Radiotelephony Manual CAP 413

Chapter 4 46 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 47 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 48 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 49 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 50 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 51 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 52 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 53 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 54 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 55 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 56 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 57 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 58 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 59 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 60 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 61 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 62 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 63 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 64 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 65 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 66 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 67 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 68 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 69 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 70 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 71 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 72 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 73 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 74 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 75 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 76 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 77 8 June 2020 Chapter 4 78 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 10 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 11 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 12 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 13 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 14 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 15 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 16 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 17 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 18 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 19 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 20 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 20 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 21 8 June 2020 Chapter 5 22 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 10 8 June 2020 CAP 413 List of Effective Pages 8 June 2020 Page vi Chapter Page Date Chapter Page Date Chapter 6 11 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 12 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 13 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 14 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 15 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 16 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 17 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 18 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 19 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 20 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 21 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 22 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 23 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 24 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 25 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 26 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 27 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 28 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 29 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 30 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 31 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 32 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 33 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 34 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 35 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 36 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 37 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 38 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 39 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 40 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 41 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 42 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 43 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 44 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 45 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 46 8 June 2020 Chapter 6 47 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 7 10 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 10 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 11 8 June 2020 Chapter 8 12 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 10 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 11 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 12 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 13 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 14 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 15 8 June 2020 Chapter 9 16 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 10 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 11 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 12 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 13 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 14 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 15 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 16 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 17 8 June 2020 CAP 413 List of Effective Pages 8 June 2020 Page vii Chapter Page Date Chapter Page Date Chapter 10 18 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 19 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 20 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 21 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 22 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 23 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 24 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 25 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 26 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 27 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 28 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 29 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 30 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 31 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 32 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 33 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 34 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 35 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 36 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 37 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 38 8 June 2020 Chapter 10 39 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 1 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 2 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 3 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 4 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 5 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 6 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 7 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 8 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 9 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 10 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 11 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 12 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 13 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 14 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 15 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 16 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 17 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 18 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 19 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 20 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 21 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 22 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 23 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 24 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 25 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 26 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 27 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 28 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 29 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 30 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 31 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 32 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 33 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 34 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 35 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 36 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 37 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 38 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 39 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 40 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 41 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 42 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 43 8 June 2020 Chapter 11 44 8 June 2020 Appendix 1 1 8 June 2020 Appendix 1 2 8 June 2020 Appendix 1 3 8 June 2020 Appendix 1 4 8 June 2020 Appendix 1 5 8 June 2020 Appendix 1 6 8 June 2020 Appendix 2 1 8 June 2020 Appendix 2 2 8 June 2020 Appendix 2 3 8 June 2020 Appendix 2 4 8 June 2020 Appendix 2 5 8 June 2020 Appendix 2 6 8 June 2020 Bibliography 1 8 June 2020 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CAP 413 Contents 8 June 2020 Page 1 Contents Amendment Record iii Revision History 1 Foreword 1 Background 1 Regulatory References 2 Introduction 3 CAP 413 – Status 3 Interpretation of Words 5 CAP 413 Amendments 6 Amendments 6 Supplementary Instructions 6 Enquiries 6 Chapter 1 Glossary Removed to CAP 1430 1 Chapter 2 Radiotelephony 1 General Procedures 1 Introduction 1 Use of VHF RTF Channels 2 Transmitting Technique 3 Transmission of Letters 5 Transmission of Numbers 6 Transmission of Time 8 Standard Words and Phrases 9 Callsigns for Aeronautical Stations 11 Callsigns for Aircraft 13 Military Aircraft Callsigns 19 Continuation of Communications 21 Corrections and Repetitions 23 Acknowledgement of Receipt 23 CAP 413 General Phraseology1 8 June 2020 Page 2 Transfer of Communications 24 Clearance Issue and Read-back Requirements 25 Withholding Clearances 29 Simultaneous Transmissions 30 Complying with Clearances and Instructions 31 Communication Failure 32 Test Transmissions 34 Pilot Complaints Concerning Aeronautical Telecommunications 35 Air Traffic Service Complaints Concerning Aircraft Communications 35 Hours of Service and Communications Watch 35 Record of Communications 36 Categories of Message 36 Chapter 3 General Phraseology 1 General 1 Introduction 1 Level Reporting 2 Speed Control 7 Initial Call – IFR flights 9 Initial Call – VFR Flight 10 Passing Message Details 11 Position Reporting 13 Flight Plans 14 Low Visibility Procedures 15 Delays 15 Chapter 4 Aerodrome Phraseology 1 Aerodrome Control Service Phraseology 1 Introduction 1 Type of Service 5 Departure Information and Engine Starting Procedures 5 Pushback and Powerback 6 Taxi Instructions 7 Pre-Departure Manoeuvring 11 CAP 413 Aerodrome Phraseology1 8 June 2020 Page 3 Take-Off Clearance 13 Final Approach and Landing 23 Missed Approach 26 Runway Vacating and Communicating after Landing 27 Essential Aerodrome Information 28 Arrestor Systems at Military Aerodromes 29 Aerodrome Flight Information Service Phraseology 29 Introduction 