14 CFR Part 61 — Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) Pt. 61

61.52 Use of aeronautical experience ob- Subpart D—Recreational Pilots tained in ultralight vehicles.

61.96 Applicability and eligibility require- 61.53 Prohibition on operations during med- ments: General.

ical deficiency.

61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.

61.55 Second-in-command qualifications.

61.98 Flight proficiency.

61.56 Flight review.

61.99 Aeronautical experience.

61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot in com- 61.100 Pilots based on small islands.

mand.

61.101 Recreational pilot privileges and lim- 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency check: itations.

Operation of an aircraft that requires more than one pilot flight crewmember Subpart E—Private Pilots or is turbojet-powered.

61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alter- 61.102 Applicability.

ation of applications, certificates, 61.103 Eligibility requirements: General.

logbooks, reports, or records.

61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.

61.60 Change of address.

61.107 Flight proficiency.

61.109 Aeronautical experience.

Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and Pilot 61.110 Night flying exceptions.

Authorizations 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots based on small islands.

61.61 Applicability.

61.113 Private pilot privileges and limita- 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (other than tions: Pilot in command.

for ratings at the airline transport pilot 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.

certification level).

61.117 Private pilot privileges and limita- 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and flight tions: Second in command of aircraft re- training device.

quiring more than one pilot.

61.65 Instrument rating requirements.

61.118–61.120 [Reserved] 61.66 Enhanced Flight Vision System Pilot Requirements.

Subpart F—Commercial Pilots 61.67 Category II pilot authorization re- quirements.

61.121 Applicability.

61.68 Category III pilot authorization re- 61.123 Eligibility requirements: General.

quirements.

61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.

61.69 Glider and unpowered ultralight vehi- 61.127 Flight proficiency.

cle towing: Experience and training re- 61.129 Aeronautical experience.

quirements.

61.131 Exceptions to the night flying re- 61.71 Graduates of an approved training pro- quirements.

gram other than under this part: Special 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges and limi- rules.

tations.

61.73 Military pilots or former military pi- 61.135–61.141 [Reserved] lots: Special rules.

61.75 Private pilot certificate issued on the Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots basis of a foreign pilot license.

61.151 Applicability.

61.77 Special purpose pilot authorization: 61.153 Eligibility requirements: General.

Operation of a civil aircraft of the United 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.

States and leased by a non-U.S. citizen.

61.156 Training requirements: Airplane cat- egory—multiengine class or multiengine Subpart C—Student Pilots airplane type rating concurrently with 61.81 Applicability.

an airline transport pilot certificate.

61.83 Eligibility requirements for student 61.157 Flight proficiency.

pilots.

61.158 [Reserved] 61.85 Application.

61.159 Aeronautical experience: Airplane 61.87 Solo requirements for student pilots.

category rating.

61.89 General limitations.

61.160 Aeronautical experience—airplane 61.91 [Reserved] category restricted privileges.

61.93 Solo cross-country flight require- 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft ments.

category and helicopter class rating.

61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Powered-lift tificate or a recreational pilot certifi- category rating.

cate: Operations at airports within, and 61.165 Additional aircraft category and class in airspace located within, Class B, C, ratings.

and D airspace, or at airports with an 61.167 Airline transport pilot privileges and operational control tower in other air- limitations.

space. 61.169 Letters of authorization for institu- 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at tions of higher education.

airports located within Class B airspace. 61.170–61.171 [Reserved]

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61 Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other Than Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a Sport Flight Instructors With a Sport Pilot Rating Pilot Rating 61.401 What is the purpose of this subpart?

61.181 Applicability.

61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot 61.183 Eligibility requirements.

certificate requirements for a flight in- 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.

structor certificate with a sport pilot 61.187 Flight proficiency.

rating?

61.189 Flight instructor records.

61.405 What tests do I have to take to obtain 61.191 Additional flight instructor ratings.

a flight instructor certificate with a 61.193 Flight instructor privileges.

sport pilot rating?

61.195 Flight instructor limitations and 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I qualifications.

have to apply for a flight instructor cer- 61.197 Recent experience requirements for tificate with a sport pilot rating?

61.409 What flight proficiency requirements flight instructor certification.

must I meet to apply for a flight instruc- 61.199 Reinstatement of flight instructor tor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

privileges.

61.411 What aeronautical experience must I 61.201 [Reserved] have to apply for a flight instructor cer- tificate with a sport pilot rating?

Subpart I—Ground Instructors 61.412 Do I need additional training to pro- vide instruction on control and maneu- 61.211 Applicability.

vering an airplane solely by reference to 61.213 Eligibility requirements.

the instruments in a light-sport aircraft 61.215 Ground instructor privileges.

based on V ?

H 61.217 Recent experience requirements.

61.413 What are the privileges of my flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot Subpart J—Sport Pilots rating?

61.415 What are the limits of a flight in- 61.301 What is the purpose of this subpart structor certificate with a sport pilot and to whom does it apply?

rating?

61.303 If I want to operate a light-sport air- 61.417 Will my flight instructor certificate craft, what operating limits and endorse- with a sport pilot rating list aircraft cat- ment requirements in this subpart must egory and class ratings?

I comply with?

61.419 How do I obtain privileges to provide 61.305 What are the age and language re- training in an additional category or quirements for a sport pilot certificate?

class of light-sport aircraft?

61.307 What tests do I have to take to obtain 61.421 May I give myself an endorsement?

a sport pilot certificate? 61.423 What are the recordkeeping require- ments for a flight instructor with a sport 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge must I pilot rating?

have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- 61.425 How do I establish recent experience cate?

for my flight instructor certificate with 61.311 What flight proficiency requirements a sport pilot rating?

must I meet to apply for a sport pilot 61.427 How do I reinstate my flight instruc- certificate?

tor privileges if I fail to establish recent 61.313 What aeronautical experience must I experience for my flight instructor cer- have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- tificate with a sport pilot rating?

cate?

61.429 May I exercise the privileges of a 61.315 What are the privileges and limits of flight instructor certificate with a sport my sport pilot certificate?

pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate issued certificate with another rating?

with aircraft category and class ratings?

A PPENDIX A TO P ART 61—A IRMAN C ERTIFI - 61.319 [Reserved] CATION S TANDARDS AND P RACTICAL TEST 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to operate S TANDARDS an additional category or class of light- A UTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, 44701– sport aircraft?

44703, 44707, 44709–44711, 44729, 44903, 45102– 61.323 [Reserved] 45103, 45301–45302; Sec. 2307, Pub. L. 114–190, 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to operate 130 Stat. 615 (49 U.S.C. 44703 note); sec. 318, a light-sport aircraft at an airport with- Pub. L. 115–254, 132 Stat. 3186 (49 U.S.C. 44703 in, or in airspace within, Class B, C, and note); sec. 820, Pub. L. 118–63, 138 Stat. 1330 D airspace, or in other airspace with an (49 U.S.C. 44939 note); secs. 815 and 828, Pub.

airport having an operational control L. 118–63, 138 Stat. 1328, 1336 (49 U.S.C. 44703 tower?

note).

61.327 Are there specific endorsement re- quirements to operate a light-sport air- S OURCE : Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, craft based on V ? 1997, unless otherwise noted.

H 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) Pt. 61, SFAR No. 73 pleting the ground training required by para- S PECIAL F EDERAL A VIATION R EGULATION graphs 2(a)(1) and (2) of this SFAR.

N O . 73—R OBINSON H ELICOPTER C OM- (b) Aeronautical Experience.

PANY, R OBINSON R–22/R–44 S PECIAL (1) No person may act as pilot in command T RAINING AND E XPERIENCE R EQUIRE - of a Robinson model R–22 unless that person: MENTS (i) Has logged at least 200 flight hours in helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which Sections were in the Robinson model R–22 helicopter; or 1. Applicability.

(ii) Has logged at least 10 hours of flight 2. Required training, aeronautical experi- training in the Robinson model R–22 heli- ence, endorsements, and flight review.

copter and has received an endorsement from 3. Expiration date.

a flight instructor authorized under para- 1. Applicability. Under the procedures pre- graph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that the indi- scribed in this section, this Special Federal vidual has been given the training required Aviation Regulation (SFAR) applies to all by this paragraph 2(b)(1)(ii) and is proficient persons who seek to manipulate the controls, to act as pilot in command of an R–22. The act as pilot in command, provide ground flight training must include at least the fol- training or flight training, or conduct a lowing abnormal and emergency procedures: flight review in a Robinson model R–22 or R– (A) Training in autorotation procedures 44 helicopter. The requirements stated in and energy management, including utilizing this SFAR are in addition to the current re- a combination of flight control inputs and quirements of this part.

maneuvering to prevent overshooting or 2. Required training, aeronautical experience, undershooting the selected landing area from endorsements, and flight review.

an entry altitude that permits safe recovery; (a) Ground Training.

(B) Autorotations at an entry altitude that (1) Except as provided in paragraph 2(a)(2) permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti- of this SFAR, no person may manipulate the lizing maximum glide configuration; controls of a Robinson model R–22 or R–44 (C) Engine rotor RPM control without the helicopter-for the purpose of flight unless use of the governor; and the ground training specified in paragraph (D) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- 2(a)(3) of this SFAR is completed and the ery.

person’s logbook has been endorsed by a (iii) Pilots who do not meet the experience flight instructor authorized under paragraph requirement of paragraph 2(b)(1)(i) of this 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

SFAR may not act as pilot in command of a (2) A person who holds a rotorcraft cat- Robinson model R–22 helicopter beginning 12 egory and helicopter class rating on that calendar months after the date of the en- person’s pilot certificate and meets the expe- dorsement identified in paragraph 2(b)(1)(ii) rience requirements of paragraph 2(b)(1) or of this SFAR until those pilots have: paragraph 2(b)(2) of this SFAR may not ma- (A) Completed a flight review of the ground nipulate the controls of a Robinson model R– training subject areas identified by para- 22 or R–44 helicopter for the purpose of flight graph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and the flight unless the ground training specified in para- training identified in paragraph 2(b)(1)(ii) of graph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR is completed and this SFAR in an R–22; and the person’s logbook has been endorsed by a (B) Obtained an endorsement for that flight instructor authorized under paragraph flight review from a flight instructor author- 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

ized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

(3) Ground training must be conducted by (2) No person may act as pilot in command a flight instructor who has been authorized of a Robinson model R–44 helicopter unless under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR and that person— consists of the following general subject (i) Has logged at least 200 flight hours in areas: helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which (i) Energy management; were in the Robinson model R–44 helicopter.

(ii) Mast bumping; The pilot in command may credit up to 25 (iii) Low rotor revolutions per minute flight hours in the Robinson model R–22 heli- (RPM) and rotor stall; copter toward the 50-hour requirement in the (iv) Low G conditions, effects, and proper Robinson model R–44 helicopter; or recovery procedures; and (ii) Has logged at least 10 hours of flight (v) Rotor RPM decay. training in a Robinson helicopter, at least 5 (4) The general subject areas identified in hours of which must have been accomplished paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR are intended in the Robinson model R–44 helicopter, and to cover both Robinson model R–22 and R–44 has received an endorsement from a flight helicopters. instructor authorized under paragraph (5) A person who can show satisfactory 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that the individual completion of the manufacturer’s safety has been given the training required by this course may obtain an endorsement from an paragraph 2(b)(2)(ii) and is proficient to act FAA aviation safety inspector in lieu of com- as pilot in command of an R–44. The flight Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 61, SFAR No. 73 training must include at least the following ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person abnormal and emergency procedures— must obtain an endorsement from a flight in- (A) Training in autorotation procedures structor authorized under paragraph and energy management, including utilizing 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that training has a combination of flight control inputs and been given in those maneuvers and proce- maneuvering to prevent overshooting or dures and the instructor has found the appli- undershooting the selected landing area from cant proficient to solo a Robinson model R– an entry altitude that permits safe recovery; 44 helicopter. This endorsement is valid for a (B) Autorotations at an entry altitude that period of 90 days. The flight training must permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti- include at least the following abnormal and lizing minimum rate of descent configura- emergency procedures: tion and maximum glide configuration; (i) Training in autorotation procedures and (C) Engine rotor RPM control without the energy management, including utilizing a use of the governor; and combination of flight control inputs and ma- (D) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- neuvering to prevent overshooting or under- ery.

shooting the selected landing area from an (iii) Pilots who do not meet the experience entry altitude that permits safe recovery; requirement of paragraph 2(b)(2)(i) of this (ii) Autorotations at an entry altitude that SFAR may not act as pilot in command of a permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti- Robinson model R–44 helicopter beginning 12 lizing minimum rate of descent configura- calendar months after the date of the en- dorsement identified in paragraph 2(b)(2)(ii) tion and maximum glide configuration; of this SFAR until those pilots have: (iii) Engine rotor RPM control without the (A) Completed a flight review of the ground use of the governor, and training subject areas identified by para- (iv) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- graph 2(a)(3) and the flight training identi- ery.

fied in paragraph 2(b)(2)(ii) of this SFAR in (5) No flight instructor may provide train- an R–44; and ing or conduct a flight review in a Robinson (B) Obtained an endorsement for that R–22 or R–44 unless that instructor— flight review from a flight instructor author- (i) Completes the ground training in para- ized under paragraph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR.

graph 2(a) of this SFAR.

(3) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft (ii) For the Robinson model R–22 heli- category and helicopter class rating must copter, has logged at least 200 flight hours in have logged at least 20 hours of flight train- helicopters, at least 50 flight hours of which ing in a Robinson model R–22 helicopter from were in the Robinson model R–22 helicopter, a flight instructor authorized under para- or for the Robinson model R–44 helicopter, graph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR prior to oper- logged at least 200 flight hours in heli- ating it in solo flight. In addition, the person copters, 50 flight hours of which were in Rob- must obtain an endorsement from a flight in- structor authorized under paragraph inson helicopters. Up to 25 flight hours of 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR that training has Robinson model R–22 helicopter flight time been given in those maneuvers and proce- may be credited toward the 50-hour require- dures, and the instructor has found the ap- ment.

plicant proficient to solo a Robinson model (iii) Has completed flight training in a R–22 helicopter. This endorsement is valid Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, or for a period of 90 days. The flight training both, on the following abnormal and emer- must include at least the following abnormal gency procedures— and emergency procedures: (A) Training in autorotation procedures (i) Training in autorotation procedures and and energy management, including utilizing energy management, including utilizing a a combination of flight control inputs and combination of flight control inputs and ma- maneuvering to prevent overshooting or neuvering to prevent overshooting or under- undershooting the selected landing area from shooting the selected landing area from an an entry altitude that permits safe recovery; entry altitude that permits safe recovery; (B) For the Robinson model R–22 heli- (ii) Autorotations at an entry altitude that copter, autorotations at an entry altitude permits safe maneuvering and recovery uti- that permits safe maneuvering and recovery lizing maximum glide configuration; utilizing maximum glide configuration. For (iii) Engine rotor RPM control without the the Robinson model R–44 helicopter, use of the governor; and autorotations at an entry altitude that per- (iv) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- mits safe maneuvering and recovery uti- ery.

lizing maximum glide configuration and (4) A person who does not hold a rotorcraft minimum rate of descent configuration; category and helicopter class rating must (C) Engine rotor RPM control without the have logged at least 20 hours of flight train- use of the governor; and ing in a Robinson model R–44 helicopter from a flight instructor authorized under para- (D) Low rotor RPM recognition and recov- graph 2(b)(5)(iv) of this SFAR prior to oper- ery.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.1 (iv) Has been authorized by endorsement persons who have taken courses ap- from an FAA aviation safety inspector or au- proved by the Administrator under thorized designated examiner that the in- other parts of this chapter.

structor has completed the appropriate (b) For the purpose of this part: training, meets the experience requirements, Accredited has the same meaning as and has satisfactorily demonstrated an abil- defined by the Department of Edu- ity to provide training on the general subject cation in 34 CFR 600.2.

areas of paragraph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR, and the flight training identified in paragraph Aeronautical experience means pilot 2(b)(5)(iii) of this SFAR.

time obtained in an aircraft, flight (c) Flight Review.

simulator, or flight training device for (1) No flight review completed to satisfy meeting the appropriate training and § 61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi- flight time requirements for an airman ble to function as pilot in command in a certificate, rating, flight review, or Robinson model R–22 helicopter shall be recency of flight experience require- valid for the operation of an R–22 unless that ments of this part.

flight review was taken in an R–22.

(2) No flight review completed to satisfy Authorized instructor means— § 61.56 by an individual after becoming eligi- (i) A person who holds a ground in- ble to function as pilot in command in a structor certificate issued under part Robinson model R–44 helicopter shall be 61 of this chapter and is in compliance valid for the operation of an R–44 unless that with § 61.217, when conducting ground flight review was taken in the R–44.

training in accordance with the privi- (3) The flight review will include a review leges and limitations of his or her of the ground training subject areas of para- graph 2(a)(3) of this SFAR and flight training ground instructor certificate; in abnormal and emergency procedures in (ii) A person who holds a flight in- the Robinson model R–22 or R–44 helicopter, structor certificate issued under part as appropriate, identified in paragraph 2(b) 61 of this chapter and is in compliance of this SFAR.

with § 61.197, when conducting ground (d) Currency Requirements. No person may training or flight training in accord- act as pilot in command of a Robinson model ance with the privileges and limita- R–22 or R–44 helicopter carrying passengers tions of his or her flight instructor cer- unless the pilot in command has met the recency of flight experience requirements of tificate; or § 61.57 in an R–22 or R–44, as appropriate.

(iii) A person authorized by the Ad- 3. Expiration date. This SFAR expires Au- ministrator to provide ground training gust 22, 2029, unless sooner revised or re- or flight training under part 61, 121, 135, scinded.

or 142 of this chapter when conducting [Docket FAA–2023–2083, Amdt. 61–154, 89 FR ground training or flight training in 59608, July 23, 2024] accordance with that authority.

Aviation training device means a train- Subpart A—General ing device, other than a full flight sim- ulator or flight training device, that § 61.1 Applicability and definitions.

has been evaluated, qualified, and ap- (a) Except as provided in part 107 of proved by the Administrator.

this chapter, this part prescribes: Complex airplane means an airplane (1) The requirements for issuing that has a retractable landing gear, pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- flaps, and a controllable pitch pro- structor certificates and ratings; the peller, including airplanes equipped conditions under which those certifi- with an engine control system con- cates and ratings are necessary; and sisting of a digital computer and asso- the privileges and limitations of those ciated accessories for controlling the certificates and ratings. engine and propeller, such as a full au- (2) The requirements for issuing thority digital engine control; or, in pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- the case of a seaplane, flaps and a con- structor authorizations; the conditions trollable pitch propeller, including sea- under which those authorizations are planes equipped with an engine control necessary; and the privileges and limi- system consisting of a digital computer tations of those authorizations. and associated accessories for control- (3) The requirements for issuing ling the engine and propeller, such as a pilot, flight instructor, and ground in- full authority digital engine control.

structor certificates and ratings for Cross-country time means— Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.1 (i) Except as provided in paragraphs (A) Includes a point of landing at (ii) through (vi) of this definition, time least a straight line distance of more acquired during flight— than 15 nautical miles from the origi- (A) Conducted by a person who holds nal point of departure; and a pilot certificate; (B) Involves, as applicable, the use of (B) Conducted in an aircraft; dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic (C) That includes a landing at a point navigation aids; radio aids; or other other than the point of departure; and navigation systems to navigate to the (D) That involves the use of dead landing point.

reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (v) For the purpose of meeting the tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- aeronautical experience requirements tion systems to navigate to the landing for any pilot certificate with a rotor- point. craft category rating or an instrument- (ii) For the purpose of meeting the helicopter rating, or for the purpose of aeronautical experience requirements exercising recreational pilot privileges, (except for a rotorcraft category rat- in a rotorcraft, under § 61.101(c), time ing), for a private pilot certificate (ex- acquired during a flight— cept for a powered parachute category (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- rating), a commercial pilot certificate, craft; or an instrument rating, or for the pur- (B) That includes a point of landing pose of exercising recreational pilot that was at least a straight-line dis- privileges (except in a rotorcraft) tance of more than 25 nautical miles under § 61.101 (c), time acquired during from the original point of departure; a flight— and (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- (C) That involves the use of dead craft; reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (B) That includes a point of landing tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- that was at least a straight-line dis- tion systems to navigate to the landing tance of more than 50 nautical miles point.

from the original point of departure; (vi) For the purpose of meeting the and aeronautical experience requirements (C) That involves the use of dead for an airline transport pilot certifi- reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- cate (except with a rotorcraft category tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- rating), time acquired during a flight— tion systems to navigate to the landing (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- point. craft; (iii) For the purpose of meeting the (B) That is at least a straight-line aeronautical experience requirements distance of more than 50 nautical miles for a sport pilot certificate (except for from the original point of departure; powered parachute privileges), time ac- and quired during a flight conducted in an (C) That involves the use of dead appropriate aircraft that— reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- (A) Includes a point of landing at tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- least a straight line distance of more tion systems.

than 25 nautical miles from the origi- (vii) For a military pilot who quali- nal point of departure; and fies for a commercial pilot certificate (B) Involves, as applicable, the use of (except with a rotorcraft category rat- dead reckoning; pilotage; electronic ing) under § 61.73 of this part, time ac- navigation aids; radio aids; or other quired during a flight— navigation systems to navigate to the (A) Conducted in an appropriate air- landing point. craft; (iv) For the purpose of meeting the (B) That is at least a straight-line aeronautical experience requirements distance of more than 50 nautical miles for a sport pilot certificate with pow- from the original point of departure; ered parachute privileges or a private and pilot certificate with a powered para- (C) That involves the use of dead chute category rating, time acquired reckoning, pilotage, electronic naviga- during a flight conducted in an appro- tion aids, radio aids, or other naviga- priate aircraft that— tion systems.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.1 Examiner means any person who is (i) Serves as a required pilot flight authorized by the Administrator to crewmember; conduct a pilot proficiency test or a (ii) Receives training from an author- practical test for an airman certificate ized instructor in an aircraft, full or rating issued under this part, or a flight simulator, flight training device, person who is authorized to conduct a or aviation training device; knowledge test under this part.

(iii) Gives training as an authorized Flight training means that training, instructor in an aircraft, full flight other than ground training, received simulator, flight training device, or from an authorized instructor in flight aviation training device; or in an aircraft.

(iv) Serves as second in command in Ground training means that training, operations conducted in accordance other than flight training, received with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a from an authorized instructor.

second pilot is not required under the Institution of higher education has the type certification of the aircraft or the same meaning as defined by the De- regulations under which the flight is partment of Education in 34 CFR 600.4.

being conducted, provided the require- Instrument approach means an ap- ments in § 61.159(c) are satisfied.

proach procedure defined in part 97 of Practical test means a test on the this chapter.

areas of operations for an airman cer- Instrument training means that time tificate, rating, or authorization that in which instrument training is re- is conducted by having the applicant ceived from an authorized instructor respond to questions and demonstrate under actual or simulated instrument maneuvers in flight, in a flight simu- conditions.

lator, or in a flight training device.

Knowledge test means a test on the aeronautical knowledge areas required Set of aircraft means aircraft that for an airman certificate or rating that share similar performance characteris- can be administered in written form or tics, such as similar airspeed and alti- by a computer. tude operating envelopes, similar han- Nationally recognized accrediting agen- dling characteristics, and the same cy has the same meaning as defined by number and type of propulsion sys- the Department of Education in 34 CFR tems.

600.2.

Student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- Night vision goggles means an appli- tificate means a person who has re- ance worn by a pilot that enhances the ceived an endorsement— pilot’s ability to maintain visual sur- (i) To exercise student pilot privi- face reference at night.

leges from a certificated flight instruc- Night vision goggle operation means tor with a sport pilot rating; or the portion of a flight that occurs dur- (ii) That includes a limitation for the ing the time period from 1 hour after operation of a light-sport aircraft spec- sunset to 1 hour before sunrise where ified in § 61.89(c) issued by a certifi- the pilot maintains visual surface ref- cated flight instructor with other than erence using night vision goggles in an a sport pilot rating.

aircraft that is approved for such an Technically advanced airplane (TAA) operation.

means an airplane equipped with an Passenger means any person on board electronically advanced avionics sys- an aircraft other than a crewmember, tem.

FAA personnel, manufacturer per- Training time means training re- sonnel required for type certification, ceived— or a person receiving or providing (i) In flight from an authorized in- flight training, checking, or testing as structor; authorized by this part.

Pilot time means that time in which a (ii) On the ground from an authorized person— instructor; or Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.3 (iii) In a flight simulator or flight airman recent experience and medical training device from an authorized in- requirements of this part, specific to structor. the operation or activity.

(2) Exercise privileges of a foreign [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

pilot license within the United States 61–103, 62 FR 40893, July 30, 1997 as amended to conduct an operation described in by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009; § 61.3(b), unless that person meets the Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; appropriate airman recent experience Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42372, July 15, 2013; and medical requirements of the coun- Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, June 28, 2016; try that issued the license, specific to Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018; the operation.

Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80339, Oct. 2, 2024] [Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42546, Aug. 21, 2009, as amended by Docket FAA–2023–0825, FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to E Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80049, Oct. 1, 2024] § 61.1 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275; Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92483, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- § 61.3 Requirement for certificates, fective Jan. 21, 2025.

ratings, and authorizations.

§ 61.2 Exercise of Privilege.

(a) Required pilot certificate for oper- ating a civil aircraft of the United States.

(a) Validity. No person may: No person may serve as a required pilot (1) Exercise privileges of a certifi- flight crewmember of a civil aircraft of cate, rating, endorsement, or author- the United States, unless that person: ization issued under this part if the (1) Has in the person’s physical pos- certificate, rating or authorization is session or readily accessible in the air- surrendered, suspended, revoked or ex- craft when exercising the privileges of pired.

that pilot certificate or authoriza- (2) Exercise privileges of a flight in- tion— structor certificate if that flight in- (i) A pilot certificate issued under structor certificate is surrendered, sus- this part and in accordance with § 61.19; pended, revoked or expired.

(3) Exercise privileges of a foreign (ii) A special purpose pilot authoriza- pilot certificate to operate an aircraft tion issued under § 61.77; (iii) A temporary certificate issued of foreign registry under § 61.3(b) if the under § 61.17; certificate is surrendered, suspended, (iv) A document conveying tem- revoked or expired.

porary authority to exercise certificate (4) Exercise privileges of a pilot cer- privileges issued by the Airmen Certifi- tificate issued under § 61.75, or an au- cation Branch under § 61.29(e); thorization issued under § 61.77, if the (v) When engaged in a flight oper- foreign pilot certificate relied upon for ation within the United States for a the issuance of the U.S. pilot certifi- part 119 certificate holder authorized cate or authorization is surrendered, to conduct operations under part 121 or suspended, revoked or expired.

135 of this chapter, a temporary docu- (5) Exercise privileges of a medical ment provided by that certificate hold- certificate issued under part 67 to meet er under an approved certificate any requirements of part 61 if the med- verification plan; ical certificate is surrendered, sus- (vi) When engaged in a flight oper- pended, revoked or expired according ation within the United States for a to the duration standards set forth in fractional ownership program manager § 61.23(d).

