Airman Certification Standards Companion Guide for Pilots

Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 14 Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant) ................................................................................................... 19 Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes .......................................................................... 20 Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes ................................................................................................20 Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes ........................................................................................21 Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS Archived Codes .........................................................................................................21 Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating ACS Archived Codes .........................................................................................21 Table of Contents ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 1 Why the FAA Created this Guide The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) publishes the Airman Certification Standards (ACS) to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, risk management, and flight proficiency standards for various certificates and ratings available to airmen. The ACSs are incorporated by reference into 14 CFR part 61; therefore, the material contained in the ACS is regulatory. This guide, FAA-G-ACS-2, provides additional information to the regulated community to facilitate airman testing. The ACS complies with the safety management system (SMS) framework that the FAA uses to mitigate risks associated with airman certification training and testing. Specifically, the ACS, incorporated by reference (IBR) into the Federal Aviation Regulations, conforms to four functional components of an SMS: • Safety Policy—Each ACS specifies the Tasks selected by the FAA from the regulatory Areas of Operation. Evaluators formulate a Plan of Action that determines if an applicant can operate safely within the NAS. The ACS represents the FAA’s commitment to continually improve safety by including risk management elements in addition to knowledge and skill elements; • Safety Risk Management that complies with the Administrative Procedures Act (APA) allows the FAA to work with internal and external stakeholders during document formulation. The public at large and stakeholders have an additional chance to provide input during public comment periods; • Safety Assurance processes ensure a methodical and reasoned incorporation of changes arising from safety recommendations or new developments in aviation; and • Safety Promotion in the form of engagement and discussion between both external stakeholders (e.g., the aviation training industry) and the FAA policy divisions going forward will determine the content of any ACS that publishes in a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking. The FAA develops the ACS documents along with associated guidance and updated reference material in collaboration with a diverse group of aviation training experts. The goal is to drive a systematic approach to all components of the airman certification system, including knowledge test question development and conduct of the practical test. The FAA acknowledges and appreciates the many hours that these aviation experts have contributed toward this goal. This level of collaboration, a hallmark of a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every level of the airman certification system. Note: This document does not apply to the Practical Test Standards. The Non-Regulatory Material in this Guide This guide provides test preparatory information for an applicant seeking a certificate or rating. This guide also provides a list of references and abbreviations/acronyms used in any ACS and a practical test checklist for use by an applicant. The material in this guide is non-regulatory and may contain terms such as should or may: • Should indicates actions that are recommended, but not regulatory. • May is used in a permissive sense to state authority or permission to do the act prescribed. This document is not legally binding and will not be relied upon by the FAA as a basis for affirmative enforcement action or other administrative penalty. Conformity with the guidance is voluntary only and nonconformity will not affect rights and obligations under existing statutes and regulations. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 2 Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration Eligibility For detailed airman knowledge test eligibility and applicable prerequisites, applicants should refer to the 14 CFR part 61 rules that apply to a specific certificate or rating. Steps for Knowledge Test Registration Step 1. Obtain an FAA Tracking Number The FAA Airman Knowledge Test registration system requires the applicant to have an FAA Tracking Number (FTN). Applicants may obtain an FTN through the Integrated Airman Certification and Rating Application (IACRA) website. This video describes creating an IACRA account and obtaining an FTN. The specific instructions begin at the 14-minute mark. Step 2. Create an Account with PSI After obtaining an FTN, applicants should create an account with the FAA’s contracted testing vendor, PSI, a professional testing company which operates hundreds of test centers. Visit PSI’s website for information on authorized airman knowledge test centers and how to register, schedule, and pay for an Airman Knowledge Test: Note: The IACRA and PSI systems share data that verifies the applicant’s FTN and name based on the information input into IACRA by the applicant. The PSI system does not allow applicants to make changes to their name. Applicants who need to make a correction to their name should process that correction in the IACRA system. The applicant’s name correction will appear in the PSI system once the applicant logs back into the PSI system and refreshes their account. Step 3. Select Test and Testing Center After obtaining an FTN and creating an account with PSI, applicants may schedule knowledge tests. The PSI system walks the applicant through the process to select a test center in their area and select one or more specific knowledge tests. Step 4. Select an Available Time Slot After selecting the test center and test, the applicant may select a date and time slot. Step 5. Pay for Test After selecting an available time slot, the PSI system prompts the applicant to pay for the test. After completing this step, the applicant receives an automated email confirmation from PSI. Applicants are required to meet any applicable Airman Knowledge Test eligibility requirements before arriving at a test center to take a specific knowledge test. Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations Applicants may request a special accommodation for their airman knowledge test through the PSI test registration and scheduling process. The process allows the applicant to select the specific accommodation(s) needed in accordance with the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The PSI special accommodations team will work with the applicant and the selected testing center to provide appropriate accommodation(s). The PSI special accommodations team may request medical documentation for verification. Acceptable Forms of Identification 14 CFR part 61, section 61.35, requires an applicant for a knowledge test to have proper identification at the time of application. Before beginning an Airman Knowledge Test, test center personnel will ask to see the applicant’s state or ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 3 Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration federal government-issued photo identification. The identification must contain the applicant’s photograph, signature, and date of birth. If the applicant’s permanent mailing address is a PO Box number, the applicant must provide a current residential address. Acceptable Forms of Applicant Address Verification The table below provides examples of acceptable identification. All Applicants U.S. Citizens & Resident Aliens Non-U.S. Citizens Identification information must be: 9 valid 9 current Identification must include all of the following information: 9 photo 9 date of birth 9 signature 9 physical, residential address 9 Identification card issued by any U.S. state, territory, or government entity (e.g., driver permit or license, government identification card, or military identification card) or 9 Passport or 9 Alien residency card 9 Passport and 9 Driver permit or license issued by a U.S. state or territory or 9 Identification card issued by any government entity Airman Knowledge Test Description The airman knowledge test consists of multiple-choice questions. A single correct response exists for each test question. A correct response to one question does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another. Taking the Knowledge Test Before starting the actual test, the test center provides an applicant with the opportunity to practice navigating the test software. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with the look and feel of the software (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software). PSI also provides sample tests for registered users on their website. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 4 Section 1: Knowledge Test Eligibility, Description, and Registration Acceptable and Unacceptable Materials The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials when taking the knowledge test provided the material does not include actual test questions or answers: Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes Supplement book provided by the proctor Written materials that are handwritten, printed, or electronic Testing centers may provide calculators and/or deny the use of personal calculators. All models of aviation-oriented calculators or small electronic calculators that perform only arithmetic functions Electronic calculators incorporating permanent or continuous type memory circuits without erasure capability Proctor may prohibit the use of an applicant’s calculator if the proctor is unable to determine the calculator’s erasure capability Calculators with simple programmable