cycle is complete when the imagery information and data are provided to the processing and production elements in the P&A cell. Imagery collectors available to support the MAGTF may be manned/unmanned, airborne/ ground-based, systems or sensors that can operate across the MAGTF areas of interest in day or night, all-weather conditions. The IOC may substitute or supplement organic capabilities by receiving photographic, EO, infrared, radar/multispectral imagery, and IMINT from national, theater, other Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-9 Services, host country, embassy team sources, and other multinational allies. Processing and Exploitation Processing and exploitation involves the conver- sion of collected data into information suitable for the production of intelligence. Imagery processing for IMINT purposes refers to the conversion/transformation of exposed film or electronic photographic, EO, infrared, and radar imagery into a form usable for interpretation and analysis. Softcopy imagery is manipulated elec- tronically, internal to a processing/production system. Imagery exploitation by the IIP’s imag- ery analysts is driven by specified PIR and IRs and allows the MAGTF to gain the fullest possi- ble advantage derived from imagery data by ident ifying specif ic pieces of equipment, measuring the dimensions of structures found on an image, identifying potential targets, assessing BDA and I&W factors, and otherwise producing IMINT from imagery data. Production Production is the activity that converts information into intelligence through the integration, analysis, evaluation, and interpretation of all-source data and the preparation of intelligence products in support of known or anticipated user requirements. IMINT production refers to writing imagery reports; annotating imagery products; creating imagery-derived products; integrating and fusing IMINT into all-source intelligence products; and identifying new or remaining intelligence gaps requiring follow-on intelligence collection or production support. Most IMINT production is accomplished by the IIP, while the P&A cell within the IOC is the principal producer of all- source intelligence products. Dissemination Dissemination is the timely conveyance of intelli- gence to users in a suitable form. The ISC, per the direction and guidance of the AC/S G-2, has principal responsibly for intelligence dissemina- tion within the MEF. The ISC must identify intel- ligence reporting criteria for both routine and time-sensitive intelligence, determine the forms/ formats to be used, and then select the means for delivering intelligence and IMINT products to all supported commanders. For example, intelligence reporting criteria will provide imagery collectors and IMINT producers necessary guidance for when data and products will be delivered to intel- ligence production or C2 nodes, and when these will be disseminated directly to commanders. Formats selected may be text, graphics or other intelligence products depending upon a variety of factors (available time, capabilities of users, etc.). Further, IMINT operations must be planned and coordinated with supporting MAGTF CIS and courier operations to ensure IMINT products can be delivered or transmitted to users in a timely manner. The core nodes for intelligence dissemi- nation execution are the IOC support cell, and the G-2 section watch within the MEF’s current op- erations center (COC). Utilization The commander is responsible for the effective use of intelligence for decisionmaking purposes. Utilization of intelligence for decisionmaking during planning and execution is the ultimate ob- jective of intelligence. The G-2/S-2 facilitates the effective use of intelligence, and thus of IMINT, by supervising the entire intelligence develop- ment effort and assisting the commander and staff in understanding intelligence products and their application. Additionally, the utilization phase provides the basis for the continuous func- tioning of the intelligence and supporting IMINT cycles. It will determine whether IRs have been completely satisfied; those that have not will then require additional intelligence development ef- fort. Finally, as some IRs are satisfied, new ones will be generated. In all cases, utilization pro- vides guidance, feedback, and orders for subse- quent intelligence and IMINT operations. 1-10 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 G-2/S-2 Role in the Intelligence Cycle Figure 1-2 depicts the G-2/S-2 role in the intelli- gence cycle and highlights that IMINT is one of the capabil ities needed to support overall MAGTF intelligence requirements and opera- tions. Since IRs are numerous, complex, and challenging, no single intelligence discipline, source or sensor can provide all of the required data and intelligence in the correct usable for- mat. Some specific data must be processed and all of the seemingly unrelated, individual pieces of information must be evaluated, analyzed, and integrated into a usable, fused, all-source intelli- gence product that satisfies the commander’s op- erational information needs. Levels of IMINT MAGTFs rely on a complementary mix of tactical, joint, theater, other Services, and national imagery and IMINT sources to support planning and operations (see figure 1-3). External imagery support is particularly important in viewing denied areas and assisting the MAGTF in pre-deployment planning and imagery archive development. As the MAGTF moves towards an AO, imagery support is provided by a mix of national, theater, and other Services’ assets. Once a MAGTF is within the AO, its organic assets will take on greater importance and provide significant imagery support; however, support is still required from external assets to broaden the commander’s view. National IMINT National IMINT is extremely valuable for MAGTF purposes, particularly in the early phases of MAGTF operational planning and for viewing denied areas. MAGTF requirements for national IMINT support are submitted via the operational chain of command to the Defense In- telligence Agency (DIA) for ultimate validation, Commander's Guidance CCIRs, PIRs, NAIs, HVTs, HPTs, IRs Commander's Intelligence Needs G-2 Planning and Direction via the Intelligence Support Coordinator PIR NAIs HVTs HPTs IRs Intelligence Data and Information Planning and Decisionmaking Intelligence Processing, Exploitation, and Production COLLECTION IMINT SIGINT HUMINT CI ORGANIC THEATER NATIONAL DISSEMINATION Timely Relevant Fused Multi-Source Useful Format UTILIZATION Develop and Select Course of Action To Commander Figure 1-2. G-2/S-2 Role in the Intelligence