Vashon Aircraft Ranger R7 Pilot Operating Handbook

Empennage ........................................................................................................... 4-6 Fuselage (Left Side) ............................................................................................ 4-7 PRE-START ......................................................................................................... 4-7 ENGINE START ..................................................................................................4-8 AFTER START ....................................................................................................4-8 TAXIING ..............................................................................................................4-9 BEFORE TAKEOFF .......................................................................................... 4-10 TAKE-OFF (Normal) ......................................................................................... 4-11 TAKE-OFF (Obstacle) ...................................................................................... 4-11 TAKE-OFF (Soft Field) ..................................................................................... 4-11 CLIMB................................................................................................................ 4-12 CRUISE ............................................................................................................. 4-12 DESCENT ......................................................................................................... 4-12 LANDING (NORMAL) ...................................................................................... 4-13 LANDING (Obstacle) ...................................................................................... 4-14 LANDING (Balked) .......................................................................................... 4-14 SHUTDOWN .................................................................................................... 4-15 SECTION 5: PERFORMANCE .................................................5-1 GENERAL............................................................................................................5-2 AIRSPEED CALIBRATION TABLE ...................................................................5-2 STALL SPEEDS (KIAS) ......................................................................................5-3 TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE ............................................................................5-4 CLIMB PERFORMANCE ..................................................................................5-5 LANDING PERFORMANCE – ZERO WIND ...................................................5-6 CRUISE PERFORMANCE .................................................................................5-7 SECTION 6: WEIGHT AND BALANCE ...................................6-1 GENERAL............................................................................................................6-2 INSTALLED EQUIPMENT LIST ........................................................................6-3 SAMPLE LOADING PROBLEM ........................................................................6-4 YOUR AIRPLANE .............................................................................................6-4 LOADING GRAPH .............................................................................................6-5 FLIGHT ENVELOPE ..........................................................................................6-6 TABLE OF CONTENTS VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK V SECTION 7: DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT & SYSTEMS ..... 7-1 POWER PLANT SUMMARY ............................................................................. 7-2 OPERATING WEIGHTS & LOADING ................................................................. 7-2 RANGER R7 AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS ................................................... 7-3 Performance (1150 lb) ......................................................................................... 7-3 Performance (1320 lb) ........................................................................................ 7-4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ......................................................................................7-5 FUEL SYSTEM ...................................................................................................7-6 SECTION 8: AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING & SERVICING ....8-1 TORQUE VALUES TABLE ................................................................................8-2 FUEL ....................................................................................................................8-2 Fueling Procedure............................................................................................... 8-2 OIL .......................................................................................................................8-3 Specifications: ...................................................................................................... 8-3 Recommended Oil Grade: ................................................................................ 8-3 Oil Filter .................................................................................................................. 8-3 SPARK PLUGS ...................................................................................................8-4 EXHAUST ...........................................................................................................8-4 TIRES ...................................................................................................................8-4 Inflation Pressure: ................................................................................................ 8-4 SECTION 9: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION..................9-1 FAMILIARIZATION FLIGHT PROCEDURES ..................................................9-2 TAKE-OFF & CLIMB.............................................................................................9-2 CRUISE ...................................................................................................................9-2 SLOW FLIGHT ...................................................................................................... 9-3 STALLS, POWER-OFF ......................................................................................... 9-4 STALLS, POWER-ON ..........................................................................................9-5 CRUISE & DESCENT ...........................................................................................9-5 APPROACH & LANDING....................................................................................9-6 APPENDIX 1 ............................................................................ A1-1 V-SPEED REFERENCE CARD.........................................................................A1-1 APPENDIX 2 .......................................................................... A2-1 FUEL QUANTITY DIPSTICK ..........................................................................A2-1 TABLE OF CONTENTS VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK VI The aircraft is compliant with the following standards Design ASTM F 2245 Construction ASTM F 2563 Continued Airworthiness ASTM F 2295 Pilot Operating Handbook ASTM F 2746 Manufacturer Contact Information Vashon Aircraft 19825 141st Pl NE Woodinville, WA 98072 Phone: 425-527-9944 Data location and contact information for recovery of certification documentation should Vashon Aircraft lose its ability to support this aircraft: www.vashonaircraft.com INTRODUCTION VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK VII This handbook has been prepared to inform the pilot of the features and systems incorporated in the VASHON RANGER R7. Recommend- ed operating procedures and performance data are provided so that maximum utilization can be obtained with the utmost of safety, econ- omy, and serviceability. A companion manual, the Vashon Aircraft RANGER R7 Flight Training Supplement (FTS), mirrors the content of this manual but presents operating procedures at a greater level of detail than can effectively be presented in this handbook. It is strongly recommended that the pilot be familiar with the aircraft, the RANGER R7 FTS, and this manual prior to flight. The words “WARNING”, “CAUTION”, and “NOTE” are used through- out the handbook with the following definitions: WARNING AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION, ETC. WHICH MAY RESULT IN INJURY OR FATALITY IF NOT CAREFULLY OBSERVED OR FOLLOWED. CAUTION AN OPERATING PROCEDURE, PRACTICE, OR CONDITION, ETC. WHICH IF NOT STRICTLY OBSERVED MAY DAMAGE THE AIRCRAFT OR EQUIPMENT. NOTE An operating procedure, practice, or condition, etc. SECTION 1: GENERAL VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1-1 Section GENERAL TABLE OF CONTENTS THREE VIEW - NORMAL GROUND ATTITUDE.......................1-2 DESCRIPTIVE DATA ....................................................................1-4 ENGINE ....................................................................................................... 