(6) Use an official government issued authorized to conduct operations under driver’s license to meet any require- part 91, subpart K, of this chapter, a ments of part 61 related to holding that temporary document provided by that driver’s license, if the driver’s license program manager under an approved is surrendered, suspended, revoked or certificate verification plan; or expired. (vii) When operating an aircraft with- (b) Currency. No person may: in a foreign country, a pilot license (1) Exercise privileges of an airman issued by that country may be used.

certificate, rating, endorsement, or au- (2) Has a photo identification that is thorization issued under this part un- in that person’s physical possession or less that person meets the appropriate readily accessible in the aircraft when 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.3 exercising the privileges of that pilot than glider or balloon privileges and certificate or authorization. The photo holds a U.S. driver’s license; identification must be a: (iii) Is exercising the privileges of a (i) Driver’s license issued by a State, student pilot certificate while seeking the District of Columbia, or territory a pilot certificate with a weight-shift- or possession of the United States; control aircraft category rating or a (ii) Government identification card powered parachute category rating and issued by the Federal government, a holds a U.S. driver’s license; State, the District of Columbia, or a (iv) Is exercising the privileges of a territory or possession of the United sport pilot certificate with glider or States; balloon privileges; (iii) U.S. Armed Forces’ identifica- (v) Is exercising the privileges of a tion card; sport pilot certificate with other than (iv) Official passport; glider or balloon privileges and holds a (v) Credential that authorizes U.S. driver’s license. A person who has unescorted access to a security identi- applied for or held a medical certificate fication display area at an airport reg- may exercise the privileges of a sport ulated under 49 CFR part 1542; or pilot certificate using a U.S. driver’s li- (vi) Other form of identification that cense only if that person— the Administrator finds acceptable. (A) Has been found eligible for the (b) Required pilot certificate for oper- issuance of at least a third-class air- ating a foreign-registered aircraft within man medical certificate at the time of the United States. No person may serve his or her most recent application; and as a required pilot flight crewmember (B) Has not had his or her most re- of a civil aircraft of foreign registry cently issued medical certificate sus- within the United States, unless— pended or revoked or most recent Au- (1) That person’s pilot certificate or thorization for a Special Issuance of a document issued under § 61.29(e) is in Medical Certificate withdrawn.

that person’s physical possession or (vi) Is holding a pilot certificate with readily accessible in the aircraft when a balloon class rating and that per- exercising the privileges of that pilot son— certificate; and (A) Is exercising the privileges of a (2) Has been issued in accordance private pilot certificate in a balloon; or with this part, or has been issued or (B) Is providing flight training in a validated by the country in which the balloon in accordance with aircraft is registered. § 61.133(a)(2)(ii); (c) Medical certificate. (1) A person (vii) Is holding a pilot certificate or a may serve as a required pilot flight flight instructor certificate with a crewmember of an aircraft only if that glider category rating, and is piloting person holds the appropriate medical or providing training in a glider, as ap- certificate issued under part 67 of this propriate; chapter, or other documentation ac- (viii) Is exercising the privileges of a ceptable to the FAA, that is in that flight instructor certificate, provided person’s physical possession or readily the person is not acting as pilot in accessible in the aircraft. Paragraph command or as a required pilot flight (c)(2) of this section provides certain crewmember; exceptions to the requirement to hold a (ix) Is exercising the privileges of a medical certificate. ground instructor certificate; (2) A person is not required to meet (x) Is operating an aircraft within a the requirements of paragraph (c)(1) of foreign country using a pilot license this section if that person— issued by that country and possesses (i) Is exercising the privileges of a evidence of current medical qualifica- student pilot certificate while seeking tion for that license; a pilot certificate with a glider cat- (xi) Is operating an aircraft with a egory rating, a balloon class rating, or U.S. pilot certificate, issued on the glider or balloon privileges; basis of a foreign pilot license, issued (ii) Is exercising the privileges of a under § 61.75, and holds a medical cer- student pilot certificate while seeking tificate issued by the foreign country a sport pilot certificate with other that issued the foreign pilot license, Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.3 which is in that person’s physical pos- (i) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- session or readily accessible in the air- tion, if the training is given by the craft when exercising the privileges of holder of a commercial pilot certificate that airman certificate; with a lighter-than-air rating, provided the training is given in accordance (xii) Is a pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces, has an up-to-date U.S. military with the privileges of the certificate in medical examination, and holds mili- a lighter-than-air aircraft; tary pilot flight status; (ii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- (xiii) Is exercising the privileges of a tion, if the training is given by the student, recreational or private pilot holder of an airline transport pilot cer- certificate for operations conducted tificate with a rating appropriate to under the conditions and limitations the aircraft in which the training is set forth in § 61.113(i) and holds a U.S.

given, provided the training is given in driver’s license; accordance with the privileges of the (xiv) Is exercising the privileges of a certificate and conducted in accord- flight instructor certificate and acting ance with an approved air carrier as pilot in command or a required training program approved under part flightcrew member for operations con- 121 or part 135 of this chapter; ducted under the conditions and limi- (iii) Under paragraph (d)(2) of this tations set forth in § 61.113(i) and holds section, if the training is given by a a U.S. driver’s license; or person who is qualified in accordance (xv) Is exercising the privileges of a with subpart C of part 142 of this chap- student pilot certificate or higher ter, provided the training is conducted while acting as pilot in command on a in accordance with an approved part special medical flight test authorized 142 training program; under part 67 of this chapter. (iv) Under paragraphs (d)(2)(i), (d)(2)(ii)(C), and (d)(2)(iii) of this sec- (d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A tion, if the training is given by the person who holds a flight instructor holder of a ground instructor certifi- certificate issued under this part must cate in accordance with the privileges have that certificate, or other docu- of the certificate; or mentation acceptable to the Adminis- trator, in that person’s physical posses- (v) Under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this sion or readily accessible in the air- section, if the training is given by an craft when exercising the privileges of authorized flight instructor under that flight instructor certificate. § 61.41 of this part.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (e) Instrument rating. No person may (d)(3) of this section, no person other act as pilot in command of a civil air- than the holder of a flight instructor craft under IFR or in weather condi- certificate issued under this part with tions less than the minimums pre- the appropriate rating on that certifi- scribed for VFR flight unless that per- cate may— son holds: (i) Give training required to qualify a (1) The appropriate aircraft category, person for solo flight and solo cross- class, type (if required), and instru- country flight; ment rating on that person’s pilot cer- (ii) Endorse an applicant for a— tificate for any airplane, helicopter, or (A) Pilot certificate or rating issued powered-lift being flown; under this part; (2) An airline transport pilot certifi- (B) Flight instructor certificate or cate with the appropriate aircraft cat- rating issued under this part; or egory, class, and type rating (if re- (C) Ground instructor certificate or quired) for the aircraft being flown; rating issued under this part; (3) For a glider, a pilot certificate with a glider category rating and an (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show airplane instrument rating; or training given; or (iv) Endorse a logbook for solo oper- (4) For an airship, a commercial pilot ating privileges. certificate with a lighter-than-air cat- egory rating and airship class rating.

(3) A flight instructor certificate issued under this part is not nec- (f) Category II pilot authorization. Ex- essary— cept for a pilot conducting Category II 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.3 operations under part 121 or part 135, a command of that aircraft during Cat- person may not: egory III operations.

(h) Category A aircraft pilot authoriza- (1) Act as pilot in command of a civil tion. The Administrator may issue a aircraft during Category II operations certificate of authorization for a Cat- unless that person— egory II or Category III operation to (i) Holds a Category II pilot author- the pilot of a small aircraft that is a ization for that category or class of Category A aircraft, as identified in aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- § 97.3(b)(1) of this chapter if: plicable; or (1) The Administrator determines (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of that the Category II or Category III op- foreign registry, is authorized by the eration can be performed safely by that country of registry to act as pilot in pilot under the terms of the certificate command of that aircraft in Category of authorization; and II operations.

(2) The Category II or Category III (2) Act as second in command of a operation does not involve the carriage civil aircraft during Category II oper- of persons or property for compensa- ations unless that person— tion or hire.

(i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- (i) Ground instructor certificate. (1) egory and class ratings for that air- Each person who holds a ground in- craft and an instrument rating for that structor certificate issued under this category aircraft; part must have that certificate or a (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot temporary document issued under certificate with category and class rat- § 61.29(e) in that person’s physical pos- ings for that aircraft; or session or immediately accessible when (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of exercising the privileges of that certifi- foreign registry, is authorized by the cate.

country of registry to act as second in (2) Except as provided in paragraph command of that aircraft during Cat- (i)(3) of this section, no person other egory II operations.

than the holder of a ground instructor (g) Category III pilot authorization. Ex- certificate, issued under this part or cept for a pilot conducting Category III part 143, with the appropriate rating on operations under part 121 or part 135, a that certificate may— person may not: (i) Give ground training required to (1) Act as pilot in command of a civil qualify a person for solo flight and solo aircraft during Category III operations cross-country flight; unless that person— (ii) Endorse an applicant for a knowl- (i) Holds a Category III pilot author- edge test required for a pilot, flight in- ization for that category or class of structor, or ground instructor certifi- aircraft, and the type of aircraft, if ap- cate or rating issued under this part; or plicable; or (iii) Endorse a pilot logbook to show (ii) In the case of a civil aircraft of ground training given.

foreign registry, is authorized by the (3) A ground instructor certificate country of registry to act as pilot in issued under this part is not nec- command of that aircraft in Category essary— III operations.

(i) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- (2) Act as second in command of a tion, if the training is given by the civil aircraft during Category III oper- holder of a flight instructor certificate ations unless that person— issued under this part in accordance (i) Holds a pilot certificate with cat- with the privileges of that certificate; egory and class ratings for that air- (ii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- craft and an instrument rating for that tion, if the training is given by the category aircraft; holder of a commercial pilot certificate (ii) Holds an airline transport pilot with a lighter-than-air rating, provided certificate with category and class rat- the training is given in accordance ings for that aircraft; or with the privileges of the certificate in (iii) In the case of a civil aircraft of a lighter-than-air aircraft; foreign registry, is authorized by the (iii) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this country of registry to act as second in section, if the training is given by the Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.3 holder of an airline transport pilot cer- airplanes for the public transport of tificate with a rating appropriate to passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the the aircraft in which the training is service passes through the airspace given, provided the training is given in over the territory of more than one accordance with the privileges of the country.

certificate and conducted in accord- (k) Special purpose pilot authorization.

ance with an approved air carrier Any person that is required to hold a training program approved under part special purpose pilot authorization, 121 or part 135 of this chapter; issued in accordance with § 61.77 of this (iv) Under paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- part, must have that authorization and tion, if the training is given by a per- the person’s foreign pilot license in son who is qualified in accordance with that person’s physical possession or subpart C of part 142 of this chapter, have it readily accessible in the air- provided the training is conducted in craft when exercising the privileges of accordance with an approved part 142 that authorization.

training program; or (l) Inspection of certificate. Each per- (v) Under paragraph (i)(2)(iii) of this son who holds an airman certificate, section, if the training is given by an temporary document in accordance authorized flight instructor under with paragraph (a)(1)(v) or (vi) of this § 61.41 of this part.

section, medical certificate, documents (j) Age limitation for certain operations.

(1) Age limitation. No person who holds establishing alternative medical quali- a pilot certificate issued under this fication under part 68 of this chapter, part may serve as a pilot on a civil air- authorization, or license required by plane of U.S. registry in the following this part must present it and their operations if the person has reached his photo identification as described in or her 60th birthday or, in the case of paragraph (a)(2) of this section for in- operations with more than one pilot, spection upon a request from: his or her 65th birthday: (1) The Administrator; (i) Scheduled international air serv- (2) An authorized representative of ices carrying passengers in turbojet- the National Transportation Safety powered airplanes; Board; (ii) Scheduled international air serv- (3) Any Federal, State, or local law ices carrying passengers in airplanes enforcement officer; or having a passenger-seat configuration (4) An authorized representative of of more than nine passenger seats, ex- the Transportation Security Adminis- cluding each crewmember seat; tration.

(iii) Nonscheduled international air transportation for compensation or [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

hire in airplanes having a passenger- 61–103, 62 FR 40894, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– seat configuration of more than 30 pas- 111, 67 FR 65861, Oct. 28, 2002; Amdt. 61–110, 69 senger seats, excluding each crew- FR 44864, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR member seat; or 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42546, (iv) Scheduled international air serv- Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct.

ices, or nonscheduled international air 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR 56828, Sept. 16, 2013; Amdt. 61–134, 80 FR 33400, June 12, 2015; transportation for compensation or Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR hire, in airplanes having a payload ca- 1306, Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2016–9157, pacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3164, Jan. 11, 2017; Amdt.

(2) Definitions. (i) ‘‘International air 60–6, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA– service,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), 2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71236, Nov. 22, means scheduled air service performed 2022; Docket FAA–2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 in airplanes for the public transport of FR 71236, Nov. 22, 2022] passengers, mail, or cargo, in which the E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to service passes through the airspace § 61.3 were published by Docket FAA–2023– over the territory of more than one 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- country.

fective Jan. 21, 2025.

(ii) ‘‘International air transpor- tation,’’ as used in this paragraph (j), means air transportation performed in 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.4 torily accomplishes the training and § 61.4 Qualification and approval of flight simulators and flight training certification requirements for the rat- devices.

ing sought: (1) Aircraft category ratings— (a) Except as specified in paragraph (i) Airplane.

(b) or (c) of this section, each flight (ii) Rotorcraft.

simulator and flight training device (iii) Glider.

used for training, and for which an air- (iv) Lighter-than-air.

man is to receive credit to satisfy any (v) Powered-lift.

training, testing, or checking require- (vi) Powered parachute.

ment under this chapter, must be (vii) Weight-shift-control aircraft.

qualified and approved by the Adminis- (2) Airplane class ratings— trator for— (i) Single-engine land.

(1) The training, testing, and check- ing for which it is used; (ii) Multiengine land.

(2) Each particular maneuver, proce- (iii) Single-engine sea.

dure, or crewmember function per- (iv) Multiengine sea.

formed; and (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— (3) The representation of the specific (i) Helicopter.

category and class of aircraft, type of (ii) Gyroplane.

aircraft, particular variation within (4) Lighter-than-air class ratings— the type of aircraft, or set of aircraft (i) Airship.

for certain flight training devices. (ii) Balloon.

(b) Any device used for flight train- (5) Weight-shift-control aircraft class ing, testing, or checking that has been ratings— determined to be acceptable to or ap- (i) Weight-shift-control aircraft land.

proved by the Administrator prior to (ii) Weight-shift-control aircraft sea.

August 1, 1996, which can be shown to (6) Powered parachute class ratings— function as originally designed, is con- (i) Powered parachute land.

sidered to be a flight training device, (ii) Powered parachute sea.

provided it is used for the same pur- (7) Aircraft type ratings— poses for which it was originally ac- (i) Large aircraft other than lighter- cepted or approved and only to the ex- than-air.

tent of such acceptance or approval. (ii) Turbojet-powered airplanes.

(c) The Administrator may approve a (iii) Other aircraft type ratings speci- device other than a flight simulator or fied by the Administrator through the flight training device for specific pur- aircraft type certification procedures.

poses. (iv) Second-in-command pilot type rating for aircraft that is certificated [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

for operations with a minimum crew of 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997] at least two pilots.

§ 61.5 Certificates and ratings issued (8) Instrument ratings (on private under this part.

and commercial pilot certificates only)— (a) The following certificates are (i) Instrument—Airplane.

issued under this part to an applicant (ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

who satisfactorily accomplishes the (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.

training and certification requirements (c) The following ratings are placed for the certificate sought: on a flight instructor certificate when (1) Pilot certificates— an applicant satisfactorily accom- (i) Student pilot.

plishes the training and certification (ii) Sport pilot.

requirements for the rating sought: (iii) Recreational pilot.

(1) Aircraft category ratings— (iv) Private pilot.

(i) Airplane.

(v) Commercial pilot.

(ii) Rotorcraft.

(vi) Airline transport pilot.

(2) Flight instructor certificates. (iii) Glider.

(3) Ground instructor certificates. (iv) Powered-lift.

(b) The following ratings are placed (2) Airplane class ratings— on a pilot certificate (other than stu- (i) Single-engine.

dent pilot) when an applicant satisfac- (ii) Multiengine.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.13 (3) Rotorcraft class ratings— (b) The following pilot certificates (i) Helicopter. and ratings have expired and will not (ii) Gyroplane. be reissued: (4) Instrument ratings— (1) An airline transport pilot certifi- (i) Instrument—Airplane. cate issued before May 1, 1949, or an (ii) Instrument—Helicopter.

airline transport pilot certificate that (iii) Instrument—Powered-lift.

contains a horsepower limitation.

(5) Sport pilot rating.

(2) A private or commercial pilot cer- (d) The following ratings are placed tificate issued before July 1, 1945.

on a ground instructor certificate when (3) A pilot certificate with a lighter- an applicant satisfactorily accom- than-air or free-balloon rating issued plishes the training and certification before July 1, 1945.

requirements for the rating sought: (c) An airline transport pilot certifi- (1) Basic.

cate that was issued after April 30, 1949, (2) Advanced.

and that bears an expiration date but (3) Instrument.

does not contain a horsepower limita- tion, may have that airline transport [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July pilot certificate re-issued without an 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–113, 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, expiration date.

2005] (d) A private or commercial pilot cer- tificate that was issued after June 30, E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to § 61.5 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1945, and that bears an expiration date, 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- may have that pilot certificate re- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

issued without an expiration date.

(e) A pilot certificate with a lighter- § 61.7 Obsolete certificates and rat- than-air or free-balloon rating that was ings.

issued after June 30, 1945, and that (a) The holder of a free-balloon pilot bears an expiration date, may have certificate issued before November 1, that pilot certificate reissued without 1973, may not exercise the privileges of an expiration date.

that certificate.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, (b) The holder of a pilot certificate 2009] that bears any of the following cat- egory ratings without an associated § 61.13 Issuance of airman certificates, class rating may not exercise the privi- ratings, and authorizations.

leges of that category rating: (a) Application. (1) An applicant for (1) Rotorcraft.

an airman certificate, rating, or au- (2) Lighter-than-air.

thorization under this part must make (3) Helicopter.

that application on a form and in a (4) Autogyro.

manner acceptable to the Adminis- § 61.8 Inapplicability of unmanned air- trator.

craft operations.

(2) An applicant must show evidence Any action conducted pursuant to that the appropriate fee prescribed in part 107 of this chapter cannot be used appendix A to part 187 of this chapter to meet the requirements of this part. has been paid when that person applies for airmen certification services ad- [FAA–2020–1067, Amdt. 61-148, 85 FR 79825, ministered outside the United States.

Dec. 11, 2020] (3) An applicant who is neither a cit- izen of the United States nor a resident § 61.9 [Reserved] alien of the United States may be re- § 61.11 Expired pilot certificates and fused issuance of any U.S. airman cer- re-issuance.

tificate, rating or authorization by the Administrator.

(a) No person who holds an expired pilot certificate or rating may act as (4) Except as provided in paragraph pilot in command or as a required pilot (a)(3) of this section, an applicant who flight crewmember of an aircraft of the satisfactorily accomplishes the train- same category or class that is listed on ing and certification requirements for that expired pilot certificate or rating. the certificate, rating, or authorization 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.14 sought is entitled to receive that air- (4) To meet the experience require- man certificate, rating, or authoriza- ments of paragraph (c)(3) of this sec- tion.

tion, and for the practical test required (b) Limitations. (1) An applicant who by this part for a Category II or a Cat- cannot comply with certain areas of egory III pilot authorization, a flight operation required on the practical test simulator or flight training device may because of physical limitations may be be used if it is approved by the Admin- issued an airman certificate, rating, or istrator for such use.

authorization with the appropriate (d) Application during suspension or limitation placed on the applicant’s revocation. (1) Unless otherwise author- airman certificate provided the— ized by the Administrator, a person (i) Applicant is able to meet all other whose pilot, flight instructor, or certification requirements for the air- ground instructor certificate has been man certificate, rating, or authoriza- suspended may not apply for any cer- tion sought; tificate, rating, or authorization dur- (ii) Physical limitation has been re- ing the period of suspension.

corded with the FAA on the applicant’s (2) Unless otherwise authorized by medical records; and the Administrator, a person whose (iii) Administrator determines that pilot, flight instructor, or ground in- the applicant’s inability to perform the structor certificate has been revoked particular area of operation will not may not apply for any certificate, rat- adversely affect safety.

ing, or authorization for 1 year after (2) A limitation placed on a person’s the date of revocation.

airman certificate may be removed, provided that person demonstrates for [Docket 25910, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997, as an examiner satisfactory proficiency in amended by Amdt. 61–116, 72 FR 18558, Apr.

the area of operation appropriate to 12, 2007; Amdt. 61–132, 78 FR 77572, Dec. 24, the airman certificate, rating, or au- 2013] thorization sought.

§ 61.14 Incorporation by Reference.

(c) Additional requirements for Cat- egory II and Category III pilot authoriza- Certain material is incorporated by tions. (1) A Category II or Category III reference into this part with the ap- pilot authorization is issued by a letter proval of the Director of the Federal of authorization as part of an appli- Register under 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 cant’s instrument rating or airline CFR part 51. All approved incorpora- transport pilot certificate.

tion by reference (IBR) material is (2) Upon original issue, the author- available for inspection at the Federal ization contains the following limita- Aviation Administration (FAA) and at tions: the National Archives and Records Ad- (i) For Category II operations, the ministration (NARA). Contact FAA, limitation is 1,600 feet RVR and a 150- Training and Certification Group, 202– foot decision height; and 267–1100, ACSPTSinquiries@faa.gov. For (ii) For Category III operations, each information on the availability of this initial limitation is specified in the au- material at NARA, visit thorization document.

www.archives.gov/federal-register/cfr/ibr- (3) The limitations on a Category II locations or email or Category III pilot authorization may fr.inspection@nara.gov. The material be removed as follows: may be obtained from the Federal (i) In the case of Category II limita- Aviation Administration, 800 Independ- tions, a limitation is removed when the ence Avenue SW, Washington DC 20591, holder shows that, since the beginning 866–835–5322, www.faa.gov/train- of the sixth preceding month, the hold- ing l testing.

er has made three Category II ILS ap- (a) Practical Test Standards. (1) FAA– proaches with a 150-foot decision S–8081–3B, Recreational Pilot Practical height to a landing under actual or Test Standards for Airplane Category simulated instrument conditions.

(ii) In the case of Category III limita- and Rotorcraft Category, November tions, a limitation is removed as speci- 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appen- fied in the authorization. dix A to this part.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.14 (2) FAA–S–8081–7C, Flight Instructor Than-Air Category, November 2023; Practical Test Standards for Rotor- IBR approved for §§ 61.43, 61.321, and craft Category Gyroplane Rating, No- 61.419, and appendix A to this part.

vember 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 (14) FAA–S–8081–31A, Sport Pilot and and appendix A to this part.

Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Practical (3) FAA–S–8081–8C, Flight Instructor Test Standards for Powered Parachute Practical Test Standards for Glider Category and Weight-Shift-Control Category, November 2023; IBR approved Aircraft Category, November 2023; IBR for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

approved for §§ 61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, (4) FAA–S–8081–9E, Flight Instructor and appendix A to this part.

Instrument Practical Test Standards (15) FAA–S–8081–32A Private Pilot for Airplane Rating and Helicopter Practical Test Standards for Powered Rating, November 2023; IBR approved Parachute Category and Weight-Shift- for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

Control Aircraft Category, November (5) FAA–S–8081–15B, Private Pilot 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appen- Practical Test Standards for Rotor- dix A to this part.

craft Category Gyroplane Rating, No- (b) Airman Certification Standards. (1) vember 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 FAA–S–ACS–2, Commercial Pilot for and appendix A to this part.

Powered-Lift Category Airman Certifi- (6) FAA–S–8081–16C, Commercial cation Standards, November 2023; IBR Pilot Practical Test Standards for approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, this part.

November 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 (2) FAA–S–ACS–3, Instrument Rat- and appendix A to this part.

ing—Powered-Lift Airman Certifi- (7) FAA–S–8081–17A, Private Pilot cation Standards, November 2023; IBR Practical Test Standards for Lighter- approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.57, and ap- Than-Air Category, November 2023; pendix A to this part.

IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A (3) FAA–S–ACS–6C, Private Pilot for to this part.

Airplane Category Airman Certifi- (8) FAA–S–8081–18A, Commercial cation Standards, November 2023; IBR Pilot Practical Test Standards for approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to Lighter-Than-Air Category, November this part.

2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 and appen- (4) FAA–S–ACS–7B, Commercial Pilot dix A to this part.

for Airplane Category Airman Certifi- (9) FAA–S–8081–20A, Airline Trans- cation Standards, November 2023; IBR port Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to Practical Test Standards for Rotor- this part.

craft Category Helicopter Rating, No- (5) FAA–S–ACS–8C, Instrument Rat- vember 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43 ing—Airplane Airman Certification and 61.58, and appendix A to this part.

Standards, November 2023; IBR ap- (10) FAA–S–8081–22A, Private Pilot proved for §§ 61.43 and 61.57, and appen- Practical Test Standards for Glider dix A to this part.

Category, November 2023; IBR approved (6) FAA–S–ACS–11A, Airline Trans- for § 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

port Pilot and Type Rating for Air- (11) FAA–S–8081–23B, Commercial plane Category Airman Certification Pilot Practical Test Standards for Standards, November 2023; IBR ap- Glider Category, November 2023; IBR proved for §§ 61.43 and 61.58, and appen- approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to dix A to this part.

this part.

(7) FAA–S–ACS–13, Private Pilot for (12) FAA–S–8081–29A, Sport Pilot and Powered-Lift Category Airman Certifi- Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating cation Standards, November 2023; IBR Practical Test Standards for Airplane approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to Category, Rotorcraft Category, and this part.

Glider Category, November 2023; IBR approved for §§ 61.43, 61.321, and 61.419, (8) FAA–S–ACS–14, Instrument Rat- and appendix A to this part. ing—Helicopter Airman Certification (13) FAA–S–8081–30A, Sport Pilot and Standards, November 2023; IBR ap- Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Rating proved for §§ 61.43 and 61.57, and appen- Practical Test Standards for Lighter- dix A to this part.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.15 (9) FAA–S–ACS–15, Private Pilot for (b) Committing an act prohibited by Rotorcraft Category Helicopter Rating § 91.17(a) or § 91.19(a) of this chapter is Airman Certification Standards, No- grounds for: vember 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 (1) Denial of an application for a cer- and appendix A to this part.

tificate, rating, or authorization issued (10) FAA–S–ACS–16, Commercial under this part for a period of up to 1 Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Heli- year after the date of that act; or copter Rating Airman Certification (2) Suspension or revocation of any Standards, November 2023; IBR ap- certificate, rating, or authorization proved for § 61.43 and appendix A to this issued under this part.

part.

(c) For the purposes of paragraphs (11) FAA–S–ACS–17, Airline Trans- (d), (e), and (f) of this section, a motor port Pilot and Type Rating for Pow- vehicle action means: ered-Lift Category Airman Certifi- (1) A conviction after November 29, cation Standards, November 2023; IBR 1990, for the violation of any Federal or approved for §§ 61.43 and 61.58, and ap- State statute relating to the operation pendix A to this part.

of a motor vehicle while intoxicated by (12) FAA–S–ACS–25, Flight Instructor alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- for Airplane Category Airman Certifi- cohol or a drug, or while under the in- cation Standards, November 2023; IBR fluence of alcohol or a drug; approved for § 61.43 and appendix A to (2) The cancellation, suspension, or this part.

revocation of a license to operate a (13) FAA–S–ACS–27, Flight Instructor motor vehicle after November 29, 1990, for Powered-Lift Category Airman Cer- for a cause related to the operation of tification Standards, November 2023; a motor vehicle while intoxicated by IBR approved for § 61.43 and appendix A alcohol or a drug, while impaired by al- to this part.

cohol or a drug, or while under the in- (14) FAA–S–ACS–28, Flight Instruc- fluence of alcohol or a drug; or tor—Instrument Rating Powered-Lift (3) The denial after November 29, Airman Certification Standards, No- 1990, of an application for a license to vember 2023; IBR approved for § 61.43 operate a motor vehicle for a cause re- and appendix A to this part.

lated to the operation of a motor vehi- (15) FAA–S–ACS–29, Flight Instructor cle while intoxicated by alcohol or a for Rotorcraft Category Helicopter drug, while impaired by alcohol or a Rating Airman Certification Stand- drug, or while under the influence of ards, November 2023; IBR approved for alcohol or a drug.

§ 61.43 and appendix A to this part.

(d) Except for a motor vehicle action that results from the same incident or [Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 22516, Apr. 1, 2024] arises out of the same factual cir- cumstances, a motor vehicle action oc- § 61.15 Offenses involving alcohol or curring within 3 years of a previous drugs.

motor vehicle action is grounds for: (1) Denial of an application for any (a) A conviction for the violation of certificate, rating, or authorization any Federal or State statute relating issued under this part for a period of up to the growing, processing, manufac- to 1 year after the date of the last ture, sale, disposition, possession, motor vehicle action; or transportation, or importation of nar- cotic drugs, marijuana, or depressant (2) Suspension or revocation of any or stimulant drugs or substances is certificate, rating, or authorization grounds for: issued under this part.

(1) Denial of an application for any (e) Each person holding a certificate certificate, rating, or authorization issued under this part shall provide a issued under this part for a period of up written report of each motor vehicle to 1 year after the date of final convic- action to the FAA, Civil Aviation Se- tion; or curity Division (AMC–700), P.O. Box (2) Suspension or revocation of any 25810, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, not certificate, rating, or authorization later than 60 days after the motor vehi- issued under this part. cle action. The report must include: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.19 (1) The person’s name, address, date (1) On the expiration date shown on of birth, and airman certificate num- the certificate; ber; (2) Upon receipt of the permanent (2) The type of violation that re- certificate; or sulted in the conviction or the admin- (3) Upon receipt of a notice that the istrative action; certificate or rating sought is denied or (3) The date of the conviction or ad- revoked.

ministrative action; (4) The State that holds the record of § 61.18 [Reserved] conviction or administrative action; § 61.19 Duration of pilot and instructor and certificates and privileges.

(5) A statement of whether the motor vehicle action resulted from the same (a) General. (1) The holder of a certifi- incident or arose out of the same fac- cate with an expiration date may not, tual circumstances related to a pre- after that date, exercise the privileges viously reported motor vehicle action.

of that certificate.

(f) Failure to comply with paragraph (2) Except for a certificate issued (e) of this section is grounds for: with an expiration date, a certificate (1) Denial of an application for any issued under this part is valid unless it certificate, rating, or authorization is surrendered, suspended, or revoked.

issued under this part for a period of up (b) Paper student pilot certificate. A to 1 year after the date of the motor student pilot certificate issued under vehicle action; or this part prior to April 1, 2016 expires: (2) Suspension or revocation of any (1) For student pilots who have not certificate, rating, or authorization reached their 40th birthday, 60 calendar issued under this part.

months after the month of the date of examination shown on the medical cer- § 61.16 Refusal to submit to an alcohol tificate.

test or to furnish test results.

(2) For student pilots who have A refusal to submit to a test to indi- reached their 40th birthday, 24 calendar cate the percentage by weight of alco- months after the month of the date of hol in the blood, when requested by a examination shown on the medical cer- law enforcement officer in accordance tificate.

with § 91.17(c) of this chapter, or a re- (3) For student pilots seeking a glider fusal to furnish or authorize the re- rating, balloon rating, or a sport pilot lease of the test results requested by certificate, 60 calendar months after the Administrator in accordance with the month of the date issued, regard- § 91.17(c) or (d) of this chapter, is less of the person’s age.

grounds for: (c) Pilot certificates. (1) A pilot certifi- (a) Denial of an application for any cate (including a student pilot certifi- certificate, rating, or authorization cate issued after April 1, 2016) issued issued under this part for a period of up under this part is issued without an ex- to 1 year after the date of that refusal; piration date.

or (b) Suspension or revocation of any (2) The holder of a pilot certificate certificate, rating, or authorization issued on the basis of a foreign pilot li- issued under this part. cense may exercise the privileges of that certificate only while that per- § 61.17 Temporary certificate.

son’s foreign pilot license is effective.