Cycle. Imagery Intelligence ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 1-11 prioritization, and coordination with pertinent el- ements of the national imagery community (see figure 1-4 on page 1-12). National imagery re- connaissance assets, when available, can be very responsive when at least a 6-hour lead-time ex- ists. The passive nature of most national IMINT collection operations has the advantage of re- quiring minimal coordination efforts by the MAGTF beyond the initial nomination, valida- tion, and forwarding of the imagery request. Planning time over target (TOT) parameters for most joint force air component commander (JFACC) operations is 72 hours, with aviation combat element (ACE) mission planners gener- ally operating on a 48-hour cycle; Marine expe- ditionary unit (special operations capable) (MEU[SOC]) ACE and squadron level mission planners typically operate on a cycle of 24 hours or less. (Specific technical and operational capa- bilities and procedures for most national IMINT resources are classified; refer to either the Joint Tactical Exploitation of National Systems man- ual or theater tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP) for additional information.) Theater and Joint Task Force IMINT Theater combatant commanders play a significant role in imagery support to MAGTFs because of the critical requirement for component interoperability during joint operations. Joint and theater IMINT is provided by the combatant command’s organic imagery assets, such as the JSTARS, U-2, and theater UAVs. Combatant commands, through Pre-deployment • Load MAGTF IPLs with imagery • Pre-deployment packages (CD ROM) • Digital Imagery Database – Area Coverage Baseline – Baseline Target/Mission Data – Geospatial Information – Image Maps – Mosaics En route to Area of Operations • Over-the-Air-Updates (OTAU) – Automatic/Profiled Update – Target Update Images – Special Area Imagery – Information and Service Updates Area of Operations • (OTAU) and "Pull" – Support MAGTF Operations Plan › Landing Zone Analysis › Mission Planning › All-source Visualization and Analysis – Support ATO Cycle › Mission Planning › Damage Assessment – Support Special Operations Imagery Support to MAGTF Operations A goal of imagery architecture development is to ensure that imagery products are available to support the MAGTF during all phases of the operation, regardless of geographic location. DISN AOA MAGTF MAGTF MAGTF Figure 1-3. External Imagery Support Request Chain. 1-12 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 their joint intelligence centers and joint analysis centers, meet operational IMINIT requirements of component, subordinate intelligence centers, and joint task forces (JTFs). Tactical IMINT MAGTF Tactical IMINT MAGTF tactical IMINT operations include intelligence derived from the collection, processing, exploitation, production, and dissemination of imagery derived from organic collectors (e.g., F/A- 18 with ATARS), as well as imagery collected by national or theater collectors but exploited, tailored to MAGTF requirements, and fused into all-source intelligence products, and then disseminated throughout the MAGTF from the IOC. Organic collectors of imagery and imagery-related information, such as UAVs and hand-held cameras, can provide both routine and time-sensitive tactical intelligence. Because MAGTFs are task-organized, their organic capabilities and the degree of external support they require may vary. Forward-deployed MEU(SOC) engaged in forward presence missions normally have only a nucleus of imagery analysts (military occupational specialty [MOS] 0241) providing support within the CE’s intelligence section and rely heavily upon external support to fulfill their imagery needs. A MEF with its significant organic imagery capability will need to rely less on external support. In either situation, a MAGTF must plan for a tailored combination of organic, joint, theater, and national imagery that meets the MAGTF’s needs for imagery support. Chapters 3 and 4 address current and planned Mar ine Cor ps imager y or ganiza tions and capabilities available as organic to MAGTFs. Amphibious Force IMINT Landing force (LF) and amphibious task force (ATF) intelligence officers collaboratively execute ATF and LF IMINT operations. The organic IMINT capabilities of the ATF and LF are generally limited, necessitating reliance for IMINT support from secondary imagery dissemination from fleet intelligence organizations. A key IMI NT resource is the three F-14 Tomcats configured with the TARPS in one of two F-14 Squadrons assigned to each carrier battle group (CVBG). TARPS has two optical sensors (day-only) and one day/night infrared imagery sensor. Navy imagery specialists exploit the film-based TARPS imagery and provide either IMINT reports or actual images to the MAGTF. National Community Joint Task Force Ashore Fleet CINC Afloat DIA Theater Combatant Commander MAGTF Commander Commander, Landing Force Marine Forces Component HQ Numbered Fleet Figure 1-4. External Imagery Support Request Chain. C HAPTER 2. O RGANIZATIONS AND R ESPONSIBILITIES A man trusts his ears less than his eyes. — Herodotus, 484-424 B.C. Developing the imagery capabilities and execut- ing the IMINT operations to satisfy the wide vari- ety of MAGTF requirements are extremely difficult challenges that require extensive cooper- ation and coordination among all members of the intelligence community—MAGTF, other Ser- vices, joint, and national. This chapter addresses the major roles and responsibilities of various IMINT-related organizations and key personnel within the operating forces and supporting estab- lishment of the Marine Corps, as well as those external to the Corps. MEF Key Personnel Responsibilities The Role of the Commander Command Attention Intelligence is an inherent and essential responsi- bility of command. Command attention is critical to military success. The commander must ensure that members of the unit understand the impor- tance placed on intelligence and the requirement to support the intelligence effort. The com- mander’s involvement in the intelligence process encompasses focusing the intelligence effort, par- ticipating in the intelligence process, using intel- ligence in decisionmaking, supporting the intelligence effort, and providing personal evalu- ation of the intelligence effort. Intelligence Requirements The commander focuses intelligence and sup- porting IMINT efforts through articulation of commander’s intent and planning guidance and identification of PIRs. These drive all resulting intelligence collection, production, and dissemi- nation activities. Resource