memories, which allow the addition to, subtraction from, or retrieval of one number from the memory, or simple functions, such as square root and percentages Magnetic Cards, magnetic tapes, modules, computer chips, or any other device upon which pre- written programs or information related to the test can be stored and retrieved Printouts of data should be surrendered at the completion of the test if the calculator incorporates this design feature Scales, straightedges, protractors, plotters, navigation computers, blank log sheets, holding pattern entry aids, and electronic or mechanical calculators that are directly related to the test Dictionaries Before, and upon completion of the test, while in the presence of the proctor, actuate the ON/ OFF switch or RESET button, and perform any other function that ensures erasure of any data stored in memory circuits Manufacturer’s permanently inscribed instructions on the front and back of such aids (e.g., formulas, conversions, regulations, signals, weather data, holding pattern diagrams, frequencies, weight and balance formulas, and air traffic control procedures) Any booklet or manual containing instructions related to the use of test aids Proctor makes the final determination regarding aids, reference materials, and test materials Test Taking Tips When taking a knowledge test, applicants should: • Read the test instructions carefully; • Mark difficult questions for later review in order to use the available time efficiently; • Examine graphs and notes that pertain to the question; • Request and mark a printed copy of any graph while computing answers, if needed; • Understand that since only one answer is complete and correct, the other possible answers are either incomplete or erroneous; • Answer each question in accordance with the current regulations and guidance publications; and • Answer all the questions before time allotted for the test expires. • Review 14 CFR part 61, section 61.37 regarding cheating or other unauthorized conduct. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 5 Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report Upon completion of the knowledge test, the test center issues a printed Airman Knowledge Test Report (AKTR) to the applicant, which documents the applicant’s test score and lists a code for any questions answered incorrectly. The applicant should retain the original AKTR. During the oral portion of a practical test, the evaluator reviews the AKTR, and assesses any noted areas of deficiency. Applicant Name Considerations for the Airman Knowledge Test Report and the Practical Test The FAA compares the applicant’s name on the AKTR with the name on the practical test application form when examining certificate and rating applications and before issuing a permanent certificate to the applicant. If an incorrect middle initial, spelling variant, or different middle name is on the AKTR or if there is a first name variation of any kind between the AKTR and the formal application for a certificate or rating, the evaluator for the practical test should attach an explanation and a copy of the applicant’s photo identification to the IACRA or paper application. An IACRA application cannot be processed if the applicant’s last name or suffix (e.g., Jr., Sr.) on the AKTR does not match the name recorded on the application form. In this case, the applicant should use a paper application, and the evaluator should include an explanation and copy of the applicant’s photo identification to avoid a correction notice. Retesting After Failure of AKTR An applicant retesting after the failure of any Airman Knowledge Test may retest with appropriate authorization. The applicant should bring the applicable AKTR indicating failure to the test center, along with an endorsement from an Authorized Instructor who gave the applicant the required additional training in accordance with 14 CFR part 61, section 61.49. The endorsement certifies that the applicant is competent to pass the knowledge test. Knowledge Test Codes During Transition from PTS To ACS When a PTS is the effective standard for a specific certificate or rating, the applicant receives an Airman Knowledge Test Report with pilot (PLT) codes that correspond to any knowledge test question(s) the applicant answered incorrectly. For example: PLT044. For knowledge tests taken after an ACS becomes the effective standard for a specific certificate or rating, the test center issues an AKTR with ACS codes that correspond to any knowledge test question(s) the applicant answered incorrectly. For example: CA.I.A.K1 During a period of transition after an ACS replaces a PTS, an applicant could possess a valid AKTR with PLT codes. When this occurs, instructors and evaluators can continue to use PLT codes in conjunction with the appropriate ACS for targeting training and retesting of missed knowledge subject areas by looking up the PLT code(s) in the Learning Statement Reference Guide. After noting the subject area(s) for the PLT codes, instructors and evaluators should check or test the applicant’s understanding of that material in the context of the appropriate ACS Area(s) of Operation and Task(s). Note: Test codes for the Fundamentals of