(d) Flight instructor certificate. (1) A (a) A temporary pilot, flight instruc- flight instructor certificate issued tor, or ground instructor certificate or under this part on or after December 1, rating is issued for up to 120 days, at 2024, is issued without an expiration which time a permanent certificate date.

will be issued to a person whom the Ad- ministrator finds qualified under this (2) A flight instructor certificate part. issued before December 1, 2024, expires (b) A temporary pilot, flight instruc- 24 calendar months from the month in tor, or ground instructor certificate or which it was issued, renewed, or rein- rating expires: stated, as appropriate.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.21 (e) Ground instructor certificate. A (1) Must hold a first-class medical ground instructor certificate is issued certificate: without an expiration date. (i) When exercising the pilot-in-com- (f) Return of certificates. The holder of mand privileges of an airline transport any airman certificate that is issued pilot certificate; under this part, and that has been sus- (ii) When exercising the second-in- pended or revoked, must return that command privileges of an airline trans- certificate to the FAA when requested port pilot certificate in a flag or sup- to do so by the Administrator.

plemental operation in part 121 of this (g) Duration of pilot certificates. Ex- chapter that requires three or more pi- cept for a temporary certificate issued lots; or under § 61.17 or a student pilot certifi- (iii) When serving as a required pilot cate issued under paragraph (b) of this flightcrew member in an operation section, the holder of a paper pilot cer- conducted under part 121 of this chap- tificate issued under this part may not ter if the pilot has reached his or her exercise the privileges of that certifi- 60th birthday.

cate after March 31, 2010.

(2) Must hold at least a second class medical certificate when exercising: [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (i) Second-in-command privileges of amended by Amdt. 61–118, 73 FR 10668, Feb.

28, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, an airline transport pilot certificate in 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53644, Oct. 20, 2009; part 121 of this chapter (other than op- Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR erations specified in paragraph (a)(1)(ii) 1306, Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2023–0825, of this section); Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80049, Oct. 1, 2024] (ii) Privileges of a commercial pilot certificate in an aircraft other than a § 61.21 Duration of a Category II and a balloon or glider; or Category III pilot authorization (for other than part 121 and part 135 (iii) Except as provided in paragraph use).

(b)(5) of this section, privileges of a commercial pilot certificate with a bal- (a) A Category II pilot authorization loon class rating for compensation or or a Category III pilot authorization hire; or expires at the end of the sixth calendar (3) Must hold at least a third-class month after the month in which it was medical certificate— issued or renewed.

(i) When exercising the privileges of a (b) Upon passing a practical test for a private pilot certificate, recreational Category II or Category III pilot au- pilot certificate, or student pilot cer- thorization, the authorization may be tificate, except when operating under renewed for each type of aircraft for the conditions and limitations set which the authorization is held.

forth in § 61.113(i); (c) A Category II or Category III pilot (ii) When exercising the privileges of authorization for a specific type air- a flight instructor certificate and act- craft for which an authorization is held ing as the pilot in command or as a re- will not be renewed beyond 12 calendar quired flightcrew member, except when months from the month the practical operating under the conditions and test was accomplished in that type air- limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); craft.

(d) If the holder of a Category II or (iii) When taking a practical test in Category III pilot authorization passes an aircraft for a recreational pilot, pri- the practical test for a renewal in the vate pilot, commercial pilot, or airline month before the authorization ex- transport pilot certificate, or for a pires, the holder is considered to have flight instructor certificate, except passed it during the month the author- when operating under the conditions ization expired. and limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); or § 61.23 Medical certificates: Require- (iv) When performing the duties as an ment and duration.

Examiner in an aircraft when admin- (a) Operations requiring a medical cer- istering a practical test or proficiency tificate. Except as provided in para- check for an airman certificate, rating, graphs (b) and (c) of this section, a per- or authorization, except when meeting son— the requirements to operate under the Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.23 conditions and limitations set forth in (ii) The flight conducted is a domes- § 61.113(i). tic flight operation within U.S. air- (b) Operations not requiring a medical space; or certificate. A person is not required to (12) When exercising the privileges of hold a medical certificate— a student pilot certificate or higher (1) When exercising the privileges of while acting as pilot in command on a a student pilot certificate while seek- special medical flight test authorized ing— under part 67 of this chapter.

(i) A sport pilot certificate with glid- (c) Operations requiring either a med- er or balloon privileges; or ical certificate or U.S. driver’s license. (1) (ii) A pilot certificate with a glider A person must hold and possess either category rating or balloon class rating; a medical certificate issued under part (2) When exercising the privileges of 67 of this chapter or a U.S. driver’s li- a sport pilot certificate with privileges cense when— in a glider or balloon; (i) Exercising the privileges of a stu- (3) When exercising the privileges of dent pilot certificate while seeking a pilot certificate with a glider cat- sport pilot privileges in a light-sport egory rating in a glider; aircraft other than a glider or balloon; (4) When exercising the privileges of (ii) Exercising the privileges of a a private pilot certificate with a bal- sport pilot certificate in a light-sport loon class rating in a balloon; aircraft other than a glider or balloon; (5) When exercising the privileges of (iii) Exercising the privileges of a a commercial pilot certificate with a flight instructor certificate with a balloon class rating in a balloon if the sport pilot rating while acting as pilot person is providing flight training in in command or serving as a required accordance with § 61.133(a)(2)(ii); flight crewmember of a light-sport air- (6) When exercising the privileges of craft other than a glider or balloon; a flight instructor certificate with— (iv) Serving as an Examiner and ad- (i) A sport pilot rating in a glider or ministering a practical test for the balloon; or issuance of a sport pilot certificate in a (ii) A glider category rating; light-sport aircraft other than a glider (7) When exercising the privileges of or balloon; a flight instructor certificate if the (v) Exercising the privileges of a stu- person is not acting as pilot in com- dent, recreational or private pilot cer- mand or serving as a required pilot tificate if the flight is conducted under flight crewmember; the conditions and limitations set (8) When exercising the privileges of forth in § 61.113(i); a ground instructor certificate; (vi) Exercising the privileges of a (9) When serving as an Examiner or flight instructor certificate and acting check airman and administering a as the pilot in command or as a re- practical test or proficiency check for quired flight crewmember if the flight an airman certificate, rating, or au- is conducted under the conditions and thorization conducted in a glider, bal- limitations set forth in § 61.113(i); or loon, flight simulator, or flight train- (vii) Serving as an Examiner and ad- ing device; ministering a practical test or pro- (10) When taking a practical test or a ficiency check for an airman certifi- proficiency check for a certificate, rat- cate, rating, or authorization if the ing, authorization or operating privi- flight is conducted under the condi- lege conducted in a glider, balloon, tions and limitations set forth in flight simulator, or flight training de- § 61.113(i).

vice; (2) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- (11) When a military pilot of the U.S. cense to meet the requirements of Armed Forces can show evidence of an paragraph (c) while exercising sport up-to-date medical examination au- pilot privileges must— thorizing pilot flight status issued by (i) Comply with each restriction and the U.S. Armed Forces and— limitation imposed by that person’s (i) The flight does not require higher U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or than a third-class medical certificate; administrative order applying to the and operation of a motor vehicle; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.23 (ii) Have been found eligible for the (D) Receive a comprehensive medical issuance of at least a third-class air- examination from a State-licensed man medical certificate at the time of physician during the 48 calendar his or her most recent application (if months before acting as pilot in com- the person has applied for a medical mand or serving as a required certificate); flightcrew member of an operation con- (iii) Not have had his or her most re- ducted under § 61.113(i) and that med- cently issued medical certificate (if the ical examination is conducted in ac- person has held a medical certificate) cordance with the requirements in part suspended or revoked or most recent 68 of this chapter; and Authorization for a Special Issuance of (E) If the individual has been diag- a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and nosed with any medical condition that (iv) Not know or have reason to know may impact the ability of the indi- of any medical condition that would vidual to fly, be under the care and make that person unable to operate a treatment of a State-licensed physi- light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. cian when acting as pilot in command (3) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- or serving as a required flightcrew cense to meet the requirements of member of an operation conducted paragraph (c) while operating under under § 61.113(i).

the conditions and limitations of (ii) The most recently issued medical § 61.113(i) must meet the following re- certificate— quirements— (A) May include an authorization for (i) The person must— special issuance; (A) Comply with all medical require- (B) May be expired; and ments or restrictions associated with (C) Cannot have been suspended or his or her U.S. driver’s license; revoked.

(B) At any point after July 14, 2006, (iii) The most recently issued Au- have held a medical certificate issued thorization for a Special Issuance of a under part 67 of this chapter; Medical Certificate cannot have been (C) Complete the medical education withdrawn; and course set forth in § 68.3 of this chapter (iv) The most recent application for during the 24 calendar months before an airman medical certificate sub- acting as pilot in command or serving mitted to the FAA cannot have been as a required flightcrew member in an completed and denied.

operation conducted under § 61.113(i) (d) Duration of a medical certificate.

and retain a certification of course Use the following table to determine completion in accordance with duration for each class of medical cer- § 68.3(b)(1) of this chapter; tificate: And on the date of examination And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that If you hold for your most requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the recent med- ical certificate you were (1) A first-class (i) Under age an airline transport pilot certificate for pilot-in- 12th month after the month of the date of ex- medical cer- 40. command privileges, or for second-in-com- amination shown on the medical certificate.

tificate. mand privileges in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 requiring three or more pilots.

(ii) Age 40 or an airline transport pilot certificate for pilot-in- 6th month after the month of the date of ex- older. command privileges, for second-in-com- amination shown on the medical certificate.

mand privileges in a flag or supplemental operation in part 121 requiring three or more pilots, or for a pilot flightcrew member in part 121 operations who has reached his or her 60th birthday..

(iii) Any age .. a commercial pilot certificate (other than a 12th month after the month of the date of ex- commercial pilot certificate with a balloon amination shown on the medical certificate.

rating when conducting flight training), a flight engineer certificate, or an air traffic control tower operator certificate.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.23 And on the date of examination And you are conducting an operation Then your medical certificate expires, for that If you hold for your most requiring operation, at the end of the last day of the recent med- ical certificate you were (iv) Under a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- age 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.

(when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(v) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.

(when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(2) A second- (i) Any age ... an airline transport pilot certificate for second- 12th month after the month of the date of ex- class med- in-command privileges (other than the oper- amination shown on the medical certificate.

ical certifi- ations specified in paragraph (d)(1) of this cate. section), a commercial pilot certificate (other than a commercial pilot certificate with a balloon rating when conducting flight training), a flight engineer certificate, or an air traffic control tower operator certificate.

(ii) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.

(when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(iii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.

(when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(3) A third- (i) Under age a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 60th month after the month of the date of ex- class med- 40. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.

ical certifi- (when acting as pilot in command or a re- cate. quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

(ii) Age 40 or a recreational pilot certificate, a private pilot 24th month after the month of the date of ex- older. certificate, a flight instructor certificate amination shown on the medical certificate.

(when acting as pilot in command or a re- quired pilot flight crewmember in operations other than glider or balloon), a student pilot certificate, or a sport pilot certificate (when not using a U.S. driver’s license as medical qualification).

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.25 [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40895, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44864, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–121, 73 FR 43064, July 24, 2008; Amdt. 61– 121, 73 FR 48125, Aug. 18, 2008; Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42547, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–129, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16, 2011; Amdt. 61–129A, 77 FR 61721, Oct.

11, 2012; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42372, July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR 3164, Jan. 11, 2017; Docket FAA–2021–1040, Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71236, Nov. 22, 2022; Docket FAA– 2021–1040; Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71237, Nov. 22, 2022; Docket FAA–2024–2580, Amdt. 61–158, 89 FR 90577, Nov. 18, 2024] (2) In any other manner and form ap- § 61.25 Change of name.

proved by the Administrator including (a) An application to change the a request online to Airmen Services at name on a certificate issued under this http://www.faa.gov, and must be accom- part must be accompanied by the appli- panied by acceptable form of payment cant’s: for the appropriate fee.

(1) Airman certificate; and (b) A request for the replacement of a (2) A copy of the marriage license, lost or destroyed medical certificate court order, or other document must be made: verifying the name change.

(1) By letter to the Department of (b) The documents in paragraph (a) of Transportation, FAA, Aerospace Med- this section will be returned to the ap- ical Certification Division, P.O. Box plicant after inspection.

26200, Oklahoma City, OK 73125, and [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as must be accompanied by a check or amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. money order for the appropriate fee 21, 2009] payable to the FAA; or (2) In any other manner and form ap- § 61.27 Voluntary surrender or ex- proved by the Administrator and must change of certificate.

be accompanied by acceptable form of (a) The holder of a certificate issued payment for the appropriate fee.

under this part may voluntarily sur- (c) A request for the replacement of a render it for: lost or destroyed knowledge test report (1) Cancellation; must be made: (2) Issuance of a lower grade certifi- (1) By letter to the Department of cate; or Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certifi- (3) Another certificate with specific cation Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Okla- ratings deleted. homa City, OK 73125, and must be ac- (b) Any request made under para- companied by a check or money order graph (a) of this section must include for the appropriate fee payable to the the following signed statement or its FAA; or equivalent: ‘‘This request is made for (2) In any other manner and form ap- my own reasons, with full knowledge proved by the Administrator and must that my (insert name of certificate or be accompanied by acceptable form of rating, as appropriate) may not be re- payment for the appropriate fee.

issued to me unless I again pass the (d) The letter requesting replacement tests prescribed for its issuance.’’ of a lost or destroyed airman certifi- cate, medical certificate, or knowledge § 61.29 Replacement of a lost or de- test report must state: stroyed airman or medical certifi- (1) The name of the person; cate or knowledge test report.

(2) The permanent mailing address (a) A request for the replacement of a (including ZIP code), or if the perma- lost or destroyed airman certificate nent mailing address includes a post of- issued under this part must be made: fice box number, then the person’s cur- (1) By letter to the Department of rent residential address; Transportation, FAA, Airmen Certifi- (3) The certificate holder’s date and cation Branch, P.O. Box 25082, Okla- place of birth; and homa City, OK 73125, and must be ac- (4) Any information regarding the— companied by a check or money order (i) Grade, number, and date of for the appropriate fee payable to the issuance of the airman certificate and FAA; or ratings, if appropriate; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.31 (ii) Class of medical certificate, the ty can be achieved through the oper- place and date of the medical exam, ating limitations on the authorization; name of the Airman Medical Examiner (3) The person shows that compliance (AME), and the circumstances con- with paragraph (a) of this section is cerning the loss of the original medical impracticable for the flight or series of certificate, as appropriate; and flights; and (iii) Date the knowledge test was (4) The flight— taken, if appropriate. (i) Involves only a ferry flight, train- (e) A person who has lost an airman ing flight, test flight, or practical test certificate, medical certificate, or for a pilot certificate or rating; knowledge test report may obtain, in a (ii) Is within the United States; form or manner approved by the Ad- (iii) Does not involve operations for ministrator, a document conveying compensation or hire unless the com- temporary authority to exercise cer- pensation or hire involves payment for tificate privileges from the FAA the use of the aircraft for training or Aeromedical Certification Branch or taking a practical test; and the Airman Certification Branch, as (iv) Involves only the carriage of appropriate, and the: flight crewmembers considered essen- (1) Document may be carried as an tial for the flight.

airman certificate, medical certificate, (5) If the flight or series of flights or knowledge test report, as appro- cannot be accomplished within the priate, for up to 60 days pending the time limit of the authorization, the person’s receipt of a duplicate under Administrator may authorize an addi- paragraph (a), (b), or (c) of this section, tional period of up to 60 days to accom- unless the person has been notified plish the flight or series of flights.

that the certificate has been suspended (c) Aircraft category, class, and type or revoked. ratings: Limitations on the carriage of (2) Request for such a document must persons, or operating for compensation or include the date on which a duplicate hire. Unless a person holds a category, certificate or knowledge test report class, and type rating (if a class and was previously requested. type rating is required) that applies to the aircraft, that person may not act [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

as pilot in command of an aircraft that 61–103, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– is carrying another person, or is oper- 121, 73 FR 43065, July 24, 2008; Amdt. 61–124, 74 ated for compensation or hire. That FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR person also may not act as pilot in 56828, Sept. 16, 2013] command of that aircraft for com- § 61.31 Type rating requirements, addi- pensation or hire.

tional training, and authorization (d) Aircraft category, class, and type requirements.

ratings: Limitations on operating an air- (a) Type ratings required. A person craft as the pilot in command. To serve who acts as a pilot in command of any as the pilot in command of an aircraft, of the following aircraft must hold a a person must— type rating for that aircraft: (1) Hold the appropriate category, (1) Large aircraft (except lighter- class, and type rating (if a class or type than-air). rating is required) for the aircraft to be (2) Turbojet-powered airplanes. flown; or (3) Other aircraft specified by the Ad- (2) Have received training required by ministrator through aircraft type cer- this part that is appropriate to the tificate procedures. pilot certification level, aircraft cat- (b) Authorization in lieu of a type rat- egory, class, and type rating (if a class ing. A person may be authorized to op- or type rating is required) for the air- erate without a type rating for up to 60 craft to be flown, and have received an days an aircraft requiring a type rat- endorsement for solo flight in that air- ing, provided— craft from an authorized instructor.

(1) The Administrator has authorized (e) Additional training required for op- the flight or series of flights; erating complex airplanes. (1) Except as (2) The Administrator has deter- provided in paragraph (e)(2) of this sec- mined that an equivalent level of safe- tion, no person may act as pilot in 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.31 command of a complex airplane, unless (i) The person has logged flight time the person has— as pilot in command of a high-perform- (i) Received and logged ground and ance airplane, or in a full flight simu- flight training from an authorized in- lator or flight training device that is structor in a complex airplane, or in a representative of a high-performance full flight simulator or flight training airplane prior to August 4, 1997; or device that is representative of a com- (ii) The person has received ground plex airplane, and has been found pro- and flight training under an approved ficient in the operation and systems of training program and has satisfactorily the airplane; and completed a competency check under (ii) Received a one-time endorsement § 135.293 of this chapter in a high per- in the pilot’s logbook from an author- formance airplane, or in a full flight ized instructor who certifies the person simulator or flight training device that is proficient to operate a complex air- is representative of a high performance plane. airplane which must be documented in (2) The training and endorsement re- the pilot’s logbook or training record.

quired by paragraph (e)(1) of this sec- (g) Additional training required for op- tion is not required if— erating pressurized aircraft capable of op- (i) The person has logged flight time erating at high altitudes. (1) Except as as pilot in command of a complex air- provided in paragraph (g)(3) of this sec- plane, or in a full flight simulator or tion, no person may act as pilot in flight training device that is represent- command of a pressurized aircraft (an ative of a complex airplane prior to Au- aircraft that has a service ceiling or gust 4, 1997; or maximum operating altitude, which- (ii) The person has received ground ever is lower, above 25,000 feet MSL), and flight training under an approved unless that person has received and training program and has satisfactorily logged ground training from an author- completed a competency check under ized instructor and obtained an en- § 135.293 of this chapter in a complex dorsement in the person’s logbook or airplane, or in a full flight simulator or training record from an authorized in- flight training device that is represent- structor who certifies the person has ative of a complex airplane which must satisfactorily accomplished the ground be documented in the pilot’s logbook or training. The ground training must in- training record. clude at least the following subjects: (f) Additional training required for op- (i) High-altitude aerodynamics and erating high-performance airplanes. (1) meteorology; Except as provided in paragraph (f)(2) (ii) Respiration; of this section, no person may act as (iii) Effects, symptoms, and causes of pilot in command of a high-perform- hypoxia and any other high-altitude ance airplane (an airplane with an en- sickness; gine of more than 200 horsepower), un- (iv) Duration of consciousness with- less the person has— out supplemental oxygen; (i) Received and logged ground and (v) Effects of prolonged usage of sup- flight training from an authorized in- plemental oxygen; structor in a high-performance air- (vi) Causes and effects of gas expan- plane, or in a full flight simulator or sion and gas bubble formation; flight training device that is represent- (vii) Preventive measures for elimi- ative of a high-performance airplane, nating gas expansion, gas bubble for- and has been found proficient in the op- mation, and high-altitude sickness; eration and systems of the airplane; (viii) Physical phenomena and inci- and dents of decompression; and (ii) Received a one-time endorsement (ix) Any other physiological aspects in the pilot’s logbook from an author- of high-altitude flight.

ized instructor who certifies the person (2) Except as provided in paragraph is proficient to operate a high-perform- (g)(3) of this section, no person may act ance airplane. as pilot in command of a pressurized (2) The training and endorsement re- aircraft unless that person has received quired by paragraph (f)(1) of this sec- and logged training from an authorized tion is not required if— instructor in a pressurized aircraft, or Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.31 in a full flight simulator or flight flight training from an authorized in- training device that is representative structor in a tailwheel airplane and re- of a pressurized aircraft, and obtained ceived an endorsement in the person’s an endorsement in the person’s logbook logbook from an authorized instructor or training record from an authorized who found the person proficient in the instructor who found the person pro- operation of a tailwheel airplane. The ficient in the operation of a pressurized flight training must include at least aircraft. The flight training must in- the following maneuvers and proce- clude at least the following subjects: dures: (i) Normal cruise flight operations (i) Normal and crosswind takeoffs while operating above 25,000 feet MSL; and landings; (ii) Proper emergency procedures for (ii) Wheel landings (unless the manu- simulated rapid decompression without facturer has recommended against such actually depressurizing the aircraft; landings); and and (iii) Go-around procedures.

(iii) Emergency descent procedures. (2) The training and endorsement re- (3) The training and endorsement re- quired by paragraph (i)(1) of this sec- quired by paragraphs (g)(1) and (g)(2) of tion is not required if the person logged this section are not required if that pilot-in-command time in a tailwheel person can document satisfactory ac- airplane before April 15, 1991.

complishment of any of the following (j) Additional training required for op- in a pressurized aircraft, or in a full erating a glider. (1) No person may act flight simulator or flight training de- as pilot in command of a glider— vice that is representative of a pressur- (i) Using ground-tow procedures, un- ized aircraft: less that person has satisfactorily ac- (i) Serving as pilot in command be- complished ground and flight training fore April 15, 1991; on ground-tow procedures and oper- (ii) Completing a pilot proficiency ations, and has received an endorse- check for a pilot certificate or rating ment from an authorized instructor before April 15, 1991; who certifies in that pilot’s logbook (iii) Completing an official pilot-in- that the pilot has been found proficient command check conducted by the mili- in ground-tow procedures and oper- tary services of the United States; or ations; (iv) Completing a pilot-in-command (ii) Using aerotow procedures, unless proficiency check under part 121, 125, that person has satisfactorily accom- or 135 of this chapter conducted by the plished ground and flight training on Administrator or by an approved pilot aerotow procedures and operations, and check airman. has received an endorsement from an (h) Additional aircraft type-specific authorized instructor who certifies in training. No person may serve as pilot that pilot’s logbook that the pilot has in command of an aircraft that the Ad- been found proficient in aerotow proce- ministrator has determined requires dures and operations; or aircraft type-specific training unless (iii) Using self-launch procedures, un- that person has— less that person has satisfactorily ac- (1) Received and logged type-specific complished ground and flight training training in the aircraft, or in a full on self-launch procedures and oper- flight simulator or flight training de- ations, and has received an endorse- vice that is representative of that type ment from an authorized instructor of aircraft; and who certifies in that pilot’s logbook (2) Received a logbook endorsement that the pilot has been found proficient from an authorized instructor who has in self-launch procedures and oper- found the person proficient in the oper- ations.

ation of the aircraft and its systems. (2) The holder of a glider rating (i) Additional training required for op- issued prior to August 4, 1997, is consid- erating tailwheel airplanes. (1) Except as ered to be in compliance with the provided in paragraph (i)(2) of this sec- training and logbook endorsement re- tion, no person may act as pilot in quirements of this paragraph for the command of a tailwheel airplane unless specific operating privilege for which that person has received and logged the holder is already qualified.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.31 (k) Additional training required for (3) The requirements under para- night vision goggle operations. (1) Except graphs (k)(1) and (2) of this section do as provided under paragraph (k)(3) of not apply if a person can document sat- this section, a person may act as pilot isfactory completion of any of the fol- in command of an aircraft using night lowing pilot proficiency checks using night vision goggles in an aircraft: vision goggles only if that person re- (i) A pilot proficiency check on night ceives and logs ground training from vision goggle operations conducted by an authorized instructor and obtains a the U.S. Armed Forces.

logbook or training record endorse- (ii) A pilot proficiency check on ment from an authorized instructor night vision goggle operations under who certifies the person completed the part 135 of this chapter conducted by ground training. The ground training an Examiner or Check Airman.

must include the following subjects: (iii) A pilot proficiency check on (i) Applicable portions of this chapter night vision goggle operations con- that relate to night vision goggle limi- ducted by a night vision goggle manu- tations and flight operations; facturer or authorized instructor, when (ii) Aeromedical factors related to the pilot— the use of night vision goggles, includ- (A) Is employed by a Federal, State, ing how to protect night vision, how county, or municipal law enforcement the eyes adapt to night, self-imposed agency; and stresses that affect night vision, effects (B) Has logged at least 20 hours as of lighting on night vision, cues used to pilot in command in night vision gog- estimate distance and depth perception gle operations.

at night, and visual illusions; (l) Exceptions. (1) This section does (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- not require a category and class rating gency operations of night vision goggle for aircraft not type-certificated as air- equipment; planes, rotorcraft, gliders, lighter- (iv) Night vision goggle performance than-air aircraft, powered-lifts, pow- and scene interpretation; and ered parachutes, or weight-shift-con- (v) Night vision goggle operation trol aircraft.

flight planning, including night terrain (2) The rating limitations of this sec- interpretation and factors affecting tion do not apply to— terrain interpretation.

(i) An applicant when taking a prac- (2) Except as provided under para- tical test given by an examiner; graph (k)(3) of this section, a person (ii) The holder of a student pilot cer- may act as pilot in command of an air- tificate; craft using night vision goggles only if (iii) The holder of a pilot certificate that person receives and logs flight when operating an aircraft under the training from an authorized instructor authority of— and obtains a logbook or training (A) A provisional type certificate; or record endorsement from an authorized (B) An experimental certificate, un- instructor who found the person pro- less the operation involves carrying a ficient in the use of night vision gog- passenger; gles. The flight training must include (iv) The holder of a pilot certificate the following tasks: with a lighter-than-air category rating (i) Preflight and use of internal and when operating a balloon; external aircraft lighting systems for (v) The holder of a recreational pilot night vision goggle operations; certificate operating under the provi- (ii) Preflight preparation of night vi- sions of § 61.101(h); or sion goggles for night vision goggle op- (vi) The holder of a sport pilot cer- erations; tificate when operating a light-sport (iii) Proper piloting techniques when aircraft.

using night vision goggles during the [Docket 25910, 62 FR 40896, July 30, 1997, as takeoff, climb, enroute, descent, and amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr.

landing phases of flight; and 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, (iv) Normal, abnormal, and emer- 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; gency flight operations using night vi- Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. 31, 2011; sion goggles. Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, 2018] Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.39 E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to (b) The Administrator shall specify § 61.31 were published by Docket FAA–2023– the minimum passing grade for the 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- knowledge test.

fective Jan. 21, 2025.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr.

§ 61.33 Tests: General procedure.

23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, Tests prescribed by or under this part 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42373, July 15, 2013; are given at times and places, and by Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021] persons designated by the Adminis- trator.

§ 61.37 Knowledge tests: Cheating or other unauthorized conduct.

§ 61.35 Knowledge test: Prerequisites and passing grades. (a) An applicant for a knowledge test may not: (a) An applicant for a knowledge test (1) Copy or intentionally remove any must have: knowledge test; (1) Received an endorsement, if re- (2) Give to another applicant or re- quired by this part, from an authorized ceive from another applicant any part instructor certifying that the applicant or copy of a knowledge test; accomplished the appropriate ground- (3) Give assistance on, or receive as- training or a home-study course re- sistance on, a knowledge test during quired by this part for the certificate the period that test is being given; or rating sought and is prepared for the (4) Take any part of a knowledge test knowledge test; on behalf of another person; (2) For the knowledge test for an air- (5) Be represented by, or represent, line transport pilot certificate with an another person for a knowledge test; airplane category multiengine class (6) Use any material or aid during the rating, a graduation certificate for the period that the test is being given, un- airline transport pilot certification less specifically authorized to do so by the Administrator; and training program specified in § 61.156; (7) Intentionally cause, assist, or par- and ticipate in any act prohibited by this (3) Proper identification at the time paragraph.

of application that contains the appli- (b) An applicant who the Adminis- cant’s— trator finds has committed an act pro- (i) Photograph; hibited by paragraph (a) of this section (ii) Signature; is prohibited, for 1 year after the date (iii) Date of birth, which shows: of committing that act, from: (A) For issuance of certificates other (1) Applying for any certificate, rat- than the ATP certificate with an air- ing, or authorization issued under this plane category multiengine class rat- chapter; and ing, the applicant meets or will meet (2) Applying for and taking any test the age requirements of this part for under this chapter.

the certificate sought before the expi- (c) Any certificate or rating held by ration date of the airman knowledge an applicant may be suspended or re- test report; and voked if the Administrator finds that person has committed an act prohib- (B) For issuance of an ATP certifi- ited by paragraph (a) of this section.

cate with an airplane category multi- engine class rating obtained under the § 61.39 Prerequisites for practical aeronautical experience requirements tests.

of § 61.159 or § 61.160, the applicant is at (a) Except as provided in paragraphs least 18 years of age at the time of the (b), (c), (e), and (f) of this section, to be knowledge test; eligible for a practical test for a cer- (iv) If the permanent mailing address tificate or rating issued under this is a post office box number, then the part, an applicant must: applicant must provide a current resi- (1) Pass the required knowledge test: dential address.