Allocation A detailed and well thought out concept of intelli- gence support, developed in accordance with the commander’s intent and concept of operations, will provide appropriate allocation of intelli- gence capabilities between the MAGTF’s main and supporting efforts, and between intelligence support to current operations and the continuous planning efforts for future operations. IMINT resources are limited; trained imagery analysts— as well as IMINT collection, processing, and dis- semination assets—compete with nonintelli- gence missions for their use. Some MAGTF imagery collection assets, such as the F/A-18 ATARS and UAVs, have multimission roles and may be tasked with command and control, target- ing, other intelligence, electronic warfare, or other missions in addition to imagery collection. For IMINT operations, therefore, the com- mander’s role in mission prioritization of organic imagery airborne collection and other IMINT assets is particularly important. Communications and Information Systems Support The extent to which a MAGTF can request and receive JTF, theater, and national imagery support is a function of the level and effectiveness of its CIS connectivity and throughput capability from the tactical through the theater and national levels. The commander must assess CIS intelligence needs against all competing MAGTF CIS require- ments to ensure necessary support is provided. 2-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 MEF Command Element G-2 Section and the Intel Bn Assistant Chief of Staff, G-2 The AC/S G-2 has staff responsibility for in- telligence and intelligence operations, to include IMINT (see figures 2-1 and 2-2). The commander relies on the intelligence officer to provide the necessary information on the weather, terrain, and enemy capabilities, status, and intentions. Through the intelligence operations plan and sup- porting intelligence and R&S plans, the MEF AC/S G-2 validates and plans IRs; coordinates intelli- gence priorities; integrates collection, production and dissemination activities; allocates resources; assigns specific intelligence and reconnaissance missions to subordinate elements; and supervises the IMINT and overall intelligence and reconnais- sance efforts. Specific all-source and key IMINT responsibilities include:
Developing and answering outstanding MEF and subordinate units’ PIR and IRs by plan- ning, directing, integrating, and supervising organic IMINT and multidiscipline MEF and supporting intelligence operations.
Preparing appropriate IMINT and other intelli- gence and reconnaissance plans and orders for the MEF, and reviewing and coordinating the IMINT and all-source intelligence plans of JTFs, theaters, and other organizations.
Submitting and coordinating all-source and IMINT collection, production, and dissemina- tion requirements beyond the capability of the MEF to satisfy to higher headquarters for JTF, theater or national IMINT systems support.
Ensuring IMINT and other intelligence infor- mation is rapidly processed, analyzed, incorpo- r at e d ( whe re app ro pr i ate i n al l -s ou rc e intelligence products), and rapidly disseminated to all MEF and external units requiring these.
Evaluating JTF, theater, and national IMINT and all-source intelligence support and adjust- ing stated IRs, if necessary.
Identifying and correcting deficiencies in IMINT and other intelligence and reconnais- sance personnel and equipment resources.
Incorporating exercise IMINT in training exer- cises to improve MEF individual, collective, and unit readiness.
Facilitating understanding and use of IMINT and other intelligence in support of the plan- ning and execution of MEF operations. G-2 Operations Officer The G-2 operations officer, under direction of the MEF AC/S G-2, has primary responsibility for intelligence support to the commanding general (CG) and the remainder of the MEF CE in sup- port of current and future operations. Specific all-source and key IMINT related duties include:
Coordinating and providing intelligence sup- port (to include key IMINT support) to the CG, the G-3 operations section, and the remaining MEF CE’s battlestaff.
Serving as G-2 representative to the MEF CE crisis action team (CAT).
Coordinating, providing, and supervising intel- ligence support to the MEF CE COC, future operations center (FOC), and force fires.
Planning, directing, and supervising the threat or red cell.
Providing recommendations on PIR and IR val- idation, prioritization, and taskings to the AC/S G-2 and the ISC.
Coordinating and supervising the transition of intelligence planning and operations from G-2 plans to G-2 future operations, and from G-2 future operations to G-2 current operations, to effectively support the MEF’s single battle transi- tion process. Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2-3
Planning, directing, and supervising MEF liai- son teams to external commands (e.g., the JTF and joint functional components headquarters) and intelligence organizations.
Coordinating with the ISC and MEF MSCs’ G-2 operations officers to ensure unity of effort of MEF intelligence operations.
Providing intelligence input and other support to MEF warning and fragmentary orders and to operations related reporting (e.g., periodic situ- ation reports).
Coordinating intelligence training for the MEF G-2 section and providing G-2 oversight for and integration of the MEF intelligence train- ing program.
Accomplishing other intelligence support and tasks as directed by the AC/S G-2. G-2 Plans Officer The G-2 plans officer, under the direction of the MEF AC/S G-2, has primary responsibility for intelli- gence support to the MEF CE’s future plans cell. Specific all-source and key IMINT related duties include:
Planning the MEF concept of intelligence operations for approval by the AC/S G-2 and subsequent implementation by the ISC based upon the mission, threat, commander’s intent, guidance, and concept of operations. This concept of intelligence operations includes a supporting IMINT concept of operations.
Leading, coordinating, and providing intelligence support to the MEF G-5 future plans section. Figure 2-1. MEF G-2 Division Principal Staff Officers and Relationships. AC/S G-2 DAC/S G-2 Intel Support Coordinator OPS Branch Current OPS Future OPS TGT Intel Red Cell Liaison Section Plans/Policy Branch Planning Imagery & Mapping CI/HUMINT SIGINT/EW Weather Staff Cognizance Command SSO Section G-2 Admin IOC 2-4 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4
Planning and coordinating intelligence support requirements for and the deployment of intelli- gence elements and resources into the AO.