Instructing knowledge test are the same for all instructor certificates and will issue with ACS codes after the first instructor ACS becomes effective. ACS Archived Test Codes As a result of updates made to an ACS, an AKTR may contain one or more archived ACS codes. These codes are indicated as archived within the ACS. For example: PA.VIII.E.K1a Archived. Use of archived codes in the ACS avoids code shifting that could create ambiguity when looking up ACS codes listed on an AKTR. An unexpired AKTR may span ACS revisions and ACS codes may archive after an applicant takes a knowledge test. Therefore, an applicant, instructor, or evaluator may need to interpret one or more archived ACS codes on an AKTR. Individuals can refer to the ACS revision in effect on the date of the knowledge test or to Section 8 of this guide for archived ACS codes and the associated element text. For example, the archived ACS code for Private Pilot Airplane element PA.VIII.E.K1a is noted in Section 8 of this guide as: Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes. Change 1 (September 19, 2024) ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 6 Section 2: Airman Knowledge Test Report Obtaining a Duplicate AKTR If the applicant’s knowledge test was taken on or after January 13, 2020, the applicant can print a duplicate or expired test report (AKTR) by visiting the PSI website. If the knowledge test was taken on or before January 10, 2020, the applicant should follow 14 CFR, section 61.29 for replacement of a lost or destroyed AKTR. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 7 Section 3: ACS Risk Management Section 3: ACS Risk Management Risk management involves perception of hazards, the ability to process the probability and severity of outcomes associated with any hazard, and performance of appropriate risk mitigation as needed to preserve the desired margin of safety. Previous editions of the ACS often used elements for evaluation of risk management as encompassing a failure to do something. Many of these “failure to act” elements mimicked skill elements and limited an evaluator’s opportunity to thoroughly examine an applicant’s understanding of risk management. For example, see elements R1 and S2 from the Private Pilot — Airplane Airman Certification Standards (FAA-S-ACS-6B with Change 1) in the excerpt below: Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions References FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test and analyzing the situation and take appropriate action for simulated emergencies. Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of: PA.IX.C.K1 Partial or complete power loss related to the specific powerplant, including: PA.IX.C.K1a a. Engine roughness or overheat PA.IX.C.K1b b. Carburetor or induction icing PA.IX.C.K1c c. Loss of oil pressure PA.IX.C.K1d d. Fuel starvation PA.IX.C.K2 System and equipment malfunctions specific to the airplane, including: PA.IX.C.K2a a. Electrical malfunction PA.IX.C.K2b b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions PA.IX.C.K2c c. Pitot/static system malfunction PA.IX.C.K2d d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction PA.IX.C.K2e e. Landing gear or flap malfunction PA.IX.C.K2f f. Inoperative trim PA.IX.C.K3 Smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. PA.IX.C.K4 Any other system specific to the airplane (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing). PA.IX.C.K5 Inadvertent door or window opening. Risk Management The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, encom- passing: PA.IX.C.R1 Failure to use the proper checklist for a system or equipment malfunction. PA.IX.C.R2 Distractions, loss of situational awareness, or improper task management. Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to: PA.IX.C.S1 Describe appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5 above. PA.IX.C.S2 Complete the appropriate checklist. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 8 Section 3: ACS Risk Management The FAA reworded risk elements that describe a Failure to… (or similar phrases) with language permitting an open-ended examination of risk management by the evaluator. See element R2 in the excerpt below (image for illustration purposes only): Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions eferences: R FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM bjective: O To determine the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the practical test. Knowledge: The applicant demonstrates understanding of: PA.IX.C.K1 Causes of partial or complete power loss related to the specific type of powerplant(s). PA.IX.C.K1a a. [Archived] PA.IX.C.K1b b. [Archived] PA.IX.C.K1c c. [Archived] PA.IX.C.K1d d. [Archived] PA.IX.C.K2 System and equipment malfunctions specific to the aircraft, including: PA.IX.C.K2a a. Electrical malfunction PA.IX.C.K2b b. Vacuum/pressure and associated flight instrument malfunctions PA.IX.C.K2c c. Pitot-static system malfunction PA.IX.C.K2d d. Electronic flight deck display malfunction PA.IX.C.K2e e. Landing gear or flap malfunction PA.IX.C.K2f f. Inoperative trim PA.IX.C.K3 Causes and remedies for smoke or fire onboard the aircraft. PA.IX.C.K4 Any other system specific to the aircraft (e.g., supplemental oxygen, deicing). PA.IX.C.K5 Inadvertent door or window opening. Risk Management: The applicant is able to identify, assess, and mitigate risk associated with: PA.IX.C.R1 Checklist usage for a system or equipment malfunction. PA.IX.C.R2 Distractions, task prioritization, loss of situational awareness, or disorientation. PA.IX.C.R3 Undesired aircraft state. PA.IX.C.R4 Startle response. Skills: The applicant exhibits the skill to: PA.IX.C.S1 Determine appropriate action for simulated emergencies specified by the evaluator, from at least three of the elements or sub-elements listed in K1 through K5. PA.IX.C.S2 Complete the appropriate checklist(s). ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 9 Section 4: Flight Instructor Applicant Considerations Section 4: Flight Instructor Applicant Considerations Flight Instructor ACS Information Flight Instructor ACS documents include sections that define the acceptable standards for knowledge, risk management, and skills unique to an instructor certificate or rating. Knowledge elements often begin with “The applicant demonstrates instructional knowledge by describing and explaining…” Instructional knowledge means the instructor applicant can effectively present the what, how, and why involved with the task elements using techniques described in the fundamentals of instructing (FOI) area of operation in an instructor ACS. The Fundamentals of Instructing (FOI), Area of Operation I, Task F: Elements of Effective Teaching that include Risk Management and Accident Prevention focuses on teaching risk management and on those risks encountered by a flight instructor while providing in-flight instruction. Instructor applicants deal with additional risk management on several levels. These include teaching risk management in the classroom and mitigation of risk during flight instruction. Note that the FOI sections in each instructor ACS are identical and use the same element codes. This makes it possible to use the same FOI elements for every instructor ACS. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 10 Section 5: References Section 5: References The ACS are based on the following 14 CFR parts, FAA guidance documents, manufacturer’s publications, and other documents. Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed below. The current edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov. Reference Title 14 CFR part 1 Definitions and Abbreviations 14 CFR part 23 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Airplanes 14 CFR part 25 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Airplanes 14 CFR part 27 Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR part 29 Airworthiness Standards: Transport Category Rotorcraft 14 CFR part 39 Airworthiness Directives 14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration 14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors 14 CFR part 63 Certification: Flight Crewmembers other than Pilots 14 CFR part 65 Certification: Airmen Other Than Flightcrew Members 14 CFR part 67 Medical Standards and Certification 14 CFR part 68 Requirements for Operating Certain Small Aircraft Without a Medical Certificate 14 CFR part 71 Designation of Class A, B, C, D, and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service Routes; and Reporting Points 14 CFR part 73 Special Use Airspace 14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules 14 CFR part 93 Special Air Traffic Rules 14 CFR part 97 Standard Instrument Procedures 14 CFR part 117 Flight and Duty Limitations and Rest Requirements: Flightcrew Members 14 CFR part 119 Certification: Air Carriers and Commercial Operators 14 CFR part 121 Operating Requirements: Domestic, Flag, and Supplemental Operations 14 CFR part 135 Operating Requirements: Commuter and on Demand Operations and Rules Governing Persons on Board Such Aircraft 49 CFR part 830 Notification and Reporting of Aircraft Accidents or Incidents and Overdue Aircraft, and Preservation of Aircraft Wreckage, Mail, Cargo, and Records AC 00-46 Aviation Safety Reporting Program AC 20-117 Hazards Following Ground Deicing and Ground Operations in Conditions Conducive to Aircraft Icing AC 29-2 Certification of Transport Category Rotorcraft AC 60-22 Aeronautical Decision Making Change 1 (September 19, 2024) ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 11 Section 5: References Reference Title AC 60-28 FAA English Language Standard for an FAA Certificate Issued Under 14 CFR Parts 61, 63, 65, and 107 AC 61-65 Certification: Pilots and Flight and Ground Instructors AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training AC 61-107 Aircraft Operations at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet Mean Sea Level or Mach Numbers Greater Than .75 AC 61-138 Airline Transport Pilot Certification Training Program AC 61-140 Autorotation Training AC 68-1 BasicMed AC 90-48 Pilots' Role in Collision Avoidance AC 90-95 Unanticipated Right Yaw in Helicopters AC 90-100 U.S Terminal and En Route Area Navigation (RNAV) Operations AC 90-105 Approval Guidance for RNP Operations and Barometric Vertical Navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System and in Oceanic and Remote Continental