29 Type of Service 29 AFIS Phraseology for Ground Movement, Take-Off, Landing and Transit 31 RNAV (GNSS) Instrument Approach Procedures 43 Initial Call 43 Position Reporting 44 Traffic Information 44 Final Approach Fix 45 Inbound / Outbound Aircraft Interaction 45 Reporting GNSS Problems 45 Aerodrome Phraseology for Helicopters 46 Introduction 46 Helicopter Callsigns 46 Helicopter Phraseology for Taxiing 46 Helicopter Phraseology for Take-Off and Landing (ATC only) 48 Helicopter Hover Phraseology Examples (ATC and AFIS only) 49 Helicopter Taxiing Phraseology Examples (ATC and AFIS only) 49 Ground Taxi Instruction (if required) 49 Helicopter Take-Off and Landing Phraseology Examples (ATC only) 50 Aerodrome Phraseology for Vehicles (ATC and AFIS only) 52 Introduction 52 Movement Instructions 52 To Cross a Runway 55 Vehicles Towing Aircraft 57 Low Visibility Procedures 58 CAP 413 Radar Phraseology1 8 June 2020 Page 4 Messages Regarding Safety of an Aircraft 58 Messages Regarding Wildlife 58 Driver Unsure of Position 59 Broken-down Vehicle 59 Radio Failure 59 Aerodrome Air/Ground Communication Service Phraseology 59 Introduction 59 Type of Service 60 Air/Ground Station Identification 60 Phraseology and Examples 61 Offshore Communication Service 65 Radiotelephony Reports at Unattended Aerodromes 69 Introduction 69 Additional Procedures for the Use of SAFETYCOM 70 Unattended Aerodrome Phraseology Examples 71 Aerodrome Information 72 Meteorological Conditions 72 Voice Weather Broadcast (VOLMET) UK 72 Runway Visual Range (RVR)/Visibility 73 Runway Surface Conditions 75 Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) UK 77 Chapter 5 Radar Phraseology 1 General 1 Introduction 1 Radar Identification of Aircraft 1 Secondary Surveillance Radar Phraseology 3 ATS Surveillance Service 6 Radar Vectoring 8 Traffic Information and Avoiding Action Phraseology 10 ACAS/TCAS Phraseology 17 Communications and Loss of Communications 18 Essential Traffic Information 19 Danger Area Crossing Service/Danger Area Activity Information Service 20 CAP 413 Approach Phraseology1 8 June 2020 Page 5 Chapter 6 Approach Phraseology 1 Approach Control Service Phraseology 1 IFR Departures 1 VFR Departures 3 IFR Arrivals 3 VFR Arrivals 9 Special VFR Flights 11 Vectoring to Final Approach 12 Direction Finding (DF) 18 VDF Procedure 19 NDB(L) and VOR Procedures 25 Area Navigation Global Navigation Satellite System RNAV (GNSS) Phraseology 29 Procedure Clearance 29 Position Reporting 30 Final Approach Fix 30 Reporting GNSS Problems 30 Surveillance Radar Approach (SRA) 31 Landing Altimeter Setting (QNE) 38 PAR Approach 38 Clearance to enter Control Zones (CTR) 38 Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) associated with another Aerodrome 40 UK Flight Information Services 40 Reduced Traffic Information 43 Traffic Service – Operations below ATC Terrain Safety Levels 45 Deconfliction Service – Descent below ATC Unit Terrain Safe Level 46 Deconfliction Service – Departing and Arriving Aircraft 46 Chapter 7 Area Phraseology 1 Area Control Service Phraseology 1 General 1 Position Reporting 1 Flights Joining Airways 2 CAP 413 Emergency Phraseology1 8 June 2020 Page 6 Flights Transitioning Between Different Classifications of Controlled Airspace 5 Flights Leaving Airways 5 Flights Crossing Airways 6 Flights Holding En-Route 8 Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM) Phraseology 8 Chapter 8 Emergency Phraseology 1 Distress and Urgency Communication Procedures 1 Introduction 1 States of Emergency 1 UHF and VHF Emergency Service 1 UHF and VHF Emergency Service – General Procedures 2 Emergency Message 4 PAN PAN MEDICAL 6 Ejection from Aircraft 6 Ballistic Recovery Systems 7 Speechless Code 7 Radio Procedures – Practice Emergencies 7 Training Fix 8 Relayed Emergency Message 8 Imposition of Silence 9 Emergency Descent 10 Fuel Shortage 10 Termination of Distress Communications and of RTF Silence 11 Chapter 9 Miscellaneous Phraseology 1 Other Communications 1 Wake Turbulence 1 Reporting of Unnotified Small Unmanned Aircraft (SUA) Activity 2 Sailplane Operations 2 AIRPROX Reporting 7 Oil Pollution Reporting 8 Interceptions by Military Aircraft 9 CAP 413 Military Specific Phraseology1 8 June 2020 Page 7 Aircraft Operating Agency Messages 9 8.33 kHz Phraseology 11 Operations by Aircraft deploying Brake Chutes 12 Mareva Injunctions 14 CPDLC Failure 14 Aerodrome Emergency Services 15 Radio Mandatory Zones 15 Chapter 10 Military Specific Phraseology 1 Military Specific Phraseology 1 Military Variances to Chapter 2 1 Transmission of UHF Channels 1 Transmission of Time 2 Standard Words and Phrases 2 Communications 2 Transponder Phraseology 2 Military Specific Procedures (Control of Aircraft) 3 NATO Standard Visual Circuit Procedures 3 NATO Studs and Common VHF Frequencies 3 Designation of NATO Studs 4 Weather and Aerodrome Information 4 Use of Runway Designators 5 Cancellation of Take-Off 6 Phraseology for Joining the Visual Circuit/Pattern 6 Landing Gear Position 7 Arrestor System Procedures and Phraseology 8 Phraseology for Fixed-Wing VTOL Operations 11 Emergency Messages 13 Flameout/Engine Failure – Aerodrome Phraseology 13 PAR Phraseology 13 PAR Azimuth Only/SRA Phraseology Only 16 ILS Phraseology 18 Descent to Low Level 20 Jamming Phraseology 20 Speechless Procedures 20 CAP 413 Phraseology Examples1 8 June 2020 Page 8 Military Missed Approach 23 Suspension of RT Procedures 24 Formations in Trail 24 Contact Lost 24 Freecall and Continue With 25 Aerobatics and General Handling 25 Passing the Number of Persons on Board (POB) 26 Clearances with an Occupied Runway 26 Formation Clearances 27 TACAN Specific Phraseology 27 Radar PFL 28 Controlled Descent through Cloud (QGH) 29 High Level QGH 29 Low Level QGH 31 Flameout Spiral Descent 33 No Compass/No Gyro 35 Supersonic Flight 36 Military Aerodrome Traffic Zones (MATZ) and Penetration Services 36 Military Safety Broadcast – Securité 38 Chapter 11 Phraseology Examples 1 Examples of Types of Flights 1 Introduction 1 An IFR Flight 2 ATC Clearance 3 Pushback and Taxi 4 Pre-departure and Take-off 5 En-Route 8 A VFR/IFR Flight 20 Engine Start and Departure Information 20 Pre-departure and Take-off 22 Post Departure Flight 23 En-route Flight 24 Flight Receiving Lower Airspace and MATZ Penetration Service 26 CAP 413 UK Differences to ICAO Radiotelephony Procedures1 8 June 2020 Page 9 Flight in the Military Visual Circuit 30 Flight Receiving Lower Airspace Radar Service (LARS) and Danger Area Crossing Service (DACS) 34 Military Safety Broadcast – Securité 36 Callsign Prefix – ‘STUDENT’ 36 Flight Receiving Avoiding Action 37 Flight Receiving En-Route Basic Service 39 Flight Transmitting a Practice Pan 40 Arrival Flight (Aerodrome FIS) 43 Appendix 1 UK Differences to ICAO Radiotelephony Procedures 1 Appendix 2 UK Civil/Military Radiotelephony Differences 1 Bibliography 1 INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CAP 413 Revision History 8 June 2020 Page 1 Revision History Revisions included in Edition 23 Corr 8 June 2019 In addition to editorial changes and minor corrections, Edition 23 Corr comprises updates in line with: • Reg (EU) No 923/2012; • SI 01/2019; • SI 02/2019; • SI01/2020 and: Section Subject Definitions and Glossary All Definitions and Abbreviations (Glossary) removed and placed in CAP 1430 - UK Air Traffic Management Vocabulary Radiotelephony Military Callsigns - updated Aerodrome Vocabulary boxes updated to reflect callsign placement for rotary wing aircraft Emergency Phraseology The placement of the callsign in the minimum fuel transmission has been changed to reflect the requirements of EASA Safety Information Bulletin (SIB) 2018 - 08 Military Specific Phraseology Complete administrative re-write Throughout * Placement of surface wind now precedes the clearance * NOTE - The intention is to show that while there is a preferred order of delivery, there are circumstances under which it may be prudent to deliver the phraseology in another order, for example to emphasise a particular issue i.e an aircraft needing an immediate clearance or it will need to go-around. For that reason, some examples of these differing phraseologies are retained in the manual. These can be found at paragraphs: 4.47; 4.52 and in the table at paragraph 4.84 – Helicopter Operations INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CAP 413 Foreword 8 June 2020 Page 1 Foreword Background 1. Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Civil Aviation Publications (CAPs) are based upon national and European Union (EU) legislation and non-legislative regulatory material, such as ICAO Standards and Recommended Practices. They are published in order to provide UK industry with: a) guidance and clarification on the means of achieving compliance with global, UK and European regulatory requirements, and where applicable: b) details of United Kingdom (UK) ‘Alternative Means of Compliance’, and c) details of any additional national requirements, including CAA administrative procedures. 2. Details of appropriate supporting administrative procedures are also included where necessary. 3. In publishing CAPs, the CAA satisfies the obligations placed upon it by the Transport Act 20001, Chapter 1 Article 2 ‘CAA’s general duty’, which in paragraph 2(a) requires the CAA to exercise its functions under the Act in the manner it thinks best calculated, to further the interests of operators and owners of aircraft, owners and managers of aerodromes, persons travelling in aircraft and persons with rights in property carried in them. The only interests to be considered under subsection (2)(a) are interests regarding the range, availability, continuity, cost and quality of air traffic services. 4. Publication of CAPs additionally satisfies the requirements set out by the Civil Aviation Authority (Chicago Convention) Directions 20072 to ensure that it acts consistently with the obligations placed on the UK under the Chicago Convention. The CAA is obliged to consider whether it is necessary to amend United Kingdom aviation legislation to ensure appropriate implementation of an ICAO provision. 1 http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2000/38/contents or http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ ukpga/2000/38/data.pdf 2 https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20100422174722/http://www.caa.co.uk/docs/286/ CAA(ChicagoConvention)Directions2007(asamended).pdf CAP 413 Foreword 8 June 2020 Page 2 5. Where (a) the CAA considers it inappropriate to transpose an ICAO provision into domestic legislation and (b) the CAA has discretionary power to enforce the requirements of such a provision through a certificate, licence, or other means of approval, the Civil Aviation Authority (Chicago Convention) Directions 2007 obliges the CAA to develop and publish such requirements as are necessary to implement the ICAO provision and shall ensure that it is able to verify adherence to those requirements. 6. CAPs are subject to periodic revision to take account of changes to source regulatory material, feedback from industry, and recognised best practice. CAP 413 provides applicable guidance and clarification relating to – and is to be read in conjunction with - the regulatory material referenced below. Non-inclusion of source regulatory material within this CAP does not preclude the end user from either the need to be aware of, or the need to comply with, the requirements contained within the source regulatory materials unless otherwise exempted from those requirements. 7. It is the policy of the UK government that, unless a Difference (from an ICAO requirement) or ‘Alternative Means of Compliance’ (AltMoC) (related to an EASA ‘Acceptable Means of Compliance’ (AMC)) has been established, compliance with relevant international (i.e. ICAO and applicable equivalents such as International Telecommunications Union) and European regulatory material is required to the extent mandated in law. Additionally, compliance with national requirements that are not addressed by international or EU regulations is also required. 