Providing recommendations on PIR and IR val- idation, prioritization, and taskings to the AC/S G-2 and the ISC.
Coordinating with the ISC, G-2 development of Annex B (Intelligence) and Annex M (Geospa- tial Information and Services) to MEF opera- ti on p l a ns ( OP L AN ) , t he i r s u pp or t in g appendices (such as the appendix 7, Imagery Intelligence), and all intelligence input to other annexes of OPLANs.
Keeping the G-2 section, other CE staff sections, intelligence liaison personnel, augmentees, and others apprised of MEF intelligence planning actions and requirements.
Identifying requirements and providing recom- mendations to the G-2 operations officer for MEF intelligence liaison teams to external commands (e.g., the JTF or other components’ headquarters) and intelligence agencies.
Coordinating and developing policies for MEF intelligence, CI, and reconnaissance operations.
Planning, directing, and supervising the MEF G-2’s imagery and mapping, CI/HUMINT, SIGINT, and weather sections.
Accomplishing other intelligence support and tasks as directed by the AC/S G-2/S-2. Intel Bn Commander/ Intelligence Support Coordinator The intel bn commander is responsible for plan- ning and directing, collecting, processing, produc- ing and disseminating intelligence, and providing CI support to the MEF, MEF MSCs, subordinate MAGTFs, and other commands as directed. Garrison. The principal task of the intel bn com- mander in garrison is to organize, train, and equip detachments that support MAGTFs or other desig- nated commands to execute integrated collection, intelligence analysis, production, and dissemina- tion of intelligence products. Actual Operations. During operations, the intel bn commander is dual-hatted as the ISC, serving as such under the direct staff cognizance of the MEF AC/S G-2. The intel bn’s S-3 section, along with the CO MEU(SOC) Support Teams P&A CO AFP IIP TOPO PLT DSTs HQ CO GSP Systems Support XO CI/HUMINT CO 1st PLT 2d PLT 3d PLT* *III MEF, CI/HUMINT CO has only 2 PLTs Figure 2-2. Intelligence Battalion. Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2-5 operations center element of the MEF G-2, forms the core of the ISC support effort, with planning, direction, and C2 conducted within the IOC’s sup- port cell. As the ISC, the commander is responsible to the MEF AC/S G-2 for the overall planning and execution of MEF all-source intelligence operations. Specific all-source and key IMINT responsibilities of the ISC during actual operations include:
Implementing the concept of intelligence oper- ations (and the supporting IMINT concept of operations) developed by the G-2 plans officer and approved by the AC/S G-2.
Establishing and supervising operation of the MEF IOC, which includes the support cell, the SARC, and the P&A cell (see figure 2-3). Gen- erally, the IOC will be collocated with the MEF CE’s main command post.
Developing, consolidating, validating, and pri- oritizing recommended PIR and IRs to support MAGTF planning and operations.
Planning, developing, integrating, and coordi- nating MEF intelligence collection, production, and dissemination plans, to include the effec- tive organic and external integration and employment of MAGTF IMINT as well as staff cognizance of MEF SIGINT, CI, HUMINT, GEOINT, ground remote sensors, ground reconnaissance, and tactical air reconnaissance intelligence collections, production, and dis- semination operations.
Developing and completing, with the G-2 plans officer and G-2 operations officer, Annex B (Intelligence) and Annex M (Geospatial Infor- mation and Services) to MEF operation orders (OPORDs), their supporting appendices (such as appendix 7, Imagery Intelligence), and all intelligence input to other annexes of OPORDs.
Planning, developing, integrating, and coordi- nating intelligence and CI support for the com- mander’s estimate, situation development, indications and warning, force protection, tar- geting, and combat assessment.
Managing and fusing the threat (or red) com- mon operational picture (COP)/common tacti- cal picture (CTP) inputs from subordinate units and external commands and intelligence agen- cies into the MEF CE’s threat COP/CTP.
Providing intelligence support to the MEF CE G-2 section and the MSCs.
Preparing the intelligence and CI estimates to support G-2 plans.
Planning, developing, and coordinating intelli- gence communications and information sys- tems architecture, to include its integration with and support of MEF IMINT and other intelli- gence and reconnaissance requirements. P&A Cell Support Cell Watch Section* AFC * • Fusion Team • OOB Team • IPB Team • Target Intelligence/ BDA Team Topographic Platoon * Imagery Intel Platoon * SIGINT Analysis Section Direct Support Teams * SARC IOC Watch Section* CI/HUMINT Company Representative * Ground Sensor Platoon Representative* Force Recon Company Representative Radio Battalion Representative VMU Representative ATARS Representative JSTARS Common Ground Station Team* Collections Management and Dissemination Section* Weather Section Systems Support Section* Administrative Section* * Personnel provided in whole or part by intel bn Figure 2-3. Intelligence Operations Center. 2-6 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4
Coordinating and integrating MEF IMINT and all-source intelligence operations with other service components, JTF joint intelligence sup- port element (JISE), theater joint intelligence center (JIC) or joint analysis center (JAC), and national intelligence agencies and operations (e.g., NIMA), to include all aspects of intelli- gence reachback support.
Assisting with the evaluation and improvement of MEF IMINT and all-source intelligence operations.