1-4 PROPELLER ............................................................................................... 1-4 SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS ...............1-5 1 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1-2 Section THREE VIEW - NORMAL GROUND ATTITUDE VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1-3 Section 1 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1-4 Section DESCRIPTIVE DATA ENGINE Number of Engines: 1 Engine Manufacturer: Teledyne Continental Motors Engine Model Number: O-200-D Engine Type: Normally aspirated, direct drive, air-cooled, hor- izontally opposed, carburetor equipped, four cylinder engine with 201.0 cu. In. displacement. Horsepower Rating and Engine Speed: 100 BHP at 2750 RPM PROPELLER Propeller Manufacturer: CATTO Propeller Model Number: 2B-70x48 Number of Blades: 2 Propeller Diameter: 70 in Propeller Type: Fixed Pitch Note For the Ranger, the Indicated Air Speed (IAS) has been corrected by The SkyView system to display Calibrated Air Speed (CAS). VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1-5 Section SUMMARY OF PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS Gross Weight 1320 lb Top Speed (@ Gross Weight) 117 KIAS Cruise (@ Gross Weight, 2700 RPM, 7500 FT Density Altitude) 114 KIAS Range (@ Gross Weight, 2700 RPM, 7500 FT Density Altitude, 30 Min Reserve) 501 NM Rate of Climb (@ Gross Weight, VY 75 KIAS, Sea Level) 833 FT/MIN Stall - Landing Configuration (@ Gross Weight Vso) 41 KIAS Stall - Takeoff Configuration (@ Gross Weight Vso) 43 KIAS Stall - Cruise Configuration (@ Gross Weight, Vs) 45 KIAS Total Fuel Capacity 28.0 US GAL Wing Tanks Fuel Capacity 25.5 US GAL Reserve Tank Fuel Capacity 2.5 US GAL Approved Fuel Types 100 LL Maximum Engine Power 100 HP @ 2750 RPM 1 SECTION 2: OPERATING LIMITATIONS VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-1 Section OPERATING LIMITATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL......................................................................................2-2 FLIGHT OPERATIONS ................................................................2-2 AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS............................................................2-3 CEILING ........................................................................................2-3 FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS ...........................................................2-3 PROHIBITED MANEUVERS.......................................................2-4 AEROBATICS PROHIBITED! ................................................................. 2-4 POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS...................................................2-4 FUEL LIMITATIONS .....................................................................2-5 AIRSPEED/POWER PLANT INDICATOR MARKINGS ............2-5 OPERATING LIMITATIONS ........................................................2-5 PASSENGER WARNING .............................................................2-5 MISCELLANEOUS PLACARDS .................................................2-6 2 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-2 Section GENERAL This section lists all power plant and airframe operating limitations. These limitations are also indicated in the aircraft in the form of plac- ards, instrument color markings, and audio warnings. The aircraft placards, instrument color markings, and audio warnings are to be the authority if an inconsistency exists with this manual. WARNING ALL OPERATING LIMITATIONS MUST BE STRICTLY ADHERED TO FOR REASONS OF SAFETY AND SERVICEABILITY. FLIGHT OPERATIONS The RANGER R7 is designed for operation in the Light Sport Category. Flight in VFR conditions only is approved providing that the aircraft is operating as specified under Part 91 of the Federal Air Regulations (F.A.R.’s). WARNING FLIGHT IN IFR/IMC CONDITIONS IS PROHIBITED. WARNING FLIGHT INTO KNOWN ICING CONDITIONS IS PROHIBITED. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-3 Section AIRSPEED LIMITATIONS AIRSPEED DESIGNATION IAS (kts) Stall Flaps Down (@ gross weight 1320 lb) (VSO) 41 Stall (@ gross weight 1320 lb) (VS) 45 Flap Operating Range (VSO – VFE) 41-90 Normal Operating Range (green arc) 45-103 Maneuvering (VA – blue line) 90 Maximum Structural Cruise (VNO) 103 Caution Range (yellow arc) 103-131 AIRSPEED DESIGNATION IAS (kts) Never Exceed (VNE – red line) 131 Maximum Direct Crosswind Component 15 kts Maximum Wind Limitation 30 kts NOTE CAS Calibrated airspeed is indicated airspeed (IAS) corrected for installation and instrument error. IAS Indicated airspeed is the airspeed read directly from the airspeed indicator on the aircraft, driven by the pitot-static system. TAS Speed of the aircraft relative to the air mass in which it is flying. VNE Maximum safe airspeed, not to be exceeded at any time. VNO Not to be exceeded except in smooth air only and then with caution. VFE Not to be exceeded with flaps extended. VA No full or abrupt control movements allowed above this airspeed. CEILING Service Ceiling 12,000 ft FLIGHT LOAD FACTORS Category Limit Load Factor Light Sport +4.0g/-2.0g 2 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-4 Section PROHIBITED MANEUVERS AEROBATICS PROHIBITED! Intentional spins prohibited POWER PLANT LIMITATIONS Tachometer Normal Range (green arc) 900 to 2750 RPM Caution Range (yellow arc) 675 to 900 RPM Maximum (red line) above 2750 RPM Cylinder Head Temperature Minimum for Take-Off 240°F Normal in Cruise (green arc) 240° to 420°F Caution Range (yellow arc) 420° to 525°F Maximum (red line) 525°F Oil Temperature Minimum for Take-Off 75°F Normal in Cruise 170° to 220°F Caution Range (yellow arc) 220° to 240°F Maximum (red line) 240°F Oil Pressure Minimum at Idle (red line) 10 PSI Normal Operation 30 to 60 PSI Maximum – Cold (red line) 100 PSI Fuel Pressure Minimum 0.2 PSI Maximum (red line) 6.0 PSI VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-5 Section FUEL LIMITATIONS Fuel Type 100 LL Aviation Fuel Capacity 28.1 US Gallons (total) 27.6 US Gallons (useable) Unusable Fuel Level Flight 0.5 US Gallons NOTE When there is less than 2.5 gallons of useable fuel remaining, the EFIS will display a “LOW FUEL” warning. AIRSPEED/POWER PLANT INDICATOR MARKINGS Limitations are displayed electronically. OPERATING LIMITATIONS Limitations are displayed electronically. PASSENGER WARNING Displayed on instrument panel: THIS AIRCRAFT WAS MANUFACTURED IN ACCORDANCE WITH LIGHT SPORT AIRCRAFT AIRWORTHINESS STANDARDS AND DOES NOT CONFORM TO STANDARD CATEGORY AIRWORTHI- NESS REQUIREMENTS INTENTIONAL SPINS PROHIBITED WARNING FLIGHT INTO IMC (INSTRUMENT METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS) IS PROHIBITED. THIS IS AN LSA AIRCRAFT, UNDER ASTM CERTIFICATION. 2 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-6 Section MISCELLANEOUS PLACARDS N number on outside of aircraft, 2 places Stainless steel data plate on outside of aircraft N number on instrument panel LIGHT-SPORT placard on baggage bulkhead Instrument panel switches are all labeled OPEN placard (near latch handle on inside of each door) Fuel type and capacity placard (near each fuel cap) THROTTLE above throttle knob, PUSH OPEN on knob end CABIN HEAT above cabin heat knob, PULL ON on knob end Fuel valve on/off placard adjacent to fuel valve Baggage capacity maximum 100 lb on baggage bulkhead 12 Volt Power Outlet 5A max adjacent to power outlet ELT label adjacent to instrument panel switch CARB HEAT above carb heat knob, PULL HOT on knob end MIXTURE above mixture knob, PUSH RICH VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-7 Section THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 2 SECTION 3: EMERGENCY PROCEDURES VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-1 Section 3 EMERGENCY PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL......................................................................................3-2 FIRE ...............................................................................................3-3 ENGINE FIRE DURING START ............................................................. 