8. The words ‘must’, ‘shall’ and ‘will’ indicate that compliance with applicable regulatory requirements is necessary. In the case of AMC the word ‘should’ indicate that compliance is required, unless complying with an approved AltMoC. Regulatory References 9. CAP 413 is published to assist ATS providers and airspace users understanding of, and compliance with the requirements pertaining to phraseology laid down in: a) ICAO: Annex 10 Volume II, Annex 10 Volume V, Annex 11, Doc 4444 PANS-ATM, Doc 9432 Manual of Radiotelephony and Circular 211-AN/128. CAP 413 Foreword 8 June 2020 Page 3 b) EU: Reg (EU) No 923/2012 ‘Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA) and Eurocontrol’s Manual of Aerodrome FIS. c) UK: ANO 2016 (as amended), CAP 493 Manual of Air Traffic Services Part 1, CAP 774 UK FIS (see also CAP 1434), CAP 797 FISO Manual and CAP 1430 the UK ATM Vocabulary. Introduction 10. The aim of the United Kingdom Radiotelephony Manual (CAP 413) is to provide pilots, Air Traffic Services personnel and other ground personnel, both civil and military, with a compendium of clear, concise, standardised phraseology and associated guidance, for radiotelephony (RTF) communication in United Kingdom airspace. 11. Terms and abbreviations used in this document are defined within CAP 1430 the UK Air Traffic Management Vocabulary. 12. The units of measurement used in the UK are listed within AIP GEN 2.1- 1. Conversion tables to assist ATS personnel to convert specific units of measurement are listed within AIP GEN 2.6. 13. Where appropriate, this document references European Regulation as source material. References to the ‘Cover Regulation’ are cited as Reg (EU) No. XXX/YYYY followed by the appropriate Article; where ‘X’ is the number of the Regulation and ‘YYYY’ is the year of publication. References to the Standardised European Rules of the Air (SERA) contained within the Annex to Reg (EU) No. 923/2012 are cited as ‘SERA.XXXX’, where ’X’ refers to the number of the provision. CAP 413 – Status 14. All users of RTF in the United Kingdom are expected to comply with the phraseology described in this manual. However, the phraseology examples contained herein are not intended to be exhaustive, and when circumstances differ, pilots, ATS personnel and other ground personnel will be expected to use plain language, which should be as clear and concise as possible. 15. Chapter 10 of this Manual details Military Specific Phraseology for specific use by military ATCOs and military aircrew. The RTF described in Chapter 10 is complementary to NATO STANAG 3817. It is also complementary to the remainder of CAP 413, as it either differs from civil phraseology or there is no equivalent civil phraseology, e.g. in the case of arrestor system procedures. Civil pilots visiting military CAP 413 Foreword 8 June 2020 Page 4 aerodromes will be expected to be aware of the military phraseology in Chapter 10 and to comply with such instructions as may be issued by military controllers during their visit. Where relevant, cross references from the remainder of CAP 413 to the equivalent military phraseology are provided for the assistance of civil pilots visiting military aerodromes. 16. Operational details can be found in the United Kingdom Aeronautical Information Publication (UK AIP). Phraseology for air traffic controllers (consistent with CAP 413) is also published in the Manual of Air Traffic Services (CAP 493). 17. CAP 413 is also a useful reference for those studying for the UK Flight Radiotelephony Operator’s Licence. 18. Candidates for pilot and instrument rating examinations should note that the syllabus for the communications examination is drawn directly from the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Annex 10 Volume 2 and ICAO Doc 9432-AN/925 and not CAP 413. 19. Examples of phraseology in CAP 413 are intended to be representative of communications in common use. The initial call in a series of messages is shown on the left side of the page; subsequent messages appear in chronological order on the right side of the page. 20. Where appropriate, words contained in parentheses indicate that specific information, such as a level, a place or a time, etc., must be inserted to complete the phrase, or alternatively that optional phrases may be used. Words in square parentheses indicate optional additional words, or information that may be necessary in specific instances. 21. Black text and grey-scale illustrations are used to facilitate printing on monochrome printers. 22. The agency making the transmission is identified by the line style of the frame and a representative symbol (e.g. Aircraft) as follows: AIRCRAFT HELICOPTER CAP 413 Foreword 8 June 2020 Page 5 VEHICLE GROUND STATION (ATC, AFIS, AGCS) Interpretation of Words 23. To avoid any misunderstanding within this document, certain words or terms are to be interpreted as having specific meanings as follows: is to, are to, shall, must Means that compliance with the instruction or regulatory requirement is necessary. should In the case of AMC to EU requirements, the word ‘should’ indicate that compliance is required, unless complying with an approved AltMoC. Otherwise, it means that it is strongly advisable that an instruction is carried out and is applied where the more positive ‘shall’ is unreasonable but nevertheless a pilot/ FISO would have to have good reason for not doing so. may Means that an instruction is permissive, optional or alternative, e.g. ‘a FISO may seek assistance ….’ but would not if they did not need it. will Is used for informative or descriptive writing, e.g. ‘pilots will file…’ is not an instruction to the FISO. 24. Where reference is made to an Area Control Centre (ACC) it shall be the centre within whose Flight Information Region (FIR) the aerodrome is situated. Where guidance on an air traffic matter is required, it may be obtained from the watch supervisor at the ACC. CAP 413 Foreword 8 June 2020 Page 6 CAP 413 Amendments Amendments a) Amendments to CAP 413 will be published as required. b) Underlining is used to indicate new or revised text. Prior to the effective date of an amendment, the full version of CAP 413 will be available on the CAA website (www.caa.co.uk). This document will contain a summary of changes and an updated List of Effective Pages. From the effective date of the amendment, the superseded version of CAP 413 will be removed from the website. c) The effective date of an instruction is stated at the foot of the page. Publication of a new edition means that all pages will have the same date; however, new instructions are effective on the amendment publication date. Supplementary Instructions a) Supplementary Instructions to CAP 413 are issued for the following reasons: i) to introduce an entirely new subject or a radical change to existing instructions; ii) to re-emphasise an existing instruction. b) Supplementary Instructions will be incorporated into the main body of the document in a suitable and timely manner. Enquiries All enquiries concerning the text should be addressed to: The Editor – CAP 413 Future Safety Civil Aviation Authority Safety and Airspace Regulation Group Beehive Ring Road Crawley West Sussex RH6 0YR E-mail: ats.enquiries@caa.co.uk CAP 413 Chapter 1: Glossary 8 June 2020 Page 1 1CHAPTER 1 Glossary Content removed and placed in CAP 1430 - UK Air Traffic Management Vocabulary. INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 1 2CHAPTER 2 Radiotelephony General Procedures Introduction 2.1 Radiotelephony provides the means by which pilots of aircraft and ground personnel communicate with each other. To ensure communications are clear and fully understood it is of vital importance that transmissions by radiotelephony should comply with internationally agreed procedures and phraseology. Radiotelephony communications between pilots and ground personnel will comprise one or more of the following elements in any message transmitted: Table 1 RTF Element Compliance Guidance Material Clearance Requiring strict compliance Clearances transmitted by ground personnel (usually Air Traffic Control) are to be strictly complied with and the clearance issued is to be read back verbatim, e.g. ‘BIGJET 347, cleared to Kennington via A1, at FL60, squawk 5501’. Instructions To be followed and carried out where practically possible and safe to do so Instructions transmitted are to be complied with and, in most cases, should be read back to reduce the chance of any ambiguity or misunderstanding, e.g. ‘G-ABCD, taxi to the apron via taxiway Charlie’. Chapter 2 specifies those instructions that are to be read back in full. However, if the instruction is short, clear and unambiguous, acknowledgment of the instruction using standard phraseology such as ‘Roger’ (I have received all your last transmission) or ‘Wilco’ (I understand your message and will comply with it) is preferred for the sake of brevity in the use of radiotelephony transmission time. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 2 RTF Element Compliance Guidance Material Information Of benefit and usefulness between pilot and ground personnel in the interests of safety Information is provided to assist the safe conduct of the flight and should not be read back, e.g. ‘G-ABCD surface wind 240 degrees 15 knots’. If the information is not understood, a request to repeat the information is sufficient. 2.2 Used properly, the clearances, instructions and information transmitted will greatly assist in the safe and expeditious operation of aircraft. A transmitted radiotelephony message will contain at least one of the elements listed but may contain all three elements if required. Pilots and ground personnel should be aware of the elements of each transmission to ensure only those elements that are required to be read back are transmitted. Verbose transmissions are to be avoided, and one of the most common faults in radiotelephony is the unnecessary re- transmission of simple instructions and information. 2.3 The use of standard procedures and phraseology will avoid misunderstanding and reduce the need for repeat transmissions. Incidents and accidents have occurred in which a contributing factor has been the misunderstanding caused by the use of non-standard phraseology and not understanding the important elements of the message. 2.4 The importance of using correct and precise standard phraseology cannot be over-emphasised. Use of VHF RTF Channels 2.5 Geographical separation between international services using the same or adjacent frequencies is determined so as to ensure as far as possible that aircraft at the limits of height and range to each service do not interfere with one another. In the case of en-route sectors these limits correspond to that of the ATC sector concerned and those for international aerodrome services are appropriate to a radius of 25 NM up to a height of 4,000 ft (Tower) or 10,000 ft (Approach). CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 3 2.6 Except in emergency, or unless otherwise instructed by the ATS, pilots should observe these limits. Services other than international services are provided on frequencies which are shared between numerous ground stations and have to operate to a higher utilisation in order to satisfy the demand for frequencies. Pilots using these frequencies should assist in reducing interference by keeping communications to a minimum and by limiting the use of aircraft transmitters to the minimum height and distance from the aerodrome that is operationally necessary. In the case of Tower, AFIS and AGCS facilities, communications on these frequencies should be restricted as far as possible to heights up to 1,000 ft in the immediate vicinity of the aerodrome concerned and in any event within 10 NM and 3,000 ft. 2.7 SAFETYCOM transmissions shall be made only within a maximum range of 10 NM of the aerodrome of intended landing, and below 2,000 ft above the aerodrome elevation. Transmitting Technique 2.8 The following transmitting techniques will assist in ensuring that transmitted speech is clearly and satisfactorily received. 