Airspace AC 90-107 Guidance for Localizer Performance with Vertical Guidance and Localizer Performance without Vertical Guidance Approach Operations in the U.S. National Airspace System AC 90-117 Data Link Communications AC 91.21-1 Use of Portable Electronic Devices Aboard Aircraft AC 91-32 Safety in and Around Helicopters AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following Aircraft Engine Starting AC 91-73 Parts 91 and 135 Single Pilot, Flight School Procedures During Taxi Operations AC 91-74 Pilot Guide: Flight in Icing Conditions AC 91-78 Use of Class 1 or Class 2 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) AC 91-79 Mitigating the Risks of a Runway Overrun Upon Landing AC 91-92 Pilot’s Guide to a Preflight Briefing AC 120-27 Aircraft Weight and Balance Control AC 120-51 Crew Resource Management Training AC 120-57 Surface Movement Guidance and Control System AC 120-58 Pilot Guide Large Aircraft Ground Deicing AC 120-60 Ground Deicing and Anti-icing Program AC 120-66 Aviation Safety Action Program (ASAP) AC 120-71 Standard Operating Procedures and Pilot Monitoring Duties for Flight Deck Crewmembers AC 120-74 Parts 91, 121, 125, and 135 Flightcrew Procedures During Taxi Operations AC 120-76 Authorization for Use of Electronic Flight Bags AC 120-82 Flight Operational Quality Assurance (FOQA) ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 12 Section 5: References Reference Title AC 120-90 Line Operations Safety Audit (LOSA) AC 120-100 Basics of Aviation Fatigue AC 120-101 Part 121 Air Carrier Operational Control AC 120-108 Continuous Descent Final Approach AC 120-109 Stall Prevention and Recovery Training AC 120-111 Upset Prevention and Recovery Training AC 135-17 Pilot Guide - Small Aircraft Ground Deicing AFM Airplane Flight Manual AIM Aeronautical Information Manual Applicable Manufacturer's Equipment Supplement(s) Manufacturer's Equipment Supplement(s) Appropriate Manufacturer's Safety Notices Safety Notices Chart Supplements Chart Supplements Digital-Visual Charts (d-VC) Digital-Visual Charts (d-VC) FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook FAA-H-8083-2 Risk Management Handbook FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-9 Aviation Instructor's Handbook FAA-H-8083-15 Instrument Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-16 Instrument Procedures Handbook FAA-H-8083-21 Helicopter Flying Handbook FAA-H-8083-23 Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge FAA-H-8083-28 Aviation Weather Handbook FAA Order 8130.2 Airworthiness Certification of Aircraft FAA-P-8740-66 Flying Light Twins Safely FSB Report (type specific) Flight Standardization Board Report (if available) Helicopter Route Charts Helicopter Route Charts IFR Enroute Charts IFR Enroute Low Altitude and IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts NOTAMs Notices to Air Missions PDC Profile Descent Charts POH/AFM Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual POH/Flight Manual Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Flight Manual POH/RFM Pilot's Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Rotorcraft Flight Manual QRH Quick Reference Handbook SAFO 16016 Helicopter Stabilized Hover Checks Before Departure ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 13 Section 5: References Reference Title SAFO 17010 Incorrect Airport Surface Approaches and Landings STARs Standard Terminal Arrival Routes TPP Terminal Procedures Publications USCG Navigation Rules USCG Navigation Rules, International-Inland VFR Navigation Charts Sectional/Terminal Aeronautical Charts Change 1 (September 19, 2024) ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 14 Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms Note: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed below. The current edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov. Acronym Description 14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations AATD Advanced Aviation Training Device AC Advisory Circular ACS Airman Certification Standards ADM Aeronautical Decision-Making ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast ADS-C Automatic Dependent Surveillance - Contract AFCS Automatic Flight Control System AFM Airplane Flight Manual AGL Above Ground Level AIM Aeronautical Information Manual AIRMET Airman's Meteorological Information AKTR Airman Knowledge Test Report AMEL Airplane Multiengine Land AMES Airplane Multiengine Sea APU Auxiliary Power Unit ASEL Airplane Single-Engine Land ASES Airplane Single-Engine Sea ASI Aviation Safety Inspector ATC Air Traffic Control ATD Aviation Training Device ATP Airline Transport Pilot BATD Basic Aviation Training Device CDI Course Deviation Indicator CDL Configuration Deviation List CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain CFR Code of Federal Regulations CG Center of Gravity CPDLC Controller–pilot data link communication CRM Crew Resource Management DA Decision Altitude DDA Derived Decision Altitude ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 15 Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym Description DH Decision Height DME Distance Measuring Equipment DP Departure Procedures EFB Electronic Flight Bag EFC Expect Further