Accomplishing other intelligence support and tasks as directed by the AC/S G-2. (See table 2-1 for the principal responsibilities of the AC/S G-2’s three principal staff subordi- nate officers.) Collection Management/Dissemination Officer The collection management/dissemination officer (CMDO) is sourced from the intel bn’s S-3 sec- tion and is a key subordinate to the intel bn com- mander/ISC during operations. The CMDO is responsible for formulating detailed ICRs and IDRs and tasking and coordinating internal and external operations to satisfy these. The CMDO receives validated PIR and IRs and direction from the ISC, and then plans and manages the best methods to employ organic and supporting collection and dissemination resources through the intelligence collection and dissemination plans (tabs to Appendix 16, Intelligence Opera- tions Plan, to Annex B), which includes all IMINT collection and dissemination activities. The CMDO is also responsible for validating and forwarding national and theater IMINT and other collection requests from the MEF and MSCs typ- ically using appropriate intelligence tools and TTP. The CMDO also is responsible for coordi- nating intelligence CIS requirements and main- taining awareness of available CIS connectivity throughout the MAGTF and with key external organizations. During operations, the CMDO works within the support cell. In coordination with the P&A cell officer in charge (OIC), the SARC OIC, G-2 operations officer, IMINT-related unit commanding offic- ers (COs)/OICs, and the MEF G-6, the CMDO is responsible to the ISC for the following IMINT- related tasks. Determining and coordinating the collection effort of PIR/IRs that may be col- lected via imagery (ATARS, UAVs, national imagery databases) and supporting resources (i.e., force reconnaissance company) Determin- ing of PIR/IRs and preparing requests for intelli- gence that are beyond organic capabilities and Table 2-1. AC/S G-2ís Principal Subordinate Staff Officers and Responsibilities. ISC G-2 Operations Officer G-2 Plans Officer Planning and execution of intelligence opera- tions to support all MEF IRs. Providing intelligence support to MEF CE battle staff and current operations center agencies. Providing intelligence support to the plans officer’s future planning team for future planning IRs. Establishing and directing the IOC (P&A cell, SARC, and support cell). Coordinating intelligence support to higher and adjacent headquarters and agencies. Recommending IR validation, prioritization, and tasking to AC/S G-2. Managing IRs (collection, production, and dis- semination), validating, prioritizing, and tasking IRs, per AC/S G-2 direction. Recommending IR validation, prioritization, and tasking to AC/S G-2. Establishing and directing the G-2 future planning intelligence element. Exercising C2 of intel bn and staff cognizance over SIGINT, CI, HUMINT, measurement and signature intelligence, IMINT, and air and ground reconnaissance, including staff cogni- zance of designated G-2 elements. Establishing and directing intelligence elements and support to the combat operations center, future operations center, target intelligence sec- tion, force fires, red cell, and MEF intelligence liaison teams. Establishing and operating the intelligence sec- tion’s imagery and mapping, CI, HUMINT, SIGINT, and weather sections (less that under staff cogni- zance of the ISC). Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2-7 preparing submissions to higher headquarters and external agencies for support.
Recommending dissemination priorities, devel- opment of intelligence reporting criteria, and advising on and selecting dissemination means.
Developing and coordinating IMINT and all- source intelligence collection plans, coordinat- ing and integrating these with MEF, other com- ponents, JTF, theater, and national intelligence production operations.
Developing and coordinating IMINT and all- source intelligence dissemination plans and supporting architectures for both voice and data networked communications, and coordinating and integrating these with MEF, other compo- nents, JTF, theater, and national intelligence CIS and dissemination operations.
Monitoring the flow of IMINT throughout the MAGTF and ensuring that it is delivered to intended recipients in a timely fashion and sat- isfactorily meets their needs.
Evaluating the effectiveness of MEF and supporting IMINT collection and dissemina- tion operations. SARC OIC The SARC OIC is the second immediate subordi- nate of the ISC and supervises the execution of the integrated organic, attached, and direct support intelligence collection and reconnaissance opera- tions. The SARC OIC is responsible to the ISC for accomplishing the following specific IMINT- related responsibilities.
Coordinating, monitoring, and maintaining the status of all ongoing imagery collection opera- tions. This includes—
Missions, tasked ICRs, and reporting criteria for collection missions.
Locations and times for all pertinent fire sup- port control measures.
Primary and alternate CIS plans for both routine and time-sensitive requirements, for IMINT collectors as well as between the collectors or the SARC and key MEF CE and MSC C2 nodes, to support ongoing C2 of IMINT collection operations and dissemination of acquired data and intelligence to those needing it via the most expeditious means.
Conducting detailed IMINT collection planning and coordination with the MSCs and IMINT organizations planners, with emphasis on ensur- ing understanding of the collection plan and specified intelligence reporting criteria.
Ensuring other MAGTF C2 nodes (e.g., the current operations center, force fires, etc.) are apprised of ongoing IMINT and other intelli- gence and reconnaissance operations.
Receiving routine and time-sensitive IMINT- related reports from deployed collection elements; cross-cueing among intelligence collectors, as appropriate; and the rapid dissemination of IMINT reports to MAGTF C2 nodes and others in accordance with standing PIR/IRs, intelligence reporting criteria and dissemination plan, and the current tactical situation. Production and Analysis Cell OIC The P&A cell OIC is the third principal subordi- nate to the ISC, with primary responsibility for managing and supervising MEF all-source intelli- gence processing and production efforts, to include all aspects of IMINT production. Key all-source and IMINT-related responsibilities include:
Planning, directing, and managing operations of the all-source fusion platoon (to include the fusion, OOB, IPB, and target intelligence/BDA teams), the topographic platoon (topo plt), the IIP, the direct support teams (DSTs), and other P&A elements as directed.
Coordinating and integrating P&A cell opera- tions, estimates and products with the MEF G-2 section’s G-2 operations branch and its red cell operations and estimates.