(i) Within the 24-calendar-month pe- riod preceding the month the applicant 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.39 completes the practical test, if a (1) As a flightcrew member by a part knowledge test is required; or 119 certificate holder conducting oper- ations under parts 125 or 135 of this (ii) Within the 60-calendar month pe- chapter at the time of the practical riod preceding the month the applicant test and has satisfactorily accom- completes the practical test for those plished that operator’s approved pilot- applicants who complete the airline in-command training or checking pro- transport pilot certification training gram; or program in § 61.156 and pass the knowl- (2) As a flightcrew member by a part edge test for an airline transport pilot 119 certificate holder conducting oper- certificate with a multiengine class ations under part 121 of this chapter at rating after July 31, 2014; the time of the practical test and has (2) Present the knowledge test report satisfactorily accomplished that opera- at the time of application for the prac- tor’s approved initial training pro- tical test, if a knowledge test is re- gram; or quired; (3) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a (3) Have satisfactorily accomplished flightcrew member in U.S. military air the required training and obtained the transport operations at the time of the aeronautical experience prescribed by practical test and has satisfactorily this part for the certificate or rating completed the pilot in command air- sought, and if applying for the prac- craft qualification training program tical test with flight time accom- that is appropriate to the pilot certifi- plished under § 61.159(c), present a copy cate and rating sought.

of the records required by (c) Except as provided in paragraph § 135.63(a)(4)(vi) and (x) of this chapter; (e) of this section, an applicant for an (4) Hold at least a third-class medical airline transport pilot certificate with certificate, if a medical certificate is a rating other than those ratings set required; forth in paragraph (b) of this section (5) Meet the prescribed age require- may take the practical test for that ment of this part for the issuance of certificate or rating with an expired the certificate or rating sought; knowledge test report, provided that (6) Have an endorsement, if required the applicant is employed: by this part, in the applicant’s logbook (1) As a flightcrew member by a part or training record that has been signed 119 certificate holder conducting oper- by an authorized instructor who cer- ations under parts 125 or 135 of this tifies that the applicant— chapter at the time of the practical (i) Has received and logged training test and has satisfactorily accom- time within 2 calendar months pre- plished that operator’s approved pilot- ceding the month of application in in-command training or checking pro- preparation for the practical test; gram; or (ii) Is prepared for the required prac- (2) By the U.S. Armed Forces as a tical test; and flightcrew member in U.S. military air (iii) Has demonstrated satisfactory transport operations at the time of the knowledge of the subject areas in practical test and has satisfactorily which the applicant was deficient on completed the pilot in command air- the airman knowledge test; and craft qualification training program (7) Have a completed and signed ap- that is appropriate to the pilot certifi- plication form.

cate and rating sought.

(b) Except as provided in paragraph (d) In addition to the requirements in (e) of this section, an applicant for an paragraph (a) of this section, to be eli- airline transport pilot certificate with gible for a practical test for an airline an airplane category multiengine class transport pilot certificate with an air- rating or an airline transport pilot cer- plane category multiengine class rat- tificate obtained concurrently with a ing or airline transport pilot certifi- multiengine airplane type rating may cate obtained concurrently with a mul- take the practical test with an expired tiengine airplane type rating, an appli- knowledge test only if the applicant cant must: passed the knowledge test after July (1) If the applicant passed the knowl- 31, 2014, and is employed: edge test after July 31, 2014, present the Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.40 graduation certificate for the airline the test, the applicant must retake the transport pilot certification training entire practical test.

program in § 61.156, at the time of appli- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

cation for the practical test; 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997, as amended (2) If applying for the practical test by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42548, Aug. 21, 2009; under the aeronautical experience re- Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42373, July 15, 2013; quirements of § 61.160(a), the applicant Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; must present the documents required Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30726, June 27, 2018; by that section to substantiate eligi- Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021; Dock- bility; and et FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80049, Oct. 1, 2024] (3) If applying for the practical test under the aeronautical experience re- E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to quirements of § 61.160(b), (c), or (d), the § 61.39 were published by Docket FAA–2023– 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- applicant must present an official tran- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

script and certifying document from an institution of higher education that § 61.40 Relief for U.S. Military and ci- holds a letter of authorization from the vilian personnel who are assigned Administrator under § 61.169. outside the United States in sup- port of U.S. Armed Forces oper- (e) An applicant for an airman cer- ations.

tificate or rating issued under this part 61 may take a practical test with an (a) Relief. A person who satisfies the requirements of paragraph (b) of this expired knowledge test if the applicant section may use the following docu- meets the requirements specified in ments to demonstrate eligibility to § 61.40.

renew a flight instructor certificate, (f) A person is not required to comply establish recent flight instructor expe- with the provisions of paragraph (a)(6) rience, take a practical test, or renew of this section if that person: an inspection authorization, as appro- (1) Holds a foreign pilot license issued priate: by a contracting State to the Conven- (1) For flight instructor certificates tion on International Civil Aviation issued before December 1, 2024, an ex- that authorizes at least the privileges pired flight instructor certificate to of the pilot certificate sought; show eligibility for renewal of a flight (2) Is only applying for a type rating; instructor certificate under § 61.197; or (2) Except as provided in paragraph (3) Is applying for an airline trans- (a)(3) of this section, for flight instruc- port pilot certificate or an additional tor certificates issued after December rating to an airline transport pilot cer- 1, 2024, a record demonstrating the last tificate in an aircraft that does not re- recent experience event accomplished quire an aircraft type rating practical under § 61.197 to show eligibility to re- test. establish recent experience under § 61.197; (g) If all increments of the practical (3) For persons who were issued a test for a certificate or rating are not flight instructor certificate after De- completed on the same date, then all cember 1, 2024, and who served in a U.S.

the remaining increments of the test military or civilian capacity outside must be completed within 2 calendar the United States in support of a U.S.

months after the month the applicant Armed Forces operation for some pe- began the test.

riod of time during the 24 calendar (h) If all increments of the practical months following the issuance of the test for a certificate or rating are not person’s flight instructor certificate, a completed within 2 calendar months flight instructor certificate dem- after the month the applicant began onstrating the date of issuance to show eligibility to establish recent experi- ence under § 61.197; (4) An expired written test report to show eligibility under this part to take a practical test; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.41 (5) An expired written test report to Forces operation some time on or after show eligibility to take a practical test September 11, 2001; required under part 63 of this chapter; (2) Military orders validating the per- and son was assigned to duty outside the United States and was assigned to a (6) An expired written test report to U.S. Armed Forces operation some show eligibility to take a practical test time on or after September 11, 2001; or required under part 65 of this chapter (3) A letter from the person’s mili- or an expired inspection authorization tary commander or civilian supervisor to show eligibility for renewal under providing the dates during which the § 65.93.

person served outside the United (b) Eligibility. A person is eligible for States and was assigned to a U.S.

the relief specified in paragraph (a) of Armed Forces operation some time on this section if that person meets the or after September 11, 2001.

following requirements: [Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR (1) The person must have served in a 80050, Oct. 1, 2024] U.S. military or civilian capacity out- side the United States in support of a § 61.41 Flight training received from U.S. Armed Forces operation during flight instructors not certificated by some period of time beginning on or the FAA.

after September 11, 2001; (a) A person may credit flight train- (2) One of the following occurred ing toward the requirements of a pilot while the person served in an operation certificate or rating issued under this as set forth in paragraph (b)(1) of this part, if that person received the train- section or within 6 calendar months ing from: after returning to the United States— (1) A flight instructor of an Armed (i) The person’s flight instructor cer- Force in a program for training mili- tificate issued before December 1, 2024, tary pilots of either— airman written test report, or inspec- (i) The United States; or tion authorization expired; or (ii) A foreign contracting State to (ii) For flight instructor certificates the Convention on International Civil issued after December 1, 2024, the per- Aviation.

son has not met the flight instructor (2) A flight instructor who is author- recent experience requirements within ized to give such training by the licens- the preceding 24 calendar months in ac- ing authority of a foreign contracting cordance with § 61.197; and State to the Convention on Inter- (3) The person complies with § 61.197 national Civil Aviation, and the flight or § 65.93 of this chapter, as appro- training is given outside the United priate, or completes the appropriate States.

practical test within 6 calendar months (b) A flight instructor described in after returning to the United States.

paragraph (a) of this section is only au- (c) Required documents. To exercise thorized to give endorsements to show the relief specified in paragraph (a) of training given.

this section, a person must complete § 61.43 Practical tests: General proce- and sign an application appropriate to dures.

the relief sought and send the applica- tion to the appropriate Flight Stand- (a) Completion of the practical test ards office. The person must include for a certificate or rating consists of— with the application one of the fol- (1) Performing the tasks specified in lowing documents, which must show the areas of operation contained in the the date of assignment outside the applicable Airman Certification Stand- United States and the date of return to ards or Practical Test Standards (in- the United States: corporated by reference, see § 61.14) as (1) An official U.S. Government noti- listed in appendix A of this part for the fication of personnel action, or equiva- airman certificate or rating sought; lent document, showing the person was (2) Demonstrating mastery of the air- a civilian on official duty for the U.S. craft by performing each task required Government outside the United States by paragraph (a)(1) of this section suc- and was assigned to a U.S. Armed cessfully; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.45 (3) Demonstrating proficiency and (1) Passes the remainder of the prac- competency of the tasks required by tical test within the 60-day period after paragraph (a)(1) of this section within the date the practical test was discon- the approved standards; and tinued; (2) Presents to the examiner for the (4) Demonstrating sound judgment.

retest the original notice of dis- (b) The pilot flight crew complement approval form or the letter of dis- required during the practical test is continuance form, as appropriate; based on one of the following require- (3) Satisfactorily accomplishes any ments that applies to the aircraft being additional training needed and obtains used on the practical test: the appropriate instructor endorse- (1) If the aircraft’s FAA-approved ments, if additional training is re- flight manual requires the pilot flight quired; and crew complement be a single pilot, (4) Presents to the examiner for the then the applicant must demonstrate retest a properly completed and signed single pilot proficiency on the prac- application.

tical test.

(2) If the aircraft’s type certification [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as data sheet requires the pilot flight amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42549, Aug.

21, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30276, June 27, crew complement be a single pilot, 2018; Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 then the applicant must demonstrate FR 22517, Apr. 1, 2024] single pilot proficiency on the prac- tical test. E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to § 61.43 were published by Docket FAA–2023– (3) If the FAA Flight Standardization 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- Board report, FAA-approved aircraft fective Jan. 21, 2025.

flight manual, or aircraft type certifi- cation data sheet allows the pilot § 61.45 Practical tests: Required air- flight crew complement to be either a craft and equipment.

single pilot, or a pilot and a copilot, (a) General. Except as provided in then the applicant may demonstrate paragraph (a)(2) of this section or when single pilot proficiency or have a copi- permitted to accomplish the entire lot on the practical test. If the appli- flight increment of the practical test cant performs the practical test with a in a flight simulator or a flight train- copilot, the limitation of ‘‘Second in ing device, an applicant for a certifi- Command Required’’ will be placed on cate or rating issued under this part the applicant’s pilot certificate. The must furnish: limitation may be removed if the appli- (1) An aircraft of U.S. registry for cant passes the practical test by dem- each required test that— onstrating single-pilot proficiency in (i) Is of the category, class, and type, the aircraft in which single-pilot privi- if applicable, for which the applicant is leges are sought.

applying for a certificate or rating; and (c) If an applicant fails any area of (ii) Has a standard airworthiness cer- operation, that applicant fails the tificate or special airworthiness certifi- practical test.

cate in the limited, primary, or light- (d) An applicant is not eligible for a sport category.

certificate or rating sought until all (2) At the discretion of the examiner the areas of operation are passed.

who administers the practical test, the (e) The examiner or the applicant applicant may furnish— may discontinue a practical test at any (i) An aircraft that has an airworthi- time: ness certificate other than a standard (1) When the applicant fails one or airworthiness certificate or special air- more of the areas of operation; or worthiness certificate in the limited, (2) Due to inclement weather condi- primary, or light-sport category, but tions, aircraft airworthiness, or any that otherwise meets the requirements other safety-of-flight concern.

of paragraph (a)(1) of this section; (f) If a practical test is discontinued, (ii) An aircraft of the same category, the applicant is entitled credit for class, and type, if applicable, of foreign those areas of operation that were registry that is properly certificated by passed, but only if the applicant: the country of registry; or 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.47 (iii) A military aircraft of the same (1) Equipment on board the aircraft category, class, and type, if aircraft that permits the applicant to pass the class and type are appropriate, for areas of operation that apply to the which the applicant is applying for a rating sought; and certificate or rating, and provided— (2) A device that prevents the appli- (A) The aircraft is under the direct cant from having visual reference out- operational control of the U.S. Armed side the aircraft, but does not prevent Forces; the examiner from having visual ref- erence outside the aircraft, and is oth- (B) The aircraft is airworthy under erwise acceptable to the Adminis- the maintenance standards of the U.S.

trator.

Armed Forces; and (e) Aircraft with single controls. A (C) The applicant has a letter from practical test may be conducted in an his or her commanding officer author- aircraft having a single set of controls, izing the use of the aircraft for the provided the: practical test.

(1) Examiner agrees to conduct the (b) Required equipment (other than con- test; trols). (1) Except as provided in para- graph (b)(2) of this section, an aircraft (2) Test does not involve a dem- used for a practical test must have— onstration of instrument skills; and (i) The equipment for each area of op- (3) Proficiency of the applicant can eration required for the practical test; be observed by an examiner who is in a position to observe the applicant.

(ii) No prescribed operating limita- tions that prohibit its use in any of the (f) Light-sport aircraft with a single areas of operation required for the seat. A practical test for a sport pilot practical test; certificate may be conducted in a light-sport aircraft having a single seat (iii) Except as provided in paragraphs provided that the— (e) and (f) of this section, at least two pilot stations with adequate visibility (1) Examiner agrees to conduct the for each person to operate the aircraft test; safely; and (2) Examiner is in a position to ob- serve the operation of the aircraft and (iv) Cockpit and outside visibility evaluate the proficiency of the appli- adequate to evaluate the performance cant; and of the applicant when an additional jump seat is provided for the examiner. (3) Pilot certificate of an applicant (2) An applicant for a certificate or successfully passing the test is issued a rating may use an aircraft with oper- pilot certificate with a limitation ‘‘No ating characteristics that preclude the passenger carriage and flight in a sin- applicant from performing all of the gle-seat light-sport aircraft only.’’ tasks required for the practical test.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

However, the applicant’s certificate or 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– rating, as appropriate, will be issued 104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 with an appropriate limitation.

FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR (c) Required controls. Except for light- 42549, Aug. 21, 2009] er-than-air aircraft, and a glider with- E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to out an engine, an aircraft used for a § 61.45 were published by Docket FAA–2023– practical test must have engine power 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- controls and flight controls that are fective Jan. 21, 2025.

easily reached and operable in a con- § 61.47 Status of an examiner who is ventional manner by both pilots, un- authorized by the Administrator to less the Examiner determines that the conduct practical tests.

practical test can be conducted safely in the aircraft without the controls (a) An examiner represents the Ad- easily reached by the Examiner.

ministrator for the purpose of con- (d) Simulated instrument flight equip- ducting practical tests for certificates ment. An applicant for a practical test and ratings issued under this part and that involves maneuvering an aircraft to observe an applicant’s ability to per- solely by reference to instruments form the areas of operation on the must furnish: practical test.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.51 (b) The examiner is not the pilot in § 61.51 Pilot logbooks.

command of the aircraft during the (a) Training time and aeronautical ex- practical test unless the examiner perience. Each person must document agrees to act in that capacity for the and record the following time in a flight or for a portion of the flight by manner acceptable to the Adminis- prior arrangement with: trator: (1) The applicant; or (1) Training and aeronautical experi- (2) A person who would otherwise act ence used to meet the requirements for as pilot in command of the flight or for a certificate, rating, or flight review of a portion of the flight. this part.

(2) The aeronautical experience re- (c) Notwithstanding the type of air- quired for meeting the recent flight ex- craft used during the practical test, the perience requirements of this part.

applicant and the examiner (and any (b) Logbook entries. For the purposes other occupants authorized to be on of meeting the requirements of para- board by the examiner) are not subject graph (a) of this section, each person to the requirements or limitations for must enter the following information the carriage of passengers that are for each flight or lesson logged: specified in this chapter.

(1) General— [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. (i) Date.

61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997] (ii) Total flight time or lesson time.

(iii) Location where the aircraft de- E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to parted and arrived, or for lessons in a § 61.47 were published by Docket FAA–2023– full flight simulator or flight training 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- device, the location where the lesson fective Jan. 21, 2025.

occurred.

§ 61.49 Retesting after failure. (iv) Type and identification of air- craft, full flight simulator, flight train- (a) An applicant for a knowledge or ing device, or aviation training device, practical test who fails that test may as appropriate.

reapply for the test only after the ap- (v) The name of a safety pilot, if re- plicant has received: quired by § 91.109 of this chapter.

(1) The necessary training from an (2) Type of pilot experience or train- authorized instructor who has deter- ing— mined that the applicant is proficient (i) Solo.

to pass the test; and (ii) Pilot in command.

(2) An endorsement from an author- (iii) Second in command.

ized instructor who gave the applicant (iv) Flight and ground training re- the additional training. ceived from an authorized instructor.

(v) Training received in a full flight (b) An applicant for a flight instruc- simulator, flight training device, or tor certificate with an airplane cat- aviation training device from an au- egory rating or, for a flight instructor thorized instructor.

certificate with a glider category rat- (3) Conditions of flight— ing, who has failed the practical test (i) Day or night.

due to deficiencies in instructional pro- (ii) Actual instrument.

ficiency on stall awareness, spin entry, (iii) Simulated instrument conditions spins, or spin recovery must: in flight, a full flight simulator, flight (1) Comply with the requirements of training device, or aviation training paragraph (a) of this section before device.

being retested; (iv) Use of night vision goggles in an (2) Bring an aircraft to the retest aircraft in flight, in a full flight simu- that is of the appropriate aircraft cat- lator, or in a flight training device.

egory for the rating sought and is cer- (c) Logging of pilot time. The pilot tificated for spins; and time described in this section may be (3) Demonstrate satisfactory instruc- used to: tional proficiency on stall awareness, (1) Apply for a certificate or rating spin entry, spins, and spin recovery to issued under this part or a privilege au- an examiner during the retest. thorized under this part; or 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.51 (2) Satisfy the recent flight experi- (C) The supervising pilot in command ence requirements of this part. holds— (d) Logging of solo flight time. Except ( 1 ) A commercial pilot certificate and for a student pilot performing the du- flight instructor certificate, and air- ties of pilot in command of an airship craft rating that is appropriate to the requiring more than one pilot flight category, class, and type of aircraft crewmember, a pilot may log as solo being flown, if a class or type rating is flight time only that flight time when required; or the pilot is the sole occupant of the ( 2 ) An airline transport pilot certifi- aircraft.

cate and aircraft rating that is appro- (e) Logging pilot-in-command flight priate to the category, class, and type time. (1) A sport, recreational, private, of aircraft being flown, if a class or commercial, or airline transport pilot type rating is required; and may log pilot in command flight time (D) The supervising pilot in command for flights- logs the pilot in command training in (i) Except when logging flight time the pilot’s logbook, certifies the pilot under § 61.159(c), when the pilot is the in command training in the pilot’s log- sole manipulator of the controls of an book and attests to that certification aircraft for which the pilot is rated, or with his or her signature, and flight in- has sport pilot privileges for that cat- structor certificate number.

egory and class of aircraft, if the air- (2) If rated to act as pilot in com- craft class rating is appropriate; mand of the aircraft, an airline trans- (ii) When the pilot is the sole occu- port pilot may log all flight time while pant in the aircraft; acting as pilot in command of an oper- (iii) When the pilot, except for a ation requiring an airline transport holder of a sport or recreational pilot pilot certificate.

certificate, acts as pilot in command of (3) A certificated flight instructor an aircraft for which more than one may log pilot in command flight time pilot is required under the type certifi- for all flight time while serving as the cation of the aircraft or the regula- authorized instructor in an operation if tions under which the flight is con- the instructor is rated to act as pilot in ducted; or command of that aircraft.

(iv) When the pilot performs the du- (4) A student pilot may log pilot-in- ties of pilot in command while under command time only when the student the supervision of a qualified pilot in pilot— command provided— (i) Is the sole occupant of the aircraft (A) The pilot performing the duties of or is performing the duties of pilot of pilot in command holds a commercial command of an airship requiring more or airline transport pilot certificate than one pilot flight crewmember; and aircraft rating that is appropriate (ii) Has a solo flight endorsement as to the category and class of aircraft required under § 61.87 of this part; and being flown, if a class rating is appro- (iii) Is undergoing training for a pilot priate; certificate or rating.

(B) The pilot performing the duties of (5) A commercial pilot or airline pilot in command is undergoing an ap- transport pilot may log all flight time proved pilot in command training pro- while acting as pilot in command of an gram that includes ground and flight operation in accordance with § 135.99(c) training on the following areas of oper- of this chapter if the flight is con- ation— ducted in accordance with an approved ( 1 ) Preflight preparation; second-in-command professional devel- ( 2 ) Preflight procedures; opment program that meets the re- ( 3 ) Takeoff and departure; quirements of § 135.99(c) of this chapter.

( 4 ) In-flight maneuvers; (f) Logging second-in-command flight ( 5 ) Instrument procedures; time. A person may log second-in-com- ( 6 ) Landings and approaches to land- mand time only for that flight time ings; during which that person: ( 7 ) Normal and abnormal procedures; ( 8 ) Emergency procedures; and (1) Is qualified in accordance with the ( 9 ) Postflight procedures; second-in-command requirements of Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.51 § 61.55, and occupies a crewmember sta- (g) Logging instrument time. (1) A per- tion in an aircraft that requires more son may log instrument time only for than one pilot by the aircraft’s type that flight time when the person oper- certificate; ates the aircraft solely by reference to instruments under actual or simulated (2) Holds the appropriate category, instrument flight conditions.

class, and instrument rating (if a class (2) An authorized instructor may log or instrument rating is required for the instrument time when conducting in- flight) for the aircraft being flown, and strument flight instruction in actual more than one pilot is required under instrument flight conditions.

the type certification of the aircraft or (3) For the purposes of logging in- the regulations under which the flight strument time to meet the recent in- is being conducted; strument experience requirements of (3) Serves as second-in-command in § 61.57(c) of this part, the following in- operations conducted in accordance formation must be recorded in the per- with § 135.99(c) of this chapter when a son’s logbook— second pilot is not required under the (i) The location and type of each in- type certification of the aircraft or the strument approach accomplished; and regulations under which the flight is (ii) The name of the safety pilot, if being conducted, provided the require- required.

ments in § 61.159(c) are satisfied; or (4) A person may use time in a full (4) Is designated by a government en- flight simulator, flight training device, tity as second-in-command when oper- or aviation training device for acquir- ating in accordance with paragraph ing instrument aeronautical experience (j)(4) of this section, provided the air- for a pilot certificate or rating pro- craft used is a large aircraft or turbo- vided an authorized instructor is jet powered airplane or holds or origi- present to observe that time and signs nally held a type certificate that re- the person’s logbook or training record quires a second pilot provided that: to verify the time and the content of (i) Second-in-command time logged the training session.

under this paragraph (f)(4) may not be (5) A person may use time in a full used to meet the aeronautical experi- flight simulator, flight training device, ence requirements for the private or or aviation training device for satis- commercial pilot certificates or an in- fying instrument recency experience strument rating; and requirements provided a logbook or (ii) An applicant for an airline trans- training record is maintained to speci- port pilot certificate who logs second fy the training device, time, and the in command time under this paragraph content.

(f)(4) in an aircraft that is not type cer- (h) Logging training time. (1) A person tificated for two pilots issued an air- may log training time when that per- line transport pilot certificate with the son receives training from an author- limitation ‘‘Holder does not meet the ized instructor in an aircraft, full pilot in command aeronautical experi- flight simulator, flight training device, ence requirements of ICAO,’’ as pre- or aviation training device.

scribed under Article 39 of the Conven- (2) The training time must be logged tion on International Civil Aviation if in a logbook and must: the applicant does not meet the ICAO (i) Be endorsed in a legible manner by requirements contained in Annex 1 the authorized instructor; and ‘‘Personnel Licensing’’ to the Conven- (ii) Include a description of the train- tion on International Civil Aviation.

ing given, the length of the training An applicant is entitled to an airline lesson, and the authorized instructor’s transport pilot certificate without the signature, certificate number, and cer- ICAO limitation specified under this tificate expiration date or recent expe- paragraph (f)(4)(ii) when the applicant rience end date, consistent with the re- presents satisfactory evidence of hav- quirements of § 61.197.

ing met the ICAO requirements and (i) Presentation of required documents.

otherwise meets the aeronautical expe- (1) Persons must present their pilot rience requirements of § 61.159 or certificate, medical certificate, log- § 61.161, as applicable. book, or any other record required by 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.52 this part for inspection upon a reason- (4) An aircraft used to conduct a pub- able request by— lic aircraft operation under 49 U.S.C.

(i) The Administrator; 40102(a)(41) and 40125.

(ii) An authorized representative (k) Logging night vision goggle time. (1) A person may log night vision goggle from the National Transportation Safe- time only for the time the person uses ty Board; or night vision goggles as the primary vis- (iii) Any Federal, State, or local law ual reference of the surface and oper- enforcement officer.

ates: (2) A student pilot must carry the (i) An aircraft during a night vision following items in the aircraft on all goggle operation; or solo cross-country flights as evidence (ii) A full flight simulator or flight of the required authorized instructor training device with the lighting sys- clearances and endorsements— tem adjusted to represent the period (i) Pilot logbook; beginning 1 hour after sunset and end- (ii) Student pilot certificate; and ing 1 hour before sunrise.

(iii) Any other record required by (2) An authorized instructor may log this section.

night vision goggle time when that per- (3) A sport pilot must carry his or her son conducts training using night vi- logbook or other evidence of required sion goggles as the primary visual ref- authorized instructor endorsements on erence of the surface and operates: all flights.

(i) An aircraft during a night goggle (4) A recreational pilot must carry operation; or his or her logbook with the required (ii) A full flight simulator or flight authorized instructor endorsements on training device with the lighting sys- all solo flights— tem adjusted to represent the period (i) That exceed 50 nautical miles beginning 1 hour after sunset and end- from the airport at which training was ing 1 hour before sunrise.

received; (3) To log night vision goggle time to (ii) Within airspace that requires meet the recent night vision goggle ex- communication with air traffic con- perience requirements under § 61.57(f), a trol; person must log the information re- (iii) Conducted between sunset and quired under § 61.51(b).

sunrise; or (iv) In an aircraft for which the pilot [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

does not hold an appropriate category 61–103, 62 FR 40897, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– or class rating. 104, 63 FR 20286, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44865, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR (5) A flight instructor with a sport 42549, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, pilot rating must carry his or her log- Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30277, June book or other evidence of required au- 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, thorized instructor endorsements on 89 FR 80050, Oct. 1, 2024; Docket FAA–2023– all flights when providing flight train- 1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80339, Oct. 2, 2024] ing.

E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to (j) Aircraft requirements for logging § 61.51 were published by Docket FAA–2023– flight time. For a person to log flight 1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR 80050, Oct. 1, 2024, time, the time must be acquired in an effective Mar. 1, 2027, and by Docket FAA– aircraft that is identified as an aircraft 2023–1275, Amdt. 61–157, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, under § 61.5(b), and is— 2024, effective Jan. 21, 2025.

(1) An aircraft of U.S. registry with § 61.52 Use of aeronautical experience either a standard or special airworthi- obtained in ultralight vehicles.

ness certificate; (2) An aircraft of foreign registry (a) Before January 31, 2012, a person with an airworthiness certificate that may use aeronautical experience ob- is approved by the aviation authority tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet of a foreign country that is a Member the requirements for the following cer- State to the Convention on Inter- tificates and ratings issued under this national Civil Aviation Organization; part: (3) A military aircraft under the di- (1) A sport pilot certificate.

rect operational control of the U.S. (2) A flight instructor certificate Armed Forces; or with a sport pilot rating; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.55 (3) A private pilot certificate with a (2) Is taking medication or receiving weight-shift-control or powered para- other treatment for a medical condi- chute category rating. tion that results in the person being (b) Before January 31, 2012, a person unable to meet the requirements for may use aeronautical experience ob- the medical certificate necessary for tained in an ultralight vehicle to meet the pilot operation.

the provisions of § 61.69.

(b) Operations that do not require a (c) A person using aeronautical expe- medical certificate. For operations pro- rience obtained in an ultralight vehicle vided for in § 61.23(b) of this part, a per- to meet the requirements for a certifi- son shall not act as pilot in command, cate or rating specified in paragraph or in any other capacity as a required (a) of this section or the requirements pilot flight crewmember, while that of paragraph (b) of this section must— person knows or has reason to know of (1) Have been a registered ultralight any medical condition that would pilot with an FAA-recognized ultra- make the person unable to operate the light organization when that aero- aircraft in a safe manner.

nautical experience was obtained; (c) Operations requiring a medical cer- (2) Document and log that aero- tificate or a U.S. driver’s license. For op- nautical experience in accordance with erations provided for in § 61.23(c), a per- the provisions for logging aeronautical son must meet the provisions of— experience specified by an FAA-recog- (1) Paragraph (a) of this section if nized ultralight organization and in ac- that person holds a medical certificate cordance with the provisions for log- issued under part 67 of this chapter and ging pilot time in aircraft as specified does not hold a U.S. driver’s license.

in § 61.51; (2) Paragraph (b) of this section if (3) Obtain the aeronautical experi- that person holds a U.S. driver’s li- ence in a category and class of vehicle corresponding to the rating or privilege cense.

sought; and [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (4) Provide the FAA with a certified amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44866, July copy of his or her ultralight pilot 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, records from an FAA-recognized ultra- 2009] light organization, that — (i) Document that he or she is a reg- § 61.55 Second-in-command qualifica- istered ultralight pilot with that FAA- tions.

recognized ultralight organization; and (a) A person may serve as a second- (ii) Indicate that he or she is recog- in-command of an aircraft type certifi- nized to operate the category and class cated for more than one required pilot of aircraft for which sport pilot privi- flight crewmember or in operations re- leges are sought.

quiring a second-in-command pilot [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44865, July 27, flight crewmember only if that person 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, holds: Feb. 1, 2010] (1) At least a private pilot certificate with the appropriate category and § 61.53 Prohibition on operations dur- class rating; and ing medical deficiency.