3-3 ENGINE FIRE IN FLIGHT ....................................................................... 3-4 ELECTRICAL FIRE ................................................................................... 3-4 ALTERNATOR/ELECTRICAL FAILURE .....................................3-5 OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION ....................................................3-5 ENGINE MALFUNCTION ...........................................................3-6 ENGINE FAILURE ON TAKE-OFF ........................................................ 3-6 ENGINE AIR RESTART ...........................................................................3-7 PARTIAL POWER LOSS/ROUGH RUNNING......................................3-7 ABNORMAL OIL PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE INDICATIONS .......3-7 LANDING EMERGENCIES .........................................................3-8 PRECAUTIONARY LANDING APPROACH ....................................... 3-8 FORCED LANDING (Complete Power Failure)................................ 3-9 DITCHING ................................................................................................3-10 UNUSUAL FLIGHT CONDITIONS ........................................... 3-11 SEVERE TURBULENCE .........................................................................3-11 STALLS ......................................................................................................3-11 SPINS ........................................................................................................3-12 RUNAWAY TRIM MOTOR.....................................................................3-12 IN-FLIGHT OVERSTRESS .....................................................................3-13 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-2 Section GENERAL This section covers the recommended procedures to follow during emergency and adverse flight conditions. As it is not possible to de- fine every type of emergency that may occur, it is the pilot’s respon- sibility to use sound judgment based on personal experience and knowledge of the aircraft to determine the best course of action. It is mandatory that the pilot be familiar with this entire manual, in partic- ular, the “Emergency Procedures” section prior to flight. NOTE All airspeeds in this section are indicated airspeed (IAS) unless stated otherwise. For the Ranger, the Indicated Air Speed (IAS) has been corrected by The SkyView system to display Calibrated Air Speed (IAS). VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-3 Section FIRE ENGINE FIRE DURING START If the fire is believed to be confined to the intake or exhaust system (result of flooding engine): ΅ Continue cranking engine with starter ΅ Throttle – FULL OPEN ΅ Mixture – IDLE CUT-OFF ΅ Inspect aircraft thoroughly for damage and cause prior to restart If fire persists or is not limited to intake or exhaust system: ΅ Fuel Shut-Off Valve – PULL OUT-OFF ΅ Electrical switches – ALL OFF ΅ Ignition switch - OFF ΅ Exit Aircraft ΅ Direct fire extinguisher through the air outlet tunnel at the bottom of the cowl 3 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-4 Section ENGINE FIRE IN FLIGHT ΅ Fuel Shut-Off Valve – PULL OUT-OFF ΅ Ignition switch – OFF ΅ Effect an expedited descent and land immediately ΅ Radio – MAYDAY 121.5 MHz (or frequency in use) WARNING DO NOT ATTEMPT TO RESTART ENGINE. ΅ Master switch – OFF ΅ On Final Approach a) Airspeed – 60 kts (55 kts minimum) b) Flaps – DOWN after intended point of landing assured ΅ Touchdown with minimum airspeed particularly if landing on rough terrain. ELECTRICAL FIRE An electrical fire is usually indicated by an odor of hot or burning insulation. ΅ Electrical Switches – ALL OFF (Both Master and Alternator OFF) (leave ignition switches ON) ΅ Doors &/or Air Vent – OPEN if necessary for smoke removal and ventilation ΅ Use hand fire extinguisher if available ΅ Land immediately (or as soon as practical if location for safe landing is not available) VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-5 Section ALTERNATOR/ELECTRICAL FAILURE An alternator failure is indicated by a voltage indication less than 13.5 volts. ΅ Turn OFF all non-essential electrical equipment to conserve battery power. WARNING ELECTRICAL FUEL PUMP OPERATION DEPENDS UPON SUFFICIENT BATTERY POWER. TURN FUEL PUMP ON ONLY IN CASE OF LOW FUEL INDICATION ON THE EFIS. ΅ Avionics switch – OFF NOTE The primary EFIS and GPS will continue to operate on their internal battery. ΅ Land as soon as possible as the battery will furnish electrical power for a limited time only. OVERVOLTAGE CONDITION An overvoltage condition is indicated by a voltage indication in excess of 14.8 volts. ΅ ALT switch – OFF ΅ Turn OFF all non-essential electrical equipment to conserve battery power. ΅ Avionics switch – OFF ΅ Land as soon as possible as the battery will furnish electrical power for a limited time only. 3 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-6 Section ENGINE MALFUNCTION ENGINE FAILURE ON TAKE-OFF WARNING IN THE EVENT OF ENGINE FAILURE, THE CONTROL STICK MUST BE IMMEDIATELY AND AGGRESSIVELY MOVED FORWARD TO PREVENT LOSS OF AIRSPEED. ΅ Airspeed – 60 kts IAS (55 kts IAS minimum) If airborne and sufficient runway remains: ΅ Throttle – CLOSED ΅ Land using maximum braking after touchdown. If airborne and insufficient runway remains for landing, attempt an engine restart if altitude permits: ΅ Ignition Switch – BOTH ΅ Fuel Shut-Off Valve – CHECK ON – PUSH ΅ Mixture – FULL RICH - PUSH ΅ Fuel Pump – ON ΅ Carburetor Heat - ON - PULL If no restart is possible: ΅ Select most favorable landing area ahead ΅ Flaps – FULL DOWN ΅ Fuel Shut-Off Valve – OFF ΅ Ignition switch – OFF WARNING MAINTAIN FLYING SPEED AT ALL TIMES AND DO NOT ATTEMPT TO TURN BACK TOWARD THE RUNWAY UNLESS SUFFICIENT ALTITUDE HAS BEEN ACHIEVED. Just before touchdown: ΅ Master switch - OFF ΅ Touchdown with minimum airspeed particularly if landing on rough terrain. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-7 Section ENGINE AIR RESTART ΅ Maintain Airspeed – 60 kts IAS (55 kts IAS minimum) ΅ Ignition Switch – BOTH ΅ Fuel Shut-Off Valve – CHECK ON – DOWN ΅ Mixture – FULL RICH - PUSH ΅ Fuel Pump – ON ΅ Carburetor Heat - ON ΅ If restart not possible, change throttle and/or mixture set- tings in attempt to restart ΅ Follow “Forced Landing Procedure” if unable to restart NOTE The engine starter may be engaged in flight should the propeller stop windmilling. PARTIAL POWER LOSS/ROUGH RUNNING ΅ Follow the engine air restart procedures ΅ Land as soon as possible using “Precautionary Landing Ap- proach” procedures ABNORMAL OIL PRESSURE/TEMPERATURE INDICATIONS Oil pressure and temperature problems are usually related with one affecting the other. Before any drastic action is taken, cross check other engine instruments and control settings in an attempt to deter- mine the source of the problem. High oil temperature is generally a result of loss of oil or overheating (note CHT). If the situation remains unchecked, oil pressure usually drops resulting in possible engine damage. Power should be reduced while maintaining cruise airspeed; land as soon as practical. Low or zero oil pressure is usually caused by a failed pressure relief valve, oil pump, loss of oil, high oil temperature or a defective gauge. A landing should be made as soon as practical using minimum RPM changes. Plan a “Precautionary Landing Approach” as complete en- gine failure is possible at any time. 3 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-8 Section LANDING EMERGENCIES PRECAUTIONARY LANDING APPROACH A precautionary landing approach should be used whenever power is still available. But, a complete power failure is considered immi- nent. Maintain a higher and closer pattern than normal in attempt to remain in gliding distance of the intended touchdown point. Use the normal landing procedures in addition: ΅ Airspeed – 60 kts recommended (55 kts minimum) ΅ Throttle – CLOSED when in gliding distance of runway ΅ Flaps – LOWER AS NEEDED to increase approach descent angle NOTE Slipping the aircraft by cross controlling the rudder and ailerons will increase the rate of descent either with or without flaps. NOTE If a crosswind exists, place the lower wing into the wind. INDICATED AIRSPEED IN A FULL RUDDER DEFLECTION SLIP IS 3 KT HIGHER THAN IN COORDINATED FLIGHT. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-9 Section FORCED LANDING (Complete Power Failure) If the engine cannot be restarted in flight, trim the aircraft to the recommended glide speed. Remain within gliding distance of the intended point of landing. Maintain a higher and closer pattern than normal, making allowance for wind. Extending flaps or slipping the aircraft can lose additional altitude. Diving the aircraft in an attempt to lose altitude when flying into a headwind will only increase the required landing distance. ΅ Maximum gliding distance airspeed – 63 kts ΅ Minimum rate of descent airspeed- 59 kts ΅ Fuel Shut-Off Valve – OFF – PULL OUT ΅ Flaps – UP to maximize glide range ΅ Radio – MAYDAY 121.5 MHz (or frequency in use) ΅ Attempt to position the aircraft approximately 1000 feet above ground level (AGL) when on downwind and abeam the intended point of landing. ΅ Ignition switches – BOTH OFF ΅ On Final Approach: Airspeed – 60 kts IAS (55 kts IAS minimum) Flaps – DOWN after intended point of landing assured ΅ Master switch – OFF ΅ Touchdown with minimum airspeed particularly if landing on rough terrain. 3 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-10 Section DITCHING Should it become necessary to make a forced landing over water, follow the “Forced Landing Procedures” in addition to the following: ΅ Land into wind if high winds are evident or parallel to swells with calm winds ΅ Flaps – UP (allows higher nose attitude at touchdown) ΅ Door – UNLATCH ( just before touchdown) ΅ Contact the water with nose high attitude ΅ After coming to complete stop – EXIT AIRCRAFT NOTE Aircraft cannot be depended upon to provide flotation after contacting the water. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-11 Section UNUSUAL FLIGHT CONDITIONS SEVERE TURBULENCE To prevent overstressing the aircraft do not exceed 103 kts in rough air. To minimize personal discomfort, decrease the IAS below 90 kts. Maintain a level flight attitude rather than flying by reference to the EFIS as the pitot-static indications may become very erratic. STALLS The RANGER R7 stall characteristics are conventional. Additionally, the RANGER R7 is equipped with an Angle of Attack (AoA) system that warns of impending stall via visual indication and audio indica- tions beginning approximately 5 knots above stall speed. Aileron control response in a fully stalled condition is marginal. Large aileron deflections will aggravate a near stalled condition and their use is not recommended to maintain lateral control. The rudder is very effective and should be used for maintaining lateral control in a stalled condition with the ailerons placed in a neutral position. To recover from a stall, proceed as follows: ΅ Nose attitude – LOWER with relaxation of back pressure on control stick ΅ Throttle – FULL OPEN simultaneously with relaxation of back pressure on stick ΅ Use rudder to maintain lateral control 3 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-12 Section SPINS If a spin is inadvertently entered, immediate recovery should be ini- tiated. The recovery procedure is as follows: ΅ Throttle – CLOSED ΅ Rudder – FULL DEFLECTION opposite direction of rotation ΅ Elevator – SLIGHTLY FORWARD OF NEUTRAL ΅ Ailerons – NEUTRAL POSITION When rotation stops (1/2 – 1 turn after recovery initiated): ΅ Rudder – NEUTRALIZE ΅ Nose Attitude – RAISE smoothly to level flight attitude WARNING DURING THE SPIN RECOVERY, THE AIRSPEED WILL BUILD VERY RAPIDLY WITH A NOSE LOW ATTITUDE. DO NOT USE FULL OR ABRUPT ELEVATOR CONTROL MOVEMENTS. RUNAWAY TRIM MOTOR If the trim motor should begin to run uncommanded in either direc- tion the following actions should be taken: ΅ Autopilot Switch - OFF ΅ Elevator - HOLD against out of trim condition ΅ (Airspeed may be reduced as a way to lessen the amount of stick force required to maintain level flight) ΅ Land as soon as possible VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 3-13 Section IN-FLIGHT OVERSTRESS Should an overstress occur due to exceeding the airspeed and/or load factor limits, aggressive maneuvering should be immediately terminated. Fly at a reduced airspeed (65 – 75 kts) IAS to a suitable landing point. DO NOT under any circumstances make large control movements or subject the aircraft to additional G loadings above that required for straight and level flight. After landing, the aircraft should be inspected by a mechanic or re- pairman prior to the next flight. 3 SECTION 4: NORMAL PROCEDURES VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-1 Section 4 NORMAL PROCEDURES TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL......................................................................................4-2 PREFLIGHT INSPECTION ..........................................................4-2 Cabin .......................................................................................................... 4-2 Left Main Landing Gear ......................................................................... 4-2 Left Wing ................................................................................................... 4-3 Nose Section............................................................................................ 4-4 Fuselage (Right Side) ............................................................................. 4-6 Empennage .............................................................................................. 4-6 Fuselage (Left Side) ...............................................................................4-7 PRE-START ................................................................................... 4-7 ENGINE START ............................................................................4-8 AFTER START ..............................................................................4-8 TAXIING ........................................................................................4-9 BEFORE TAKEOFF .................................................................... 4-10 TAKE-OFF (Normal) ................................................................... 4-11 TAKE-OFF (Obstacle) ................................................................ 4-11 TAKE-OFF (Soft Field) ............................................................... 4-11 CLIMB ........................................................................................ 4-12 CRUISE ....................................................................................... 4-12 DESCENT ................................................................................... 4-12 LANDING (NORMAL) ................................................................ 4-13 LANDING (Obstacle) ................................................................ 4-14 LANDING (Balked) .................................................................... 4-14 SHUTDOWN ............................................................................. 4-15 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-2 Section GENERAL This section covers all recommended normal operating procedures using a checklist format whenever possible with additional informa- tion if further explanation is required. NOTE All recommended airspeeds in this section are INDICATED AIRSPEED (IAS) with the aircraft loaded to the maximum gross weight of 1320 lb. PREFLIGHT INSPECTION Cabin ΅ Left Door – OPEN check condition, operation ΅ Master Switch - ON ΅ Flight Control Locks – REMOVE ΅ Flaps – FULL DOWN, check indication on EFIS ΅ Header Tank-check FULL indication on EFIS ΅ Fuel gauge – check FUEL LEVEL indication on EFIS (no take- off with less than 4 gallons of total fuel in wing tanks) ΅ Master Switch - OFF ΅ EFIS-POWER OFF ΅ ELT – check OFF ΅ Baggage – RESTRAINED Left Main Landing Gear ΅ Tire – CONDITION, proper inflation 25 PSI ΅ Brake – CHECK condition, no leakage ΅ Axle Nut – CHECK cotter pin installation ΅ Wheel Attach Bolts – CHECK proper installation ΅ Brake Line – CHECK condition, no leakage at either end ΅ Wheel Chocks – REMOVE VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-3 Section Left Wing ΅ Flap – CHECK condition, security ΅ Inboard Access Plates, Fwd & Aft – CHECK proper screw installation ΅ Outside Air Temperature (OAT) probe – CHECK condition ΅ Flap Hinge Pins – CHECK installation ΅ Outboard Access Plate –CHECK proper screw installation ΅ Inboard Aileron Hinge Bracket - CHECK bolt/washer/nut in- stallation ΅ Aileron Pushrod - CHECK installation, freedom of bearing, jamnut tight ΅ Aileron – CHECK condition, straightness of trailing edge, freedom of movement ΅ Tie-Down – UNTIE RESTRAINT from eyelet, REMOVE eyelet (as desired) ΅ Wing Lower Surface – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Wing Upper Surface – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Outboard Aileron Hinge Bracket - CHECK bolt/washer/nut installation ΅ Wing Tip – CHECK condition, NAV/Strobe light, access plate installation ΅ Landing Light – CHECK condition, all screws installed ΅ Pitot/Static/AoA & Fuel Vent Mast – CHECK attachment to wing ΅ Pitot/Static/AoA & Fuel Vent - all ports CLEAN & OPEN ΅ Wing Leading Edge – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Fuel Outlet – DRAIN fuel sample, CHECK for leakage ΅ Fuel Sample – CHECK for water or sediment contamination ΅ Fuel Cap – REMOVE ΅ Fuel Level – CHECK ΅ Fuel Cap – INSTALLED ΅ Comm Antenna - CHECK condition & security 4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-4 Section Nose Section ΅ Windscreen – CHECK overall condition, all screws installed, cleanliness ΅ Exhaust Pipe – CHECK condition, security of attachment ΅ Nose Landing Gear Leg – CHECK attachment to fuselage ΅ Cowling – CHECK condition, screws properly installed on bottom edge ΅ Nose Tire – CHECK condition, proper inflation 22 PSI ΅ Nose Wheel – CHECK axle bolt/washer/nut installation ΅ Nose Landing Gear Fork – CHECK pivot nut cotter pin instal- lation, pivot flange stop screw installation ΅ Wheel Chocks - REMOVE ΅ Cowl Door - OPEN ΅ Engine Oil – CHECK quantity, color, and clarity ΅ Cowl Door – CLOSED ΅ Left Air Inlet – CHECK unobstructed ΅ Left Side Cowl Hinge Pin – CHECK proper installation, security ΅ Propeller and Spinner – CHECK condition, security ΅ Cowl Attach Screws aft of spinner – CHECK for proper installation ΅ Right Air Inlet – CHECK unobstructed ΅ Right Side Cowl Hinge Pin – CHECK proper installation, security ΅ Top Cowl Hinge Pin Retainer – CHECK proper installation, security VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-5 Section Right Wing ΅ Wing Leading Edge – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Fuel Outlet – DRAIN fuel sample, CHECK for leakage ΅ Fuel Sample – CHECK for water or sediment contamination ΅ Fuel Cap – REMOVE ΅ Fuel Level – CHECK ΅ Fuel Cap – INSTALLED ΅ Comm Antenna (if installed) - CHECK condition & security ΅ Landing Light – CHECK condition, all screws installed ΅ Wing Tip – CHECK condition, NAV/Strobe light, access plate installation ΅ Outboard Aileron Hinge Bracket - CHECK bolt/washer/nut installation ΅ Wing Upper Surface – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Wing Lower Surface – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Tie-Down – UNTIE RESTRAINT from eyelet, REMOVE eyelet (as desired) ΅ Aileron – CHECK condition, straightness of trailing edge, freedom of movement ΅ Aileron Pushrod - CHECK installation, freedom of bearing, jamnut tight ΅ Inboard Aileron Hinge Bracket - CHECK bolt/washer/nut installation ΅ Outboard Access Plate – CHECK proper screw installation ΅ Flap – CHECK condition, security ΅ Flap Hinge Pins – CHECK installation ΅ Inboard Access Plates, Fwd & Aft – CHECK proper screw installation Right Main Landing Gear ΅ Tire – CONDITION, proper inflation 25 PSI ΅ Brake – CHECK condition, no leakage ΅ Axle Nut – CHECK cotter pin installation ΅ Wheel Attach Bolts – CHECK proper installation ΅ Brake Line – CHECK condition, no leakage at either end ΅ Wheel Chocks – REMOVE 4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-6 Section Fuselage (Right Side) ΅ Right Door – OPEN check condition, operation ΅ Fuel Outlet – DRAIN fuel sample, CHECK for leakage ΅ Fuel Sample – CHECK for water or sediment contamination ΅ ELT Antenna – CHECK condition & security ΅ Fuselage Lower, Right Side, & Upper Surfaces – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets Empennage ΅ Vertical Stabilizer (Right Side) – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Horizontal Stabilizer (Right Side) – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Right Elevator - CHECK condition, freedom of movement ΅ Rudder – CHECK condition, proper attachment, freedom of movement ΅ Rudder Anti-Servo Tab - CHECK attachment of pushrod, pres- ence of cotter pin, free play not greater than 3 mm/1/8 inch ΅ Rudder Cables – CHECK proper attachment to rudder horn, presence of cotter pins in cable attach nuts ΅ Tie-Down – UNTIE RESTRAINT from hole in structure ΅ Left Elevator - CHECK condition, freedom of movement ΅ Left Elevator Trim Tab – CHECK attachment of actuator, hinge pin safety wire, free play not greater than 3 mm/1/8 inch ΅ Trim Motor Access Plate – CHECK proper screw installation ΅ Horizontal Stabilizer (Left Side) – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Vertical Stabilizer (Left Side) – CHECK overall condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets ΅ Nav Antenna (if installed) - CHECK condition & security Fuselage (Left Side) ΅ Fuselage Lower, Left Side, & Upper Surfaces – CHECK over- all condition, no dents, damage, missing or loose rivets VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-7 Section PRE-START ΅ Rudder Pedal Position – ADJUST as necessary/desired ΅ Seat Belt/Shoulder Harness/Crotch Strap – FASTENED & SNUG ΅ Passenger Briefing - PERFORMED ΅ Doors – CLOSED and LATCHED ΅ Master Switch – ON ΅ Avionics Switch – ON ΅ Autopilot Switch – ON ΅ Alternator Field Switch – ON ΅ Flaps - UP ΅ Fuel Valve – OPEN (PUSH IN) ΅ Throttle – ADJUST FRICTION ΅ Mixture – RICH (PUSH IN) ΅ Carburetor Heat – COLD ENGINE START CAUTION DO NOT START ENGINE WITH OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE BELOW -13°F (-25°C) OR ABOVE 122°F (50°C). ΅ Fuel Pressure – 0.5 PSI min ΅ Prime – AS REQUIRED using carburetor accelerator pump. Engine Cold - fully open then close the throttle 3 to 5 times. Engine Hot - do not prime before starting. 4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-8 Section NOTE The amount of prime required depends on engine tem- perature. Familiarity and practice will enable the opera- tor to accurately estimate the amount of prime to use. ΅ Throttle – 1/8 in OPEN ΅ Brakes – HOLD ΅ Propeller – CLEAR ΅ Ignition Key – START, release to BOTH after engine fires ΅ Throttle – 900 to 1000 RPM ΅ Oil Pressure – CHECK 10 PSI min within 30 seconds or im- mediately shutdown the engine ΅ Voltmeter – 13.8 to 14.4 Volts CAUTION LIMIT THE USE OF THE STARTER TO 10 SECONDS DURATION MAXIMUM WITH A 20 SECOND COOLING OFF PERIOD BETWEEN EACH STARTER ENGAGEMENT. AFTER START ΅ Nav/Strobe Lights – ON, strobe for day ops, nav for night ops ΅ Landing Light – ON, pulse for day ops, steady for night ops ΅ COM Radio – TUNE as desired, ADJUST volume ΅ Intercom – CHECK functionality, ADJUST volume, squelch as desired VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-9 Section TAXIING Taxiing during high winds requires the conventional use of the flight controls. With a headwind or quartering headwind, place the control stick full aft and into the wind. With a tailwind or quartering tailwind, use the opposite procedures. The use of the wheel brakes in conjunction with the rudder will assist the pilot in maintaining directional control. ΅ Engine Gauges – CHECK ΅ Brakes – RELEASE ΅ Taxi rpm – 900–1000 RPM until oil temp over 75° F (24° C) 4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-10 Section BEFORE TAKEOFF ΅ Brakes – HOLD ΅ Flight Controls – CHECK freedom of movement, proper operation ΅ Flight Instruments – CHECK & SET ΅ Fuel Valve – CHECK OPEN ΅ Fuel Quantity Indication - CHECK (no take-off with less than 4 gallons fuel) ΅ Trim – SET for takeoff - tab “in-trail” with left elevator ΅ Flaps – SET –20° or UP (as desired) ΅ Doors – CHECK Closed and Latched ΅ Engine Run-Up Elevator – STICK BACK Minimum Oil Temp 75° F Throttle – 1700 RPM Ignition Key L then BOTH, note RPM drop R then BOTH, note RPM drop (max drop – 150 RPM) (max difference between drops – 75 RPM) Carb Heat -ON, note increase in carb temp, then COLD Engine Instruments – CHECK Normal Indications Fuel Pressure – CHECK 0.5 PSI minimum Volt Meter – CHECK ΅ Throttle – IDLE ΅ Seat Belt, Pilot and Passenger – FASTENED & SNUG ΅ Brakes – RELEASE NOTE Extended periods of ground operation with carburetor heat ON should be avoided as the air filter is bypassed when carburetor heat is selected. NOTE High power operation (above 1500 RPM) and engine run-up should be made into the wind and kept to a mini- mum especially during high temperature conditions. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-11 Section TAKE-OFF (Normal) ΅ Control Stick – half way between neutral and aft ΅ Throttle – smoothly FULL OPEN ΅ Elevator Control – RAISE NOSE just clear of ground, release back pressure on stick as required ΅ Rotate – LIFT OFF 50-55 kts IAS ΅ Climb – 75 kts IAS ΅ Flaps – UP ΅ Trim – AS REQUIRED to hold desired airspeed During crosswind conditions, place the control stick into the wind (up wind aileron UP) and raise the nose just clear of the ground as early in the take-off roll as possible to improve rudder authority and prevent drifting or premature lift-off. When taking off with a left crosswind and full power, right rudder is a limiting factor. TAKE-OFF (Obstacle) During an obstacle take-off, use the normal take-off procedures with the following exceptions: ΅ Flaps – 20° ΅ Hold Brakes – until application of full power ΅ Lift –Off – 50 to 55 kts IAS ΅ Climb – 60 kts IAS (best angle of climb) until clear of obstacle TAKE-OFF (Soft Field) For soft field take-off, use the normal take-off procedures with the following exceptions: ΅ Flaps – 20° ΅ Elevator Control – RAISE NOSE to Take-Off Attitude ΅ Lift-Off – as EARLY as possible ΅ After Lift-Off – LEVEL FLIGHT to obtain safe margin of air- speed prior to climb WARNING THE AIRCRAFT WILL LIFT-OFF AT VERY LOW IAS BUT CONTINUED CLIMB-OUT BELOW 60 KTS IMMEDIATELY AFTER TAKE-OFF IS NOT RECOMMENDED. 4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-12 Section CLIMB ΅ Throttle – FULL ΅ Airspeed – Best Rate 75 kts IAS Flaps – UP Best Angle 60 kts IAS Flaps – 20° Cruise-climb 85 kts IAS Flaps – UP ΅ Trim – AS REQUIRED to hold desired airspeed CRUISE ΅ Flaps – CHECK UP ΅ Level-off – TRIM as required ΅ Airspeed – ACCELERATE to desired cruise airspeed above 103 kts IAS in smooth air only ΅ Throttle – SET to cruise power ΅ Mixture – LEAN when below 75% power ΅ Engine Gauges – CHECK DESCENT ΅ Airspeed – AS DESIRED 103 kts IAS to 131 kts IAS in smooth air only ΅ Throttle – REDUCE as desired (2750 RPM max) ΅ Mixture – ADJUST as required ΅ Flaps – UP (above 90 kts IAS), AS DESIRED (below 82 kts IAS) ΅ Trim – AS REQUIRED to hold desired airspeed The descent should be made with enough power to maintain cyl- inder head and oil temperatures in green arc. If possible, avoid windmilling the engine with the propeller by reducing airspeed or increasing power. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-13 Section LANDING (NORMAL) ΅ Seat Belt – Pilot and Passenger – FASTENED & SNUG ΅ Mixture – RICH ΅ Brakes – CHECK firm then release ΅ Ignition Switch – BOTH ON ΅ Throttle – AS DESIRED to control rate of descent ΅ Carburetor Heat – ON ΅ Trim – AS REQUIRED ΅ Flaps – AS DESIRED (below 82 kts IAS) ΅ Approach Speed – 55-60 kts IAS ΅ Touchdown – MAIN WHEELS FIRST ΅ After Touchdown – Elevator Control – FULL AFT Brakes – AS REQUIRED The best technique for use on soft or rough fields is to fly the landing approach at minimum speed carrying power into the landing flare and using an extreme nose high landing attitude so as to touchdown with minimum airspeed. During gusty wind conditions, fly the landing approach at approx- imately 5 kts above normal and touchdown with the nose slightly lower than for a normal landing. Crosswind approaches can best be accomplished by using the wing down top rudder method touching first on the down wind side main wheel, followed by the other main wheel, and finally lowering the nose wheel all the while keeping the stick into the wind. 4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-14 Section LANDING (Obstacle) Use of normal landing procedures in addition: ΅ Flaps – FULL DOWN ΅ Approach Airspeed – 55 kts ΅ Throttle – AS DESIRED to control rate of descent ΅ Slip aircraft as necessary to increase rate of descent NOTE If a crosswind exists, place the lower wing into the wind. Indicated airspeed in a full-rudder deflection slip is 3 kt higher than in coordinated flight. WARNING A RELATIVELY HIGH RATE OF DESCENT IS POSSIBLE IN THIS CONFIGURATION WHEN AT FULL GROSS WEIGHT AND THE THROTTLE CLOSED. IF AIRSPEED IS ALLOWED TO DECREASE BELOW 55 KTS, LEVEL OFF CAN ONLY BE ASSURED WITH AN APPLICATION OF POWER. LANDING (Balked) Use of normal landing procedures in addition at the time of going around: ΅ Throttle – FULL OPEN ΅ Carburetor Heat – COLD ΅ Flaps – 20° ΅ Airspeed – Best Angle 60 kts IAS Flaps – 20° until clear of obstacle, then Best Rate 75 kts IAS Flaps – UP VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 4-15 Section SHUTDOWN Throttle – 900 to 1000 RPM ELT – CHECK LIGHT OFF & CHECK no signal on 121.5 MHZ Mixture – IDLE CUT-OFF Ignition Key – OFF Avionics – OFF Master – OFF Tie Down – CHOCK two wheels minimum NOTE If high winds are anticipated, the aircraft should be hang- ered. If the aircraft must be left out, park with the aircraft headed into the wind and use additional tie-down ropes for security. Place the flaps in the full up position and secure the control stick full aft with the lap belt. 4 SECTION 5: PERFORMANCE VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-1 Section 5 PERFORMANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL......................................................................................5-2 AIRSPEED CALIBRATION TABLE .............................................5-2 STALL SPEEDS (KIAS) ................................................................5-3 TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE ......................................................5-4 CLIMB PERFORMANCE .............................................................5-5 LANDING PERFORMANCE – ZERO WIND .............................5-6 CRUISE PERFORMANCE ...........................................................5-7 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-2 Section GENERAL This data is to inform the pilot what can be expected from the aircraft in the way of performance and to assist in preflight planning. The data has been compiled from both estimated calculations and actual flight test using average piloting techniques, with an aircraft and engine in good operating conditions. All information is correct- ed for standard atmospheric conditions. Note For the Ranger, the Indicated Air Speed (IAS) has been corrected by The SkyView system to display Calibrated Air Speed (CAS). AIRSPEED CALIBRATION TABLE CALIBRATED AIRSPEED INDICATED AIRSPEED 45 45 50 50 55 55 60 60 65 65 70 70 75 75 80 80 85 85 90 90 95 95 100 100 110 110 120 120 130 130 140 140 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-3 Section STALL SPEEDS (KIAS) GROSS WEIGHT FLAP POSITION 1150 lb 1320 lb UP 42.0 45 20° 40.0 42 FULL DOWN 38.3 41 5 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-4 Section TAKE-OFF PERFORMANCE PRESS ALTITUDE (FT) TEMP (°F) TAKE-OFF DISTANCE (FT) GROUND ROLL 50 FT OBSTACLE SEA LEVEL 0 180 439 20 288 703 40 391 953 60 489 1191 80 582 1419 100 671 1636 2000 0 364 888 20 471 1147 40 572 1393 60 668 1628 80 760 1851 100 847 2064 4000 0 548 1335 20 653 1590 40 752 1832 60 846 2062 80 937 2282 100 1023 2492 6000 0 731 1781 20 834 2032 40 931 2269 60 1024 2496 80 1113 2711 100 1197 2917 8000 0 914 2226 20 1015 2472 40 1110 2705 60 1202 2927 80 1289 3139 100 1372 3342 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-5 Section CLIMB PERFORMANCE PRESS ALTITUDE (FT) TEMP (°F) MAX RATE OF CLIMB (FT/MIN) AT 1320 lb AT 1150 lb SEA LEVEL 0 1031 1194 20 962 1125 40 896 1059 60 833 997 80 774 937 100 717 880 2000 0 913 1077 20 845 1009 40 780 944 60 719 883 80 660 824 100 605 768 4000 0 796 959 20 729 892 40 665 829 60 605 769 80 547 711 100 492 656 6000 0 679 842 20 613 777 40 551 714 60 491 655 80 435 598 100 381 544 8000 0 562 726 20 498 661 40 436 600 60 378 542 80 323 486 100 270 433 5 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-6 Section LANDING PERFORMANCE – ZERO WIND DENSITY ALTITUDE (FT) APPROACH SPEED (KIAS) LANDING DISTANCE (FT) GROUND ROLL 50 FT OBSTACLE 0 55 284 1079 2500 55 339 1151 5000 55 395 1223 7500 55 450 1294 NOTE Decrease the distances shown by 10% for each 5 knots of headwind. NOTE The data given is with flaps fully extended. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 5-7 Section CRUISE PERFORMANCE DENSITY ALTI - TUDE (FT) RPM IAS (KTS) FUEL BURN (GAL/HR) ECONOMY (NM/GAL) ENDURANCE (H:MM) RANGE (NM) 2500 2500 114 6.9 16.5 4:03 460 2750 117 7.7 15.2 3:37 424 5000 2500 112 5.8 19.3 4:49 538 2750 115 6.8 16.9 4:06 471 7500 2500 111 5.4 20.7 5:10 572 2750 114 5.8 19.8 4:49 547 10000 2500 110 5.2 21.3 5:22 589 2650 113 5.4 20.9 4:43 534 NOTE Lean mixture to Peak EGT when below 75% power. NOTE No fuel allowance is made for take-off, climb, descent, or reserve. 5 SECTION 6: WEIGHT AND BALANCE VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-1 Section 6 WEIGHT AND BALANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL......................................................................................6-2 INSTALLED EQUIPMENT LIST ..................................................6-3 SAMPLE LOADING PROBLEM ..................................................6-4 YOUR AIRPLANE .......................................................................6-4 LOADING GRAPH .......................................................................6-5 FLIGHT ENVELOPE ....................................................................6-6 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-2 Section GENERAL It is the pilot’s responsibility to ensure that the aircraft is loaded properly and within the weight and balance limitations. All flight per- formance, procedures and characteristics are based on this prereq- uisite. The actual licensed empty weight and CG of a specific aircraft can be found on the Weight and Balance Form which is a permanent part of the aircraft’s file and onboard documentation. All addition- al changes to the aircraft’s empty weight and CG after the time of manufacture must also be attached or indicated. From this informa- tion and the following instructions, the pilot can easily determine the useful load and proper loading distribution for the aircraft. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-3 Section INSTALLED EQUIPMENT LIST ITEM WEIGHT (lb) ARM (in) MOMENT (in-lb) DYNON SV-D1000 DYNON SV-EMS-220 DYNON SV-XPNDR-261 DYNON SV-BAT-320 DYNON SV-ADAHRS-200 DYNON SV-GPS-250 DYNON SV-COM-X83 DYNON SV-NAV-C25 DYNON SV42 (ROLL) DYNON SV42 (PITCH) DYNON ADS-B ADVANCED 70050 ACK 406 ELT EARTH-X PC-680 TOTAL 6 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-4 Section SAMPLE LOADING PROBLEM ITEM ARM (IN) (LIMITS 112.13 – 117.64) SAMPLE AIRPLANE WEIGHT (LB) MOMENT (IN-LB) EMPTY AIRCRAFT WITH OIL & UNUSABLE FUEL 112.26 882 99014 PILOT 121.50 185 22478 PASSENGER 121.50 185 22478 BAGGAGE – MAIN 150.04 20 3001 BAGGAGE – AFT 174.03 0 0 HEADER FUEL 88.40 15.0 (2.5 GAL@ 6 LB/GAL) 1326 WING FUEL 107.20 33.0 (5.5 GAL@ 6 LB/GAL) 3538 TOTAL 115.03 1320 151835 YOUR AIRPLANE ITEM ARM (IN) (LIMITS 112.13 – 117.64) SAMPLE AIRPLANE WEIGHT (LB) MOMENT (IN-LB) EMPTY AIRCRAFT WITH OIL & UNUSABLE FUEL PILOT 121.50 PASSENGER 121.50 BAGGAGE –MAIN 150.04 BAGGAGE - AFT 174.03 HEADER FUEL 88.40 15.0 (2.5 GAL@ 6 LB/GAL) 1326 WING FUEL 107.20 ( GAL@ 6 LB/GAL) TOTAL VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-5 Section LOADING GRAPH 6 FIGURE 6-1 LOADING GRAPH VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-6 Section FLIGHT ENVELOPE FIGURE 6-2 FLIGHT ENVELOPE VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 6-7 Section THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SECTION 7: DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT & SYSTEMS VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-1 Section 7 DESCRIPTION OF AIRCRAFT & SYSTEMS TABLE OF CONTENTS POWER PLANT SUMMARY .......................................................7-2 OPERATING WEIGHTS & LOADING ...............................................7-2 RANGER R7 AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS ............................. 7-3 Performance (1150 lb)..............................................................................7-3 Performance (1320 lb).............................................................................7-4 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM ................................................................7-5 FUEL SYSTEM .............................................................................7-6 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-2 Section POWER PLANT SUMMARY Engine Description Make Continental Motors, Inc. Model O-200-D Displacement 201 in3 / 3.29 liter Ignition Dual Slick Magnetos Carburetor MA3-SPA Rated Power 100 HP / 74.5 kW @ 2750 RPM Propeller Make Catto Model 2B-70x48 Fuel See Operating Limitations - Section 2-5 Oil See Aircraft Ground and Servicing - Section 2-4 OPERATING WEIGHTS & LOADING Category Max Weight Center of Gravity Range Light Sport 1320 lb 113.23” to 117.64” (24 to 32% – Mean Aerodynamic Chord) NOTE All measurements are aft of the datum line which is 100 inches forward of the wing leading edge. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-3 Section RANGER R7 AIRCRAFT SPECIFICATIONS Exterior Dimensions Span 29 ft 6 in Length 21 ft 9 in Height 8 ft 4 in Wing Area 135.6 ft2 Weights Empty Weight 875 lb (typical) Gross Weight 1320 lb Loading Wing Loading 9.7 lb/ft2 Power Loading 13.2 lb/hp Performance (1150 lb) Top Speed 119 kts Cruise Speed 117 kts (2750 RPM @ 7500 ft DA) Range 506 nm Cruise Speed 113 kts (2500 RPM @ 7500 ft DA) Range 519 nm Stall – Flaps Up 42 kts Ground Performance Take-off Distance 384 ft Landing Distance 265 ft Climb/Ceiling Rate of Climb 1000 ft/min Ceiling (estimated) 12,000 ft 7 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-4 Section Performance (1320 lb) Top Speed 117 kts Cruise Speed 114 kts (2750 RPM @ 7500 ft DA) Range 501 nm Cruise Speed 111 kts (2500 RPM @ 7500 ft DA) Range 524 nm Stall – Flaps Up 45 kts Ground Performance Take-off Distance 489 ft Landing Distance 285 ft Climb/Ceiling Rate of Climb 833 ft/min Ceiling (estimated) 12,000 ft VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-5 Section ELECTRICAL SYSTEM 7 FIGURE 7-2 ELECTRICAL SYSTEM VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-6 Section FUEL SYSTEM FIGURE 7-3 FUEL SYSTEM VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 7-7 Section 7 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SECTION 8: AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING & SERVICING VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 8-1 Section 8 AIRCRAFT GROUND HANDLING & SERVICING TABLE OF CONTENTS TORQUE VALUES TABLE ..........................................................8-2 FUEL ..............................................................................................8-2 Fueling Procedure .................................................................................. 8-2 OIL .................................................................................................8-3 Specifications:.......................................................................................... 8-3 Recommended Oil Grade: .................................................................... 8-3 Oil Filter ..................................................................................................... 8-3 SPARK PLUGS .............................................................................8-4 EXHAUST .....................................................................................8-4 TIRES .............................................................................................8-4 Inflation Pressure: ................................................................................... 8-4 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 8-2 Section TORQUE VALUES TABLE ft-lb in-lb N-m Plug, Oil Sump Drain 15.8-17.5 190-210 21.5-23.7 Oil Filter 15.0-18.0 180-216 20.3-24.4 Spark Plugs 1 25.0-30.0 300-360 33.9-40.6 TABLE 8-1 CONTINENTAL O-200-D NOTE 1 Lubricate spark plug threads with spark plug manufac- turer’s recommended lubricant. FUEL The Continental O-200-D engine installed in the Ranger R7 is certi- fied for operation with 100LL Blue aviation fuel. If the minimum fuel grade is not available, use the next higher available grade. Never use a lower grade fuel. Fueling Procedure Plane stopped, engine and master power OFF. Attach grounding cable to exhaust pipe. Use a ladder to gain access to the filler cap (located on the upper surface of each wing at approximately 30% of the distance from the cabin to the wing tip.) Remove filler cap Insert fuel nozzle, add desired amount of fuel. Remove fuel nozzle Visually check fuel level Replace fuel cap Wipe away any spilled fuel VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 8-3 Section Re-locate ladder to opposite wing to gain access to the filler cap. Remove filler cap Insert fuel nozzle, add desired amount of fuel Remove fuel nozzle Visually check fuel level Replace fuel cap Wipe away any spilled fuel Return ladder to storage location. Remove grounding cable from exhaust pipe. Adjust the fuel totalizer quantity upon powering up the EFIS OIL Oil Sump Capacity: 5.0 Quarts 4.73L Specifications: Aircraft piston engine ashless-dispersant oil which meets specifica- tion SAE J-1899. Aircraft piston engine non-dispersant mineral oil which meets spec- ification SAE J-1966 (first 25 hours of engine operation or until oil consumption stabilizes). Recommended Oil Grade: Above 40°F ambient air, sea level – SAE 50 or Multi Viscosity Below 40°F ambient air, sea level – SAE 30 or Multi Viscosity Oil Filter Tempest Oil Filter AA48162 8 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 8-4 Section SPARK PLUGS Type Socket Electrode Gap REM40E 7/8” Deep Socket .016-.021” REM437BY 7/8” Deep Socket .016-.021” EXHAUST Lubricate