Clearance EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter ETA Estimated Time of Arrival ETL Effective Translational Lift FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAF Final Approach Fix FB Wind and Temperature Aloft Forecast FFS Full Flight Simulator FMS Flight Management System FRAT Flight Risk Assessment Tool FSB Flight Standardization Board FSO Flight Standards Office FSTD Flight Simulation Training Device FTD Flight Training Device G Unit of Force Equal to Earth's Gravity GBAS Ground Based Augmentation System GFA Graphical Forecast for Aviation GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System GPS Global Positioning System H/V Height/Velocity HF High Frequency HIGE Hover in Ground Effect HUD Head Up Display IFR Instrument Flight Rules ILS Instrument Landing System IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions INFO Information for Operators INS Inertial Navigation System IOS Instructor Operating Station KOEL Kinds of Operations Equipment List L/DMAX Lift/Drag Maximum ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 16 Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym Description LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations LNAV Lateral Navigation LOA Letter of Authorization LOC-I Loss of Control in Flight LP Localizer Performance LTE Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness LTM Long Term Memory MAP Missed Approach Point MDA Minimum Descent Altitude MEL Minimum Equipment List METAR Aviation Routine Weather Reports (Meteorological Aerodrome Report) MFD Multi-Function Display MMO Maximum Operating Limit Speed as a Mach Number NAS National Airspace System NOTAM Notice to Air Missions Nr Main Rotor Speed NSP National Simulator Program NTSB National Transportation Safety Board ODP Obstacle Departure Procedure OEI One Engine Inoperative PAVE Risk Management Checklist for Pilot/Aircraft/enVironment/External Factors PFD Primary Flight Display PIC Pilot-in-Command PinS Copter Point in Space PIREP Pilot Report POA Plan of Action POH Pilot's Operating Handbook PTS Practical Test Standards QPS Qualification Performance Standard QRH Quick Reference Handbook RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring RCAM Runway Condition Assessment Matrix RFM Rotorcraft Flight Manual RNAV Area Navigation RNP Required Navigation Performance RPM Revolutions Per Minute ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 17 Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym Description SAE Specialty Aircraft Examiner SAFO Safety Alert for Operators SATR Special Air Traffic Rules SBAS Satellite Based Augmentation System SBT Scenario Based Training SFAR Special Federal Aviation Regulation SFRA Special Flight Rules Area SID Standard Instrument Departure SIGMET Significant Meteorological Information SMS Safety Management System SRM Single-Pilot Resource Management SRM Safety Risk Management STAR Standard Terminal Arrival STM Short Term Memory SUA Special Use Airspace TAF Terminal Area Forecast TAWS Terrain Awareness and Warning System TCAS Traffic Collision Avoidance System TCDS Type Certificate Data Sheet TCE Training Center Evaluator TEM Threat and Error Management TFR Temporary Flight Restrictions TPP Terminal Procedures Publication TUC Time of Useful Consciousness UHF Ultra High Frequency UIMC Unintended Instrument Meteorological Conditions USCG United States Coast Guard UTC Coordinated Universal Time V1 The maximum speed in the takeoff at which the pilot must take the first action (e.g., apply brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes) to stop the airplane within the accelerate-stop distance. V1 also means the minimum speed in the takeoff, following a failure of the critical engine at VEF, at which the pilot can continue the takeoff and achieve the required height above the takeoff surface within the takeoff distance. V2 Takeoff Safety Speed VA Maneuvering speed VDP Visual Descent Point VFR Visual Flight Rules ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 18 Section 6: Abbreviations and Acronyms Acronym Description VMC Minimum control speed with the critical engine inoperative VHF Very High Frequency VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions VMCG Minimum control speed on the ground with the critical engine inoperative VMO Maximum Operating Limit Speed VNE Never exceed speed VCOA Visual Climb Over Airport VOR Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Range VR Rotation speed VREF Reference Landing Speed VRS Vortex Ring State VS Stall Speed VSO Stalling Speed or the Minimum Steady Flight Speed in the Landing Configuration VSSE Safe, intentional one-engine-inoperative speed. Originally known as safe single-engine speed VTOL Vertical Takeoff and Landing VX Best angle of climb airspeed VXSE Best angle of climb speed with one engine inoperative VY Best rate of climb speed VYSE Best rate of climb speed with one engine inoperative. WAAS Wide Area Augmentation System ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 19 Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant) Section 7: Practical Test Checklist (Applicant) Evaluator’s Name: ____________________________________________________________________ Location: ___________________________________________________________________________ Date/Time: __________________________________________________________________________ Acceptable Aircraft † Aircraft Documents: † Airworthiness Certificate † Registration Certificate † Operating Limitations † Aircraft Maintenance Records: † Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and Airworthiness Directives (AD) Compliance † Pilot’s Operating Handbook and FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual Personal Equipment † View-Limiting Device † Current Aeronautical Charts (printed or electronic) † Computer and Plotter † Flight Plan Form and Flight Logs (printed or electronic) † Chart Supplements, Airport Diagrams, and Appropriate Publications (printed or electronic) † Current AIM (printed or electronic) Personal Records † Government-Issued Identification – Photo/Signature Identification (ID) † Pilot Certificate † Current Medical Certificate or BasicMed Qualification (when applicable) † Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application, or completed IACRA form, FAA Form 8710-11, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application – Sport Pilot, or FAA Form 8400.3, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature, if applicable † Airman Knowledge Test Report † Airman’s Logbook with Appropriate Instructor Endorsements † FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable) † Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable) † Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable) ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 20 Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes Private Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes PA.III.A.R3 Confirmation or expectation bias. PA.IV.A.S10 Retract the water rudders, as appropriate, establish and maintain the most efficient planing/liftoff attitude, and correct for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES). PA.IV.I.S5 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. PA.IV.K.S7 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. PA.VIII.E.K1a Sensitivity, limitations, and potential errors in unusual attitudes PA.VIII.E.K1b Correlation (pitch instruments/bank instruments) PA.VIII.E.K1c Function and operation PA.VIII.E.K1d Proper instrument cross-check techniques PA.VIII.E.R2 Failure to seek assistance or declare an emergency in a deteriorating situation. PA.VIII.E.R6 Failure to unload the wings in recovering from high G situations. PA.VIII.F.S3 Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots. PA.IX.C.K1a Maintain altitude ±200 feet, heading ±20°, and airspeed ±10 knots PA.IX.C.K1b Engine roughness or overheat PA.IX.C.K1c Loss of oil pressure PA.IX.C.K1d Fuel starvation PA.XII.A.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. PA.XII.A.S1 Demonstrate runway incursion avoidance procedures. PA.XII.B.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 21 Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category ACS Archived Codes CA.I.F.K2f Weight and balance CA.IV.A.S10 Retract the water rudders, as appropriate, establish and maintain the most efficient planing/liftoff attitude, and correct for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES). CA.IV.I.S5 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. CA.IV.K.S7 Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to takeoff power. CA.IX.C.K1a Engine roughness or overheat CA.IX.C.K1b Carburetor or induction icing CA.IX.C.K1c Loss of oil pressure CA.IX.C.K1d Fuel starvation CA.XI.A.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. CA.XI.A.S1 Utilize runway incursion avoidance procedures. CA.XI.B.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. Instrument Rating – Airplane ACS Archived Codes IR.IV.B.R2 Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude and follow the proper recovery procedure. IR.VII.C.R2 Collision hazards, to include aircraft, terrain, obstacles, wires, vehicles, vessels, persons, and wildlife. Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating ACS Archived Codes AA.IV.B.R2 Failure to recognize an unusual flight attitude and follow the proper recovery procedure. AA.V.A.S2 When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment for a stall on takeoff or while on approach in a partial flap configuration with no minimum entry altitude defined. AA.V.B.S2 When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment for a stall in cruise flight with no minimum entry altitude defined. AA.V.C.S2 When accomplished in an FSTD, the entry should be consistent with the expected operational environment for a stall when fully configured for landing with no minimum entry altitude defined. AA.VI.F.R3 Planning for. AA.VI.F.R3a a. Missed Approach AA.VI.F.R3b b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO) Change 2 (December 26, 2024) ACS Companion Guide for Pilots (FAA-G-ACS-2) 22 Section 8: Knowledge Test Reports and Archived ACS Codes AA.VI.H.R3 Planning for. AA.VI.H.R3a a. Missed Approach AA.VI.H.R3b b. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO) AA.VIII.A.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. AA.VIII.B.R2 Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions.