Vashon Aircraft Ranger R7 Pilot Operating Handbook

3.5.9 LOSS OF FLIGHT CONTROLS ............................................................................. 3-14 3.6 ELECTRICAL FAILURES .......................................................................................... 3-15 3.6.1 ALTERNATOR FAILURE .......................................................................................... 3-15 3.6.2 OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION ............................................................................... 3-15 3.6.3 BATTERY FAULT ...................................................................................................... 3-16 3.6.4 TRIPPED CIRCUIT BREAKER................................................................................. 3-16 SECTION 4: NORMAL PROCEDURES .................................. 4-1 4.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 4-2 4.2 PREFLIGHT INSPECTION ......................................................................................... 4-2 4.2.1 CABIN ............................................................................................................................ 4-2 4.2.2 LEFT MAIN LANDING GEAR .................................................................................. 4-2 4.2.3 LEFT WING ...................................................................................................................4-3 4.2.4 NOSE SECTION ..........................................................................................................4-4 4.2.5 RIGHT WING ............................................................................................................... 4-5 4.2.6 RIGHT MAIN LANDING GEAR ............................................................................... 4-5 4.2.7 FUSELAGE (RIGHT SIDE) ........................................................................................ 4-6 4.2.8 EMPENNAGE .............................................................................................................. 4-6 4.2.9 FUSELAGE (LEFT SIDE) ........................................................................................... 4-6 4.3 PRE-START ...................................................................................................................4-7 4.4 ENGINE START ........................................................................................................... 4-8 4.5 AFTER START ............................................................................................................. 4-8 4.6 TAXIING ....................................................................................................................... 4-9 4.7 BEFORE TAKEOFF .................................................................................................... 4-10 4.8 TAKE-OFF (NORMAL)................................................................................................ 4-11 4.9 TAKE-OFF (OBSTACLE) ............................................................................................ 4-11 4.10 TAKE-OFF (SOFT FIELD) ......................................................................................... 4-11 4.11 CLIMB.......................................................................................................................... 4-12 4.12 CRUISE....................................................................................................................... 4-12 4.13 DESCENT.................................................................................................................. 4-12 4.14 LANDING (NORMAL) .............................................................................................. 4-13 4.15 LANDING (OBSTACLE)........................................................................................... 4-14 4.16 LANDING (BALKED) ................................................................................................ 4-14 4.17 SHUTDOWN ............................................................................................................. 4-15 SECTION 5: PERFORMANCE ................................................5-1 5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 5-2 5.2 AIRSPEED CALIBRATION TABLE ........................................................................... 5-2 5.3 STALL SPEEDS (KIAS) .............................................................................................. 5-2 5.4 TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE ..................................................................................... 5-3 5.5 CLIMB PERFORMANCE ............................................................................................ 5-4 5.6 LANDING PERFORMANCE – ZERO WIND ........................................................... 5-5 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK V TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 5: (CONTINUED) 5.7 CRUISE PERFORMANCE .......................................................................................... 5-6 SECTION 6: WEIGHT AND BALANCE ..................................6-1 6.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 6-2 6.2 INSTALLED OPTIONAL EQUIPMENT LIST ........................................................... 6-3 6.3 SAMPLE LOADING PROBLEM ................................................................................ 6-4 6.4 YOUR AIRPLANE........................................................................................................ 6-4 6.5 LOADING GRAPH ...................................................................................................... 6-5 6.6 FLIGHT ENVELOPE ................................................................................................... 6-6 SECTION 7: DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT & SYSTEMS ..... 7-1 7.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................7-2 7.2 AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS....................................................................................7-2 7.3 FLIGHT CONTROLS .................................................................................................... 7-3 7.3.1 PRIMARY CONTROLS ................................................................................................ 7-3 7.3.2 SECONDARY CONTROLS ....................................................................................... 7-4 7.4 INSTRUMENT PANEL .................................................................................................7-5 7.4.1 GENERAL .......................................................................................................................7-5 7.4.2 INSTRUMENT & AVIONICS EQUIPMENT LIST ..................................................7-6 7.5 FLIGHT INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................. 7-7 7.6 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ................................................................................................7-8 7.7 FUEL SYSTEM ..............................................................................................................7-9 7.8 ENGINE ........................................................................................................................ 7-10 7.9 PROPELLER ................................................................................................................ 7-10 SECTION 8: GROUND HANDLING & SERVICING ................ 8-1 8.1 GROUND HANDLING........................................................................................... 8-2 8.2 TOWING INSTRUCTIONS ................................................................................... 8-2 8.3 TIE-DOWN INSTRUCTIONS ............................................................................... 8-3 8.4 JACKING INSTRUCTIONS .................................................................................. 8-3 8.5 FUEL....................................................................................................................... 8-4 8.5.1 GENERAL ...................................................................................................................... 8-4 8.5.2 FUELING PROCEDURE ........................................................................................... 8-4 8.6 OIL .......................................................................................................................... 8-5 8.6.1 SPECIFICATIONS ....................................................................................................... 8-5 8.6.2 RECOMMENDED OIL GRADE ............................................................................... 8-5 8.6.3 OIL SUMP CAPACITY .............................................................................................. 8-5 8.6.4 OPERATIONAL OIL LEVEL ..................................................................................... 8-5 8.6.5 OIL CHANGE CONSUMABLES ............................................................................. 8-5 8.7 WHEELS ................................................................................................................. 8-5 8.7.1 TIRES .............................................................................................................................. 8-5 8.7.2 INFLATION PRESSURE ............................................................................................ 8-6 8.7.3 BRAKE LINING KIT .................................................................................................... 8-6 8.8 ELT SYSTEM ......................................................................................................... 8-6 8.8.1 MAIN BATTERY .......................................................................................................... 8-6 VI VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK TABLE OF CONTENTS SECTION 8: (CONTINUED) 8.8.2 ALERT BATTERY ...................................................................................................... 8-6 8.8.3 REMOTE SWITCH BATTERY.................................................................................. 8-6 8.9 AIRCRAFT BATTERY ............................................................................................8-7 8.10 SPARK PLUGS .....................................................................................................8-7 8.11 TORQUE VALUES TABLE ...................................................................................8-7 8.12 CLEANING INSTRUCTIONS.............................................................................. 8-8 8.5.1 CLEANING THE AIRCRAFT ..................................................................................... 8-8 8.5.2 CLEANING THE WINDSCREEN AND WINDOWS ............................................ 8-8 SECTION 9: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION .................9-1 9.1 FAMILIARIZATION FLIGHT PROCEDURES ...................................................... 9-2 9.1.1 TAKE-OFF & CLIMB .................................................................................................... 9-2 9.1.2 CRUISE .......................................................................................................................... 9-2 9.1.3 SLOW FLIGHT ............................................................................................................ 9-3 9.1.4 STALLS, POWER-OFF ............................................................................................... 9-4 9.1.5 STALLS, POWER-ON................................................................................................. 9-5 9.1.6 CRUISE & DESCENT ................................................................................................. 9-5 9.1.7 APPROACH & LANDING .......................................................................................... 9-6 APPENDIX 1 V-SPEED REFERENCE CARD ................................................................................... A1-1 APPENDIX 2 FUEL QUANTITY DIP-TUBE .................................................................................... A2-1 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK VII INTRODUCTION The aircraft is compliant with the following standards:  Design: ASTM F 2245  Construction: ASTM F 2563  Continued Airworthiness: ASTM F 2295  Pilot Operating Handbook: ASTM F 2746 Manufacturer Contact Information: Vashon Aircraft 19825 141st Pl NE Woodinville, WA 98072 Phone: 425-527-9944 Email: info@vashonaircraft.com Data location and contact information for recovery of certification documentation should Vashon Aircraft lose its ability to support this aircraft: www.vashonaircraft.com VIII VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK This handbook has been prepared to inform the pilot of the features and systems incorporated in the VASHON RANGER R7. Recommended operating procedures and performance data are provided so that maximum utilization can be obtained with the utmost of safety, economy, and serviceability. A companion manual, the Vashon Aircraft RANGER R7 Flight Training Supplement (FTS), mirrors the content of this manual but presents operating procedures at a greater level of detail than can effectively be presented in this handbook. It is strongly recommended that the pilot be familiar with the aircraft, the RANGER R7 FTS, and this manual prior to flight. The words “WARNING”, “CAUTION”, and “NOTE” are used throughout the handbook with the following definitions: WARNING AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION, ETC. WHICH MAY RESULT IN INJURY OR FATALITY IF NOT CAREFULLY OBSERVED OR FOLLOWED. CAUTION AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION, ETC. WHICH IF NOT STRICTLY OBSERVED MAY DAMAGE THE AIRCRAFT OR EQUIPMENT. NOTE An operating procedure, practice, or condition, etc. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK IX THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SECTION 1: GENERAL VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 1-1 1GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.1 THREE VIEW – NORMAL GROUND ATTITUDE ............... 1-2 1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DATA ........................................................... 1-4 1.2.1 ENGINE............................................................................................... 1-4 1.2.2 PROPELLER...................................................................................... 1-4 1.2.3 AVIONICS ......................................................................................... 1-4 1.2.4 BATTERY .......................................................................................... 1-4 1.3 SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS ....... 1-5 Section 1-2 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1.1 THREE VIEW – NORMAL GROUND ATTITUDE FIGURE 1-1 TOP VIEW FIGURE 1-2 FRONT VIEW VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 1-3 1 FIGURE 1-3 SIDE VIEW Section 1-4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1.2 DESCRIPTIVE DATA 1.2.1 ENGINE Number of Engines: 1 Engine Manufacturer: Teledyne Continental Motors Engine Model Number: O-200-D Engine Type: Normally aspirated, direct drive, air-cooled, horizontally opposed, carburetor equipped, four- cylinder engine with 201.0 cu. In. displacement. Horsepower Rating: 100 BHP at 2750 RPM 1.2.2 PROPELLER Propeller Manufacturer: CATTO Propeller Model Number: 2B70x48 Number of Blades: 2 Propeller Diameter: 70 in Propeller Type: Fixed Pitch 1.2.3 AVIONICS Avionics Manufacture: Dynon Avionics Model: Skyview HDX Circuit Protection: AFS Electronic Circuit Breakers 1.2.4 BATTERY Battery Manufacturer: EarthX Inc. Battery Type: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4) Number of Cells: 4 (in series) Battery Model Number: ETX680C Normal Operating Range: 12.8-14.6 volts Normal Operating Temp: -22 ° F (-30 °C) – 140° F (60°C) Battery Dimensions: 5.9 in (L) x 3.4 in (W) x 4.5 in (H) Battery Weight: 3.9 lbs. Battery life expectancy: 8 years VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 1-5 11.3 SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS ITEM SPECIFICATION Gross Weight 1320 lbs Top Speed (@ Gross Weight) 117 KIAS Cruise (@ Gross Weight, 2750 RPM, 7500 FT Density Altitude) 114 KTAS Range (@ Gross Weight, 2750 RPM, 7500 FT Density Altitude, 30 Min Reserve) 501 NM Rate of Climb (@ Gross Weight, VY 75 KIAS, Sea Level) 833 FT/MIN Angle of Climb over 50 Ft Obstacle (@ Gross Weight, Vx 60 KIAS, Sea Level) 1191 FT Stall – Landing Configuration (@ Gross Weight Vso) 41 KIAS Stall – Takeoff Configuration (@ Gross Weight Vso) 43 KIAS Stall – Cruise Configuration (@ Gross Weight, Vs) 45 KIAS Total Fuel Capacity 28.0 US GAL Wing Tanks Fuel Capacity 25.5 US GAL Reserve Tank Fuel Capacity 2.5 US GAL Approved Fuel Types 100 LL Maximum Engine Power 100 HP @ 2750 RPM SECTION 2: OPERATING LIMITATIONS VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 2-1 2 OPERATING LIMITATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS 2.1 GENERAL ..............................................................................2-2 2.2 FLIGHT OPERATIONS........................................................2-2 2.3 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS ................................................... 2-3 2.4 CEILING ................................................................................ 2-3 2.5 FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS................................................... 2-3 2.6 PROHIBITED MANEUVERS ...............................................2-4 2.7 POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS...........................................2-4 2.8 FUEL LIMITATIONS ............................................................2-5 2.9 AIRSPEED/POWER PLANT INDICATOR MARKINGS ....2-5 2.10 OPERATING LIMITATIONS ..............................................2-5 2.11 PASSENGER WARNING ....................................................2-5 2.12 MISCELLANEOUS PLACARDS ........................................2-6 Section 2-2 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2.1 GENERAL This section lists all power plant and airframe operating limitations. These limitations are also indicated in the aircraft in the form of placards, instrument color markings, and audio warnings. The aircraft placards, instrument color markings, and audio warnings are to be the authority if an inconsistency exists with this manual. WARNING ALL OPERATING LIMITATIONS MUST BE STRICTLY ADHERED TO FOR REASONS OF SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY. 2.2 FLIGHT OPERATIONS The VASHON RANGER R7 aircraft is a Certified Special Light Sport Aircraft (S-LSA) and is designed for operation in the Light Sport Category. Flight in VFR conditions only is approved providing that the aircraft is operating as specified under Part 91 of the Federal Air Regulations (F.A.R.’s). Provided that the aircraft is appropriately equipped (Cascade model), the aircraft may be flown under IFR. However, in the United States of America, all flights (VFR and IFR) are to be conducted in VMC (Visual Meteorological Conditions), as per the applicable LSA standards and regulations. WARNING FLIGHT IN IMC CONDITIONS IS PROHIBITED FOR ALL RANGER MODELS WARNING FLIGHT INTO KNOWN ICING CONDITIONS IS PROHIBITED. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 2-3 2 2.3 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS AIRSPEED DESIGNATION IAS (kts) Stall Flaps Down (@ gross weight 1320 lbs) (VSO) 41 Stall (@ gross weight 1320 lbs) (VS) 45 Flap Operating Range (VSO – VFE) 41-90 Normal Operating Range (green arc) 45-103 Maneuvering (VA – blue line) 90 Maximum Structural Cruise (VNO) 103 Caution Range (yellow arc) 103-131 AIRSPEED DESIGNATION IAS (kts) Never Exceed (VNE – red line) 131 Maximum Direct Crosswind Component 15 kts Maximum Wind Limitation 30 kts NOTE CAS Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed (IAS) corrected for installation and instrument error. IAS Indicated airspeed is the airspeed read directly from the airspeed indicator on the aircraft, driven by the pitot-static system. TAS Speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass in which it is flying. VNE Maximum safe airspeed, not to be exceeded at any time. VNO Not to be exceeded except in smooth air only and then with caution. VFE Not to be exceeded with flaps extended. VA No full or abrupt control movements allowed above this airspeed. 2.4 CEILING Service Ceiling 12,000 ft 2.5 FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS Category Limit Load Factor Light Sport +4.0g/-2.0g Section 2-4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2.6 PROHIBITED MANEUVERS Aerobatics prohibited Intentional spins prohibited 2.7 POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS Tachometer Normal Range (green arc) 900 to 2750 RPM Caution Range (yellow arc) 675 to 900 RPM Maximum (red line) 2750 RPM Cylinder Head Temperature Minimum for Take-Off 205°F Normal in Cruise (green arc) 205° to 385°F Caution Range (yellow arc) 385° to 445°F Maximum (red line) 445°F Oil Temperature Minimum for Take-Off 75°F Normal in Cruise 170° to 220°F Caution Range (yellow arc) 220° to 240°F Maximum (red line) 240°F Oil Pressure Minimum at Idle (red line) 10 PSI Normal Operation 30 to 60 PSI Maximum – Cold (red line) 100 PSI Fuel Pressure (NOT APPLICABLE FOR S/N 1023 AND ON) Minimum 0.1 PSI Maximum (red line) 6.0 PSI (0.3 PSI in the system when SkyView displays 0 PSI) VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 2-5 2 2.8 FUEL LIMITATIONS Fuel Type 100 LL Aviation Fuel Capacity 28.0 US Gallons (total) Capacity 27.5 US Gallons (useable) Unusable Fuel Level Flight 0.5 US Gallons NOTE When there is less than 2.5 gallons of useable fuel remaining, the EFIS will display a red light and the word “LOW” above HDRTNK 2.9 AIRSPEED/POWER PLANT INDICATOR MARKINGS Limitations are displayed electronically. 2.10 OPERATING LIMITATIONS Limitations are displayed electronically. 2.11 PASSENGER WARNING Displayed on instrument panel: THIS AIRCRAFT WAS MANUFACTURED IN ACCORDANCE WITH LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS AND DOES NOT CONFORM TO STANDARD CATEGORY AIRWORTHINESS REQUIREMENTS WARNING INTENTIONAL SPINS ARE PROHIBITED FLIGHT INTO IMC (INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS) IS PROHIBITED. Section 2-6 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2.12 MISCELLANEOUS PLACARDS N number on outside of aircraft, 2 places Stainless steel data plate on outside of aircraft Fuel type and capacity (near each fuel cap) N number on instrument panel LIGHT-SPORT on the inside of each door Instrument panel switches are all labeled OPEN/CLOSE near latch handle on inside of each door OPEN near latch handle on outside of each door THROTTLE above throttle knob, PUSH OPEN on knob MIXTURE above mixture knob, PULL LEAN on knob FUEL PUSH ON/PULL OFF above fuel valve knob CARB HEAT above carb heat knob, PULL HOT on knob CABIN HEAT above cabin heat knob, PULL ON on knob BAGGAGE CAPACITY MAXIMUM 100 LBS on baggage bulkhead 5A MAX adjacent to 12 volt power outlet ELT adjacent to instrument panel switch VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 2-7 2 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SECTION 3: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-1 3 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS 3.1 GENERAL .............................................................................. 3-2 3.2 FIRE ....................................................................................... 3-3 3.2.1 ENGINE FIRE DURING START.................................................... 3-3 3.2.2 ENGINE FIRE IN FLIGHT ............................................................. 3-4 3.2.3 ELECTRICAL FIRE ......................................................................... 3-4 3.3 ENGINE MALFUNCTION ................................................... 3-5 3.3.1 ENGINE FAILURE ON TAKE-OFF .............................................. 3-5 3.3.2 ENGINE AIR RESTART................................................................. 3-6 3.3.3 PARTIAL POWER LOSS/ROUGH RUNNING .......................... 3-6 3.3.4 ABNORMAL OIL PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE INDICATIONS .. 3-6 3.4 LANDING EMERGENCIES.................................................. 3-7 3.4.1 PRECAUTIONARY LANDING APPROACH...............................3-7 3.4.2 FORCED LANDING (COMPLETE POWER FAILURE) ........... 3-8 3.4.3 DITCHING ....................................................................................... 3-9 3.5 UNUSUAL FLIGHT CONDITIONS .................................. 3-10 3.5.1 EMERGENCY DESCENT .............................................................3-10 3.5.2 STALLS ...........................................................................................3-10 3.5.3 SPINS ............................................................................................... 3-11 3.5.4 INADVERTANT ICING.................................................................. 3-11 3.5.5 RUNAWAY TRIM MOTOR ......................................................... 3-12 3.5.6 SEVERE TURBULENCE .............................................................. 3-12 3.5.7 IN-FLIGHT OVERSTRESS........................................................... 3-12 3.5.8 LOSS OF PRIMARY INSTRUMENTS ....................................... 3-13 3.5.9 LOSS OF FLIGHT CONTROLS ................................................. 3-14 3.6 ELECTRICAL FAILURES ................................................... 3-15 3.6.1 ALTERNATOR FAILURE .............................................................. 3-15 3.6.2 OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION................................................... 3-15 3.6.3 BATTERY FAULT ......................................................................... 3-16 3.6.4 TRIPPED CIRCUIT BREAKER .................................................... 3-16 Section 3-2 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.1 GENERAL This section covers the recommended procedures to follow during emergency and adverse flight conditions. As it is not possible to define every type of emergency that may occur, it is the pilot’s responsibility to use sound judgment based on personal experience and knowledge of the aircraft to determine the best course of action. It is mandatory that the pilot be familiar with this entire manual, in particular, the “Emergency Procedures” section prior to flight. NOTE All airspeeds in this section are indicated airspeed (IAS) unless stated otherwise. For the Ranger, the Indicated Air Speed (IAS) has been corrected by The SkyView system to display Calibrated Air Speed (IAS). VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-3 3 3.2 FIRE 3.2.1 ENGINE FIRE DURING START If the fire is believed to be confined to the intake or exhaust system (result of flooding engine):  Continue cranking engine with starter  Throttle – FULL OPEN  Mixture – IDLE CUT-OFF  Inspect aircraft thoroughly for damage and cause prior to restart If fire persists or is not limited to intake or exhaust system:  Fuel Shut-Off Valve – PULL OUT-OFF  Electrical switches – ALL OFF  Ignition switch – OFF  Exit Aircraft  IF EQUIPPED – Direct fire extinguisher through the air outlet tunnel at the bottom of the cowl Section 3-4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.2.2 ENGINE FIRE IN FLIGHT  Fuel Shut-Off Valve – PULL OUT-OFF  Ignition switch – OFF  Effect an expedited descent and land immediately  Radio – MAYDAY 121.5 MHz (or frequency in use) WARNING DO NOT ATTEMPT TO RESTART ENGINE.  Master switch – OFF  On Final Approach o Airspeed – 60 kts (55 kts minimum) o Flaps – DOWN after intended point of landing assured o Touchdown with minimum airspeed particularly if landing on rough terrain. 3.2.3 ELECTRICAL FIRE An electrical fire is usually indicated by an odor of hot or burning insulation.  Electrical Switches – ALL OFF (Both Master and Alternator OFF) (leave ignition switches ON)  Doors &/or Air Vent – OPEN if necessary for smoke removal and ventilation  Use hand fire extinguisher if equipped and available  Land immediately (or as soon as practical if location for safe landing is not available) VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-5 3 3.3 ENGINE MALFUNCTION 3.3.1 ENGINE FAILURE ON TAKE-OFF WARNING IN THE EVENT OF ENGINE FAILURE, THE CONTROL STICK MUST BE IMMEDIATELY AND AGGRESSIVELY MOVED FORWARD TO PREVENT LOSS OF AIRSPEED.  Airspeed – 60 kts IAS (55 kts IAS minimum) If airborne and sufficient runway remains:  Throttle – CLOSED  Land using maximum braking after touchdown. If airborne and insufficient runway remains for landing, attempt an engine restart if altitude permits:  Ignition Switch – BOTH  Fuel Shut-Off Valve – CHECK ON – PUSH  Mixture – FULL RICH – PUSH  Fuel Pump – ON  Carburetor Heat – ON – PULL If no restart is possible:  Select most favorable landing area ahead  Flaps – FULL DOWN  Fuel Shut-Off Valve – OFF  Ignition switch – OFF WARNING MAINTAIN FLYING SPEED AT ALL TIMES AND DO NOT ATTEMPT TO TURN BACK TOWARD THE RUNWAY UNLESS SUFFICIENT ALTITUDE HAS BEEN ACHIEVED. Just before touchdown:  Master switch – OFF  Touchdown with minimum airspeed particularly if landing on rough terrain. Section 3-6 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.3.2 ENGINE AIR RESTART  Maintain Airspeed – 60 kts IAS (55 kts IAS minimum)  Ignition Switch – BOTH  Fuel Shut-Off Valve – CHECK ON – DOWN  Mixture – FULL RICH – PUSH  Fuel Pump – ON  Carburetor Heat – ON  If restart not possible, change throttle and/or mixture settings in attempt to restart  Follow “Forced Landing Procedure” if unable to restart NOTE The engine starter may be engaged in flight should the propeller stop windmilling. 3.3.3 PARTIAL POWER LOSS/ROUGH RUNNING  Follow the engine air restart procedures  Land as soon as possible using “Precautionary Landing Approach” procedures 3.3.4 ABNORMAL OIL PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE INDICATIONS Oil pressure and temperature problems are usually related with one affecting the other. Before any drastic action is taken, cross check other engine instruments and control settings in an attempt to determine the source of the problem. High oil temperature is generally a result of loss of oil or overheating (note CHT). If the situation remains unchecked, oil pressure usually drops resulting in possible engine damage. Power should be reduced while maintaining cruise airspeed; land as soon as practical. Low or zero oil pressure is usually caused by a failed pressure relief valve, oil pump, loss of oil, high oil temperature or a defective gauge. A landing should be made as soon as practical using minimum RPM changes. Plan a “Precautionary Landing Approach” as complete engine failure is possible at any time. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-7 3 3.4 LANDING EMERGENCIES 3.4.1 PRECAUTIONARY LANDING APPROACH A precautionary landing approach should be used whenever power is still available, but a complete power failure is considered imminent. Maintain a higher and closer pattern than normal in attempt to remain in gliding distance of the intended touchdown point. Use the normal landing procedures in addition:  Airspeed – 60 kts recommended (55 kts minimum)  Throttle – CLOSED when in gliding distance of runway  Flaps – LOWER AS NEEDED to increase approach descent angle NOTE Slipping the aircraft by cross controlling the rudder and ailerons will increase the rate of descent either with or without flaps. NOTE If a crosswind exists, place the lower wing into the wind. WARNING INDICATED AIRSPEED IN A FULL RUDDER DEFLECTION SLIP IS 3 KT HIGHER THAN IN COORDINATED FLIGHT. Section 3-8 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.4.2 FORCED LANDING (COMPLETE POWER FAILURE) If the engine cannot be restarted in flight, trim the aircraft to the recommended glide speed. Remain within gliding distance of the intended point of landing. Maintain a higher and closer pattern than normal, making allowance for wind. Extending flaps or slipping the aircraft can lose additional altitude. Diving the aircraft in an attempt to lose altitude when flying into a headwind will only increase the required landing distance.  Maintain best glide – 60 kts  Fuel Shut-Off Valve – OFF – PULL OUT  Flaps – UP to maximize glide range  Radio – MAYDAY 121.5 MHz (or frequency in use)  Attempt to position the aircraft approximately 1000 feet above ground level (AGL) when on downwind and abeam the intended point of landing.  Ignition switches – BOTH OFF  On Final Approach: o Airspeed – 60 kts IAS (55 kts IAS minimum o Flaps – DOWN after intended point of landing assured  Master switch – OFF  Touchdown with minimum airspeed particularly if landing on rough terrain. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-9 3 3.4.3 DITCHING Should it become necessary to make a forced landing over water, follow the “Forced Landing Procedures” in addition to the following:  Land into wind if high winds are evident or parallel to swells with calm winds  Flaps – UP (allows higher nose attitude at touchdown)  Door – UNLATCH (just before touchdown) and wedge an object in the lower part of the door to keep it open.  Contact the water with nose high attitude  After coming to complete stop – EXIT AIRCRAFT NOTE Aircraft cannot be depended upon to provide flotation after contacting the water. Section 3-10 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.5 UNUSUAL FLIGHT CONDITIONS 3.5.1 EMERGENCY DESCENT It may be necessary to get to a lower altitude as rapidly as possible. This could be due to engine fire or any other situation demanding an immediate and rapid descent.  Reduce throttle to IDLE  Increase mixture to RICH (if engine is running)  Increase airspeed to 103 kts IAS (rough air)  Increase airspeed to 120 kts IAS (smooth air)  Use 30-45 degree turns (turns will slightly improve descent rate but will add complexity)  Bellow 90 kts IAS use full flaps DOWN to reduce distance traveled while descending  Recover at an appropriate altitude 3.5.2 STALLS The RANGER R7 stall characteristics are conventional. Additionally, the RANGER R7 is equipped with an Angle of Attack (AoA) system that warns of impending stall via visual indication and audio indications beginning approximately 5 knots above stall speed. Aileron control response in a fully stalled condition is marginal. Large aileron deflections will aggravate a near stalled condition and their use is not recommended to maintain lateral control. The rudder is very effective and should be used for maintaining lateral control in a stalled condition with the ailerons placed in a neutral position. To recover from a stall, proceed as follows:  Nose attitude – LOWER with relaxation of back pressure on control stick  Throttle – FULL OPEN simultaneously with relaxation of back pressure on stick  Use rudder to maintain lateral control VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-11 3 3.5.3 SPINS If a spin is inadvertently entered, immediate recovery should be initiated. The recovery procedure is as follows:  Throttle – CLOSED  Rudder – FULL DEFLECTION opposite direction of rotation  Elevator – SLIGHTLY FORWARD OF NEUTRAL  Ailerons – NEUTRAL POSITION When rotation stops (1/2 – 1 turn after recovery initiated):  Rudder – NEUTRALIZE  Nose Attitude – RAISE smoothly to level flight attitude WARNING DURING THE SPIN RECOVERY, THE AIRSPEED WILL BUILD VERY RAPIDLY WITH A NOSE LOW ATTITUDE. DO NOT USE FULL OR ABRUPT ELEVATOR CONTROL MOVEMENTS. 3.5.4 INADVERTANT ICING Flight into known icing is strictly PROHIBITED. But in the event that flight into icing has been encountered there are some actions that will help resolve the dangers involved in accumulating ice.  TURN back to where you came from. A 180 degree turn back to conditions unsupportive of ice will stop the accumulation  CLIMB/DESCEND back to an altitude that did not previously support ice.  Carb heat ON to reduce the possibility of engine interruption from the air filter icing over.  Defrost valve ON and cabin heat ON to aid in clearing the windscreen from ice.  Adjust throttle for highest RPM within the green arc.  Monitor pressure altitude and airspeed vs GPS speed and altitude. Major divergences could indicate a pitot/static blockage These maneuvers will help reduce the furtherance of ice buildup, but it may take considerable time before it is clear from the aircraft Section 3-12 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.5.5 RUNAWAY TRIM MOTOR If the trim motor should begin to run uncommanded in either direction the following actions should be taken:  Autopilot Switch – OFF  Elevator – HOLD against out of trim condition o Airspeed may be reduced as a way to lessen the amount of stick force required to maintain level flight  Land as soon as possible 3.5.6 SEVERE TURBULENCE  To prevent overstressing the aircraft do not exceed 103 kts in rough air.  To minimize personal discomfort, decrease the IAS below 90 kts. Maintain a level flight attitude rather than flying by reference to the EFIS as the pitot-static indications may become very erratic. 3.5.7 IN-FLIGHT OVERSTRESS Should an overstress occur due to exceeding the airspeed and/or load factor limits, aggressive maneuvering should be immediately terminated.  Fly at a reduced airspeed (65 – 75 kts) IAS to a suitable landing point.  DO NOT under any circumstances make large control movements or subject the aircraft to additional G loadings above that required for straight and level flight. After landing, the aircraft should be inspected by a mechanic or repairman prior to the next flight. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK Section 3-13 3 3.5.8 LOSS OF PRIMARY INSTRUMENTS It is extremely rare to get a full shutdown of EFIS screens in flight. As a VFR aircraft you will have to be comfortable flying by sight and sound in the unlikely event this occurs. In the event that one or more of the primary flight instruments is unreliable, X’ed out or blacked out, display the appropriate primary flight instruments on the MFD (Co-Pilot side if equipped) EFIS. Before continuing with some troubleshooting, set power at a level that ensures an unintentional stall is not encountered. If both screens have blacked out, then a loss of engine display is also encountered. Make sure power is not set to full as it will likely overspeed the engine. If the primary flight instruments are inoperative on both EFIS screens, turn off the Autopilot, Avionics and Master. Turn on the PFD EFIS using backup battery by pressing and holding the far-left menu button. If primary flight instruments return, land at an appropriate airport, preferably with aircraft services to aid in resolving the issue. If problem is not resolved using backup battery, turn on the Master switch and wait for the PFD to power up. Recycling the Master switch may resolve a glitch but will not resolve a physical short or interruption of the circuit so there is a high chance the encountered problem will return. With all screens blacked out it is recommended that you land at the nearest airport within your abilities as a pilot. Do not create a second emergency by trying to resolve the first. If you are familiar with the area, you may choose an airport that you are comfortable with, even if it is a little further than other airports. Landing the aircraft without flight instruments will require sensitivity to sight, sounds and even feel. Buffeting and vibrations of the aluminum fuselage normally precede a stall in the aircraft. Use of Flaps are recommended, as the buffeting will be louder and a lower airspeed is achieved before a stall. Section 3-14 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3.5.9 LOSS OF FLIGHT CONTROLS The elevator and aileron flight controls are operated through pushrods to the control stick. The rudder is operated through cables to the rudder pedals. Loss of elevator control: In the event that connection between the stick and the elevator are broken there are three other methods to control pitch: trim, auto pilot, and throttle. Trim can be used in a wide range of airspeeds to control pitch. With full flaps, there will be enough trim to lift the nose sufficiently for a nose up landing. The use of throttle should be used to gently settle the aircraft to the runway. In the event that trim has been disabled or the elevator is frozen in one position, use throttle to maintain level attitude and turn on the LEVEL button on the auto pilot. It may be that the autopilot is still connected to the “good” portion of the elevator control. If the aircraft is not controllable with autopilot, or use of the auto pilot produced uncontrollable results, turn off the auto pilot. If trim and auto pilot are ineffective in controlling pitch, then throttle is your only tool. By adding more throttle you will get a nose up action; by reducing the amount of throttle you will get a nose down action. Take some time to get comfortable with the resulting action of throttle before bringing it in for a landing. Loss of aileron control: In the event that connection between the stick and the ailerons are broken the use of rudder to control roll is more than adequate to bring the aircraft to a safe landing. Practicing proficiency in “steering” the aircraft in the air without use of the ailerons is recommended on flights where there is no emergency. Loss of rudder control: In the event that connection between the rudder and the rudder pedals are broken the use of aileron to control direction is more than adequate to bring the aircraft to a safe landing. Upon landing use brakes as normal if available. If brakes are also inoperative it would be advisable to pull mixture control to LEAN after landing just in case the ailerons are not able to keep you on the runway. This will prevent striking objects with the propeller spinning.