1. Before transmitting check that the receiver volume is set at the optimum level and listen out on the frequency to be used to ensure that there will be no interference with a transmission from another station. 2. Be familiar with microphone operating techniques and do not turn your head away from it whilst talking or vary the distance between it and your mouth. Severe distortion of speech may arise from: a) talking too close to the microphone; b) touching the microphone with the lips; or c) holding the microphone or boom (of a combined headset/ microphone system). 3. Use a normal conversation tone, speak clearly and distinctly. 4. Maintain an even rate of speech not exceeding 100 words per minute. When it is known that elements of the message will be written down by the recipients, speak at a slightly slower rate. 5. Maintain the speaking volume at a constant level. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 4 6. A slight pause before and after numbers will assist in making them easier to understand. 7. Avoid using hesitation sounds such as ‘er’. 8. Avoid excessive use of courtesies and entering into non-operational conversations. 9. Depress the transmit switch fully before speaking and do not release it until the message is complete. This will ensure that the entire message is transmitted. However, do not depress transmit switch until ready to speak. 10. Be aware that the mother tongue of the person receiving the message may not be English. Therefore, speak clearly and use standard radiotelephony (RTF) words and phrases wherever possible. 11. Messages should not contain more than three specific phrases, comprising a clearance, instruction or pertinent information. In cases of doubt, e.g. a foreign pilot having difficulty with the English language or an inexperienced pilot unsure of the procedures, the controller should reduce the number of items and if necessary these should be passed, and acknowledged, singly. 2.9 One of the most irritating and potentially dangerous situations in radiotelephony is a ‘stuck’ microphone button. Operators should always ensure that the button is released after a transmission and the microphone placed in an appropriate place that will ensure that it will not inadvertently be switched on. 2.10 After a call has been made, a period of at least 10 seconds should elapse before a second call is made. This should eliminate unnecessary transmissions while the receiving station is getting ready to reply to the initial call. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 5 Transmission of Letters 2.11 The words in the table below shall be used when individual letters are required to be transmitted. The syllables to be emphasised are in bold. Table 2 Letter Word Appropriate pronunciation A Alpha AL FAH B Bravo BRAH VOH C Charlie CHAR LEE or SHAR LEE D Delta DELL TAH E Echo ECK OH F Foxtrot FOKS TROT G Golf GOLF H Hotel HO TELL I India IN DEE AH J Juliett JEW LEE ETT K Kilo KEY LOH L Lima LEE MAH M Mike MIKE N November NO VEM BER O Oscar OSS CAH P Papa PAH PAH Q Quebec KEH BECK R Romeo ROW ME OH S Sierra SEE AIR RAH T Tango TANG GO U Uniform YOU NEE FORM or OO NEE FORM V Victor VIK TAH W Whiskey WISS KEY X X-ray ECKS RAY Y Yankee YANG KEE Z Zulu ZOO LOO CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 6 Transmission of Numbers 2.12 The syllables to be emphasised are in bold. Table 3 Numeral or numeral element Latin alphabet representation 0 ZERO 1 WUN 2 TOO 3 TREE 4 FOWER 5 FIFE 6 SIX 7 SEVEN 8 AIT 9 NINER Decimal DAYSEEMAL Hundred HUN DRED Thousand TOUSAND 2.13 All numbers, except those contained in sub-paragraph 2, shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit separately as follows: 1. When transmitting messages containing aircraft callsigns, altimeter settings, flight levels (with the exception of FL100, 200, 300 etc. which are expressed as ‘Flight Level (number) HUN DRED’), headings, wind speeds/directions, airspeed and frequencies, each digit shall be transmitted separately; examples of this convention are as follows: CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 7 Table 4 Number Transmitted as Pronounced as BAW246 Speedbird Two Four Six SPEEDBIRD TOO FOWER SIX FL100 Flight Level One Hundred FLIGHT LEVEL WUN HUN DRED FL180 Flight Level One Eight Zero FLIGHT LEVEL WUN AIT ZERO 150 Degrees One Five Zero Degrees WUN FIFE ZERO DEGREES 18 Knots One Eight Knots WUN AIT KNOTS 122.1 One Two Two Decimal One WUN TOO TOO DAYSEEMAL WUN (Squawk) 6500 Six Five Zero Zero SIX FIFE ZERO ZERO 2. All numbers used in the transmission of altitude, height, cloud height, pressure setting, transponder codes, visibility and runway visual range information which contain whole hundreds and whole thousands shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of hundreds or thousands followed by the word HUNDRED or TOUSAND as appropriate. Combinations of thousands and whole hundreds shall be transmitted by pronouncing each digit in the number of thousands followed by the word TOUSAND and the number of hundreds followed by the word HUNDRED; examples of this convention are as follows: Table 5 Number Transmitted as Pronounced as 10 One Zero WUN ZERO 100 One Hundred WUN HUN DRED 2 500 Two Thousand Five Hundred TOO TOUSAND FIFE HUNDRED QNH 1000 hpa One Thousand WUN TOUSAND (squawk) 1000 One Thousand WUN TOUSAND 11 000 One One Thousand WUN WUN TOUSAND 25 000 Two Five Thousand TOO FIFE TOUSAND CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 8 2.14 Numbers containing a decimal point shall be transmitted as prescribed in paragraph 2.12 with the decimal point in appropriate sequence being indicated by the word decimal. 2.15 All six figures shall be used when identifying frequencies irrespective of whether they are 25 kHz or 8.33 kHz spaced. Exceptionally, when the final two digits of the frequency are both zero, only the first four digits need be given. In technical terms an 8.33 kHz frequency is referred to as a “channel”, however the word “channel” is not used in RTF. Military phraseology for identifying UHF frequencies appears in Chapter 10. Table 6 Frequency Transmitted as Pronounced as 118.125 One One Eight Decimal One Two Five WUN WUN AIT DAY SEE MAL WUN TOO FIFE 119.050 One One Nine Decimal Zero Five Zero WUN WUN NINER DAY SEE MAL ZERO FIFE ZERO 122.500 One Two Two Decimal Five WUN TOO TOO DAY SEE MAL FIFE 118.000 One One Eight Decimal Zero WUN WUN AIT DAY SEE MAL ZERO 2.16 When it is necessary to verify the accurate reception of numbers the person transmitting the message shall request the person receiving the message to read back the numbers. Transmission of Time 2.17 When transmitting time, only the minutes of the hour are normally required. However, the hour should be included if there is any possibility of confusion. Time checks shall be given to the nearest minute and preceded by the word ‘TIME’. Co- ordinated Universal Time (UTC) is to be used at all times, unless specified. 2400 hours designates midnight, the end of the day, and 0000 hours the beginning of the day. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 9 Table 7 Number Transmitted as Pronounced as 0823 Two Three or Zero Eight Two Three TOO TREE (or ZERO AIT TOO TREE) 1300 One Three Zero Zero WUN TREE ZERO ZERO 2057 Five Seven or Two Zero Five Seven FIFE SEVEN (or TOO ZERO FIFE SEVEN) Standard Words and Phrases 2.18 The following words and phrases shall be used in radiotelephony communications as appropriate and shall have the meaning given below: Table 8 Word/Phrase Meaning ACKNOWLEDGE Let me know that you have received and understood this message. AFFIRM Yes. APPROVED** Permission for proposed action granted. BREAK Indicates the separation between messages. BREAK BREAK Indicates the separation between messages transmitted to different aircraft in a busy environment. NOTE: The phraseology “BREAK BREAK” may be confused with an instruction to an aircraft formation and should be used with caution. CANCEL Annul the previously transmitted clearance. CHANGING TO I intend to call. . . (unit) on. . . (frequency). CHECK Examine a system or procedure. (Not to be used in any other context. No answer is normally expected.) CLEARED ‡ Authorised to proceed under the conditions specified. CLIMB ‡ Climb and maintain. CONFIRM I request verification of: (clearance, instruction, action, information). CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 10 Word/Phrase Meaning CONTACT Establish communications with... (your details have been passed). CORRECT True or accurate. CORRECTION An error has been made in this transmission (or message indicated). The correct version is... DESCEND ‡ Descend and maintain. DISREGARD Ignore. FANSTOP I am initiating a practice engine failure after take off. (Used only by pilots of single engine aircraft.) The response should be, “REPORT CLIMBING AWAY”. FREECALL Call. . . (unit) (your details have not been passed – mainly used by military ATC). HOLD SHORT** Stop before reaching the specified location. NOTE: Only used in limited circumstances where no defined point exists (e.g. where there is no suitably located holding point), or to reinforce a clearance limit. HOW DO YOU READ What is the readability of my transmission? I SAY AGAIN I repeat for clarity or emphasis. MAINTAIN ‡ Continue in accordance with the condition(s) specified or in its literal sense, e.g. “Maintain VFR”. MONITOR Listen out on (frequency). NEGATIVE No; or Permission not granted; or That is not correct; or Not capable. NEGATIVE I SAY AGAIN May be used if repeated incorrect readbacks are given by the pilot and additional emphasis is required. OUT* This exchange of transmissions is ended and no response is expected. OVER* My transmission is ended and I expect a response from you. PASS YOUR MESSAGE Proceed with your message. READ BACK Repeat all, or the specified part, of this message back to me exactly as received. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 11 Word/Phrase Meaning RECLEARED To be used only in relation to routings and NOT for instructions to climb or descend. REPORT** Pass me the following information REQUEST I should like to know... or I wish to obtain... ROGER I have received all your last transmission. NOTE: Under no circumstances to be used in reply to a question requiring a direct answer in the affirmative (AFFIRM) or negative (NEGATIVE). SAY AGAIN Repeat all, or the following part of your last transmission. SPEAK SLOWER Reduce your rate of speech. STANDBY Wait and I will call you. NOTE: No onward clearance to be assumed. The caller would normally re-establish contact if the delay is lengthy. STANDBY is not an approval or denial. UNABLE I cannot comply with your request, instruction or clearance. Unable is normally followed by a reason. WILCO I understand your message and will comply with it (abbreviation for will comply). WORDS TWICE As a request: Communication is difficult. Please send every word twice. As Information: Since communication is difficult, every word in this message will be sent twice. * Not normally used in U/VHF Communications. ** Not used by Air/Ground Communication Service Operators (c/s “Radio”). ‡ Not used by Air/Ground Communication Service Operators (c/s “Radio”) or Flight Information Service Officers (c/s “Information”). Callsigns for Aeronautical Stations 2.19 Aeronautical stations are identified by the name of the location followed by a suffix except that the name of the rig/platform/vessel is normally used by offshore mineral extraction agencies. The suffix indicates the type of service being provided. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 12 Table 9 Service Suffix Area Control CONTROL Radar (in general) RADAR Approach Control APPROACH Aerodrome Control TOWER Approach Control Radar Arrival/Departure DIRECTOR/DEPARTURE (RADAR – when tasks combined)/ ARRIVAL – (when approved) Ground Movement Control GROUND Military Aerodrome Traffic Zone (MATZ) Crossing ZONE Precision Approach Radar TALKDOWN Flight Information INFORMATION Air/Ground Communication Service RADIO Clearance Delivery* DELIVERY * Clearance Delivery Officer (CDO) positions may be established at aerodromes to relay ATC departure clearances. Standard phraseology for CDO departure clearance is referenced in Chapter 11, under ATC Clearance heading. A CDO shall not relay start, pushback, taxi, or take off instructions. NOTE: Lower Airspace Radar Service (LARS) is available from participating ATSUs as described in UK AIP ENR 1.6. 2.20 There are three main categories of aeronautical telecommunications service: ƒ Air Traffic Control Service (ATC) which can only be provided by licensed Air Traffic Control Officers who are closely regulated by the relevant regulatory authority. ƒ Flight Information Service at aerodromes can be provided only by licensed Flight Information Service Officers (FISOs), who are also regulated by the CAA. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 13 ƒ Aerodrome Air/Ground Communication Service (AGCS) which can be provided by Radio Operators who are not licensed but have obtained a certificate of competency to operate radio equipment on aviation frequencies from the CAA. These operations come under the jurisdiction of the radio licence holder, but are not regulated in any other way. Other categories of aeronautical communications service include VOLMET, SIGMET, Automatic Terminal Information Service (ATIS) or Aeronautical Information Services (AIS). 2.21 It is an offence to use a callsign for a purpose other than that for which it has been notified. 2.22 The use of the calling aeronautical station’s callsign followed by the answering aeronautical station’s callsign shall be considered the invitation to proceed with transmission by the station calling. The use of the phrase ‘Pass your message’ may be used when considered appropriate. 2.23 When satisfactory communication has been established, and provided that it will not be confusing, the name of the location or the callsign suffix may be omitted. 2.24 Telephone procedures to be applied by civil controllers are published in CAP 493 (Manual of Air Traffic Services Part 1). Callsigns for Aircraft 2.25 When establishing communication, an aircraft shall use the full callsigns of both stations. Borton Tower, G-ABCD, request Basic Service G-ABCD, Borton Tower, pass your message 2.26 After satisfactory communication has been established and provided that no confusion is likely to occur, the ground station may abbreviate callsigns (see table below). A pilot may only abbreviate the callsign of his aircraft if it has first been abbreviated by the aeronautical station. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 14 Table 10 Full callsign Abbreviation GBFRM G-RM Speedbird GBGDC Speedbird DC N31029 N029 N753DA N3DA * Midland 640 No abbreviation **Piper GBSZT Piper ZT **Helicopter GABCD Helicopter CD ***PHABC P-BC * Represents a Type C callsign. ** The name of either the aircraft manufacturer, or name of aircraft model, or name of the aircraft category (e.g. helicopter or gyrocopter) may be used as a prefix to the callsign. ***ICAO Type ‘a’ callsign as described in ICAO 9432, Manual of Radiotelephony at paragraph 2.7.2.1. - ‘’Type a) the first and at least the last two characters of the aircraft registration;’’ 2.27 An aircraft should request the service required on initial contact when freecalling a ground station. Westbury Approach, G-ABCD, request Traffic Service Wrayton Control, G-ABCD, I wish to file an airborne flight plan 2.28 An aircraft shall not change its callsign type during a flight. However, where there is a likelihood that confusion may occur because of similar callsigns, an aircraft may be instructed by an air traffic service unit (ATSU) to change the type of its callsign temporarily. 2.29 The similarity of some aircraft callsigns on the same frequency can cause confusion which may lead to an incident. The following are particularly liable to be confused: 1. Callsigns which have in common three or more digits, especially when the flight numbers are the same, e.g. AIC 515 and SAS 515; CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 15 2. Aircraft with similar registrations, e.g. G-ASSB and G-ATSB or HB-SSB. Controllers are to warn the pilots concerned and, if necessary, instruct one or both aircraft to use alternative or full callsigns while they remain on the frequency. 2.30 Aircraft in the heavy wake turbulence category shall include the word ‘HEAVY’ immediately after the aircraft callsign in the initial call to each ATSU. The purpose of this call is to confirm the aircraft type and/or wake turbulence category is the same as that stated on the flight progress strip. For the A380 the word “SUPER” is to be included after the callsign on initial contact. Police Flights 2.31 A Police flight is defined as a flight by an aircraft operating under a Police Air Operator’s Certificate, the purpose of which is to facilitate police operations, where immediate and rapid transportation is essential, which includes the following: 1. Responding to a ‘Police Emergency’. The pilot of a police aircraft is likely to declare a ‘Police Emergency’ in situations where an immediate response is required when life is at immediate risk, or a serious crime or major incident is in progress. 2. Supporting ground personnel in often sensitive and serious operations. 3. Non-standard and other flights. The flight categories relevant to Police flying operations are: 1. Flight Category A: authorised for use by aircraft which have declared a ‘Police Emergency’. 2. Flight Category B: normal operational priority. The operation will not wish to draw attention to itself. 3. Flight Category Z: authorised for training, test and other flights involving Police aircraft. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 16 The callsign for a Police flight consists of three elements: ƒ The radiotelephony callsign ‘POLICE’. ƒ A two-digit individual aircraft identifier, which reflects the parent Police force’s Police Constabulary Number. Exceptionally, sequential three-digit identifiers will be allocated to units operating two or more aircraft. These will consist of a Police Constabulary Number based root followed by single digits to reflect the number of aircraft in a particular unit’s fleet. ƒ When on an operational flight, the two or three-digit identifier is to be suffixed with the Flight Category letter, either ‘A’ or ‘B’ as appropriate, to highlight to the ATS provider the priority status requested by the pilot, eg. ‘Police 01A’. Flight Category ‘Z’ is not utilised as a callsign suffix. Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Flights 2.32 Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) flights operate to incidents where an immediate response is required for the safety of life, e.g. road traffic accidents, and includes transporting patients to hospital. The flight categories relevant to HEMS operations are: 1. Flight Category A: applies to all HEMS flights on emergency operational tasks. 2. Flight Category E: is authorised for use by an aircraft positioning for the purpose of conducting HEMS duties, e.g. returning to its base after delivering a casualty to hospital. It is afforded priority over normal flights. 3. Flight Category Z: authorised for training, test and other flights involving HEMS aircraft. The callsign for a HEMS flight consists of three elements: ƒ The radiotelephony callsign ‘HELIMED’. ƒ A two-digit individual aircraft identifier allocated to each HEMS aircraft by CAA. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 17 ƒ When on a flight that is afforded priority, the two-digit identifier is to be suffixed with the Flight Category letter, either ‘A’ or ‘E’ as appropriate, to highlight to the ATS provider the priority status requested by the pilot, eg. ‘HELIMED 01A’. Flight Category ‘Z’ is not utilised as a callsign suffix. On routine operational tasks, training or other flights, no suffix letter will be appended, e.g. ‘HELIMED 01. Student flights 2.33 On initial contact, student pilots who are flying solo shall use the callsign prefix ‘STUDENT’.1 Once acknowledged, it will not normally be necessary for student pilots to use the prefix in subsequent transmissions until making initial contact with other ATSUs, unless they feel they are being instructed to do something with which they are unfamiliar. 2.34 Controllers will acknowledge the initial call, again using the prefix, and can be expected, in so far as is practicable, to make due allowance for the limited experience and ability of student pilots in determining the pace and complexity of instructions and/or information which are subsequently passed. Walden Tower, STUDENT G-ABCD, on the apron, request taxi for local VFR flight STUDENT G-ABCD, Walden Tower, taxi holding point Alpha, runway 24 Wrayton Information, STUDENT G- ABCD, request Basic Service STUDENT G-ABCD, Wrayton Information, pass your message 2.35 Flight Instructors must brief students, specifically, on the use of this callsign prefix as part of their pre-solo briefing. The use of this callsign prefix is not intended to remove the additional requirement for flight instructors to notify ATSUs separately of ‘first solo’ flights where this is normal practice. 1 Although intended primarily for use by ab initio students, the prefix shall also be used in other circumstances where, for example, the holder of a valid licence is returning to flying practice after a significant absence and is undergoing renewal training involving solo flight conducted as a student under the supervision of a flight instructor. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 18 High Speed Flights 2.36 When receiving an ATS surveillance service, certain ex-military aircraft types have been granted a CAA exemption from the Air Navigation Order requirement to fly at an IAS less than 250 kt below Flight Level 100. In order to alert the controller to this higher speed profile, pilots of exempted aircraft shall, on initial contact, prefix the aircraft callsign with ‘FASTJET’ or ‘FASTPROP’ (depending on propulsion type), e.g. “Kennington Radar, FASTJET G-ABCD request Deconfliction service”. Use of this prefix shall be confined to initial contact with ATC agencies for periods of flight during which operations at airspeeds in excess of 250 kt are intended. Once acknowledged, it will not normally be necessary for pilots to use the prefix in subsequent transmissions until making initial contact with other ATSUs. Unmanned Flights 2.37 All UAS callsigns shall include the word ‘UNMANNED’, on first contact with the ATS provider, to ensure that air traffic controllers are fully aware that they are dealing with a UAS flight (CAP 722). Prefixes 2.38 The use of a number of callsign prefix are detailed within CAP 413. In most cases it is indicated that prefixes such as this should be used on initial contact only; however, there may be circumstances where continued use of the prefix will help to enhance situational awareness, i.e. pilots of aircraft joining the aerodrome traffic circuit may not know that there are student pilots already operating within the traffic circuit. In such circumstances the continued use of the Student prefix could enhance the joining pilot’s situational awareness. In a similar manner, the use of other prefixes beyond the initial call may assist in developing and maintaining situational awareness. The following prefixes are known to be in common use: Student Helicopter Glider Microlight Balloon Fastjet Fastprop Flexwing Gyro CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 19 ATS Providers/Flying Training Organisations/Aircraft Operators may use additional or alternative callsign prefix and/or suffix to aid situational awareness and these would normally be detailed in local instructions as appropriate. Military Aircraft Callsigns Standard Callsigns 2.39 Most UK military flying units are assigned an ICAO registered callsign root, comprising a Three-Letter Designator (TLD) and associated RT designator, with a numerical suffix as the pilot or task number; eg CWL84 (Cranwell 84). Some TLDs and corresponding RT designators are assigned to force elements; eg RRR (ASCOT) for Air Transport and Air-to-Air Refuelling fleet. TLDs for units without an assigned RT designator are referred to phonetically; eg VYT - Victor Yankee Tango). Number suffixes may be assigned to a specific pilot; three figure pilot numbers are generally only used by Operational Conversation Unit pilots and unqualified student pilots. A task number may be used instead of a pilot number. Number suffixes added to the TLD will not exceed 7 characters to meet Flight Data Processing system requirements. All TLD and their associated RT designators are published in ICAO Document 8585; military policy for air/ground callsigns is contained within JSP 506. Mission Callsigns 2.40 On some occasions, mission callsigns will be used. These will consist of a 3 character prefix of numbers and letters (trigraph) as the callsign root, with a numerical suffix as a mission identifier. Formation Word Callsigns 2.41 Formation word callsigns facilitate control of multiple aircraft within one speaking unit, although they are not recognised by ICAO. These may be a single word, or a word and numerical suffix followed by ‘flight’, dependent on the communication standard used by that flying unit. Individual elements of a formation are identified by adding a numerical suffix to the formation word callsign. Examples of formation word callsigns: CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 20 BLACKCAT - Formation BLACKCAT 1 - Single aircraft WARLORD 11 Flight - RAF Typhoon and USAF formation WARLORD 11 - RAF Typhoon and USAF single aircraft Collective Callsigns 2.42 Collective callsigns permit the control of multiple elements carrying out different functions, or flying as several formations, as a temporary measure. Each aircraft will be allocated its own callsign, but the collective callsign will use the term COMBINE as a suffix eg LOS34, LOS65 and LOS45 becomes LOS34 COMBINE. Transit Flights 2.43 Military aircraft will use either their ICAO approved unit TLD, or the single service designators: ƒ Royal Air Force. TLD RFR, RT designator RAFAIR. ƒ Royal Navy. TLD NVY, RT designator NAVY. ƒ Army Air Corps. TLD AAC, RT designator ARMY AIR. Callsign Abbreviation 2.44 Once positive contact has been established, and provided no possibility of confusion exists, callsigns may be abbreviated as follows: ƒ Standard Callsigns. Where no RT designator exists, the first letter of the TLD followed by the numerical suffix. ƒ Mission Callsigns. As only the third element of the trigraph is always a letter, the abbreviated callsign will be the third element followed by the numerical suffix. Mission callsigns without a numerical suffix cannot be abbreviated. ƒ Transit flights, a military identifier followed by whatever the air traffic controller specifies once the full callsign has been used to identify the aircraft. However, in all cases the responsibility to shorten lies with ATC as they may be dealing with multiple aircraft with similar callsigns. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 21 Flight Plan Entries 2.45 TLD RT designators and formation word callsigns are not abbreviated on RT, however most Flight Data Processing systems are unable to accept callsigns with greater than 7 characters. Consequently, aircraft identification on flight plans must be abbreviated when necessary; eg BLKCAT4 (BLACKCAT 4). Only the approved abbreviations assigned to the military callsigns should be used, as found in JSP 506. Mode S Aircraft Identification Setting 2.46 Mode S Aircraft Identification Settings for military aircraft should directly correlate with the flight plan entry. When no flight plan is filed, the JSP 506 abbreviation should still be used. Search and Rescue Callsigns 2.47 Callsigns for Search and Rescue are to be as follows: Fixed wing aircraft on SAR are to use the special 4 letter W/T callsigns, suffixed by a 2 figure Mission Number. For voice, the word ‘rescue’ is used, suffixed by the Mission Number. Helicopters on SAR are to employ the words ‘rescue helicopter’ suffixed by a Mission Number. SAR squadron helicopters will use Pilot Number callsigns when not engaged in SAR tasks using the trigraph allocated to their base unit. SAR callsigns are also listed in the current edition of BAM/25/7 Continuation of Communications 2.48 The placement of the callsigns of both the aircraft and the ground station within an established RTF exchange should be as follows: 2.49 Ground to Air: Aircraft callsign – message or reply. Air to Ground: 1. Initiation of new information/request etc. – Aircraft callsign then message; 2. Reply – Repeat of pertinent information/readback/acknowledgement then aircraft callsign. G-ABCD, descend FL80 Descend FL80, G-ABCD CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 22 G-ABCD, maintaining FL80 G-CD G-ABCD, request descent G-CD, descend FL40 Descend FL40, G-CD 2.50 When it is considered that reception is likely to be difficult, important elements of the message should be spoken twice. 2.51 When a ground station wishes to broadcast information to all aircraft likely to receive it, the message should be prefaced by the call ‘All stations’. 2.52 No reply is expected to such general calls unless individual stations are subsequently called upon to acknowledge receipt. All stations Wrayton control, Colinton VOR on test 2.53 If there is doubt that a message has been correctly received, a repetition of the message shall be requested either in full or in part. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 23 Table 11 Phrase Meaning Say again Repeat entire message Say again... (item) Repeat specific item Say again all before... (the first word satisfactorily received) Say again all after... (the last word satisfactorily received) Say again... (word before missing portion) to... (word after missing portion) 2.54 When a station is called but is uncertain of the identification of the calling station, the calling station should be requested to repeat its callsign until identification is established. Stourton Ground, BIGJET 347 Station calling Stourton Ground say again your callsign Corrections and Repetitions 2.55 When an error is made in a transmission the word ‘CORRECTION’ shall be spoken, the last correct group or phrase repeated and then the correct version transmitted. BIGJET 347, Wicken 47 FL280 Marlow 07 correction Marlow 57 BIGJET 347, Roger 2.56 If a correction can best be made by repeating the entire message, the operator shall use the phrase ‘CORRECTION I SAY AGAIN’ before transmitting the message a second time. Acknowledgement of Receipt 2.57 Acknowledgements of information should be signified by the use of the receiving stations’ callsign or Roger callsign, and not by messages such as: ‘callsign-copy the weather’ or ‘callsign-copy the traffic’. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 24 Transfer of Communications 2.58 To transfer communications with an aircraft to another unit, controllers shall pass instructions giving: 1. the identity of the unit to be contacted; 2. the frequency to be used for contact. 2.59 Transfer of communication instructions should be passed in a single message. Items which require a read-back should normally be passed in a separate transmission before transfer. 2.60 If no further communication is received from the pilot after an acknowledgement, satisfactory transfer of communication may be assumed. 2.61 An aircraft will normally be advised by the appropriate aeronautical station to change from one radio frequency to another in accordance with agreed procedures. BIGJET 347, contact Wrayton Control 129.125 Wrayton Control 129.125, BIGJET 347 In the absence of such advice, the aircraft shall notify the aeronautical station before such a change takes place. Aircraft flying in controlled airspace must obtain permission from the controlling authority before changing frequency. 2.62 An aircraft may be instructed to ‘standby’ on a frequency when it is intended that the ATSU will initiate communications, and to monitor a frequency on which information is being broadcast. BIGJET 347, standby for Kennington Tower 118.950 Standby for Kennington Tower 118.950, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, monitor ATIS 128.275 Monitor ATIS 128.275, BIGJET 347 2.63 The controller may instruct the pilot to contact another agency on passing a specific point or when passing, leaving or reaching a specified level. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 25 G-CD, at Littletown contact Borton Approach 122.375 At Littletown contact Borton Approach 122.375, G-CD BIGJET 347, when passing FL120 contact Wrayton Control 119.725 When passing FL120 contact Wrayton Control 119.725, BIGJET 2.64 Where the aircraft is transferred to another agency whilst on a heading, the controller will instruct the pilot to report the heading to the next agency. BIGJET 347, report heading to Wrayton Control, 119.725 2.65 If the airspace does not dictate that an aircraft must remain in contact with a specific ATSU and the pilot wishes to freecall another agency he should request, or notify such an intention. Westbury, G-ABCD, request change to Wrayton Information 125.750 Wrayton Information, G-ABCD, changing to Wrayton Centre 121.5 for Practice Pan Clearance Issue and Read-back Requirements 2.66 Provisions governing clearances are contained in SERA 8015 (d). A clearance may vary in content from a detailed description of the route and levels to be flown to a brief standard instrument departure (SID) according to local procedures. 2.67 Controllers will pass a clearance slowly and clearly since the pilot needs to write it down; wasteful repetition will thus be avoided. Whenever possible, a route clearance should be passed to an aircraft before start up and the aircraft’s full callsign will always be used. A route clearance and local departure instructions shall not be passed in the same transmission. When a route clearance is passed subsequent to local departure instructions, or to an aircraft that is already airborne, tactical CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 26 restrictions that remain in place shall be reiterated to ensure that the immediate profile to be flown by the pilot is unambiguous. Generally, controllers will avoid passing a clearance to a pilot engaged in complicated taxiing manoeuvres and on no occasion when the pilot is engaged in line up or take-off manoeuvres. 2.68 An ATC route clearance is NOT an instruction to take-off or enter an active runway. The words ‘TAKE-OFF’ are used only when an aircraft is cleared for take-off. At all other times the word ‘DEPARTURE’ is used. 2.69 The stringency of the read back requirement is directly related to the possible seriousness of a misunderstanding in the transmission and receipt of ATC clearance and instructions. ATC route clearances shall always be read back unless otherwise authorised by the appropriate ATS authority in which case they shall be acknowledged in a positive manner. Read backs shall always include the aircraft callsign. BIGJET 347, cleared to Kennington via A1, at FL60, squawk 5501 Cleared to Kennington via A1, at FL60, squawk 5501, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, correct BIGJET 347, cleared to Kennington via A1, Wicken 3 Delta departure, squawk 5501 Cleared to Kennington via A1, Wicken 3 Delta departure, squawk 5501, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, correct G-ABCD, after departure cleared to zone boundary via route Echo. Climb to altitude 2000 feet QNH 1008, squawk 6522 After departure cleared to zone boundary via route Echo. Climb to altitude 2000 feet QNH 1008, squawk 6522, G-ABCD CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 27 G-CD, correct 2.70 The ATS messages listed below are to be read back in full by the pilot/ driver. If a readback is not received the pilot/driver will be asked to do so. Similarly, the pilot/ driver is expected to request that instructions are repeated or clarified if any are not fully understood. Taxi/Towing Instructions Level Instructions Heading Instructions Speed Instructions Airways or Route Clearances Approach Clearances Runway-in-Use Clearance to Enter, Land On, Take-Off On, Backtrack, Cross, or Hold Short of any Active Runway SSR Operating Instructions Altimeter Settings, including units when value is below 1000 hectopascals VDF Information Frequency Changes Type of ATS Service Transition Levels G-ABCD, cleared to cross A1 at Wicken, maintain FL70 whilst in controlled airspace. Report entering the airway Cleared to cross A1 at Wicken, maintain FL70 in controlled airspace, Wilco, G-ABCD G-CD, hold position Holding, G-CD G-CD, contact Ground 118.050 Ground on 118.050, G-CD CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 28 BIGJET 347, Squawk 6402 6402, BIGJET 347 2.71 Items which do not appear in the above list may be acknowledged with an abbreviated read back. 2.72 If an aircraft read back of a clearance or instruction is incorrect, the controller shall transmit the word ‘NEGATIVE’ followed by the correct version. G-CD, QNH 1003 QNH 1013, G-CD G-CD, Negative, QNH 1003 QNH 1003, G-CD 2.73 If at any time a pilot receives a clearance or instruction with which he cannot comply, he should advise the controller using the phrase ‘UNABLE’ (COMPLY) and give the reason(s). BIGJET 347, Wrayton climb FL280, cross Wicken FL150 or above Wrayton, BIGJET 347, unable cross Wicken FL150 due weight 2.74 When an amendment is made to a clearance the new clearance shall be read in full to the pilot and shall automatically cancel any previous clearance. Controllers must be aware, therefore, that if the original clearance included a restriction, e.g. “cross KTN FL150 or below” then the issue of a revised clearance automatically cancels the earlier restriction, unless it is reiterated with the revised clearance. 2.75 When any doubt exists as to whether a message containing critical information has been passed by the controller or received and understood by the pilot, the message must be repeated. Critical information is information, other than that required to enable routine CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 29 flight, which must be received by pilots to ensure the safety and effective operation of their aircraft. 2.76 The following can be considered as examples of critical information: ƒ Low Visibility Procedures. ƒ Windshear Warnings. ƒ Essential Aerodrome Information. ƒ Equipment serviceability (i.e. ILS/navigational aids). ƒ Weather hazards (thunderstorms, hail, icing, etc.). Withholding Clearances 2.77 It may be considered expedient by Government to withhold an ATC clearance to aircraft, particularly if the aircraft has not entered UK national airspace. When authorised, the following phraseology is to be used. BIGJET 347, I am instructed by Her Majesty’s Government to refuse entry into United Kingdom airspace. What are your intentions? BIGJET 347, I am instructed by Her Majesty’s Government to inform you that landing clearance has been refused for any airfield within the United Kingdom. What are your intentions? BIGJET 347, I am instructed by Her Majesty’s Government that you are to hold at KTN at FL270. Acknowledge 2.78 The Aerodrome Authority and certain other persons are empowered to prohibit flight and they may instruct a controller to withhold a clearance. If a controller has not been instructed to withhold clearance but has reason to believe that a planned flight is liable to endanger life or involve a breach of legislation, the controller is to warn the pilot CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 30 of the hazardous condition or apparent infringement and obtain an acknowledgement of the message. The hazardous condition may be reported by an outside agency or observed by the controller. Because of possible legal action when pilots disregard the warnings described above, it is essential that clear and precise messages are passed to the pilots concerned and acknowledgements obtained. Further transmissions may be necessary to ascertain the intentions of the pilot. BIGJET 347, I am informed that there may be damage to the port wing tip of your aircraft. It appears that your planned flight is liable to endanger life. Acknowledge G-ABCD, you are advised surface wind 280 degrees 37 knots gusting 50. It appears that your planned flight is liable to endanger life. Acknowledge 2.79 In the case of an anticipated infringement of legislation the controller is to warn the pilot that if he does take-off the facts will be reported to the appropriate authority. G-ABCD, your planned flight appears to contravene legislation because the required minima for VFR flight are not present. If you take off I shall be required to report the facts. Acknowledge Simultaneous Transmissions 2.80 Direct communications between pilots and ATSUs can be adversely affected by simultaneous transmissions which, effectively, block all or part of intended messages. Moreover, whilst the situation may be apparent to the controller or another pilot, the individuals who inadvertently make such transmissions may be unaware. On hearing a simultaneous transmission it can be helpful for the controller (or another pilot if it is the controller’s transmission which has been blocked) to draw attention to the situation using the word ‘blocked’. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 31 2.81 Controller Example (where pilots have transmitted simultaneously): Transmission Blocked – (callsign if known) say again 2.82 Pilot Example (where another pilot has blocked a controller’s transmission): Transmission Blocked – Wrayton say again, BIGJET 345 Complying with Clearances and Instructions 2.83 Pilots are expected to comply with clearances and instructions promptly, commensurate with normal aircraft operations. If, for any reason, a pilot does not wish to comply with an instruction promptly, the pilot should advise the ATS unit and give an indication of when he intends to comply. 2.84 If an ATS unit wishes to indicate that time of compliance is at the pilot’s discretion, the ATS message will include the phrase ‘when ready’. 2.85 If an ATS unit wishes to indicate that the clearance or instruction is required to be complied with at a particular point in the flight, the message will include the phrase ‘after passing’. 2.86 If an ATS unit wishes to indicate that the instruction or clearance must be complied with at once, the controller’s message will include the word ‘now’ or ‘immediately’. Use of the word ‘now’ indicates that the instruction should be complied with in accordance with normal aircraft operating procedures, but without delay. Use of the word ‘immediately’ indicates a further degree of urgency exists (e.g. to avoid flight into terrain or restricted airspace, or for the provision of collision avoidance). In such circumstances, the pilot should take action to comply with the instruction as soon as practicable, subject to the safety of the aircraft. 2.87 In order to ensure any restriction is not blocked by a pilot acknowledgement, the phrase or word, indicating when a clearance or instruction should be complied with, will normally be placed before the executive instruction, but in certain cases the phrase or word may be placed between the instruction and the value of the instruction. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 32 2.88 The phrases and words described in this section are most commonly used in association with level instructions, but may be used in other circumstances if appropriate. Examples are shown below: BIGJET 347, after passing North Cross, descend FL80 After passing North Cross, descend FL80, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, when ready descend FL170, Report leaving FL210 When ready descend FL170. Report leaving FL210, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, reduce speed now 210 kt Reducing speed now 210 kt, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, climb immediately FL35 Climbing immediately FL35, BIGJET 347 Communication Failure Air – Ground 2.89 Check the following points: 1. The correct frequency has been selected for the route being flown. 2. The Aeronautical Station being called is open for watch. 3. The aircraft is not out of radio range. 4. Receiver volume correctly set. 5. If the previous points are in order it may be that the aircraft equipment is not functioning correctly. Complete the checks of headset and radio installation appropriate to the aircraft. 6. When an aircraft station is unable to establish contact with the aeronautical station on the designated frequency it shall attempt to establish contact on another frequency appropriate to the route being flown. If this attempt fails, the aircraft station shall attempt to establish communication with other aircraft or other aeronautical stations on frequencies appropriate to the route. CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 33 7. The pilot may still be unable to establish communication on any designated aeronautical station frequency, or with any other aircraft. The pilot is then to transmit his message twice on the designated frequency, including the addressee for whom the message is intended, preceded by the phrase ‘TRANSMITTING BLIND’ in case the transmitter is still functioning. 8. Where a transmitter failure is suspected, check or change the microphone. Listen out on the designated frequency for instructions. It should be possible to answer questions by use of the carrier wave if the microphone is not functioning (see Chapter 8 - Speechless Code). 9. In the case of a receiver failure transmit reports twice at the scheduled times or positions on the designated frequency preceded by the phrase ‘TRANSMITTING BLIND DUE TO RECEIVER FAILURE’. 10. An aircraft which is being provided with air traffic control service, advisory service or aerodrome flight information service is to transmit information regarding the intention of the pilot in command with respect to the continuation of the flight. Specific procedures for the action to be taken by pilots of IFR and Special VFR flights are contained in the appropriate AIP ENR and/or AD sections. Ground – Air 2.90 After completing checks of ground equipment (most airports have standby and emergency communications equipment) the ground station will request other aeronautical stations and aircraft to attempt to communicate with the aircraft which has failed to maintain contact. 2.91 If still unable to establish communication the aeronautical station will transmit messages addressed to the aircraft by blind transmission on the frequency on which the aircraft is believed to be listening. 2.92 These will consist of: 1. The level, route and EAT (or ETA) to which it is assumed the aircraft is adhering. 2. The weather conditions at the destination aerodrome and suitable alternate and, if practicable, the weather conditions in an area or areas suitable for descent through cloud procedure to be effected. (See AIP ENR Section.) CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 34 Test Transmissions 2.93 All radio transmissions for test purposes shall be of the minimum duration necessary for the test and shall not continue for more than 10 seconds. The recurrence of such transmissions shall be kept to the minimum necessary for the test. 2.94 The nature of the test shall be such that it is identifiable as a test transmission and cannot be confused with other communications. To achieve this the following format shall be used: ƒ the callsign of the aeronautical station being called; ƒ ‘the aircraft identification’; ƒ the words ‘RADIO CHECK’; ƒ ‘the frequency’ being used; 2.95 The operator of the aeronautical radio station being called will assess the transmission and will advise the aircraft making the test transmission in terms of the readability scale (Table 12), together with a comment on the nature of any abnormality noted (i.e. excessive noise) using the following format: ƒ ‘the aircraft identification’; ƒ ‘the callsign’ of the aeronautical station replying; ƒ ‘READABILITY x’ (where ‘x’ is a number taken from Table 12); ƒ ‘additional information’ with respect to any noted abnormality; NOTE: For practical reasons it may be necessary for the operator of an aeronautical station to reply with ‘STATION CALLING (frequency or 8.33 channel) UNREADABLE’. Table 12 Readability Scale Meaning 1 Unreadable 2 Readable now and then 3 Readable but with difficulty 4 Readable 5 Perfectly readable CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 35 Borton Tower, G-ABCD, radio check 118.725 G-ABCD, Borton Tower, readability 5 or, G-CD, Borton Tower, readability 3 with a loud background whistle or, Station calling Borton Tower readability 1 Pilot Complaints Concerning Aeronautical Telecommunications 2.96 Pilots should report faults concerning services and facilities in the Aeronautical Mobile Broadcast and Navigation Services to the Briefing Officer, Senior Telecommunications Officer or Senior Controller at the destination or airport of first landing in order that remedial action can be taken. Reports of local unserviceabilities will be forwarded to the Telecommunications staff if received on RTF by the ATSU. Air Traffic Service Complaints Concerning Aircraft Communications 2.97 Aircraft radio faults including technical failure, incorrect operating procedures and misuse of specific radio channels may result in the aircraft operator receiving a communication from the CAA detailing the fault condition inviting the operator to explain and/or state what corrective action has been taken. Hours of Service and Communications Watch 2.98 The hours of service of the radio facilities available in the United Kingdom are published in the UK AIP (ENR and AD) which also details those periods set aside for maintenance. 2.99 Aircraft stations shall, if possible, communicate directly with the ATSU appropriate to the area in which the aircraft are flying. If unable to do so, aircraft stations shall use any relay means available and appropriate to transmit messages to the ATSU. 2.100 When normal communications from an aeronautical station to an aircraft station cannot be established, the aeronautical station shall use any CAP 413 Chapter 2: Radiotelephony 8 June 2020 Page 36 relay means available and appropriate to transmit messages to the aircraft station. 2.101 When an aircraft has established communication with an ATSU it is required to maintain a listening watch with that ATSU and advise the ATSU when the listening watch is about to cease. Aircraft should not cease to maintain a listening watch, except for reasons of safety, without informing the ATSU concerned. A time at which it is expected that the watch will be resumed must be stated. Record of Communications 2.102 All ATC units have automatic equipment to record air-ground communications and some other ATS units (e.g. AFIS) also have such equipment. Categories of Message 2.103 The categories of messages handled by the aeronautical mobile service are in the following order of priority: 1. Distress messages. 2. Urgency messages, including See Chapter 8 – Emergency messages preceded by the } Phraseology medical transports signal. 3. Communications relating to See Chapter 6 direction finding. 4. Flight safety messages. See Chapter 9 5. Meteorological messages. See Chapter 4 - Aerodrome Information 6. Flight Regularity messages. See Chapter 9 7. Messages relating to the application of the United Nations Charter. 8. Government messages for which priority has been expressly requested. 9. Service Communications relating to the working of the telecommunication service or to communications previously exchanged. 10. Other aeronautical communications. CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 1 3CHAPTER 3 General Phraseology General Introduction 3.1 The phraseology detailed in this manual has been established for the purpose of ensuring uniformity in RTF communications. Communications shall be concise and unambiguous, using standard phraseology for all situations for which it is specified. Obviously, it is not practicable to detail phraseology examples suitable for every situation. However, if standard phrases are adhered to when composing a message, any possible ambiguity will be reduced to a minimum. Only when standard phraseology cannot serve an intended transmission, shall plain language be used. 3.2 Some abbreviations, which by their common usage have become part of aviation terminology, may be spoken using their constituent letters rather than the spelling alphabet, for example, ILS, QNH, RVR, etc., (see Chapter 1, Abbreviations). 3.3 For all transmissions, with the exception of those used for surveillance radar approaches or precision radar approaches, the word ‘degrees’ shall be appended to heading figures where the heading ends in zero, or in cases where confusion or ambiguity may result. 3.4 For all transmissions, the word ‘hectopascal’ shall be appended to figures when transmitting a pressure setting below 1000 hPa, or in cases where confusion or ambiguity may result. 3.5 The following words may be omitted from transmissions provided that no confusion or ambiguity may result: 1. ‘Surface’ and ‘knots’ in relation to surface wind direction and speed. 2. ‘Degrees’ in relation to surface wind direction. 3. ‘Visibility’, ‘cloud’ and ‘height’ in meteorological reports. 4. ‘over’, ‘Roger’ and ‘out’. 3.6 The excessive use of courtesies should be avoided. CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 2 Level Reporting 3.7 Only basic level instructions are detailed in this Chapter. More comprehensive phrases are contained in subsequent Chapters in the context in which they are most commonly used. 3.8 The precise phraseology used in the transmission and acknowledgement of climb and descent clearances will vary, depending upon the circumstances, traffic density and nature of the flight operations. 3.9 However, care must be taken to ensure that misunderstandings are not generated as a consequence of the phraseology employed during these phases of flight. For example, levels may be reported as altitude, height or flight levels according to the phase of flight and the altimeter setting. Therefore, when passing level messages, the following conventions apply: 1. The word ‘to’ is to be omitted from messages relating to FLIGHT LEVELS. 2. All messages relating to an aircraft’s climb or descent to a HEIGHT or ALTITUDE employ the word ‘to’ followed immediately by the word HEIGHT or ALTITUDE. Furthermore, the initial message in any such RTF exchange will also include the appropriate QFE or QNH. 3. The phrase ‘re-cleared’ should not be employed. 4. When transmitting messages containing flight levels each digit shall be transmitted separately. However, in an endeavour to reduce ‘level busts’ caused by the confusion between some levels (100/110, 200/220 etc.), levels which are whole hundreds e.g. FL100, 200, 300 shall be spoken as “Flight level (number) HUN DRED”. The word hundred must not be used for headings. CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 3 G-CD, report your level G-CD, maintaining FL65 G-CD, descend FL45 Descend FL45, G-CD G-CD, report your level G-CD, maintaining altitude 2500 feet Wessex 998 hectopascals G-CD, descend to altitude 2000 feet Borton QNH 1000 Descend to altitude 2000 feet Borton QNH 1000, G-CD G-CD, descend to altitude 1500 feet Descend to altitude 1500 feet, G-CD G-CD, descend to height 1000 feet QFE 997 hectopascals Descend to height 1000 feet QFE 997 hectopascals, G-CD CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 4 NOTES: 1 Use of the word ‘hectopascal’ for pressures lower than 1000 2 Transmission of Regional Pressure Setting (Wessex) limited to regional name and pressure. 3.10 In the following examples the operations of climbing and descending are interchangeable and examples of only one form are given. G-CD, report passing FL80 Wilco, G-CD G-CD, passing FL80 G-CD, maintain altitude 2500 feet Maintaining altitude 2500 feet, G-CD G-CD, climb FL70 Climb FL70, G-CD G-CD, reaching FL70 G-CD, request descent G-CD, descend FL60 Descend FL60, G-CD G-CD, not below FL60 Not below FL60, G-CD BIGJET 347, after passing North Cross descend FL80 After passing North Cross descend FL80, BIGJET 347 CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 5 BIGJET 347 stop descent at FL210 Stop descent at FL210 BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, descend FL150, level by South Cross Descend FL150 level by South Cross, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, climb FL290, level at time 55 Climb FL290, level at time 55, BIGJET 347 3.11 Where the controller requires the aircraft to achieve a specific rate of climb or descent, the controller shall use the phraseology shown below. BIGJET 347, climb at 1000 feet per minute or greater Climb at 1000 feet per minute or greater, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, descend at 500 feet per minute or less Descend at 500 feet per minute or less, BIGJET 347 3.12 Exceptionally, a best rate of climb or descent may be required. Pilots of aircraft operating within controlled airspace in the London and Scottish FIRs have been instructed not to operate with a climb or descent rate in excess of 8000 ft/min. Aircraft in an emergency and certain military activities are exempt from this restriction. BIGJET 347, expedite descent FL180 Expedite descent FL180, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, climb FL280 expedite until passing FL180 Climb FL280 expedite until passing FL180, BIGJET 347 or, BIGJET 347, unable expedite climb due weight CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 6 3.13 Where the controller requires the aircraft to increase the rate of descent/climb, but a best rate is not required, the controller shall use the phraseology shown below. BIGJET 347, increase rate of climb Increase rate of climb, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, decrease rate of climb Decrease rate of climb, BIGJET 347 3.14 Under exceptional circumstances, if instant descent/climb is required, the word ‘immediately’ shall be used. 3.15 Pilots are expected to comply with ATC instructions as soon as they are issued. However, when a climb/descent is left to the discretion of the pilot, the words ‘when ready’ shall be used. 3.16 Except as described in Chapter 3 - Initial Call - IFR Flights, a pilot receiving a Radar Control Service is not required to report leaving a level, passing a level, or reaching a level, unless specifically requested to do so. BIGJET 347, when ready climb FL280, report leaving FL200 When ready climb FL280, wilco, BIGJET 347 BIGJET 347, leaving FL200 climbing FL280 BIGJET 347, Roger 3.17 When pilots are instructed to report leaving a level, they should advise ATC that they have left an assigned level only when the aircraft’s altimeter indicates that the aircraft has actually departed from that level and is maintaining a positive rate of climb or descent, in accordance with published procedures. CAP 413 Chapter 3: General Phraseology 8 June 2020 Page 7 3.18 To avoid excessive delays to traffic when ATS surveillance systems are not available, controllers may authoris