exhaust ball and slip joints regularly with anti-seize lubri- cant (Loctite Anti-seize) to prevent gripping and seizing of the joints. TIRES All three tires are 6.00 x 6 size and 4 ply load rating. Inflation Pressure: Nose Tire: 22 PSI (optimum)/23 PSI (maximum) Main Tires: 25 PSI (optimum)/28 PSI (maximum) VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 8-5 Section THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 8 SECTION 9: SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-1 Section 9 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-2 Section FAMILIARIZATION FLIGHT PROCEDURES TAKE-OFF & CLIMB Normal take-off followed by climb at 75 kt IAS to selected target altitude (suggest 3,000 to 4,000 ft AGL) Strive to maintain target airspeed during climb. While climbing, perform left and right turns of approximately 90° heading change using not more than 30° bank. Strive to keep slip/skid ball centered while rolling into and out of turns. CRUISE Upon reaching target altitude, level-off and allow the aircraft to ac- celerate to cruise speed. Trim as required to minimize pilot work- load. Reduce power if/as required to keep engine speed below 2750 RPM. Strive to maintain target altitude while the aircraft accelerates. Once established in level, hands-off flight perform left and right turns of 180 to 360° heading change using not more than 45° bank. Strive to keep slip/skid ball centered while rolling into and out of turns. Strive to maintain target altitude throughout. For added challenge, increase maximum bank angle to 60° and/ or begin and end turns with the nose pointed at preselected points on the horizon. Strive to keep slip/skid ball centered while rolling into and out of turns. Strive to maintain target altitude throughout. Strive to begin and end turns with the nose exactly on point. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-3 Section SLOW FLIGHT Reduce power and allow the aircraft to decelerate to 60 kt IAS while maintaining target altitude. Trim as required to minimize pilot work- load. Adjust power if/as required to achieve target airspeed while maintaining altitude. Strive to maintain target altitude. Strive to keep slip/skid ball cen- tered during power changes. Once established in level, hands-off flight perform left and right turns of 180 to 360° heading change using not more than 45° bank. Strive to keep slip/skid ball centered while rolling into and out of turns. Strive to maintain target airspeed and altitude throughout. For added challenge, increase maximum bank angle to 60° and/or begin and end turns with the nose pointed at preselected points on the horizon. Strive to keep slip/skid ball centered while rolling into and out of turns. Strive to maintain target altitude throughout. Strive to begin and end turns with the nose exactly on point. Lower flaps to ½ deflection and repeat exercises listed above using target airspeed of 57 kt IAS. Lower flaps to full deflection and repeat exercises listed above using target airspeed of 55 kt IAS. Raise flaps and re-establish level hands-off flight at 60 kt IAS. 9 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-4 Section STALLS, POWER-OFF Reduce power to idle and maintain wings level flight while increas- ing nose-up attitude to maintain target altitude until aircraft stalls. Stall will be noted by the nose pitching-down abruptly and rolling right or left up to 15°. While approaching the stall, maintain wings-level using rudder only and keeping the ailerons neutral. Upon stall, release stick back pres- sure and increase power to 18 inches manifold pressure. Allow the aircraft to accelerate to 60 kt IAS and re-establish wings level climb- ing flight. Strive to maintain wings level using only rudder. Strive to maintain target altitude as airspeed decays to the stall. Strive to quickly and smoothly reduce stick back pressure, in- crease power, and accelerate to 60 kt IAS after the stall. Establish 30° bank turn to the right and repeat above exercise. Establish 30° bank turn to the left and repeat above exercise. Lower flaps to ½ deflection and repeat exercises listed above. Lower flaps to full deflection and repeat exercises listed above. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-5 Section STALLS, POWER-ON Establish full power, wings level climb at 65 kt IAS. Increase nose-up attitude by approximately 15° and maintain that attitude as airspeed decays to the stall. Stall will be noted by the nose pitching-down abruptly and rolling right or left up to 15°. While approaching the stall, maintain wings-level using rudder only and keeping the ailerons neutral. Upon stall, release stick back pres- sure and re-establish wings level climbing flight at target airspeed. Strive to maintain constant pitch attitude as airspeed decays to the stall. Strive to maintain wings level using only rudder. Strive to quickly and smoothly reduce stick back pressure, accelerating to target climb airspeed after the stall. Establish 30° bank turn to the right and repeat above exercise. Establish 30° bank turn to the left and repeat above exercise. Lower flaps to ½ deflection and repeat exercises listed above. CRUISE & DESCENT Re-establish cruise flight and choose heading to landing pattern en- try point. When at appropriate point, reduce power to establish 500 ft/min de- scent while maintaining a particular airspeed between 100 and 110 kt IAS. Initiation of descent should be selected so as to arrive over the landing pattern entry point at proper traffic pattern altitude and target airspeed. Strive to maintain airspeed while varying descent rate as little as possible. Strive to make pitch and power adjustments as small and as smooth as possible. 9 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-6 Section APPROACH & LANDING Enter the landing pattern at target airspeed and altitude. Maintain traffic pattern altitude and adjust power so as to arrive on downwind opposite the target touchdown point at 80 kt IAS and at target altitude. Smoothly reduce power to idle maintaining target altitude until airspeed decays to 65 kt IAS. Lower flaps to ½ deflection and allow airspeed to decay to 55 kt IAS. Maintain target airspeed by allowing altitude to decay. Choose point for base turn so as to allow for arrival at the target touchdown point while maintaining engine power at idle. Vary de- scent rate by lowering flaps to full deflection. Choose point for turn to final so as to allow for ground contact at the target touchdown point at minimum airspeed while maintaining engine power at idle. Descent rate may be increased by slipping the aircraft. Descent rate may be decreased by addition of engine power. Strive to maintain target airspeed until initiating the landing flare. Strive to touchdown at target touchdown point at minimum airspeed without the need to add power or slip the aircraft. Strive to touchdown on runway centerline. Strive to touchdown as smoothly as possible. Maintain nose-high attitude after touchdown as long as possible af- ter touchdown. Apply brakes if/as required to stop before the end of the runway or make the next runway turn-off. Raise flaps and taxi back to parking. Strive to use the brakes as little as possible while maintaining control using rudder and throttle. Strive to taxi as straight as possible staying as close to the taxiway centerline as possible. Shut down the engine and aircraft electrical systems, secure the cockpit, and exit the aircraft VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 9-7 Section THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 9 APPENDIX 1 VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 1-1 Appendix V-SPEED REFERENCE CARD FLIGHT PHASE V speed KIAS Take-Off & Climb Vr (Normal) 60 Vr (Short/Soft) 55/F20 Vx 65/F20 Vy 75 Cruise Climb 85 In-Flight Va 90 Vfe 90 Vs 50 Vso 46 Vno 103 Vne 131 Vglide (min sink) 59 Vglide (max dist) 63 Maneuvers Chandelle/Lazy 8 95 Steep Turns 95 Approach Downwind/Base/Final 80/70/60 Landing Normal 60 Short 55 Balked 60/F20 APPENDIX 2 The pilot should directly measure the amount of fuel in each wing tank by holding a calibrated fuel quantity dipstick vertically at the center of the fuel cap opening in each wing tank. A wooden paint stirring stick (available for free in most paint stores) can be used to make a fuel quantity dipstick. Use a pencil or per- manent ink marker and a dial caliper, 12 inch machinist’s scale, or a ruler to accurately place fuel level lines at the locations show in Figure A2-1. VASHON AIRCRAFT RANGER R7 PILOT OPERATING HANDBOOK 2-1 Appendix FIGURE A2-1 FUEL QUANTITY DIPSTICK 19825 141st Pl NE Woodinville, WA 98072 Revision: 3 Date: 1/11/19 VASHONAIRCRAFT.COM