Maintaining all-source automated intelligence databases, files, workbooks, country studies, and other intelligence studies. 2-8 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4
Planning and maintaining imagery, mapping, and topographic resources and other intelli- gence references.
Administering, integrating, operating, and maintaining intelligence processing and pro- duction systems, both unclassified general ser- vice (GENSER) and sensitive compartmented information (SCI) systems (e.g., the image product library [IPL], joint deployable intelli- gence support system [JDISS], intelligence analysis system [IAS]).
Analyzing and fusing IMINT with other intelli- gence into tailored all-source intelligence prod- ucts to satisfy all supported commanders’ stated or anticipated PIRs and IRs.
Developing and maintaining current and future intelligence situational, threat, and environ- mental assessments and target intelligence based upon all-source analysis, interpretation, and integration.
Managing and fusing the threat COP/CTP in- puts from subordinate units and external com- mands and intelligence agencies into the MEF CE’s threat COP/CTP. IIP Commander/Detachment OIC The IIP commander is responsible for planning and providing the MEF, and other commands as directed, with imagery and imagery analysis to support operations. Specific tasks include:
Exploiting and analyzing all-source, multisen- sor imagery to derive intelligence pertaining to installations, dispositions, strengths, and activi- ties of various conventional and nonconven- tional forces.
Employing imagery methods and techniques in the planning and tasking of multisensor plat- forms, both those organic and external to the MAGTF.
Conducting imagery exploitation and assisting in imagery management.
Providing IMINT reports, limited imagery- derived products, and secondary imagery to the MEF and other commanders.
Conducting liaison with the MCIA for obtain- ing imagery products in support of MEF intelli- gence requirements.
Administering and managing the MEF IPL. Other Command Element Staff G-1 The G-1 is responsible for all personnel require- ments with regard to the IMINT effort. MEF IMINT requirements may require personnel aug- mentation to satisfy all requirements. All requests for IMINT personnel augmentation will be devel- oped by the MEF G-2 and provided to the G-1 for either internal sourcing or forwarding to higher headquarters for action (e.g., global sourcing). G-3 The G-3 is responsible for planning, coordinating, and supervising the tactical employment of units. As such, the movement and operations of IMINT and supporting units must be coordinated by the G-2 with the G-3 for integration in future and cur- rent operations planning. Since some imagery sup- porting units also provide certain nonintelligence capabilities, close coordination between the G-2 and G-3 is necessary for mission prioritization and deconfliction. The G-3 has primary responsibility for the planning and operations of maneuver and fires, and is typically a principal staff user of IMINT, requiring close coordination throughout the planning process to ensure effective IMINT support. Accordingly, G-3 personnel must under- stand the capabilities of the different IMINT col- lection systems and exploitation and advantages and limitations of different types of imagery and IMINT products to form realistic expectations of IMINT support, to effectively and efficiently request appropriate support, and to integrate intel- ligence into operations. Imagery Intelligence ____________________________________________________________________________________________ 2-9 G-4 The G-4 is responsible for the logistic support of attached IMINT units. To ensure the required support is available, arrangements should be developed early in the deployment that meet the particular needs of the deployed IMINT-sup- ported unit. Special attention is drawn to logis- tics requirements of IMINT units’ unique and sometimes sizable equipment (e.g., IIP). G-5 The G-5 is the principal staff officer responsible for all long-range (future) planning and joint plan- ning matters. Normally, a G-5 is found only at the MEF and Marine Corps forces (MARFOR) levels; at lower MEF echelons future planning is the responsibility of the G-3. The G-5 understanding of imagery/IMINT and the type of support required parallels that of the G-3. G-6 The G-6 provides for and protects CIS connec- tivity and operations, both within and external to the MEF. This includes providing the communi- cation paths, network accesses, and frequencies for IMINT organizations organic, attached to and/or supporting the command, which requires significant systems knowledge across IMINT and all-source intelligence CIS. MEF Major Subordinate Commands’ Intelligence Officers The MSC intelligence officers must understand imagery, IMINT, and their capabilities and uses. Additionally, MSC intelligence officers must be able to articulate in detail all IMINT requests they submit through the chain of command and integrate IMINT support with other command intelligence and reconnaissance operations. Because IMINT resources are generally limited, MSC intelligence officers must recognize that their units’ IMINT requirements will compete with all others from throughout the MAGTF. Close coordination among all unit intelligence officers will identify opportunities where small adjustments to IMINT requirements result in satisfying more than one unit’s requirement dur- ing the same collection and/or production tasks. Key MSC intelligence officers’ IMINT tasks can include:
Planning and implementing a concept for intel- ligence support based on the mission, concept of operations, and commander’s intent.
Providing centralized direction for command intel- ligence operations, to include IMINT elements attached to or placed in direct support of the unit.
Consolidating, validating, and prioritizing unit IRs and IMINT needs.
Submitting consolidated requests for external IMINT support to the MEF CE.
Coordinating operational and CIS links to per- tinent supporting external IMINT collection and production elements and operations.
Providing timely, accurate feedback on the lev- el of unit satisfaction regarding IMINT support received. National Imagery Organizations Director of Central Intelligence The Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) is responsible for the procurement, operation, and management of national imaging systems and programs that support activities from the level of the President and/or the Secretary of Defense to forward deployed MAGTFs. The DCI’s imagery responsibilities cover all phases of the intelligence cycle including direc- tion, collection, processing, production, and dis- semination. Re sponsibility als o inc ludes determining current and future requirements, developing imagery-related systems, and estab- lishing security procedures. 2-10 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 To fulfill IMINT-related responsibilities, the DCI has established a network of committees, subcommittees, working groups, and panels composed of representatives from national orga- nizations, Department of Defense (DOD) agen- cies, and Military Services. The Marine Corps is represented on the DCI’s imagery-related com- mittees to ensure Marine Corps support require- ments are identified and incorporated at the national level. These national efforts affect both current and future operations. In the near term, this Marine Corps representation maximizes pro- grammatic support for developing new imagery systems and strategies that will provide critical support to MAGTF operations. National Imagery and Mapping Agency NIMA is designated a DOD Combat Support Agency. Specified tasks of the NIMA director can include:
Organizing, directing, and managing NIMA resources.
Planning, coordinating, and managing the task- ing of national IMINT collection operations in support of military operations.
Providing advisory tasking for theater and tac- tical IMINT assets, including advising imagery collection elements on collection of imagery to meet national intelligence requirements when collection elements are assigned to or under the operational control of the secretary of a Mili- tary Department or the commander of a com- batant command, and not allowed by the Secretary of Defense to meet national intelli- gence requirements.
Providing and managing imagery and geospa- tial production and analysis.
Disseminating imagery, IMINT, and geospatial information by the most efficient, expeditious, and secure means available.
Developing and making recommendations on national and non-national policy for imagery and geospatial intelligence.
Developing and coordinating DOD and intelli- gence community systems and technical stan- dards. NIMA’s Marine Corps Customer Support Team is the focal point for Marine Corps customer sup- port and provides the point of accountability through which requirements are identified and needs are met. Key IMINT tasks include:
Understanding and coordinating NIMA resourc- es to support Marine Corps needs.
Assessing, defining, tasking, and coordinating Marine Corps needs into IMINT production actions.
Providing single point of accountability to the Marine Corps for requirements satisfaction.
Prioritizing Marine Corps needs into NIMA business plans.
Managing execution of Marine Corps programs approved for development.
Measuring Marine Corps satisfaction with NIMA IMINT programs.
Providing feedback on the status of Marine Corps IMINT production requirements.
Providing IMINT production expertise to Marine operating forces. National Reconnaissance Office The mission of the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) is to enable US global information superiority. The NRO is responsible for the unique and innovative technology, large-scale systems engineering, development and acquisi- tion, and operation of space reconnaissance sys- tems—to include critical imagery resources—and related intelligence activities needed to support Imagery Intelligence ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 2-11 global information superiority. Its capabilities include support to I&W, monitoring arms control agreements, and support to military operations. The NRO accomplishes its mission through the on-going research and development, acquisition, and operation of spaceborne and airborne intelli- gence systems. NRO assets and capabilities may be tasked to support MAGTF operations under procedures described in the Joint Tactical Exploi- tation of National Systems manual. Defense Intelligence Agency DIA is a primary coordinator of several depart- mental imagery programs and activities that con- tribute to the development and operations of imagery capabilities and IMINT activities. DIA coordinates the Services’ and combatant com- mands’ imagery and IMINT requirements; man- ages centralized DOD collection and production management requirements programs (e.g., requirements for multispectral imagery); coordi- nates operational and technical interoperability requirements for intelligence dissemination (e.g., by setting data standard formats for secondary imagery dissemination systems); and sponsors and participates in numerous imagery working groups, programs, and panels to address imagery and IMINT capabilities issues. Additionally, DIA coordinates and manages National Intelligence Support Team (NIST) support to joint opera- tions. The NIST is a deployable intelligence team comprised of special intelligence planning, CIS, and analytical support, to include national IMINT support. NIST composition may include ele- ments from DIA, the National Security Agency (NSA), the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), and NIMA. Marine Corps Supporting Establishment Imagery Intelligence Organizations The Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC) is directly responsible for the internal organization, training, efficiency, and readiness of the Marine Corps; for the operation of its material support system; and for the total performance of the Marine Corps. Various Marine Corps supporting establishment organizations are staffed with personnel carrying out responsibilities pertaining to IMINT and imagery-related matters. Major organizations are listed below. Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps Intelligence Department Imagery Plans and Policies Branch The Marine Corps Director of Intelligence imple- ments those CMC responsibilities as they relate to IMINT and other imagery matters through the Imagery and Geospatial Plans and Policy Branch. Specific imagery and IMINT-related tasks include:
Developing Marine Corps plans and policies for IMINT.
Validating Marine Corps requirements for national imagery collection, production, and dissemination of imagery and all-source intelli- gence products. As the Marine Corps Depart- mental Requirements Officer (DRO), Imagery and Geospatial Plans and Policy is the final ser- vice validation and adjudication authority for all US MC national imagery and IMINT requests submitted through the service (vice operational) chain of command.
Executing duties as the Marine Corps national imagery community representative on numer- ous DOD and intelligence community commit- tees, subcommittees, working groups, and panels.
Advising NIMA on matters pertaining to Marine Corps imagery capabilities and limita- tions in a joint and multinational environment.
Coordinating with Marine Corps Combat Devel- opment Command (MCCDC) and Marine Corps Systems Command (MARCORSYSCOM) on matters related to IMINT doctrine, organization, training and education, equipment, and support combat capabilities development. 2-12 ___________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 Aviation Department The Deputy Commandant for Aviation, Head- quarters, Marine Corps (HQMC) Aviation Department (AVN), coordinates closely with Navy aviation elements for procurement of manned and unmanned tactical aviation platforms and sensors. In this capacity, critical IMINT pro- grams, such as ATARS and UAV, fall under AVN cognizance. Marine Corps Combat Development Command The mission of MCCDC is to develop Marine Corps warfighting concepts and to determine associated required capabilities in the areas of doctrine, organization, training and education, equipment and support facilities to enable the Marine Corps to field combat-ready forces; and participate in and support other major processes of the Combat Development System. Marine Corps Systems Command MARCORSYSCOM plans and manages research, development, and acquisition programs through equipment production and fielding for employment by MAGTF forces, to include most imagery and IMINT supporting equipment programs (e.g., SIDS). Marine Corps Intelligence Activity The Marine Corps maintains a Service-level intel- ligence capability within MCIA. MCIA provides tailored intelligence and services that support HQMC; develops Marines Corps doctrine, force structure, force modernization, training and edu- cation, acquisition policy and programming; and Marine Corps forces contingency planning and other requirements for intelligence products not satisfied by theater, other Service or national research and analysis capabilities. MCIA focuses on crisis and predeployment support to expedi- tionary warfare. It complements the efforts of the- ater, other Services, and national intelligence organizations and provides unique all-source threat, technical, and GEOINT products tailored to Marine Corps operating forces needs. It also coordinates Marine Corps Service imagery collec- tion, production, and dissemination requirements by acting as the Marine Corps Service IMINT col- lection, production, and dissemination manager, to include taskings of the USMC Reserve’s IIP. MCIA is collocated with the National Maritime Intelligence Center (NMIC), Suitland, MD, and at Marine Corps Base, Quantico, VA. C HAPTER 3. MAGTF IMINT U NITS AND O RGANIZATIONS Within the Marine Corps, units responsible for the conduct of tactical IMINT are the IIPs, intelli- gence direct support teams, VMUs, VMFA(AW)s, and ground reconnaissance elements. This chapter describes these units’ missions, tasks, organiza- tion, and concepts of employment. Imagery Intelligence Platoon, Intelligence Battalion Mission The mission of the IIP is to provide imagery anal- ysis and IMINT support to MAGTFs and other commands as directed. Tasks
Exploit and analyze all-source, multisensor imag- ery to derive intelligence pertaining to installa- tions, dispositions, strengths, and activities of various conventional and nonconventional forces.
Employ imagery methods and techniques in the planning and tasking of multisensor plat- forms, organic and external to the MEF or supported MAGTF.
Conduct exploitation and assist in imagery management.
Provide IMINT reports, limited imagery-derived products, and secondary imagery to the MEF and other commanders.
Conduct liaison with the MCIA for the pur- pose of obtaining imagery products in support of MEF or supported commander’s IRs. Organization Each MEF has one organic IIP. It is a subordinate unit of the P&A company, intel bn. Each IIP is organized into three elements: a platoon head- quarters, two tactical imagery analysis sections, and three imagery analysis teams (see figure 3-1). The 4th Imagery Interpretation Unit (IIU) is in the Reserves. It is organized into a headquarters section, four imagery teams, and a general intel- ligence support team. It is OPCON to Marine Corps Forces Reserve and ADCON to Marine Air Control Squadron 23. A memorandum of un- derstanding exists that enables the MCIA to task and coordinate 4th IIU imagery exploitation, production, and training support of operating forces requirements. Command and Control The IIP is a subordinate unit of the intel bn, with the intel bn commander maintaining full com- mand of its operations. When supporting smaller MAGTFs, the IIP or its detachments will operate under the C2 of either the intel detachment OIC or the supported unit’s G-2/S-2. MEF CE Staff Cognizance The MEF commander usually exercises C2 over the intel bn elements, to include the IIP, via the MEF intelligence officer. The ISC performs this Imagery Intelligence Platoon HQ 1/2 0/0 Tactical Imagery Analysis Sections (2) 0/11 0/0 Imagery Analysis Teams (3) 0/3 0/0 Figure 3-1. IIP Organization. 3-2 ____________________________________________________________________________________________________ MCWP 2-15.4 function, however, under the staff cognizance of the AC/S G-2. The ISC in turn exercises C2 of topo plt via the P&A cell OIC. This allows for the centralized di- rection and effective integration of IIP operations with other MEF IMINT operations and the broader all-source intelligence concept of operations. Support Relationships General Support. The IIP will typically operate in general support of the MEF. Under general support, the MEF commander, through the G-2 and the ISC, determines priorities of intelligence collections and production support, locations of IMINT support nodes, and IMINT and all-source intelligence dissemination. Direct Support and Attached. Depending upon METT-T considerations, the IIP or task-orga- nized imagery analysis detachments from it may be employed in direct support of or attached to a particular unit or MSC of the MEF. In such cases the scope of the supported commander’s C2 au- thority over assigned IIP elements will usually be specified to ensure effective support to operations while allowing the MEF commander to maintain effective C2 of broader intelligence and IMINT operations. Direct support or attachment may consist of dedicated imagery exploitation support, placement of IIP assets with the supported unit, or simply establishing an IMINT node to provide direct dissemination of imagery and IMINT to the supported unit’s intelligence section or COC. In the latter relationship, an IIP liaison element should be provided to the supported unit and con- tinuing relationships between IMINT elements and supported units should be established when- ever possible. Concept of Employment An IIP is capable of supporting one MEF. In sup- port of a Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), MEU(SOC) or other MAGTF, a task-organized imagery analysis detachment may be attached to the MAGTF CE either independently or as part of a larger intel bn detachment. (Some operations may require the activation of X/C-coded billets or global sourcing from other IIPs.) The reserve 4th