(2) An instrument rating or privilege (a) Operations that require a medical that applies to the aircraft being flown certificate. Except as provided for in if the flight is under IFR; and paragraph (b) of this section, no person (3) At least a pilot type rating for the who holds a medical certificate issued aircraft being flown unless the flight under part 67 of this chapter may act will be conducted as domestic flight as pilot in command, or in any other operations within the United States capacity as a required pilot flight airspace.

crewmember, while that person: (1) Knows or has reason to know of (b) Except as provided in paragraph any medical condition that would (e) of this section, no person may serve make the person unable to meet the re- as a second-in-command of an aircraft quirements for the medical certificate type certificated for more than one re- necessary for the pilot operation; or quired pilot flight crewmember or in 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.55 operations requiring a second-in-com- the applicant’s training records or log- mand unless that person has within the book and make the required endorse- previous 12 calendar months: ment. The qualified management offi- (1) Become familiar with the fol- cial must hold the position of Chief lowing information for the specific Pilot, Director of Training, Director of type aircraft for which second-in-com- Operations, or another comparable mand privileges are requested— management position within the orga- (i) Operational procedures applicable nization that provided the training and to the powerplant, equipment, and sys- must be in a position to verify the ap- tems. plicant’s training records and that the (ii) Performance specifications and training was given.

limitations. (2) The trainer or qualified manage- (iii) Normal, abnormal, and emer- ment official must make an endorse- gency operating procedures. ment in the applicant’s logbook that (iv) Flight manual. states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot (v) Placards and markings. Certificate Number] has demonstrated (2) Except as provided in paragraph the skill and knowledge required for (g) of this section, performed and the safe operation of the [Type of Air- logged pilot time in the type of aircraft craft], relevant to the duties and re- or in a flight simulator that represents sponsibilities of a second in com- the type of aircraft for which second- mand.’’ in-command privileges are requested, (3) If the applicant’s flight experience which includes— and/or training records are in an elec- (i) Three takeoffs and three landings tronic form, the applicant must to a full stop as the sole manipulator of present a paper copy of those records the flight controls; containing the signature of the trainer (ii) Engine-out procedures and ma- or qualified management official to a neuvering with an engine out while Flight Standards office or Examiner.

executing the duties of pilot in com- (4) The applicant must complete and mand; and sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat- (iii) Crew resource management ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and training. present the application to a Flight (c) If a person complies with the re- Standards office or to an Examiner.

quirements in paragraph (b) of this sec- (5) The person who provided the tion in the calendar month before or ground and flight training to the appli- the calendar month after the month in cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec- which compliance with this section is ommendation’’ section of the Airman required, then that person is consid- Certificate and/or Rating Application, ered to have accomplished the training FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, and practice in the month it is due. it is permissible for a qualified man- (d) A person may receive a second-in- agement official within the organiza- command pilot type rating for an air- tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form craft after satisfactorily completing 8710–1.

the second-in-command familiarization (6) The applicant must appear in per- training requirements under paragraph son at a Flight Standards office or to (b) of this section in that type of air- an Examiner with his or her logbook/ craft provided the training was com- training records and with the com- pleted within the 12 calendar months pleted and signed FAA Form 8710–1.

before the month of application for the (7) There is no practical test required SIC pilot type rating. The person must for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges comply with the following application Only’’ pilot type rating.

and pilot certification procedures: (e) A person may receive a second-in- (1) The person who provided the command pilot type rating for the type training must sign the applicant’s log- of aircraft after satisfactorily com- book or training record after each les- pleting an approved second-in-com- son in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of mand training program, proficiency this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is check, or competency check under sub- permissible for a qualified management part K of part 91, part 125, or part 135, official within the organization to sign as appropriate, in that type of aircraft Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.55 provided the training was completed (6) The applicant must appear in per- within the 12 calendar months before son at a Flight Standards office or to the month of application for the SIC an Examiner or to an authorized Air- pilot type rating. The person must crew Program Designee with his or her comply with the following application logbook/training records and with the and pilot certification procedures: completed and signed FAA Form 8710– (1) The person who provided the 1.

training must sign the applicant’s log- (7) There is no practical test required book or training record after each les- for the issuance of the ‘‘SIC Privileges son in accordance with § 61.51(h)(2) of Only’’ pilot type rating.

this part. In lieu of the trainer, it is (f) The familiarization training re- permissible for a qualified management quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- official within the organization to sign tion do not apply to a person who is: the applicant’s training records or log- (1) Designated and qualified as pilot book and make the required endorse- in command under subpart K of part 91, ment. The qualified management offi- part 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in cial must hold the position of Chief that specific type of aircraft; Pilot, Director of Training, Director of (2) Designated as the second in com- Operations, or another comparable mand under subpart K of part 91, part management position within the orga- 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter in that nization that provided the training and specific type of aircraft; must be in a position to verify the ap- (3) Designated as the second in com- plicant’s training records and that the mand in that specific type of aircraft training was given. for the purpose of receiving flight (2) The trainer or qualified manage- training required by this section, and ment official must make an endorse- no passengers or cargo are carried on ment in the applicant’s logbook that the aircraft; or states ‘‘[Applicant’s Name and Pilot (4) Designated as a safety pilot for Certificate Number] has demonstrated purposes required by § 91.109 of this the skill and knowledge required for chapter.

the safe operation of the [Type of Air- (g) The holder of a commercial or air- craft], relevant to the duties and re- line transport pilot certificate with the sponsibilities of a second in com- appropriate category and class rating mand.’’ is not required to meet the require- (3) If the applicant’s flight experience ments of paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- and/or training records are in an elec- tion, provided the pilot: tronic form, the applicant must pro- (1) Is conducting a ferry flight, air- vide a paper copy of those records con- craft flight test, or evaluation flight of taining the signature of the trainer or an aircraft’s equipment; and qualified management official to a (2) Is not carrying any person or Flight Standards office, an Examiner, property on board the aircraft, other or an Aircrew Program Designee. than necessary for conduct of the (4) The applicant must complete and flight.

sign an Airman Certificate and/or Rat- (h) For the purpose of meeting the re- ing Application, FAA Form 8710–1, and quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- present the application to a Flight tion, a person may serve as second in Standards office or to an Examiner or command in that specific type aircraft, to an authorized Aircrew Program Des- provided: ignee. (1) The flight is conducted under day (5) The person who provided the VFR or day IFR; and ground and flight training to the appli- (2) No person or property is carried cant must sign the ‘‘Instructor’s Rec- on board the aircraft, other than nec- ommendation’’ section of the Airman essary for conduct of the flight.

Certificate and/or Rating Application, (i) The training under paragraphs (b) FAA Form 8710–1. In lieu of the trainer, and (d) of this section and the training, it is permissible for a qualified man- proficiency check, and competency agement official within the organiza- check under paragraph (e) of this sec- tion to sign the applicant’s FAA Form tion may be accomplished in a flight 8710–1. simulator that is used in accordance

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.56 with an approved training course con- month in which that pilot acts as pilot ducted by a training center certificated in command, that person has— under part 142 of this chapter or under (1) Accomplished a flight review subpart K of part 91, part 121 or part 135 given in an aircraft for which that of this chapter. pilot is rated by an authorized instruc- (j) When an applicant for an initial tor and second-in-command qualification for a (2) A logbook endorsed from an au- particular type of aircraft receives all thorized instructor who gave the re- the training in a flight simulator, that view certifying that the person has sat- applicant must satisfactorily complete isfactorily completed the review.

one takeoff and one landing in an air- (d) A person who has, within the pe- craft of the same type for which the riod specified in paragraph (c) of this qualification is sought. This require- section, passed any of the following ment does not apply to an applicant need not accomplish the flight review who completes a proficiency check required by this section: under part 121 or competency check (1) A pilot proficiency check or prac- under subpart K, part 91, part 125, or tical test conducted by an examiner, an part 135 for the particular type of air- approved pilot check airman, or a U.S.

craft. Armed Force, for a pilot certificate, rating, or operating privilege.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(2) A practical test conducted by an 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– examiner for one of the following: 109, 68 FR 54559, Sept. 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–113, (i) The issuance of a flight instructor 70 FR 45271, Aug. 4, 2005; Amdt. 61–109, 70 FR certificate, 61890, Oct. 27, 2005; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54105, Aug. (ii) An additional rating on a flight 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, instructor certificate, 2013; Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 (iii) To meet the recent experience FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] requirements for a flight instructor E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to certificate in accordance with § 61.55 were published by Docket FAA–2023– § 61.197(b)(1); or 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92484, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- (iv) The reinstatement of flight in- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

structor privileges in accordance with § 61.199(b)(2).

§ 61.56 Flight review.

(e) A person who has, within the pe- (a) Except as provided in paragraphs riod specified in paragraph (c) of this (b) and (f) of this section, a flight re- section, satisfactorily accomplished view consists of a minimum of 1 hour one or more phases of an FAA-spon- of flight training and 1 hour of ground sored pilot proficiency program need training. The review must include: not accomplish the flight review re- (1) A review of the current general quired by this section.

operating and flight rules of part 91 of (f) A person who holds a flight in- this chapter; and structor certificate need not accom- (2) A review of those maneuvers and plish the one hour of ground training procedures that, at the discretion of specified in paragraph (a) of this sec- the person giving the review, are nec- tion if that person has, within the pe- essary for the pilot to demonstrate the riod specified in paragraph (c) of this safe exercise of the privileges of the section, met one of the following re- pilot certificate.

quirements— (b) Glider pilots may substitute a (1) Satisfactorily completed the re- minimum of three instructional flights cent experience requirements for a in a glider, each of which includes a flight instructor certificate under flight to traffic pattern altitude, in § 61.197; or lieu of the 1 hour of flight training re- (2) Reinstated the person’s flight in- quired in paragraph (a) of this section. structor privileges by satisfactorily (c) Except as provided in paragraphs completing an approved flight instruc- (d), (e), and (g) of this section, no per- tor refresher course in accordance with son may act as pilot in command of an § 61.199(a)(1).

aircraft unless, since the beginning of (g) A student pilot need not accom- the 24th calendar month before the plish the flight review required by this

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.57 section provided the student pilot is must have been made to a full stop in undergoing training for a certificate an airplane with a tailwheel.

and has a current solo flight endorse- (2) For the purpose of meeting the re- ment as required under § 61.87 of this quirements of paragraph (a)(1) of this part.

section, a person may act as a pilot in (h) The requirements of this section command of an aircraft under day VFR may be accomplished in combination or day IFR, provided no persons or with the requirements of § 61.57 and property are carried on board the air- craft, other than those necessary for other applicable recent experience re- the conduct of the flight.

quirements at the discretion of the au- thorized instructor conducting the (3) The takeoffs and landings re- flight review. quired by paragraph (a)(1) of this sec- tion may be accomplished in a full (i) A flight simulator or flight train- flight simulator or flight training de- ing device may be used to meet the vice that is— flight review requirements of this sec- tion subject to the following condi- (i) Approved by the Administrator for tions: landings; and (ii) Used in accordance with an ap- (1) The flight simulator or flight proved course conducted by a training training device must be used in accord- center certificated under part 142 of ance with an approved course con- this chapter.

ducted by a training center certificated under part 142 of this chapter. (b) Night takeoff and landing experi- ence. (1) Except as provided in para- (2) Unless the flight review is under- graph (e) of this section, no person may taken in a flight simulator that is ap- act as pilot in command of an aircraft proved for landings, the applicant must carrying persons during the period be- meet the takeoff and landing require- ginning 1 hour after sunset and ending ments of § 61.57(a) or § 61.57(b) of this 1 hour before sunrise, unless within the part.

preceding 90 days that person has made (3) The flight simulator or flight at least three takeoffs and three land- training device used must represent an ings to a full stop during the period be- aircraft or set of aircraft for which the ginning 1 hour after sunset and ending pilot is rated.

1 hour before sunrise, and— [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(i) That person acted as sole manipu- 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– lator of the flight controls; and 104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 (ii) The required takeoffs and land- FR 42550, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–131, 78 FR ings were performed in an aircraft of 56828, Sept. 16, 2013; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80050, Oct. 1, 2024] the same category, class, and type (if a type rating is required).

§ 61.57 Recent flight experience: Pilot (2) The takeoffs and landings re- in command.

quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- (a) General experience. (1) Except as tion may be accomplished in a full provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- flight simulator that is— tion, no person may act as a pilot in (i) Approved by the Administrator for command of an aircraft carrying per- takeoffs and landings, if the visual sys- sons or of an aircraft certificated for tem is adjusted to represent the period more than one pilot flight crewmember described in paragraph (b)(1) of this unless that person has made at least section; and three takeoffs and three landings with- (ii) Used in accordance with an ap- in the preceding 90 days, and— proved course conducted by a training (i) The person acted as the sole ma- center certificated under part 142 of nipulator of the flight controls; and this chapter.

(ii) The required takeoffs and land- (c) Instrument experience. Except as ings were performed in an aircraft of provided in paragraph (e) of this sec- the same category, class, and type (if a tion, a person may act as pilot in com- type rating is required), and, if the air- mand under IFR or weather conditions craft to be flown is an airplane with a less than the minimums prescribed for tailwheel, the takeoffs and landings VFR only if: 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.57 (1) Use of an airplane, powered-lift, hel- turns, flight at various airspeeds, navi- icopter, or airship for maintaining instru- gation, and slow flight and stalls.

ment experience. Within the 6 calendar (ii) Before a pilot is allowed to carry months preceding the month of the a passenger in a glider under IFR or in flight, that person performed and weather conditions less than the mini- logged at least the following tasks and mums prescribed for VFR, that pilot iterations in an airplane, powered-lift, must— helicopter, or airship, as appropriate, (A) Have logged and performed 2 for the instrument rating privileges to hours of instrument flight time in a be maintained in actual weather condi- glider within the 6 calendar months tions, or under simulated conditions preceding the month of the flight.

using a view-limiting device that in- (B) Use a view-limiting-device while volves having performed the fol- practicing performance maneuvers, lowing— performance airspeeds, navigation, (i) Six instrument approaches. slow flight, and stalls.

(ii) Holding procedures and tasks. (d) Instrument proficiency check. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (e) of (iii) Intercepting and tracking this section, a person who has failed to courses through the use of navigational meet the instrument experience re- electronic systems.

quirements of paragraph (c) of this sec- (2) Use of a full flight simulator, flight tion for more than six calendar months training device, or aviation training de- may reestablish instrument currency vice for maintaining instrument experi- only by completing an instrument pro- ence. A pilot may accomplish the re- ficiency check. The instrument pro- quirements in paragraph (c)(1) of this ficiency check must include the areas section in a full flight simulator, flight of operation contained in the applica- training device, or aviation training ble Airman Certification Standards (in- device provided the device represents corporated by reference, see § 61.14) as the category of aircraft for the instru- listed in appendix A of this part as ap- ment rating privileges to be main- propriate to the rating held.

tained and the pilot performs the tasks (2) The instrument proficiency check and iterations in simulated instrument must be— conditions. A person may complete the (i) In an aircraft that is appropriate instrument experience in any combina- to the aircraft category; tion of an aircraft, full flight simu- (ii) For other than a glider, in a full lator, flight training device, or avia- flight simulator or flight training de- tion training device.

vice that is representative of the air- (3) Maintaining instrument recent craft category; or experience in a glider.

(iii) For a glider, in a single-engine (i) Within the 6 calendar months pre- airplane or a glider.

ceding the month of the flight, that (3) The instrument proficiency check person must have performed and logged must be given by— at least the following instrument cur- rency tasks, iterations, and flight (i) An examiner; time, and the instrument currency (ii) A person authorized by the U.S.

must have been performed in actual Armed Forces to conduct instrument weather conditions or under simulated flight tests, provided the person being weather conditions— tested is a member of the U.S. Armed (A) One hour of instrument flight Forces; time in a glider or in a single engine (iii) A company check pilot who is airplane using a view-limiting device authorized to conduct instrument while performing interception and flight tests under part 121, 125, or 135 of tracking courses through the use of this chapter or subpart K of part 91 of navigation electronic systems. this chapter, and provided that both the check pilot and the pilot being (B) Two hours of instrument flight tested are employees of that operator time in a glider or a single engine air- or fractional ownership program man- plane with the use of a view-limiting ager, as applicable; device while performing straight glides, turns to specific headings, steep (iv) An authorized instructor; or Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.57 (v) A person approved by the Admin- (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior istrator to conduct instrument prac- to the operation of that airplane that tical tests. is type certificated for more than one pilot crewmember, the pilot must have (e) Exceptions. (1) Paragraphs (a) and accomplished and logged at least 15 (b) of this section do not apply to a hours of flight time in the type of air- pilot in command who is employed by a plane that the pilot seeks to operate part 119 certificate holder authorized under this alternative; and to conduct operations under part 125 (D) That pilot has accomplished and when the pilot is engaged in a flight logged at least 3 takeoffs and 3 land- operation for that certificate holder if ings to a full stop, as the sole manipu- the pilot in command is in compliance lator of the flight controls, in a tur- with §§ 125.281 and 125.285 of this chap- bine-powered airplane that requires ter.

more than one pilot crewmember. The (2) This section does not apply to a pilot must have performed the takeoffs pilot in command who is employed by a and landings during the period begin- part 119 certificate holder authorized ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 to conduct operations under part 121 hour before sunrise within the pre- when the pilot is engaged in a flight ceding 6 months prior to the month of operation under part 91 or 121 for that the flight.

certificate holder if the pilot in com- (ii) The pilot in command must hold mand complies with §§ 121.436 and at least a commercial pilot certificate 121.439 of this chapter.

with the appropriate category, class, (3) This section does not apply to a and type rating for each airplane that pilot in command who is employed by a is type certificated for more than one part 119 certificate holder authorized pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks to conduct operations under part 135 to operate under this alternative, and: when the pilot is engaged in a flight (A) That pilot must have logged at operation under parts 91 or 135 for that least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi- certificate holder if the pilot in com- ence as a pilot; mand is in compliance with §§ 135.243 (B) In each airplane that is type cer- and 135.247 of this chapter.

tificated for more than one pilot crew- (4) Paragraph (b) of this section does member that the pilot seeks to operate not apply to a pilot in command of a under this alternative, that pilot must turbine-powered airplane that is type have accomplished and logged the day- certificated for more than one pilot time takeoff and landing recent flight crewmember, provided that pilot has experience of paragraph (a) of this sec- complied with the requirements of tion, as the sole manipulator of the paragraph (e)(4)(i) or (ii) of this sec- flight controls; tion: (C) Within the preceding 90 days prior (i) The pilot in command must hold to the operation of that airplane that at least a commercial pilot certificate is type certificated for more than one with the appropriate category, class, pilot crewmember, the pilot must have and type rating for each airplane that accomplished and logged at least 15 is type certificated for more than one hours of flight time in the type of air- pilot crewmember that the pilot seeks plane that the pilot seeks to operate to operate under this alternative, and: under this alternative; and (A) That pilot must have logged at (D) Within the preceding 12 months least 1,500 hours of aeronautical experi- prior to the month of the flight, the ence as a pilot; pilot must have completed a training (B) In each airplane that is type cer- program that is approved under part tificated for more than one pilot crew- 142 of this chapter. The approved train- member that the pilot seeks to operate ing program must have required and under this alternative, that pilot must the pilot must have performed, at least have accomplished and logged the day- 6 takeoffs and 6 landings to a full stop time takeoff and landing recent flight as the sole manipulator of the controls experience of paragraph (a) of this sec- in a full flight simulator that is rep- tion, as the sole manipulator of the resentative of a turbine-powered air- flight controls; plane that requires more than one pilot 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.57 crewmember. The full flight simula- or powered-lifts, six night vision goggle tor’s visual system must have been ad- operations.

justed to represent the period begin- (2) A person may act as pilot in com- ning 1 hour after sunset and ending 1 mand using night vision goggles only if, within the 4 calendar months pre- hour before sunrise.

ceding the month of the flight, that (5) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sec- person performs and logs the tasks list- tion do not apply to a person receiving ed in paragraph (f)(1)(i) through (v) of flight training from an authorized in- this section as the sole manipulator of structor, provided: the controls during a night vision gog- (i) The flight training is limited to gle operation.

the purpose of meeting the require- (g) Night vision goggle proficiency ments of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this check. A person must either meet the section; night vision goggle experience require- (ii) Notwithstanding the provisions of ments of paragraphs (f)(1) or (f)(2) of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section, this section or pass a night vision gog- the person receiving flight training gle proficiency check to act as pilot in meets all other requirements to act as command using night vision goggles.

pilot in command of the aircraft; and The proficiency check must be per- (iii) The authorized instructor and formed in the category of aircraft that the person receiving flight training are is appropriate to the night vision gog- the sole occupants of the aircraft.

gle operation for which the person is (6) Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this sec- seeking the night vision goggle privi- tion do not apply to the examiner or lege or in a full flight simulator or the applicant during a practical test flight training device that is represent- required by this part.

ative of that category of aircraft. The (f) Night vision goggle operating experi- check must consist of the tasks listed ence. (1) A person may act as pilot in in § 61.31(k), and the check must be per- command in a night vision goggle oper- formed by: ation with passengers on board only if, (1) An Examiner who is qualified to within 2 calendar months preceding the perform night vision goggle operations month of the flight, that person per- in that same aircraft category and forms and logs the following tasks as class; the sole manipulator of the controls on (2) A person who is authorized by the a flight during a night vision goggle U.S. Armed Forces to perform night vi- operation— sion goggle proficiency checks, pro- (i) Three takeoffs and three landings, vided the person being administered with each takeoff and landing includ- the check is also a member of the U.S.

ing a climbout, cruise, descent, and ap- Armed Forces; proach phase of flight (only required if (3) A company check pilot who is au- the pilot wants to use night vision gog- thorized to perform night vision goggle gles during the takeoff and landing proficiency checks under parts 121, 125, phases of the flight).

or 135 of this chapter, provided that (ii) Three hovering tasks (only re- both the check pilot and the pilot quired if the pilot wants to use night being tested are employees of that op- vision goggles when operating heli- erator; copters or powered-lifts during the hov- (4) An authorized flight instructor ering phase of flight).

who is qualified to perform night vision (iii) Three area departure and area goggle operations in that same aircraft arrival tasks.

category and class; (iv) Three tasks of transitioning from (5) A person who is qualified as pilot aided night flight ( aided night flight in command for night vision goggle op- means that the pilot uses night vision erations in accordance with paragraph goggles to maintain visual surface ref- (f) of this section; or erence) to unaided night flight ( unaided (6) A person approved by the FAA to night flight means that the pilot does perform night vision goggle proficiency not use night vision goggles) and back checks.

to aided night flight.

(v) Three night vision goggle oper- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

ations, or when operating helicopters 61–103, 62 FR 40898, July 30, 1997] Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.58 E DITORIAL N OTE : For F EDERAL R EGISTER ci- (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14); tations affecting § 61.57, see the List of CFR as listed in appendix A of this part ap- Sections Affected, which appears in the propriate to the rating held, in an air- Finding Aids section of the printed volume craft that is type certificated for more and at www.govinfo.gov.

than one pilot flight crewmember or is E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to turbojet powered; § 61.57 were published by Docket FAA–2023– (2) The practical test required for a 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- type rating, in an aircraft that is type fective Jan. 21, 2025.

certificated for more than one required pilot flight crewmember or is turbojet- § 61.58 Pilot-in-command proficiency powered; check: Operation of an aircraft that requires more than one pilot flight (3) The initial or periodic practical crewmember or is turbojet-pow- test required for the issuance of a pilot ered.

examiner or check airman designation, in an aircraft that is type certificated (a) Except as otherwise provided in for more than one required pilot flight this section, to serve as pilot in com- crewmember or is turbojet-powered; mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- (4) A pilot proficiency check adminis- cated for more than one required pilot tered by a U.S. Armed Force that flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow- qualifies the military pilot for pilot-in- ered, a person must— (1) Within the preceding 12 calendar command designation with instrument months, complete a pilot-in-command privileges, and was performed in a mili- proficiency check in an aircraft that is tary aircraft that the military requires type certificated for more than one re- to be operated by more than one pilot quired pilot flight crewmember or is flight crewmember or is turbojet-pow- turbojet-powered; and ered; (2) Within the preceding 24 calendar (5) For a pilot authorized by the Ad- months, complete a pilot-in-command ministrator to operate an experimental proficiency check in the particular turbojet-powered aircraft that pos- type of aircraft in which that person sesses, by original design or through will serve as pilot in command, that is modification, more than a single seat, type certificated for more than one re- the required proficiency check for all quired pilot flight crewmember or is of the experimental turbojet-powered turbojet-powered. aircraft for which the pilot holds an (b) This section does not apply to authorization may be accomplished by persons conducting operations under completing any one of the following: subpart K of part 91, part 121, 125, 133, (i) A single proficiency check, con- 135, or 137 of this chapter, or persons ducted by an examiner authorized by maintaining continuing qualification the Administrator, in any one of the under an Advanced Qualification pro- experimental turbojet-powered aircraft gram approved under subpart Y of part for which the airman holds an author- 121 of this chapter. ization to operate if conducted within (c) The pilot-in-command proficiency the prior 12 months; check given in accordance with the (ii) A single proficiency check, con- provisions of subpart K of part 91, part ducted by an examiner authorized by 121, 125, or 135 of this chapter may be the Administrator, in any experi- used to satisfy the requirements of this mental turbojet-powered aircraft ( e.g. , section. if a pilot acquires a new authorization (d) The pilot-in-command proficiency to operate an additional experimental check required by paragraph (a) of this turbojet-powered aircraft, the check section may be accomplished by satis- for that new authorization will meet factory completion of one of the fol- the intent), if conducted within the lowing: prior 12 months; (1) A pilot-in-command proficiency (iii) Current qualification under an check conducted by a person author- Advanced Qualification Program (AQP) ized by the Administrator, consisting under subpart Y of part 121 of this of the areas of operation contained in chapter; the applicable Airman Certification (iv) Any proficiency check conducted Standards or Practical Test Standards under subpart K of part 91, part 121, or

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.58 part 135 of this chapter within the prior (i) The applicant’s record must in- 12 months if conducted in a turbojet- clude the statement, ‘‘Proficiency in powered aircraft; or circling approaches not demonstrated’’; (v) Any other § 61.58 proficiency and check conducted within the prior 12 (ii) The applicant may not perform months if conducted in a turbojet-pow- circling approaches as pilot in com- ered aircraft.

mand when weather conditions are less (e) The pilot of a multi-seat experi- than the basic VFR conditions de- mental turbojet-powered aircraft who scribed in § 91.155 of this chapter, until has not received a proficiency check proficiency in circling approaches has within the prior 12 months in accord- been successfully demonstrated in a ance with this section may continue to flight simulator qualified and approved operate such aircraft in accordance for circling approaches or in an aircraft with the pilot’s authorizations. How- to a person authorized by the Adminis- ever, the pilot is prohibited from car- trator to conduct the check required riage of any persons in any experi- by this section.

mental turbojet-powered aircraft with (3) If the flight simulator used pursu- the exception of those individuals au- ant to paragraph (g) of this section is thorized by the Administrator to con- not qualified and approved for land- duct training, conduct flight checks, or ings, the applicant must— perform pilot certification functions in (i) Hold a type rating in the airplane such aircraft, and only during flights represented by the simulator; and specifically related to training, flight (ii) Have completed within the pre- checks, or certification in such air- ceding 90 days at least three takeoffs craft.

and three landings (one to a full stop) (f) This section will not apply to a as the sole manipulator of the flight pilot authorized by the Administrator controls in the type airplane for which to serve as pilot in command in experi- the pilot-in-command proficiency mental turbojet-powered aircraft that check is sought.

possesses, by original design, a single seat, when operating such single-seat (h) For the purpose of meeting the aircraft. pilot-in-command proficiency check re- quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- (g) A check or test described in para- graphs (d)(1) through (5) of this section tion, a person may act as pilot in com- may be accomplished in a flight simu- mand of a flight under day VFR condi- lator under part 142 of this chapter, tions or day IFR conditions if no per- subject to the following: son or property is carried, other than (1) Except as provided for in para- as necessary to demonstrate compli- graphs (g)(2) and (3) of this section, if ance with this part.

an otherwise qualified and approved (i) If a pilot takes the pilot-in-com- flight simulator used for a pilot-in- mand proficiency check required by command proficiency check is not this section in the calendar month be- qualified and approved for a specific re- fore or the calendar month after the quired maneuver— month in which it is due, the pilot is (i) The training center must anno- considered to have taken it in the tate, in the applicant’s training record, month in which it was due for the pur- the maneuver or maneuvers omitted; pose of computing when the next pilot- and in-command proficiency check is due.

(ii) Prior to acting as pilot in com- mand, the pilot must demonstrate pro- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 40899, July 30, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54559, Sept.

ficiency in each omitted maneuver in 17, 2003; Amdt. 61–112, 70 FR 54814, Sept. 16, an aircraft or flight simulator qualified 2005; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54106, Aug. 31, 2011; and approved for each omitted maneu- 76 FR 63184, Oct. 12, 2011; Docket FAA–2022– ver.

1355, Amdt. 61–151, 87 FR 75845, Dec. 9, 2022; (2) If the flight simulator used pursu- Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR ant to paragraph (g) of this section is 22517, Apr. 1, 2024] not qualified and approved for circling approaches— Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.63 pilot authorizations issued by the Ad- § 61.59 Falsification, reproduction, or alteration of applications, certifi- ministrator.

cates, logbooks, reports, or records.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16, 2011] (a) No person may make or cause to be made: § 61.63 Additional aircraft ratings (1) Any fraudulent or intentionally (other than for ratings at the air- false statement on any application for line transport pilot certification a certificate, rating, authorization, or level).

duplicate thereof, issued under this (a) General. For an additional aircraft part; rating on a pilot certificate, other than (2) Any fraudulent or intentionally for an airline transport pilot certifi- false entry in any logbook, record, or cate, a person must meet the require- report that is required to be kept, ments of this section appropriate to made, or used to show compliance with the additional aircraft rating sought.

any requirement for the issuance or ex- (b) Additional aircraft category rating.

ercise of the privileges of any certifi- A person who applies to add a category cate, rating, or authorization under rating to a pilot certificate: (1) Must complete the training and this part; have the applicable aeronautical expe- (3) Any reproduction for fraudulent rience.

purpose of any certificate, rating, or (2) Must have a logbook or training authorization, under this part; or record endorsement from an authorized (4) Any alteration of any certificate, instructor attesting that the person rating, or authorization under this was found competent in the appro- part.

priate aeronautical knowledge areas (b) The commission of an act prohib- and proficient in the appropriate areas ited under paragraph (a) of this section of operation.

is a basis for suspending or revoking (3) Must pass the practical test.

any airman certificate, rating, or au- (4) Need not take an additional thorization held by that person.

knowledge test, provided the applicant holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- § 61.60 Change of address.

lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- The holder of a pilot, flight instruc- ered parachute, or airship rating at that pilot certificate level.

tor, or ground instructor certificate (c) Additional aircraft class rating. A who has made a change in permanent person who applies for an additional mailing address may not, after 30 days class rating on a pilot certificate: from that date, exercise the privileges (1) Must have a logbook or training of the certificate unless the holder has record endorsement from an authorized notified in writing the FAA, Airman instructor attesting that the person Certification Branch, P.O. Box 25082, was found competent in the appro- Oklahoma City, OK 73125, of the new priate aeronautical knowledge areas permanent mailing address, or if the and proficient in the appropriate areas permanent mailing address includes a of operation.

post office box number, then the hold- (2) Must pass the practical test.

er’s current residential address.

(3) Need not meet the specified train- ing time requirements prescribed by Subpart B—Aircraft Ratings and this part that apply to the pilot certifi- Pilot Authorizations cate for the aircraft class rating sought; unless, the person only holds a § 61.61 Applicability.

lighter-than-air category rating with a balloon class rating and is seeking an This subpart prescribes the require- airship class rating, then that person ments for the issuance of additional must receive the specified training aircraft ratings after a pilot certificate time requirements and possess the ap- is issued, issuance of a type rating con- propriate aeronautical experience.

currently with a pilot certificate, and (4) Need not take an additional the requirements for and limitations of knowledge test, provided the applicant 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.63 holds an airplane, rotorcraft, powered- (ii) May have the ‘‘VFR only’’ limita- lift, weight-shift-control aircraft, pow- tion removed for that aircraft type ered parachute, or airship rating at after the applicant: that pilot certificate level.

(A) Passes a practical test in that (d) Additional aircraft type rating. Ex- type of aircraft in actual or simulated cept as provided under paragraph (d)(6) instrument conditions; of this section, a person who applies for (B) Passes a practical test in that an aircraft type rating or an aircraft type of aircraft on the appropriate in- type rating to be completed concur- strument maneuvers and procedures in rently with an aircraft category or § 61.157; or class rating— (C) Becomes qualified under § 61.73(d) (1) Must hold or concurrently obtain for that type of aircraft.

an appropriate instrument rating, ex- (2) When an instrument rating is cept as provided in paragraph (e) of issued to a person who holds one or this section.

more type ratings, the amended pilot (2) Must have a logbook or training certificate must bear the ‘‘VFR only’’ record endorsement from an authorized limitation for each aircraft type rating instructor attesting that the person is that the person did not demonstrate in- competent in the appropriate aero- strument competency.

nautical knowledge areas and pro- (f) Multiengine airplane with a single- ficient in the appropriate areas of oper- pilot station. An applicant for a type ation at the airline transport pilot cer- rating, at other than the ATP certifi- tification level.

cation level, in a multiengine airplane (3) Must pass the practical test at the with a single-pilot station must per- airline transport pilot certification form the practical test in the multi- level.

seat version of that airplane, or the (4) Must perform the practical test in practical test may be performed in the actual or simulated instrument condi- single-seat version of that airplane if tions, except as provided in paragraph the Examiner is in a position to ob- (e) of this section.

serve the applicant during the prac- (5) Need not take an additional tical test and there is no multi-seat knowledge test if the applicant holds version of that multiengine airplane.

an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or (g) Single engine airplane with a single- airship rating on the pilot certificate.

pilot station. An applicant for a type (6) In the case of a pilot employee of rating, at other than the ATP certifi- a part 121 or part 135 certificate holder cation level, in a single engine airplane or of a fractional ownership program with a single-pilot station must per- manager under subpart K of part 91 of form the practical test in the multi- this chapter, the pilot must— seat version of that single engine air- (i) Meet the appropriate require- plane, or the practical test may be per- ments under paragraphs (d)(1), (d)(3), formed in the single-seat version of and (d)(4) of this section; and that airplane if the Examiner is in a (ii) Receive a flight training record position to observe the applicant dur- endorsement from the certificate hold- ing the practical test and there is no er attesting that the person completed multi-seat version of that single engine the certificate holder’s approved airplane.

ground and flight training program.

(h) Aircraft category and class rating (e) Aircraft not capable of instrument for the operation of aircraft with an ex- maneuvers and procedures. (1) An appli- perimental certificate. A person holding cant for a type rating or a type rating a recreational, private, or commercial in addition to an aircraft category and/ pilot certificate may apply for a cat- or class rating who provides an aircraft egory and class rating limited to a spe- that is not capable of the instrument cific make and model of experimental maneuvers and procedures required on aircraft, provided— the practical test: (1) The person logged 5 hours flight (i) May apply for the type rating, but time while acting as pilot in command the rating will be limited to ‘‘VFR in the same category, class, make, and only.’’ model of aircraft.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.64 (2) The person received a logbook en- same class of airplane for which the dorsement from an authorized instruc- type rating is sought; tor who determined the pilot’s pro- (3) Have been appointed by the U.S.

ficiency to act as pilot in command of Armed Forces as pilot in command in a the same category, class, make, and turbojet airplane of the same class of model of aircraft.

airplane for which the type rating is (3) The flight time specified under sought; paragraph (h)(1) of this section was (4) Have 500 hours of flight time in logged between September 1, 2004 and the same type of airplane for which the August 31, 2005.

type rating is sought; or (i) Waiver authority. An Examiner (5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of who conducts a practical test may flight time, of which 500 hours were in waive any task for which the FAA has turbine-powered airplanes of the same provided waiver authority.

class of airplane for which the type rat- ing is sought.

[Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42552, Aug. 21, (c) Except as provided in paragraph 2009, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, (f) of this section, if an airplane is not Feb. 1, 2010] used during the practical test for a E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to type rating for a turbo-propeller air- § 61.63 were published by Docket FAA–2023– plane (except for preflight inspection), 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- an applicant must accomplish the en- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

tire practical test in a Level C or high- § 61.64 Use of a flight simulator and er flight simulator and the applicant flight training device.

must— (1) Hold a type rating in a turbo-pro- (a) Use of a flight simulator or flight peller airplane of the same class of air- training device. If an applicant for a cer- plane for which the type rating is tificate or rating uses a flight simu- sought, and that type rating may not lator or flight training device for train- contain a supervised operating experi- ing or any portion of the practical test, ence limitation; the flight simulator and flight training (2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in device— two different turbo-propeller airplanes (1) Must represent the category, of the same class of airplane for which class, and type (if a type rating is ap- the type rating is sought; plicable) for the rating sought; and (3) Have been appointed by the U.S.

(2) Must be qualified and approved by Armed Forces as pilot in command in a the Administrator and used in accord- turbo-propeller airplane of the same ance with an approved course of train- class of airplane for which the type rat- ing under part 141 or part 142 of this ing is sought; chapter; or under part 121 or part 135 of this chapter, provided the applicant is (4) Have 500 hours of flight time in a pilot employee of that air carrier op- the same type of airplane for which the erator. type rating is sought; or (5) Have logged at least 2,000 hours of (b) Except as provided in paragraph flight time, of which 500 hours were in (f) of this section, if an airplane is not turbine-powered airplanes of the same used during the practical test for a class of airplane for which the type rat- type rating for a turbojet airplane (ex- ing is sought.

cept for preflight inspection), an appli- cant must accomplish the entire prac- (d) Except as provided in paragraph tical test in a Level C or higher flight (f) of this section, if a helicopter is not simulator and the applicant must— used during the practical test for a (1) Hold a type rating in a turbojet type rating in a helicopter (except for airplane of the same class of airplane preflight inspection), an applicant for which the type rating is sought, and must accomplish the entire practical that type rating may not contain a su- test in a Level C or higher flight simu- pervised operating experience limita- lator and the applicant must meet one tion; of the following requirements— (2) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in (1) Hold a type rating in a helicopter two different turbojet airplanes of the and that type rating may not contain 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.65 the supervised operating experience pilot in command who holds a cat- limitation; egory, class, and type rating, without (2) Have been appointed by the U.S. limitations, for the aircraft; Armed Forces as pilot in command of a (2) Logs each flight and the pilot in helicopter; command who observed the flight at- (3) Have 500 hours of flight time in tests in writing to each flight; the type of helicopter; or (3) Obtains the flight time while per- (4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in forming the duties of pilot in com- two different types of helicopters.

mand; and (e) Except as provided in paragraph (4) Presents evidence of the super- (f) of this section, if a powered-lift is vised operating experience to any Ex- not used during the practical test for a aminer or Flight Standards office to type rating in a powered-lift (except have the limitation removed.

for preflight inspection), an applicant [Docket FAA–2006–26661, 76 FR 78143, Dec. 16, must accomplish the entire practical 2011, as amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, test in a Level C or higher flight simu- Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] lator and the applicant must meet one E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to of the following requirements— § 61.64 were published by Docket FAA–2023– (1) Hold a type rating in a powered- 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- lift without a supervised operating ex- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

perience limitation; (2) Have been appointed by the U.S.

§ 61.65 Instrument rating require- Armed Forces as pilot in command of a ments.

powered-lift; (a) General. A person who applies for (3) Have 500 hours of flight time in an instrument rating must: the type of powered-lift for which the (1) Hold at least a current private rating is sought; or pilot certificate, or be concurrently ap- (4) Have 1,000 hours of flight time in plying for a private pilot certificate, two different types of powered-lifts.

with an airplane, helicopter, or pow- (f) If the applicant does not meet one ered-lift rating appropriate to the in- of the experience requirements of para- strument rating sought; graphs (b)(1) through (5), (c)(1) through (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and (5), (d)(1) through (4) or (e)(1) through understand the English language. If the (4) of this section, as appropriate to the applicant is unable to meet any of type rating sought, then— these requirements due to a medical (1) The applicant must complete the condition, the Administrator may following tasks on the practical test in place such operating limitations on the an aircraft appropriate to category, applicant’s pilot certificate as are nec- class, and type for the rating sought: essary for the safe operation of the air- Preflight inspection, normal takeoff, craft; normal instrument landing system ap- (3) Receive and log ground training proach, missed approach, and normal from an authorized instructor or ac- landing; or complish a home-study course of train- (2) The applicant’s pilot certificate ing on the aeronautical knowledge will be issued with a limitation that areas of paragraph (b) of this section states: ‘‘The [name of the additional that apply to the instrument rating type rating] is subject to pilot in com- sought; mand limitations,’’ and the applicant (4) Receive a logbook or training is restricted from serving as pilot in record endorsement from an authorized command in an aircraft of that type.

instructor certifying that the person is (g) The limitation described under prepared to take the required knowl- paragraph (f)(2) of this section may be edge test; removed from the pilot certificate if the applicant complies with the fol- (5) Receive and log training on the lowing— areas of operation of paragraph (c) of (1) Performs 25 hours of flight time in this section from an authorized in- an aircraft of the category, class, and structor in an aircraft, full flight simu- type for which the limitation applies lator, or flight training device that under the direct observation of the represents an airplane, helicopter, or Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.65 powered-lift appropriate to the instru- (7) Safe and efficient operation of air- ment rating sought; craft under instrument flight rules and (6) Receive a logbook or training conditions; record endorsement from an authorized (8) Recognition of critical weather instructor certifying that the person is situations and windshear avoidance; prepared to take the required practical (9) Aeronautical decision making and test; judgment; and (7) Pass the required knowledge test (10) Crew resource management, in- on the aeronautical knowledge areas of cluding crew communication and co- paragraph (b) of this section; however, ordination.

an applicant is not required to take an- (c) Flight proficiency. A person who other knowledge test when that person applies for an instrument rating must already holds an instrument rating; receive and log training from an au- and thorized instructor in an aircraft, or in (8) Pass the required practical test on a full flight simulator or flight train- the areas of operation in paragraph (c) ing device, in accordance with para- of this section in— graph (g) of this section, that includes (i) An airplane, helicopter, or pow- the following areas of operation: ered-lift appropriate to the rating (1) Preflight preparation; sought; or (2) Preflight procedures; (ii) A full flight simulator or a flight (3) Air traffic control clearances and training device appropriate to the rat- procedures; ing sought and for the specific maneu- (4) Flight by reference to instru- ver or instrument approach procedure ments; performed. If an approved flight train- (5) Navigation systems; ing device is used for the practical test, (6) Instrument approach procedures; the instrument approach procedures (7) Emergency operations; and conducted in that flight training device (8) Postflight procedures.

are limited to one precision and one (d) Aeronautical experience for the in- nonprecision approach, provided the strument-airplane rating. A person who flight training device is approved for applies for an instrument-airplane rat- the procedure performed. ing must have logged: (b) Aeronautical knowledge. A person (1) Except as provided in paragraph who applies for an instrument rating (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- must have received and logged ground country flight time as pilot in com- training from an authorized instructor mand, of which 10 hours must have or accomplished a home-study course been in an airplane; and on the following aeronautical knowl- (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- edge areas that apply to the instru- lated instrument time in the areas of ment rating sought: operation listed in paragraph (c) of this (1) Federal Aviation Regulations of section, of which 15 hours must have this chapter that apply to flight oper- been received from an authorized in- ations under IFR; structor who holds an instrument-air- (2) Appropriate information that ap- plane rating, and the instrument time plies to flight operations under IFR in includes: the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- (i) Three hours of instrument flight ual;’’ training from an authorized instructor (3) Air traffic control system and pro- in an airplane that is appropriate to cedures for instrument flight oper- the instrument-airplane rating within ations; 2 calendar months before the date of (4) IFR navigation and approaches by the practical test; and use of navigation systems; (ii) Instrument flight training on (5) Use of IFR en route and instru- cross country flight procedures, includ- ment approach procedure charts; ing one cross country flight in an air- (6) Procurement and use of aviation plane with an authorized instructor, weather reports and forecasts and the that is performed under instrument elements of forecasting weather trends flight rules, when a flight plan has based on that information and personal been filed with an air traffic control fa- observation of weather conditions; cility, and that involves— 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.65 (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles this section, of which 15 hours must along airways or by directed routing have been received from an authorized from an air traffic control facility; instructor who holds an instrument- (B) An instrument approach at each powered-lift rating, and the instrument airport; and time includes: (C) Three different kinds of ap- (i) Three hours of instrument flight proaches with the use of navigation training from an authorized instructor systems.

in a powered-lift that is appropriate to (e) Aeronautical experience for the in- the instrument-powered-lift rating strument-helicopter rating. A person who within 2 calendar months before the applies for an instrument-helicopter date of the practical test; and rating must have logged: (ii) Instrument flight training on (1) Except as provided in paragraph cross country flight procedures, includ- (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- ing one cross country flight in a pow- country flight time as pilot in com- ered-lift with an authorized instructor mand, of which 10 hours must have that is performed under instrument been in a helicopter; and flight rules, when a flight plan has (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- been filed with an air traffic control fa- lated instrument time in the areas of cility, that involves— operation listed under paragraph (c) of (A) A flight of 250 nautical miles this section, of which 15 hours must along airways or by directed routing have been with an authorized instruc- from an air traffic control facility; tor who holds an instrument-helicopter (B) An instrument approach at each rating, and the instrument time in- airport; and cludes: (C) Three different kinds of ap- (i) Three hours of instrument flight proaches with the use of navigation training from an authorized instructor systems.

in a helicopter that is appropriate to (g) An applicant for a combined pri- the instrument-helicopter rating with- vate pilot certificate with an instru- in 2 calendar months before the date of ment rating may satisfy the cross- the practical test; and country flight time requirements of (ii) Instrument flight training on this section by crediting: cross country flight procedures, includ- (1) For an instrument-airplane rating ing one cross country flight in a heli- or an instrument-powered-lift rating, copter with an authorized instructor up to 45 hours of cross-country flight that is performed under instrument time performing the duties of pilot in flight rules and a flight plan has been command with an authorized instruc- filed with an air traffic control facil- tor; or ity, and involves— (2) For an instrument-helicopter rat- (A) A flight of 100 nautical miles ing, up to 47 hours of cross-country along airways or by directed routing flight time performing the duties of from an air traffic control facility; pilot in command with an authorized (B) An instrument approach at each instructor.

airport; and (h) Use of full flight simulators or flight (C) Three different kinds of ap- training devices. If the instrument time proaches with the use of navigation was provided by an authorized instruc- systems.

tor in a full flight simulator or flight (f) Aeronautical experience for the in- training device— strument-powered-lift rating. A person (1) A maximum of 30 hours may be who applies for an instrument-powered- performed in that full flight simulator lift rating must have logged: or flight training device if the instru- (1) Except as provided in paragraph ment time was completed in accord- (g) of this section, 50 hours of cross- ance with part 142 of this chapter; or country flight time as pilot in com- mand, of which 10 hours must have (2) A maximum of 20 hours may be been in a powered-lift; and performed in that full flight simulator (2) Forty hours of actual or simu- or flight training device if the instru- lated instrument time in the areas of ment time was not completed in ac- operation listed under paragraph (c) of cordance with part 142 of this chapter.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.66 (i) Use of an aviation training device. A Flight Manual or Rotorcraft Flight maximum of 10 hours of instrument Manual limitations; time received in a basic aviation train- (ii) EFVS sensor imagery, required ing device or a maximum of 20 hours of aircraft flight information, and flight instrument time received in an ad- symbology; vanced aviation training device may be (iii) EFVS display, controls, modes, credited for the instrument time re- features, symbology, annunciations, quirements of this section if— and associated systems and compo- (1) The device is approved and au- nents; thorized by the FAA; (iv) EFVS sensor performance, sensor (2) An authorized instructor provides limitations, scene interpretation, vis- ual anomalies, and other visual effects; the instrument time in the device; and (3) The FAA approved the instrument (v) Preflight planning and oper- training and instrument tasks per- ational considerations associated with using EFVS during taxi, takeoff, climb, formed in the device.

cruise, descent and landing phases of (j) Except as provided in paragraph flight, including the use of EFVS for (h)(1) of this section, a person may not instrument approaches, operating credit more than 20 total hours of in- below DA/DH or MDA, executing strument time in a full flight simu- missed approaches, landing, rollout, lator, flight training device, aviation and balked landings; training device, or a combination to- wards the instrument time require- (vi) Weather associated with low visi- ments of this section. bility conditions and its effect on EFVS performance; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(vii) Normal, abnormal, emergency, 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– and crew coordination procedures when 124, 74 FR 42554, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–127, 76 using EFVS; and FR 19267, Apr. 7, 2011; Amdt. 61–128, 76 FR 54106, Aug. 31, 2011; Docket FAA–2015–1846, (viii) Interpretation of approach and Amdt. 61–136, 81 FR 21460, Apr. 12, 2016] runway lighting systems and their dis- play characteristics when using an § 61.66 Enhanced Flight Vision System EFVS.

Pilot Requirements.

(b) Flight training. (1) Except as pro- (a) Ground training. (1) Except as pro- vided under paragraph (h) of this sec- vided under paragraphs (f) and (h) of tion, no person may manipulate the this section, no person may manipulate controls of an aircraft or act as pilot in the controls of an aircraft or act as command of an aircraft during an pilot in command of an aircraft during EFVS operation under § 91.176(a) or (b) an EFVS operation conducted under of this chapter unless that person— § 91.176(a) or (b) of this chapter, or serve (i) Receives and logs flight training as a required pilot flightcrew member for the EFVS operation under a train- during an EFVS operation conducted ing program approved by the Adminis- under § 91.176(a) of this chapter, unless trator; and that person— (ii) Obtains a logbook or training (i) Receives and logs ground training record endorsement from an authorized under a training program approved by training provider certifying the person the Administrator; and is proficient in the use of EFVS in the (ii) Obtains a logbook or training category of aircraft in which the train- record endorsement from an authorized ing was provided for the EFVS oper- training provider certifying the person ation to be conducted.

satisfactorily completed the ground (2) Flight training must include the training appropriate to the category of following tasks: aircraft for which the person is seeking (i) Preflight and inflight preparation the EFVS privilege.

of EFVS equipment for EFVS oper- (2) The ground training must include ations, including EFVS setup and use the following subjects: of display, controls, modes and associ- (i) Those portions of this chapter ated systems, and adjustments for that relate to EFVS flight operations brightness and contrast under day and and limitations, including the Airplane night conditions; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.66 (ii) Proper piloting techniques associ- logs six instrument approaches as the ated with using EFVS during taxi, sole manipulator of the controls using takeoff, climb, cruise, descent, landing, an EFVS under any weather conditions and rollout, including missed ap- in the category of aircraft for which proaches and balked landings; the person seeks the EFVS privilege.

(iii) Proper piloting techniques for The instrument approaches may be the use of EFVS during instrument ap- performed in day or night conditions; proaches, to include operations below and DA/DH or MDA as applicable to the (1) One approach must terminate in a EFVS operations to be conducted, full stop landing; and under both day and night conditions; (2) For persons authorized to exercise (iv) Determining enhanced flight vis- the privileges of § 91.176(a), the full stop ibility; landing must be conducted using the (v) Identifying required visual ref- EFVS.

erences appropriate to EFVS oper- (e) EFVS refresher training. (1) Except ations; as provided in paragraph (h) of this sec- (vi) Transitioning from EFVS sensor tion, a person who has failed to meet imagery to natural vision acquisition the recent flight experience require- of required visual references and the ments of paragraph (d) of this section runway environment; for more than six calendar months may (vii) Using EFVS sensor imagery, re- reestablish EFVS currency only by sat- quired aircraft flight information, and isfactorily completing an approved flight symbology to touchdown and EFVS refresher course in the category rollout, if the person receiving training of aircraft for which the person seeks will conduct EFVS operations under the EFVS privilege. The EFVS re- § 91.176(a) of this chapter; and fresher course must consist of the sub- (viii) Normal, abnormal, emergency, jects and tasks listed in paragraphs and crew coordination procedures when (a)(2) and (b)(2) of this section applica- using an EFVS.

ble to the EFVS operations to be con- (c) Supplementary EFVS training. A ducted.

person qualified to conduct an EFVS (2) The EFVS refresher course must operation under § 91.176(a) or (b) of this be conducted by an authorized training chapter who seeks to conduct an addi- provider whose instructor meets the tional EFVS operation for which that training requirements of this section person has not received training and, if conducting EFVS operations in must— an aircraft, the recent flight experi- (1) Receive and log the ground and ence requirements of this section.

flight training required by paragraphs (f) Military pilots and former military (a) and (b) of this section, under a pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. (1) The training program approved by the Ad- training requirements of paragraphs (a) ministrator, appropriate to the addi- and (b) of this section applicable to tional EFVS operation to be con- EFVS operations conducted under ducted; and § 91.176(a) of this chapter do not apply (2) Obtain a logbook or training to a military pilot or former military record endorsement from the author- pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces if that ized training provider certifying the person documents satisfactory comple- person is proficient in the use of EFVS tion of ground and flight training in in the category of aircraft in which the EFVS operations to touchdown and training was provided for the EFVS op- rollout by the U.S. Armed Forces.

eration to be conducted.

(d) Recent flight experience: EFVS. Ex- (2) The training requirements in cept as provided in paragraphs (f) and paragraphs (a) and (b) of this section (h) of this section, no person may ma- applicable to EFVS operations con- nipulate the controls of an aircraft ducted under § 91.176(b) of this chapter during an EFVS operation or act as do not apply to a military pilot or pilot in command of an aircraft during former military pilot in the U.S.

an EFVS operation unless, within 6 Armed Forces if that person documents calendar months preceding the month satisfactory completion of ground and of the flight, that person performs and flight training in EFVS operations to Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.66 100 feet above the touchdown zone ele- in the category of aircraft in which the vation by the U.S. Armed Forces. flight is being conducted.

(3) A military pilot or former mili- (iii) During an EFVS operation per- tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces formed in the course of completing may satisfy the recent flight experi- EFVS refresher training in accordance ence requirements of paragraph (d) of with paragraph (e) of this section, pro- this section if he or she documents sat- vided the instructor providing the re- isfactory completion of an EFVS pro- fresher training meets the require- ficiency check in the U.S. Armed ments in this section to perform the Forces within 6 calendar months pre- EFVS operation in the category of air- ceding the month of the flight, the craft for which the training is being check was conducted by a person au- conducted.

thorized by the U.S. Armed Forces to (2) The requirements of paragraphs administer the check, and the person (a) and (b) of this section do not apply receiving the check was a member of if a person is conducting a flight or se- the U.S. Armed Forces at the time the ries of flights in an aircraft issued an check was administered.

experimental airworthiness certificate (g) Use of full flight simulators. A level under § 21.191 of this chapter for the C or higher full flight simulator (FFS) purpose of research and development or equipped with an EFVS may be used to showing compliance with regulations, meet the flight training, recent flight provided the person has knowledge of experience, and refresher training re- the subjects specified in paragraph quirements of this section. The FFS (a)(2) of this section and has experience must be evaluated and qualified for with the tasks specified in paragraph EFVS operations by the Adminis- (b)(2) of this section applicable to the trator, and must be: EFVS operations to be conducted.

(1) Qualified and maintained in ac- (3) The requirements specified in cordance with part 60 of this chapter, paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section do or a previously qualified device, as per- not apply to a pilot who: mitted in accordance with § 60.17 of this (i) Is employed by a part 119 certifi- chapter; cate holder authorized to conduct oper- (2) Approved by the Administrator ations under part 121, 125, or 135 when for the tasks and maneuvers to be con- the pilot is conducting an EFVS oper- ducted; and ation for that certificate holder under (3) Equipped with a daylight visual part 91, 121, 125, or 135, as applicable, display if being used to meet the flight provided the pilot conducts the oper- training requirements of this section.

ation in accordance with the certifi- (h) Exceptions. (1) A person may ma- cate holder’s operations specifications nipulate the controls of an aircraft for EFVS operations; during an EFVS operation without (ii) Is employed by a person who meeting the requirements of this sec- holds a letter of deviation authority tion in the following circumstances: issued under § 125.3 of this chapter (i) When receiving flight training to when the pilot is conducting an EFVS meet the requirements of this section operation for that person under part under an approved training program, 125, provided the pilot is conducting provided the instructor meets the re- the operation in accordance with that quirements in this section to perform person’s letter of authorization for the EFVS operation in the category of EFVS operations; or aircraft for which the training is being conducted. (iii) Is employed by a fractional own- (ii) During an EFVS operation per- ership program manager to conduct op- formed in the course of satisfying the erations under part 91 subpart K when recent flight experience requirements the pilot is conducting an EFVS oper- of paragraph (d) of this section, pro- ation for that program manager under vided another individual is serving as part 91, provided the pilot is con- pilot in command of the aircraft during ducting the operation in accordance the EFVS operation and that indi- with the program manager’s manage- vidual meets the requirements in this ment specifications for EFVS oper- section to perform the EFVS operation ations.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.67 (4) The requirements of paragraphs (2) To be eligible for the practical (a) and (b) of this section do not apply test for an authorization under this if a person is conducting EFVS oper- section, an applicant must— (i) Meet the requirements of para- ations under § 91.176(b) of this chapter graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and and that person documents that prior (ii) If the applicant has not passed a to March 13, 2018, that person satisfac- practical test for this authorization torily completed ground and flight during the 12 calendar months pre- training on EFVS operations to 100 feet ceding the month of the test, then that above the touchdown zone elevation.

person must— [Docket FAA–2013–0485, Amdt. 61–139, 81 FR (A) Meet the requirements of 90170, Dec. 13, 2016, as amended by Docket § 61.57(c); and FAA–2013–0485, Amdt. 61–139, 81 FR 90172, (B) Have performed at least six ILS Dec. 13, 2016] approaches during the 6 calendar months preceding the month of the § 61.67 Category II pilot authorization test, of which at least three of the ap- requirements.

proaches must have been conducted (a) General. A person who applies for without the use of an approach coupler.

a Category II pilot authorization must (3) The approaches specified in para- hold: graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section— (1) At least a private or commercial (i) Must be conducted under actual or pilot certificate with an instrument simulated instrument flight condi- rating or an airline transport pilot cer- tions; tificate; (ii) Must be conducted to the decision (2) A type rating for the aircraft for height for the ILS approach in the type which the authorization is sought if aircraft in which the practical test is that aircraft requires a type rating; to be conducted; and (iii) Need not be conducted to the de- (3) A category and class rating for cision height authorized for Category the aircraft for which the authoriza- II operations; tion is sought. (iv) Must be conducted to the deci- sion height authorized for Category II (b) Experience requirements. An appli- operations only if conducted in a flight cant for a Category II pilot authoriza- simulator or flight training device; and tion must have at least— (v) Must be accomplished in an air- (1) 50 hours of night flight time as craft of the same category and class, pilot in command.

and type, as applicable, as the aircraft (2) 75 hours of instrument time under in which the practical test is to be con- actual or simulated instrument condi- ducted or in a flight simulator that— tions that may include not more (A) Represents an aircraft of the than— same category and class, and type, as (i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- applicable, as the aircraft in which the lated instrument flight time in a flight authorization is sought; and simulator or flight training device; or (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- (ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument proved course conducted by a training flight time if accomplished in an ap- center certificated under part 142 of proved course conducted by an appro- this chapter.

priately rated training center certifi- (4) The flight time acquired in meet- cated under part 142 of this chapter.

ing the requirements of paragraph (3) 250 hours of cross-country flight (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used time as pilot in command.

to meet the requirements of paragraph (c) Practical test requirements. (1) A (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

practical test must be passed by a per- (d) Practical test procedures. The prac- son who applies for— tical test consists of an oral increment (i) Issuance or renewal of a Category and a flight increment.

II pilot authorization; and (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- (ii) The addition of another type air- ment of the practical test an applicant craft to the applicant’s Category II must demonstrate knowledge of the pilot authorization. following: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.68 (i) Required landing distance; hand flown using flight director com- (ii) Recognition of the decision mands.

height; (iv) If a multiengine airplane with (iii) Missed approach procedures and the performance capability to execute techniques using computed or fixed at- a missed approach with one engine in- titude guidance displays; operative is used for the practical test, (iv) Use and limitations of RVR; the flight increment must include the (v) Use of visual clues, their avail- performance of one missed approach ability or limitations, and altitude at with an engine, which shall be the which they are normally discernible at most critical engine, if applicable, set reduced RVR readings; at idle or zero thrust before reaching (vi) Procedures and techniques re- the middle marker.

lated to transition from nonvisual to (v) If a multiengine flight simulator visual flight during a final approach or multiengine flight training device is under reduced RVR; used for the practical test, the appli- (vii) Effects of vertical and hori- cant must execute a missed approach zontal windshear; with the most critical engine, if appli- (viii) Characteristics and limitations cable, failed.

of the ILS and runway lighting system; (vi) For an authorization for an air- (ix) Characteristics and limitations craft that requires a type rating, the of the flight director system, auto ap- practical test must be performed in co- proach coupler (including split axis ordination with a second in command type if equipped), auto throttle system who holds a type rating in the aircraft (if equipped), and other required Cat- in which the authorization is sought.

egory II equipment; (vii) Oral questioning may be con- (x) Assigned duties of the second in ducted at any time during a practical command during Category II ap- test.

proaches, unless the aircraft for which [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

authorization is sought does not re- 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997] quire a second in command; and (xi) Instrument and equipment fail- § 61.68 Category III pilot authorization ure warning systems.

requirements.

(2) Flight increment. The following re- (a) General. A person who applies for quirements apply to the flight incre- a Category III pilot authorization must ment of the practical test: hold: (i) The flight increment must be con- (1) At least a private pilot certificate ducted in an aircraft of the same cat- or commercial pilot certificate with an egory, class, and type, as applicable, as instrument rating or an airline trans- the aircraft in which the authorization port pilot certificate; is sought or in a flight simulator (2) A type rating for the aircraft for that— which the authorization is sought if (A) Represents an aircraft of the that aircraft requires a type rating; same category and class, and type, as and applicable, as the aircraft in which the (3) A category and class rating for authorization is sought; and the aircraft for which the authoriza- (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- tion is sought.

proved course conducted by a training (b) Experience requirements. An appli- center certificated under part 142 of cant for a Category III pilot authoriza- this chapter.

tion must have at least— (ii) The flight increment must con- (1) 50 hours of night flight time as sist of at least two ILS approaches to pilot in command.

100 feet AGL including at least one landing and one missed approach. (2) 75 hours of instrument flight time (iii) All approaches performed during during actual or simulated instrument the flight increment must be made conditions that may include not more with the use of an approved flight con- than— trol guidance system, except if an ap- (i) A combination of 25 hours of simu- proved auto approach coupler is in- lated instrument flight time in a flight stalled, at least one approach must be simulator or flight training device; or 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.68 (ii) 40 hours of simulated instrument (B) Is used in accordance with an ap- flight time if accomplished in an ap- proved course conducted by a training proved course conducted by an appro- center certificated under part 142 of priately rated training center certifi- this chapter.

cated under part 142 of this chapter.

(4) The flight time acquired in meet- (3) 250 hours of cross-country flight ing the requirements of paragraph time as pilot in command.

(c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section may be used (c) Practical test requirements. (1) A to meet the requirements of paragraph practical test must be passed by a per- (c)(2)(ii)(A) of this section.

son who applies for— (d) Practical test procedures. The prac- (i) Issuance or renewal of a Category tical test consists of an oral increment III pilot authorization; and and a flight increment.

(ii) The addition of another type of (1) Oral increment. In the oral incre- aircraft to the applicant’s Category III ment of the practical test an applicant pilot authorization.

must demonstrate knowledge of the (2) To be eligible for the practical following: test for an authorization under this (i) Required landing distance; section, an applicant must— (ii) Determination and recognition of (i) Meet the requirements of para- the alert height or decision height, as graphs (a) and (b) of this section; and applicable, including use of a radar al- (ii) If the applicant has not passed a timeter; practical test for this authorization (iii) Recognition of and proper reac- during the 12 calendar months pre- tion to significant failures encountered ceding the month of the test, then that prior to and after reaching the alert person must— height or decision height, as applica- (A) Meet the requirements of § 61.57(c); and ble; (B) Have performed at least six ILS (iv) Missed approach procedures and approaches during the 6 calendar techniques using computed or fixed at- months preceding the month of the titude guidance displays and expected test, of which at least three of the ap- height loss as they relate to manual proaches must have been conducted go-around or automatic go-around, and without the use of an approach coupler.

initiation altitude, as applicable; (3) The approaches specified in para- (v) Use and limitations of RVR, in- graph (c)(2)(ii)(B) of this section— cluding determination of controlling (i) Must be conducted under actual or RVR and required transmissometers; simulated instrument flight condi- (vi) Use, availability, or limitations tions; of visual cues and the altitude at which (ii) Must be conducted to the alert they are normally discernible at re- height or decision height for the ILS duced RVR readings including— approach in the type aircraft in which (A) Unexpected deterioration of con- the practical test is to be conducted; ditions to less than minimum RVR (iii) Need not be conducted to the de- during approach, flare, and rollout; cision height authorized for Category (B) Demonstration of expected visual III operations; references with weather at minimum (iv) Must be conducted to the alert conditions; height or decision height, as applica- (C) The expected sequence of visual ble, authorized for Category III oper- cues during an approach in which visi- ations only if conducted in a flight bility is at or above landing minima; simulator or flight training device; and and (v) Must be accomplished in an air- (D) Procedures and techniques for craft of the same category and class, making a transition from instrument and type, as applicable, as the aircraft reference flight to visual flight during in which the practical test is to be con- a final approach under reduced RVR.

ducted or in a flight simulator that— (vii) Effects of vertical and hori- (A) Represents an aircraft of the zontal windshear; same category and class, and type, as applicable, as the aircraft for which the (viii) Characteristics and limitations authorization is sought; and of the ILS and runway lighting system; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.69 (ix) Characteristics and limitations (v) If a multiengine flight simulator of the flight director system auto ap- or multiengine flight training device is proach coupler (including split axis used, a missed approach must be exe- type if equipped), auto throttle system cuted with an engine, which shall be (if equipped), and other Category III the most critical engine, if applicable, failed; equipment; (x) Assigned duties of the second in (vi) For an authorization for an air- command during Category III oper- craft that requires a type rating, the practical test must be performed in co- ations, unless the aircraft for which ordination with a second in command authorization is sought does not re- who holds a type rating in the aircraft quire a second in command; in which the authorization is sought; (xi) Recognition of the limits of ac- (vii) Oral questioning may be con- ceptable aircraft position and flight ducted at any time during the practical path tracking during approach, flare, test; and, if applicable, rollout; and (viii) Subject to the limitations of (xii) Recognition of, and reaction to, this paragraph, for Category IIIb oper- airborne or ground system faults or ab- ations predicated on the use of a fail- normalities, particularly after passing passive rollout control system, at least alert height or decision height, as ap- one manual rollout using visual ref- plicable.

erence or a combination of visual and (2) Flight increment. The following re- instrument references must be exe- quirements apply to the flight incre- cuted. The maneuver required by this ment of the practical test— paragraph shall be initiated by a fail- (i) The flight increment may be con- passive disconnect of the rollout con- ducted in an aircraft of the same cat- trol system— egory and class, and type, as applica- (A) After main gear touchdown; ble, as the aircraft for which the au- (B) Prior to nose gear touchdown; thorization is sought, or in a flight (C) In conditions representative of simulator that— the most adverse lateral touchdown (A) Represents an aircraft of the displacement allowing a safe landing same category and class, and type, as on the runway; and applicable, as the aircraft in which the (D) In weather conditions anticipated authorization is sought; and in Category IIIb operations.

(B) Is used in accordance with an ap- proved course conducted by a training [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

center certificated under part 142 of 61–103, 62 FR 40900, July 30, 1997] this chapter.

§ 61.69 Glider and unpowered ultra- (ii) The flight increment must con- light vehicle towing: Experience sist of at least two ILS approaches to and training requirements.

100 feet AGL, including one landing and one missed approach initiated from a (a) No person may act as pilot in very low altitude that may result in a command for towing a glider or touchdown during the go-around ma- unpowered ultralight vehicle unless neuver; that person— (iii) All approaches performed during (1) Holds a private, commercial or the flight increment must be made airline transport pilot certificate with with the approved automatic landing a category rating for powered aircraft; system or an equivalent landing sys- (2) Has logged at least 100 hours of tem approved by the Administrator; pilot-in-command time in the aircraft category, class and type, if required, (iv) If a multiengine aircraft with the that the pilot is using to tow a glider performance capability to execute a or unpowered ultralight vehicle; missed approach with one engine inop- erative is used for the practical test, (3) Has a logbook endorsement from the flight increment must include the an authorized instructor who certifies performance of one missed approach that the person has received ground with the most critical engine, if appli- and flight training in gliders or cable, set at idle or zero thrust before unpowered ultralight vehicles and is reaching the middle or outer marker; proficient in— 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.71 (i) The techniques and procedures es- (d) If the pilot described in paragraph sential to the safe towing of gliders or (a)(4) of this section holds only a pri- unpowered ultralight vehicles, includ- vate pilot certificate, then that pilot ing airspeed limitations; must have— (1) Logged at least 100 hours of pilot- (ii) Emergency procedures; in-command time in airplanes, or 200 (iii) Signals used; and hours of pilot-in-command time in a (iv) Maximum angles of bank.

combination of powered and other- (4) Except as provided in paragraph than-powered aircraft; and (b) of this section, has logged at least (2) Performed and logged at least three flights as the sole manipulator of three flights within the 12 calendar the controls of an aircraft while towing months preceding the month that pilot a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- accompanies or endorses the logbook of cle, or has simulated towing flight pro- a person seeking towing privileges— cedures in an aircraft while accom- (i) In an aircraft while towing a glid- panied by a pilot who meets the re- er or unpowered ultralight vehicle ac- quirements of paragraphs (c) and (d) of companied by another pilot who meets this section.

the requirements of this section; or (5) Except as provided in paragraph (ii) As pilot in command of a glider (b) of this section, has received a log- or unpowered ultralight vehicle being book endorsement from the pilot, de- towed by another aircraft.

scribed in paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44866, July 27, tion, certifying that the person has ac- 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR complished at least 3 flights in an air- 42555, Aug. 21, 2009] craft while towing a glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle, or while § 61.71 Graduates of an approved simulating towing flight procedures; training program other than under and this part: Special rules.

(6) Within 24 calendar months before (a) A person who graduates from an the flight has— approved training program under part (i) Made at least three actual or sim- 141 or part 142 of this chapter is consid- ulated tows of a glider or unpowered ered to have met the applicable aero- ultralight vehicle while accompanied nautical experience, aeronautical by a qualified pilot who meets the re- knowledge, and areas of operation re- quirements of this section; or quirements of this part if that person (ii) Made at least three flights as presents the graduation certificate and pilot in command of a glider or passes the required practical test with- unpowered ultralight vehicle towed by in the 60-day period after the date of an aircraft.

graduation.

(b) Any person who, before May 17, (b) A person may apply for an airline 1967, has made and logged 10 or more transport pilot certificate, type rating, flights as pilot in command of an air- or both under this part, and will be craft towing a glider or unpowered considered to have met the applicable ultralight vehicle in accordance with a requirements under § 61.157, except for certificate of waiver need not comply the airline transport pilot certification with paragraphs (a)(4) and (a)(5) of this training program required by § 61.156, section.

for that certificate and rating, if that (c) The pilot, described in paragraph person has: (a)(4) of this section, who endorses the (1) Satisfactorily accomplished an logbook of a person seeking towing approved training curriculum and a privileges must have— proficiency check for that airplane (1) Met the requirements of this sec- type that includes all the tasks and tion prior to endorsing the logbook of maneuvers required by §§ 121.424 and the person seeking towing privileges; 121.441 of this chapter to serve as pilot and in command in operations conducted (2) Logged at least 10 flights as pilot under part 121 of this chapter; and in command of an aircraft while towing (2) Applied for an airline transport a glider or unpowered ultralight vehi- pilot certificate, type rating, or both cle. within the 60-day period from the date Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.73 the person satisfactorily accomplished (i) Before the date of the application, the requirements of paragraph (b)(1) for passing an official U.S. military pilot that airplane type. and instrument proficiency check in a military aircraft of the kind of aircraft (c) A person who holds a foreign pilot category, class, and type, if class or license and is applying for an equiva- type of aircraft is applicable, for the lent U.S. pilot certificate on the basis of a Bilateral Aviation Safety Agree- ratings sought; or ment and associated Implementation (ii) Before the date of application, Procedures for Licensing may be con- logging 10 hours of pilot time as a mili- sidered to have met the applicable tary pilot in a U.S. military aircraft in aeronautical experience, aeronautical the kind of aircraft category, class, and knowledge, and areas of operation re- type, if a class rating or type rating is quirements of this part.

applicable, for the aircraft rating sought.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(c) A military pilot in the Armed Forces 61–103, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– of a foreign contracting State to the Con- 128, 76 FR 54107, Aug. 31, 2011; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–144, 85 FR vention on International Civil Aviation. A 10920, Feb. 25, 2020] person who is a military pilot in the Armed Forces of a foreign contracting § 61.73 Military pilots or former mili- State to the Convention on Inter- tary pilots: Special rules.

national Civil Aviation and is assigned (a) General. Except for a person who to pilot duties in the U.S. Armed has been removed from flying status Forces, for purposes other than receiv- for lack of proficiency or because of a ing flight training, may apply for a disciplinary action involving aircraft commercial pilot certificate and rat- operations, a U.S. military pilot or ings under paragraph (a) of this sec- former military pilot who meets the re- tion, provided that person— quirements of this section may apply, (1) Presents evidentiary documents on the basis of his or her military pilot described under paragraph (h)(4) of this qualifications, for: section that show the person is a mili- (1) A commercial pilot certificate tary pilot in the Armed Forces of a for- with the appropriate aircraft category eign contracting State to the Conven- and class rating.

tion on International Civil Aviation, (2) An instrument rating with the ap- and is assigned to pilot duties in the propriate aircraft rating. U.S. Armed Forces, for purposes other (3) A type rating. than receiving flight training.

(2) Has passed the military com- (b) Military pilots and former military petency aeronautical knowledge test pilots in the U.S. Armed Forces. A person who qualifies as a military pilot or on the appropriate parts of this chapter former military pilot in the U.S. for commercial pilot privileges and Armed Forces may apply for a pilot limitations, air traffic and general op- certificate and ratings under paragraph erating rules, and accident reporting (a) of this section if that person— rules.

(1) Presents evidentiary documents (3) Presents official U.S. military described under paragraphs (h)(1), (2), records that show compliance with one and (3) of this section that show the of the following requirements: person’s status in the U.S. Armed (i) Before the date of the application, Forces.

passed an official U.S. military pilot (2) Has passed the military com- and instrument proficiency check in a petency aeronautical knowledge test military aircraft of the kind of aircraft on the appropriate parts of this chapter category, class, or type, if class or type for commercial pilot privileges and of aircraft is applicable, for the rat- limitations, air traffic and general op- ings; or erating rules, and accident reporting (ii) Before the date of the applica- rules.

tion, logged 10 hours of pilot time as a (3) Presents official U.S. military military pilot in a U.S. military air- records that show compliance with one craft of the kind of category, class, and of the following requirements— type of aircraft, if a class rating or 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.73 type rating is applicable, for the air- (i) A knowledge test report that craft rating. shows the person passed a knowledge (d) Instrument rating. A person who is test on the aeronautical knowledge qualified as a U.S. military pilot or areas listed under § 61.185(a) appro- former military pilot may apply for an priate to the flight instructor rating instrument rating to be added to a sought and the knowledge test was pilot certificate if that person— passed within the preceding 24 calendar (1) Has passed an instrument pro- months prior to the month of applica- ficiency check in the U.S. Armed tion. If the U.S. military instructor Forces in the aircraft category for the pilot or pilot examiner already holds a instrument rating sought; and flight instructor certificate, holding of (2) Has an official U.S. Armed Forces a flight instructor certificate suffices record that shows the person is instru- for the knowledge test report.

ment pilot qualified by the U.S. Armed (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces Forces to conduct instrument flying on record or order that shows the person Federal airways in that aircraft cat- is or was qualified as a U.S. Armed egory and class for the instrument rat- Forces military instructor pilot or ing sought.

pilot examiner for the flight instructor (e) Aircraft type rating. An aircraft rating sought.

type rating may only be issued for a (iii) An official U.S. Armed Forces type of aircraft that has a comparable record or order that shows the person civilian type designation by the Ad- completed a U.S. Armed Forces’ in- ministrator.

structor pilot or pilot examiner train- (f) Aircraft type rating placed on an ing course and received an aircraft rat- airline transport pilot certificate. A per- ing qualification as a military instruc- son who is a military pilot or former tor pilot or pilot examiner that is ap- military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces propriate to the flight instructor rat- and requests an aircraft type rating to ing sought.

be placed on an existing U.S. airline (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces transport pilot certificate may be record or order that shows the person issued the rating at the airline trans- passed a U.S. Armed Forces instructor port pilot certification level, provided pilot or pilot examiner proficiency that person: check in an aircraft as a military in- (1) Holds a category and class rating structor pilot or pilot examiner that is for that type of aircraft at the airline appropriate to the flight instructor transport pilot certification level; and rating sought.

(2) Has passed an official U.S. mili- (h) Documents for qualifying for a pilot tary pilot check and instrument pro- certificate and rating. The following doc- ficiency check in that type of aircraft.

uments are required for a person to (g) Flight instructor certificate and rat- apply for a pilot certificate and rating: ings. A person who can show official (1) An official U.S. Armed Forces U.S. military documentation of being a record that shows the person is or was U.S. military instructor pilot or U.S.

a military pilot.

military pilot examiner, or a former (2) An official U.S. Armed Forces instructor pilot or pilot examiner may record that shows the person graduated apply for and be issued a flight instruc- from a U.S. Armed Forces under- tor certificate with the appropriate graduate pilot training school and re- ratings if that person: ceived a rating qualification as a mili- (1) Holds a commercial or airline tary pilot.

transport pilot certificate with the ap- propriate aircraft category and class (3) An official U.S. Armed Forces rating, if a class rating is appropriate, record that shows the pilot passed a for the flight instructor rating sought; pilot proficiency check and instrument (2) Holds an instrument rating, or has proficiency check in an aircraft as a instrument privileges, on the pilot cer- military pilot.

tificate that is appropriate to the (4) If a person is a military pilot in flight instructor rating sought; and the Armed Forces from a foreign con- (3) Presents the following documents: tracting State to the Convention on Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.75 International Civil Aviation and is ap- all of the standards of ICAO for that li- plying for a pilot certificate and rat- cense; ing, that person must present the fol- (3) Does not hold a U.S. pilot certifi- lowing: cate other than a U.S. student pilot (i) An official U.S. Armed Forces certificate; record that shows the person is a mili- (4) Holds a medical certificate issued tary pilot in the U.S. Armed Forces; under part 67 of this chapter or a med- (ii) An official U.S. Armed Forces ical license issued by the country that record that shows the person is as- issued the person’s foreign pilot li- signed as a military pilot in the U.S. cense; and Armed Forces for purposes other than (5) Is able to read, speak, write, and receiving flight training; understand the English language. If the (iii) An official record that shows the applicant is unable to meet one of person graduated from a military un- these requirements due to medical rea- dergraduate pilot training school from sons, then the Administrator may the Armed Forces from a foreign con- place such operating limitations on tracting State to the Convention on that applicant’s pilot certificate as are International Civil Aviation or from necessary for the safe operation of the the U.S. Armed Forces, and received a aircraft.

qualification as a military pilot; and (c) Aircraft ratings issued. Aircraft (iv) An official U.S. Armed Forces ratings listed on a person’s foreign record that shows that the person pilot license, in addition to any issued passed a pilot proficiency check and in- after testing under the provisions of strument proficiency check in an air- this part, may be placed on that per- craft as a military pilot in the U.S.

son’s U.S. pilot certificate for private Armed Forces.

pilot privileges only.

(d) Instrument ratings issued. A person [Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42555, Aug. 21, who holds an instrument rating on the 2009] foreign pilot license issued by a con- § 61.75 Private pilot certificate issued tracting State to the Convention on on the basis of a foreign pilot li- International Civil Aviation may be cense.

issued an instrument rating on a U.S.

pilot certificate provided: (a) General. A person who holds a for- (1) The person’s foreign pilot license eign pilot license at the private pilot authorizes instrument privileges; level or higher that was issued by a (2) Within 24 months preceding the contracting State to the Convention on month in which the person applies for International Civil Aviation may apply the instrument rating, the person for and be issued a U.S. private pilot passes the appropriate knowledge test; certificate with the appropriate ratings and if the foreign pilot license meets the (3) The person is able to read, speak, requirements of this section.

(b) Certificate issued. A U.S. private write, and understand the English lan- pilot certificate issued under this sec- guage. If the applicant is unable to tion must specify the person’s foreign meet one of these requirements due to license number and country of medical reasons, then the Adminis- issuance. A person who holds a foreign trator may place such operating limi- pilot license issued by a contracting tations on that applicant’s pilot cer- State to the Convention on Inter- tificate as are necessary for the safe national Civil Aviation may be issued a operation of the aircraft.

U.S. private pilot certificate based on (e) Operating privileges and limitations.

the foreign pilot license without any A person who receives a U.S. private further showing of proficiency, pro- pilot certificate that has been issued vided the applicant: under the provisions of this section: (1) Meets the requirements of this (1) May act as pilot in command of a section; civil aircraft of the United States in (2) Holds a foreign pilot license, at accordance with the pilot privileges the private pilot license level or high- authorized by this part and the limita- er, that does not contain a limitation tions placed on that U.S. pilot certifi- stating that the applicant has not met cate; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.77 (2) Is limited to the privileges placed senger seats, excluding crewmember on the certificate by the Adminis- seats; trator; (iii) Nonscheduled international air (3) Is subject to the limitations and transportation in airplanes of U.S. reg- restrictions on the person’s U.S. cer- istry having a configuration of more tificate and foreign pilot license when than 30 passenger seats, excluding exercising the privileges of that U.S. crewmember seats; or pilot certificate in an aircraft of U.S. (iv) Scheduled international air serv- registry operating within or outside ices, or nonscheduled international air the United States; and transportation, in airplanes of U.S.

(f) Limitation on licenses used as the registry having a payload capacity of basis for a U.S. certificate. A person may more than 7,500 pounds.

use only one foreign pilot license as a (b) Eligibility. To be eligible for the basis for the issuance of a U.S. pilot issuance or renewal of a special pur- certificate. The foreign pilot license pose pilot authorization, an applicant and medical certification used as a must present the following to a Flight basis for issuing a U.S. pilot certificate Standards office: under this section must be written in (1) A foreign pilot license issued by English or accompanied by an English the aeronautical authority of a con- transcription that has been signed by tracting State to the Convention on an official or representative of the for- International Civil Aviation that con- eign aviation authority that issued the tains the appropriate aircraft category, foreign pilot license. class, type rating, if appropriate, and (g) Limitation placed on a U.S. pilot instrument rating for the aircraft to be certificate. A U.S. pilot certificate flown; issued under this section can only be (2) A certification by the lessee of the exercised when the pilot has the for- aircraft— eign pilot license, upon which the (i) Stating that the applicant is em- issuance of the U.S. pilot certificate ployed by the lessee; was based, in the holder’s possession or (ii) Specifying the aircraft type on readily accessible in the aircraft. which the applicant will perform pilot duties; and [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (iii) Stating that the applicant has amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42556, Aug.

received ground and flight instruction 21, 2009] that qualifies the applicant to perform § 61.77 Special purpose pilot author- the duties to be assigned on the air- ization: Operation of a civil aircraft craft.

of the United States and leased by a (3) Documentation showing when the non-U.S. citizen.

applicant will reach the age of 65 years (a) General. The holder of a foreign (an official copy of the applicant’s pilot license issued by a contracting birth certificate or other official docu- State to the Convention on Inter- mentation); national Civil Aviation who meets the (4) Documentation the applicant requirements of this section may be meets the medical standards for the issued a special purpose pilot author- issuance of the foreign pilot license ization by the Administrator for the from the aeronautical authority of purpose of performing pilot duties— that contracting State to the Conven- (1) On a civil aircraft of U.S. registry tion on International Civil Aviation; that is leased to a person who is not a and citizen of the United States, and (5) A statement that the applicant (2) For carrying persons or property does not already hold a special purpose for compensation or hire for operations pilot authorization; however, if the ap- in— plicant already holds a special purpose (i) Scheduled international air serv- pilot authorization, then that special ices in turbojet-powered airplanes of purpose pilot authorization must be U.S. registry; surrendered to either the Flight Stand- (ii) Scheduled international air serv- ards office that issued it, or the Flight ices in airplanes of U.S. registry having Standards office processing the appli- a configuration of more than nine pas- cation for the authorization, prior to Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.77 being issued another special purpose (3) Nonscheduled international air pilot authorization. transportation for compensation or (c) Privileges. A person issued a spe- hire in airplanes having a passenger- cial purpose pilot authorization under seat configuration of more than 30 pas- this section— senger seats, excluding each crew- (1) May exercise the privileges pre- member seat; or scribed on the special purpose pilot au- (4) Scheduled international air serv- thorization; and ices, or nonscheduled international air (2) Must comply with the limitations transportation for compensation or specified in this section and any addi- hire, in airplanes having a payload ca- tional limitations specified on the spe- pacity of more than 7,500 pounds.

cial purpose pilot authorization.

(f) Definitions. (1) International air (d) General limitations. A special pur- service, as used in paragraph (e) of this pose pilot authorization may be used section, means scheduled air service only— performed in airplanes for the public (1) For flights between foreign coun- transport of passengers, mail, or cargo, tries or for flights in foreign air com- in which the service passes through the merce within the time period allotted air space over the territory of more on the authorization.

than one country.

(2) If the foreign pilot license re- (2) International air transportation, as quired by paragraph (b)(1) of this sec- used in paragraph (e) of this section, tion, the medical documentation re- means air transportation performed in quired by paragraph (b)(4) of this sec- airplanes for the public transport of tion, and the special purpose pilot au- passengers, mail, or cargo, in which thorization issued under this section service passes through the air space are in the holder’s physical possession over the territory of more than one or immediately accessible in the air- country.

craft.

(g) Expiration date. Each special pur- (3) While the holder is employed by pose pilot authorization issued under the person to whom the aircraft de- this section expires— scribed in the certification required by paragraph (b)(2) of this section is (1) 60 calendar months from the leased. month it was issued, unless sooner sus- (4) While the holder is performing pended or revoked; pilot duties on the U.S.-registered air- (2) When the lease agreement for the craft described in the certification re- aircraft expires or the lessee termi- quired by paragraph (b)(2) of this sec- nates the employment of the person tion.

who holds the special purpose pilot au- (5) If the holder has only one special thorization; purpose pilot authorization as provided (3) Whenever the person’s foreign in paragraph (b)(5) of this section.

pilot license has been suspended, re- (e) Age limitation. No person who voked, or is no longer valid; or holds a special purpose pilot authoriza- (4) When the person no longer meets tion issued under this part may serve the medical standards for the issuance as a pilot on a civil airplane of U.S.

of the foreign pilot license.

registry in the following operations if (h) Renewal. A person exercising the the person has reached his or her 60th privileges of a special purpose pilot au- birthday or, in the case of operations thorization may apply for a 60-cal- with more than one pilot, his or her endar-month extension of that author- 65th birthday: ization, provided the person— (1) Scheduled international air serv- (1) Continues to meet the require- ices carrying passengers in turbojet- ments of this section; and powered airplanes; (2) Surrenders the expired special (2) Scheduled international air serv- purpose pilot authorization upon re- ices carrying passengers in airplanes ceipt of the new authorization.

having a passenger-seat configuration of more than nine passenger seats, ex- cluding each crewmember seat; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.81 (i) Surrender. The holder of a special § 61.87 Solo requirements for student purpose pilot authorization must sur- pilots.

render the authorization to the Admin- (a) General. A student pilot may not istrator within 7 days after the date operate an aircraft in solo flight unless the authorization terminates.

that student has met the requirements [Docket 25910, 62 FR 40901, July 30, 1997, as of this section. The term ‘‘solo flight’’ amended by Amdt. 61–123, 74 FR 34234, July as used in this subpart means that 15, 2009; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, flight time during which a student 2009; Amdt. 61–134, 80 FR 33401, June 12, 2015; pilot is the sole occupant of the air- Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR craft or that flight time during which 9170, Mar. 5, 2018] the student performs the duties of a pilot in command of a gas balloon or an Subpart C—Student Pilots airship requiring more than one pilot flight crewmember.

§ 61.81 Applicability.

(b) Aeronautical knowledge. A student This subpart prescribes the require- pilot must demonstrate satisfactory ments for the issuance of student pilot aeronautical knowledge on a knowl- certificates, the conditions under edge test that meets the requirements which those certificates are necessary, of this paragraph: and the general operating rules and (1) The test must address the student limitations for the holders of those cer- pilot’s knowledge of— tificates.

(i) Applicable sections of parts 61 and 91 of this chapter; § 61.83 Eligibility requirements for stu- (ii) Airspace rules and procedures for dent pilots.

the airport where the solo flight will be To be eligible for a student pilot cer- performed; and tificate, an applicant must: (iii) Flight characteristics and oper- (a) Be at least 16 years of age for ational limitations for the make and other than the operation of a glider or model of aircraft to be flown.

balloon.

(2) The student’s authorized instruc- (b) Be at least 14 years of age for the tor must— operation of a glider or balloon.

(i) Administer the test; and (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and (ii) At the conclusion of the test, re- understand the English language. If the view all incorrect answers with the applicant is unable to meet one of student before authorizing that stu- these requirements due to medical rea- dent to conduct a solo flight.

sons, then the Administrator may place such operating limitations on (c) Pre-solo flight training. Prior to that applicant’s pilot certificate as are conducting a solo flight, a student necessary for the safe operation of the pilot must have: aircraft. (1) Received and logged flight train- ing for the maneuvers and procedures § 61.85 Application.

of this section that are appropriate to the make and model of aircraft to be An applicant for a student pilot cer- flown; and tificate: (a) Must make that application in a (2) Demonstrated satisfactory pro- form acceptable to the Administrator; ficiency and safety, as judged by an au- and thorized instructor, on the maneuvers (b) Must submit the application to a and procedures required by this section Flight Standards office, a designated in the make and model of aircraft or pilot examiner, an airman certification similar make and model of aircraft to representative associated with a pilot be flown.

school, a flight instructor, or other (d) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- person authorized by the Adminis- solo flight training in a single-engine air- trator.

plane. A student pilot who is receiving training for a single-engine airplane [Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR rating or privileges must receive and 1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket log flight training for the following FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 61–141, 83 FR 9170, Mar.

5, 2018] maneuvers and procedures: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.87 (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (10) Stall entries from various flight dures, including preflight planning and attitudes and power combinations with preparation, powerplant operation, and recovery initiated at the first indica- aircraft systems; tion of a stall, and recovery from a full (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- stall; cluding runups; (11) Emergency procedures and equip- (3) Takeoffs and landings, including ment malfunctions; normal and crosswind; (12) Ground reference maneuvers; (4) Straight and level flight, and (13) Approaches to a landing area turns in both directions; with simulated engine malfunctions; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (14) Go-arounds.

entry and departure procedures; (f) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a helicopter. A stu- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- dent pilot who is receiving training for ance; a helicopter rating must receive and (8) Descents, with and without turns, log flight training for the following using high and low drag configurations; maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (1) Proper flight preparation proce- cruise to slow flight; dures, including preflight planning and (10) Stall entries from various flight preparation, powerplant operation, and attitudes and power combinations with aircraft systems; recovery initiated at the first indica- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- tion of a stall, and recovery from a full cluding runups; stall; (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (11) Emergency procedures and equip- normal and crosswind; ment malfunctions; (4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Ground reference maneuvers; turns in both directions; (13) Approaches to a landing area (5) Climbs and climbing turns; with simulated engine malfunctions; (6) Airport traffic patterns, including (14) Slips to a landing; and entry and departure procedures; (15) Go-arounds.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear (e) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- solo flight training in a multiengine air- ance; plane. A student pilot who is receiving (8) Descents with and without turns; training for a multiengine airplane rat- (9) Flight at various airspeeds; ing must receive and log flight training (10) Emergency procedures and equip- for the following maneuvers and proce- ment malfunctions; dures: (11) Ground reference maneuvers; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (12) Approaches to the landing area; dures, including preflight planning and (13) Hovering and hovering turns; preparation, powerplant operation, and (14) Go-arounds; aircraft systems; (15) Simulated emergency proce- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- dures, including autorotational de- cluding runups; scents with a power recovery and (3) Takeoffs and landings, including power recovery to a hover; normal and crosswind; (16) Rapid decelerations; and (4) Straight and level flight, and (17) Simulated one-engine-inoper- turns in both directions; ative approaches and landings for mul- (5) Climbs and climbing turns; tiengine helicopters.

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures; (g) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a gyroplane. A stu- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- dent pilot who is receiving training for ance; a gyroplane rating or privileges must (8) Descents, with and without turns, receive and log flight training for the using high and low drag configurations; following maneuvers and procedures: (9) Flight at various airspeeds from (1) Proper flight preparation proce- cruise to slow flight; dures, including preflight planning and 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.87 preparation, powerplant operation, and (11) Emergency procedures and equip- aircraft systems; ment malfunctions; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (12) Ground reference maneuvers; cluding runups; (13) Approaches to a landing with (3) Takeoffs and landings, including simulated engine malfunctions; normal and crosswind; (14) Go-arounds; (4) Straight and level flight, and (15) Approaches to the landing area; turns in both directions; (16) Hovering and hovering turns; and (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (17) For multiengine powered-lifts, (6) Airport traffic patterns, including simulated one-engine-inoperative ap- entry and departure procedures; proaches and landings.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear (i) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- solo flight training in a glider. A student ance; pilot who is receiving training for a (8) Descents with and without turns; glider rating or privileges must receive (9) Flight at various airspeeds; and log flight training for the following (10) Emergency procedures and equip- maneuvers and procedures: ment malfunctions; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (11) Ground reference maneuvers; dures, including preflight planning, (12) Approaches to the landing area; preparation, aircraft systems, and, if (13) High rates of descent with power appropriate, powerplant operations; on and with simulated power off, and (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- recovery from those flight configura- cluding runups, if applicable; tions; (3) Launches, including normal and (14) Go-arounds; and crosswind; (15) Simulated emergency proce- (4) Straight and level flight, and dures, including simulated power-off turns in both directions, if applicable; landings and simulated power failure (5) Airport traffic patterns, including during departures.

entry procedures; (h) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- solo flight training in a powered-lift. A (6) Collision avoidance, windshear student pilot who is receiving training avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- for a powered-lift rating must receive ance; and log flight training in the following (7) Descents with and without turns maneuvers and procedures: using high and low drag configurations; (1) Proper flight preparation proce- (8) Flight at various airspeeds; dures, including preflight planning and (9) Emergency procedures and equip- preparation, powerplant operation, and ment malfunctions; aircraft systems; (10) Ground reference maneuvers, if (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- applicable; cluding runups; (11) Inspection of towline rigging and (3) Takeoffs and landings, including review of signals and release proce- normal and crosswind; dures, if applicable; (4) Straight and level flight, and (12) Aerotow, ground tow, or self- turns in both directions; launch procedures; (5) Climbs and climbing turns; (13) Procedures for disassembly and (6) Airport traffic patterns, including assembly of the glider; entry and departure procedures; (14) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear ery; avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- (15) Straight glides, turns, and spi- ance; rals; (8) Descents with and without turns; (16) Landings, including normal and (9) Flight at various airspeeds from crosswind; cruise to slow flight; (17) Slips to a landing; (10) Stall entries from various flight (18) Procedures and techniques for attitudes and power combinations with thermalling; and recovery initiated at the first indica- tion of a stall, and recovery from a full (19) Emergency operations, including stall; towline break procedures.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.87 (j) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- training for a powered parachute rat- solo flight training in an airship. A stu- ing or privileges must receive and log dent pilot who is receiving training for flight training for the following ma- an airship rating or privileges must re- neuvers and procedures: ceive and log flight training for the fol- (1) Proper flight preparation proce- lowing maneuvers and procedures: dures, including preflight planning and (1) Proper flight preparation proce- preparation, preflight assembly and dures, including preflight planning and rigging, aircraft systems, and power- preparation, powerplant operation, and plant operations.

aircraft systems; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- cluding run-ups.

cluding runups; (3) Takeoffs and landings, including (3) Takeoffs and landings, including normal and crosswind.

normal and crosswind; (4) Straight and level flight, and (4) Straight and level flight, and turns in both directions.

turns in both directions; (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in (5) Climbs and climbing turns; both directions.

(6) Airport traffic patterns, including (6) Airport traffic patterns, including entry and departure procedures; entry and departure procedures.

(7) Collision avoidance, windshear (7) Collision avoidance, windshear avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- ance; ance.

(8) Descents with and without turns; (8) Descents, and descending turns in (9) Flight at various airspeeds from both directions.

cruise to slow flight; (9) Emergency procedures and equip- (10) Emergency procedures and equip- ment malfunctions.

ment malfunctions; (10) Ground reference maneuvers.

(11) Ground reference maneuvers; (11) Straight glides, and gliding turns (12) Rigging, ballasting, and control- in both directions.

ling pressure in the ballonets, and (12) Go-arounds.

superheating; and (13) Approaches to landing areas with (13) Landings with positive and with a simulated engine malfunction.

negative static trim. (14) Procedures for canopy packing (k) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- and aircraft disassembly.

solo flight training in a balloon. A stu- (m) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- dent pilot who is receiving training in solo flight training in a weight-shift-con- a balloon must receive and log flight trol aircraft. A student pilot who is re- training for the following maneuvers ceiving training for a weight-shift-con- and procedures: trol aircraft rating or privileges must (1) Layout and assembly procedures; receive and log flight training for the (2) Proper flight preparation proce- following maneuvers and procedures: dures, including preflight planning and (1) Proper flight preparation proce- preparation, and aircraft systems; dures, including preflight planning and (3) Ascents and descents; preparation, preflight assembly and (4) Landing and recovery procedures; rigging, aircraft systems, and power- (5) Emergency procedures and equip- plant operations.

ment malfunctions; (2) Taxiing or surface operations, in- (6) Operation of hot air or gas source, cluding run-ups.

ballast, valves, vents, and rip panels, as (3) Takeoffs and landings, including appropriate; normal and crosswind.

(7) Use of deflation valves or rip pan- (4) Straight and level flight, and els for simulating an emergency; turns in both directions.

(8) The effects of wind on climb and (5) Climbs, and climbing turns in approach angles; and both directions.

(9) Obstruction detection and avoid- (6) Airport traffic patterns, including ance techniques. entry and departure procedures.

(l) Maneuvers and procedures for pre- (7) Collision avoidance, windshear solo flight training in a powered para- avoidance, and wake turbulence avoid- chute. A student pilot who is receiving ance.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.89 (8) Descents, and descending turns in (4) Endorsed the student pilot’s log- both directions. book for the specific make and model (9) Flight at various airspeeds from aircraft to be flown, and that endorse- maximum cruise to slow flight. ment remains current for solo flight (10) Emergency procedures and equip- privileges, provided an authorized in- ment malfunctions. structor updates the student’s logbook (11) Ground reference maneuvers. every 90 days thereafter.

(12) Stall entry, stall, and stall recov- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

ery.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– (13) Straight glides, and gliding turns 104, 63 FR 20287, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 in both directions.

FR 44866, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR (14) Go-arounds.

42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2010–1127, (15) Approaches to landing areas with Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] a simulated engine malfunction.

§ 61.89 General limitations.

(16) Procedures for disassembly.

(n) Limitations on student pilots oper- (a) A student pilot may not act as ating an aircraft in solo flight. A student pilot in command of an aircraft: pilot may not operate an aircraft in (1) That is carrying a passenger; solo flight unless that student pilot has (2) That is carrying property for com- received an endorsement in the stu- pensation or hire; dent’s logbook for the specific make (3) For compensation or hire; and model aircraft to be flown by an (4) In furtherance of a business; authorized instructor who gave the (5) On an international flight, except training within the 90 days preceding that a student pilot may make solo the date of the flight.

training flights from Haines, Gustavus, (o) Limitations on student pilots oper- or Juneau, Alaska, to White Horse, ating an aircraft in solo flight at night. A Yukon, Canada, and return over the student pilot may not operate an air- province of British Columbia; craft in solo flight at night unless that (6) With a flight or surface visibility student pilot has received: of less than 3 statute miles during day- (1) Flight training at night on night light hours or 5 statute miles at night; flying procedures that includes take- (7) When the flight cannot be made offs, approaches, landings, and go- with visual reference to the surface; or arounds at night at the airport where (8) In a manner contrary to any limi- the solo flight will be conducted; tations placed in the pilot’s logbook by (2) Navigation training at night in an authorized instructor.

the vicinity of the airport where the (b) A student pilot may not act as a solo flight will be conducted; and required pilot flight crewmember on (3) An endorsement in the student’s any aircraft for which more than one logbook for the specific make and pilot is required by the type certificate model aircraft to be flown for night of the aircraft or regulations under solo flight by an authorized instructor which the flight is conducted, except who gave the training within the 90- when receiving flight training from an day period preceding the date of the authorized instructor on board an air- flight.

ship, and no person other than a re- (p) Limitations on flight instructors au- quired flight crewmember is carried on thorizing solo flight. No instructor may the aircraft.

authorize a student pilot to perform a (c) A student pilot seeking a sport solo flight unless that instructor has— pilot certificate must comply with the (1) Given that student pilot training provisions of paragraphs (a) and (b) of in the make and model of aircraft or a this section and may not act as pilot in similar make and model of aircraft in command— which the solo flight is to be flown; (1) Of an aircraft other than a light- (2) Determined the student pilot is sport aircraft; proficient in the maneuvers and proce- dures prescribed in this section; (2) At night; (3) Determined the student pilot is (3) At an altitude of more than 10,000 proficient in the make and model of feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever aircraft to be flown; and is higher; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.93 (4) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at craft for which solo cross-country an airport located in Class B, C, or D privileges are sought; airspace, and to, from, through, or on (ii) Have demonstrated cross-country an airport having an operational con- proficiency on the appropriate maneu- trol tower without having received the vers and procedures of this section to ground and flight training specified in an authorized instructor; § 61.94 and an endorsement from an au- (iii) Have satisfactorily accomplished thorized instructor; the pre-solo flight maneuvers and pro- (5) Of a light-sport aircraft without cedures required by § 61.87 of this part having received the applicable ground in the make and model of aircraft or training, flight training, and instructor similar make and model of aircraft for endorsements specified in § 61.327 (a) which solo cross-country privileges are and (b). sought; and (d) The holder of a student pilot cer- (iv) Comply with any limitations in- tificate may act as pilot in command cluded in the authorized instructor’s of an aircraft without holding a med- endorsement that are required by para- ical certificate issued under part 67 of graph (c) of this section.

this chapter provided the student pilot (3) A student pilot who seeks solo holds a valid U.S. driver’s license, cross-country flight privileges must meets the requirements of § 61.23(c)(3), have received ground and flight train- and the operation is conducted con- ing from an authorized instructor on the cross-country maneuvers and pro- sistent with the requirements of para- cedures listed in this section that are graphs (a) and (b) of this section and appropriate to the aircraft to be flown.

the conditions of § 61.113(i). Where the requirements of paragraphs (a) and (b) (b) Authorization to perform certain of this section conflict with § 61.113(i), a solo flights and cross-country flights. A student pilot must comply with para- student pilot must obtain an endorse- graphs (a) and (b) of this section. ment from an authorized instructor to make solo flights from the airport [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as where the student pilot normally re- amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44867, July ceives training to another location. A 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; student pilot who receives this en- Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR dorsement must comply with the re- 3165, Jan. 11, 2017] quirements of this paragraph.

§ 61.91 [Reserved] (1) Solo flights may be made to an- other airport that is within 25 nautical § 61.93 Solo cross-country flight re- miles from the airport where the stu- quirements.

dent pilot normally receives training, provided— (a) General. (1) Except as provided in paragraph (b) of this section, a student (i) An authorized instructor has pilot must meet the requirements of given the student pilot flight training this section before— at the other airport, and that training includes flight in both directions over (i) Conducting a solo cross-country the route, entering and exiting the flight, or any flight greater than 25 traffic pattern, and takeoffs and land- nautical miles from the airport from ings at the other airport; where the flight originated.

(ii) Making a solo flight and landing (ii) The authorized instructor who at any location other than the airport gave the training endorses the student of origination. pilot’s logbook authorizing the flight; (iii) The student pilot has a solo (2) Except as provided in paragraph flight endorsement in accordance with (b) of this section, a student pilot who § 61.87 of this part; seeks solo cross-country flight privi- leges must: (iv) The authorized instructor has de- termined that the student pilot is pro- (i) Have received flight training from ficient to make the flight; and an instructor authorized to provide flight training on the maneuvers and (v) The purpose of the flight is to procedures of this section that are ap- practice takeoffs and landings at that propriate to the make and model of air- other airport.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.93 (2) Repeated specific solo cross-coun- (iii) State that any limitations re- try flights may be made to another air- quired by the student’s authorized in- port that is within 50 nautical miles of structor are met.

the airport from which the flight origi- (d) Limitations on authorized instruc- nated, provided— tors to permit solo cross-country flights.

(i) The authorized instructor has An authorized instructor may not per- given the student flight training in mit a student pilot to conduct a solo both directions over the route, includ- cross-country flight unless that in- structor has: ing entering and exiting the traffic pat- (1) Determined that the student’s terns, takeoffs, and landings at the air- cross-country planning is correct for ports to be used; the flight; (ii) The authorized instructor who (2) Reviewed the current and forecast gave the training has endorsed the stu- weather conditions and has determined dent’s logbook certifying that the stu- that the flight can be completed under dent is proficient to make such flights; VFR; (iii) The student has a solo flight en- dorsement in accordance with § 61.87 of (3) Determined that the student is this part; and proficient to conduct the flight safely; (iv) The student has a solo cross (4) Determined that the student has country flight endorsement in accord- the appropriate solo cross-country en- ance with paragraph (c) of this section; dorsement for the make and model of however, for repeated solo cross coun- aircraft to be flown; and try flights to another airport within 50 (5) Determined that the student’s nautical miles from which the flight solo flight endorsement is current for originated, separate endorsements are the make and model aircraft to be not required to be made for each flight. flown.

(c) Endorsements for solo cross-country (e) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- flights. Except as specified in paragraph country flight training in a single-engine (b)(2) of this section, a student pilot airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- must have the endorsements prescribed ing training for cross-country flight in in this paragraph for each cross-coun- a single-engine airplane must receive try flight: and log flight training in the following maneuvers and procedures: (1) A student pilot must have a solo (1) Use of aeronautical charts for cross-country endorsement from the VFR navigation using pilotage and authorized instructor who conducted dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- the training that is placed in that per- netic compass; son’s logbook for the specific category of aircraft to be flown. (2) Use of aircraft performance charts pertaining to cross-country flight; (2) A student pilot must have a solo cross-country endorsement from an au- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- thorized instructor that is placed in nautical weather reports and forecasts, that person’s logbook for the specific including recognition of critical weath- make and model of aircraft to be flown. er situations and estimating visibility (3) For each cross-country flight, the while in flight; authorized instructor who reviews the (4) Emergency procedures; cross-country planning must make an (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- endorsement in the person’s logbook clude area departure, area arrival, after reviewing that person’s cross- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- country planning, as specified in para- proach; graph (d) of this section. The endorse- (6) Procedures and operating prac- ment must— tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (i) Specify the make and model of bulence precautions, and windshear aircraft to be flown; avoidance; (ii) State that the student’s preflight (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- planning and preparation is correct and ational restrictions of hazardous ter- that the student is prepared to make rain features in the geographical area the flight safely under the known con- where the cross-country flight will be ditions; and flown; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.93 (8) Procedures for operating the in- (8) Procedures for operating the in- struments and equipment installed in struments and equipment installed in the aircraft to be flown, including rec- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- ognition and use of the proper oper- ognition and use of the proper oper- ational procedures and indications; ational procedures and indications; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation and two-way communication, except and two-way communications; that a student pilot seeking a sport (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing pilot certificate must only receive and procedures, including short-field, soft- log flight training on the use of radios field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- installed in the aircraft to be flown; proaches, and landings; (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing (11) Climbs at best angle and best procedures, including short-field, soft- rate; and field, and crosswind takeoffs, ap- (12) Control and maneuvering solely proaches, and landings; by reference to flight instruments, in- (11) Climbs at best angle and best cluding straight and level flight, turns, rate; and descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and (12) Control and maneuvering solely ATC directives.

by reference to flight instruments, in- (g) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- cluding straight and level flight, turns, country flight training in a helicopter. A descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and student pilot who is receiving training ATC directives. For student pilots for cross-country flight in a helicopter seeking a sport pilot certificate, the must receive and log flight training for provisions of this paragraph only apply the following maneuvers and proce- when receiving training for cross-coun- dures: try flight in an airplane that has a V (1) Use of aeronautical charts for H greater than 87 knots CAS. VFR navigation using pilotage and (f) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- country flight training in a multiengine netic compass; airplane. A student pilot who is receiv- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts ing training for cross-country flight in pertaining to cross-country flight; a multiengine airplane must receive (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- and log flight training in the following nautical weather reports and forecasts, maneuvers and procedures: including recognition of critical weath- (1) Use of aeronautical charts for er situations and estimating visibility VFR navigation using pilotage and while in flight; dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- (4) Emergency procedures; netic compass; (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts clude area departure, area arrival, pertaining to cross-country flight; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- proach; nautical weather reports and forecasts, (6) Procedures and operating prac- including recognition of critical weath- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- er situations and estimating visibility bulence precautions, and windshear while in flight; avoidance; (4) Emergency procedures; (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- ational restrictions of hazardous ter- clude area departure, area arrival, rain features in the geographical area entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- where the cross-country flight will be proach; flown; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (8) Procedures for operating the in- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- struments and equipment installed in bulence precautions, and windshear the aircraft to be flown, including rec- avoidance; ognition and use of the proper oper- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- ational procedures and indications; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation rain features in the geographical area and two-way communications; and where the cross-country flight will be (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing flown; procedures.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.93 (h) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts country flight training in a gyroplane. A pertaining to cross-country flight; student pilot who is receiving training (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- for cross-country flight in a gyroplane nautical weather reports and forecasts, must receive and log flight training in including recognition of critical weath- the following maneuvers and proce- er situations and estimating visibility dures: while in flight; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (4) Emergency procedures; VFR navigation using pilotage and (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- clude area departure, area arrival, netic compass; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts proach; pertaining to cross-country flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- nautical weather reports and forecasts, bulence precautions, and windshear including recognition of critical weath- avoidance; er situations and estimating visibility (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- while in flight; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (4) Emergency procedures; rain features in the geographical area (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- where the cross-country flight will be clude area departure, area arrival, flown; entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (8) Procedures for operating the in- proach; struments and equipment installed in (6) Procedures and operating prac- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- ognition and use of the proper oper- bulence precautions, and windshear ational procedures and indications; avoidance; (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- and two-way communications; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing rain features in the geographical area procedures that include high-altitude, where the cross-country flight will be steep, and shallow takeoffs, ap- flown; proaches, and landings; and (8) Procedures for operating the in- (11) Control and maneuvering solely struments and equipment installed in by reference to flight instruments, in- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- cluding straight and level flight, turns, ognition and use of the proper oper- descents, climbs, use of radio aids, and ational procedures and indications; ATC directives.

(9) Use of radios for VFR navigation (j) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- and two-way communication, except country flight training in a glider. A stu- that a student pilot seeking a sport dent pilot who is receiving training for pilot certificate must only receive and cross-country flight in a glider must log flight training on the use of radios receive and log flight training in the installed in the aircraft to be flown; following maneuvers and procedures: and (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (10) Takeoff, approach, and landing VFR navigation using pilotage and procedures, including short-field and dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- soft-field takeoffs, approaches, and netic compass; landings. (2) Use of aircraft performance charts (i) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- pertaining to cross-country flight; country flight training in a powered-lift. (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- A student pilot who is receiving train- nautical weather reports and forecasts, ing for cross-country flight training in including recognition of critical weath- a powered-lift must receive and log er situations and estimating visibility flight training in the following maneu- while in flight; vers and procedures: (4) Emergency procedures; (1) Use of aeronautical charts for (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- VFR navigation using pilotage and clude area departure, area arrival, dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- netic compass; proach; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.93 (6) Procedures and operating prac- (9) Use of radios for VFR navigation tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- and two-way communication, except bulence precautions, and windshear that a student pilot seeking a sport avoidance; pilot certificate must only receive and log flight training on the use of radios (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- installed in the aircraft to be flown; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (10) Control of air pressure with re- rain features in the geographical area gard to ascending and descending flight where the cross-country flight will be and altitude control; flown; (11) Control of the airship solely by (8) Procedures for operating the in- reference to flight instruments, except struments and equipment installed in for a student pilot seeking a sport pilot the aircraft to be flown, including rec- certificate; and ognition and use of the proper oper- (12) Recognition of weather and upper ational procedures and indications; air conditions conducive for the direc- (9) Landings accomplished without tion of cross-country flight.

the use of the altimeter from at least (l) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- 2,000 feet above the surface; and country flight training in a powered para- (10) Recognition of weather and upper chute. A student pilot who is receiving air conditions favorable for cross-coun- training for cross-country flight in a try soaring, ascending and descending powered parachute must receive and flight, and altitude control.

log flight training in the following ma- (k) Maneuvers and procedures for cross- neuvers and procedures: country flight training in an airship. A (1) Use of aeronautical charts for student pilot who is receiving training VFR navigation using pilotage and for cross-country flight in an airship dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- must receive and log flight training for netic compass, as appropriate.

the following maneuvers and proce- (2) Use of aircraft performance charts dures: pertaining to cross-country flight.

(1) Use of aeronautical charts for (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- VFR navigation using pilotage and nautical weather reports and forecasts, dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- including recognizing critical weather netic compass; situations and estimating visibility (2) Use of aircraft performance charts while in flight.

pertaining to cross-country flight; (4) Emergency procedures.

(3) Procurement and analysis of aero- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- nautical weather reports and forecasts, clude area departure, area arrival, including recognition of critical weath- entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- er situations and estimating visibility proach.

while in flight; (6) Procedures and operating prac- (4) Emergency procedures; tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- bulence precautions, and windshear clude area departure, area arrival, avoidance.

entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- proach; ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (6) Procedures and operating prac- rain features in the geographical area tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- where the cross-country flight will be bulence precautions, and windshear flown.

avoidance; (8) Procedures for operating the in- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- struments and equipment installed in ational restrictions of hazardous ter- the aircraft to be flown, including rec- rain features in the geographical area ognition and use of the proper oper- where the cross-country flight will be ational procedures and indications.

flown; (9) If equipped for flight with naviga- (8) Procedures for operating the in- tion radios, the use of radios for VFR struments and equipment installed in navigation.

the aircraft to be flown, including rec- (10) Recognition of weather and upper ognition and use of the proper oper- air conditions favorable for the cross- ational procedures and indications; country flight.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.94 (11) Takeoff, approach and landing § 61.94 Student pilot seeking a sport procedures. pilot certificate or a recreational pilot certificate: Operations at air- (m) Maneuvers and procedures for ports within, and in airspace lo- cross-country flight training in a weight- cated within, Class B, C, and D air- shift-control aircraft. A student pilot space, or at airports with an oper- who is receiving training for cross- ational control tower in other air- country flight in a weight-shift-control space.

aircraft must receive and log flight (a) A student pilot seeking a sport training for the following maneuvers pilot certificate or a recreational pilot and procedures: certificate who wants to obtain privi- (1) Use of aeronautical charts for leges to operate in Class B, C, and D VFR navigation using pilotage and airspace, at an airport located in Class dead reckoning with the aid of a mag- B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, netic compass, as appropriate.

through, or at an airport having an (2) Use of aircraft performance charts operational control tower, must re- pertaining to cross-country flight.

ceive and log ground and flight train- (3) Procurement and analysis of aero- ing from an authorized instructor in nautical weather reports and forecasts, the following aeronautical knowledge including recognizing critical weather areas and areas of operation: situations and estimating visibility (1) The use of radios, communica- while in flight.

tions, navigation systems and facili- (4) Emergency procedures.

ties, and radar services.

(5) Traffic pattern procedures that in- (2) Operations at airports with an op- clude area departure, area arrival, erating control tower, to include three entry into the traffic pattern, and ap- takeoffs and landings to a full stop, proach. with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern, at an airport with (6) Procedures and operating prac- an operating control tower.

tices for collision avoidance, wake tur- (3) Applicable flight rules of part 91 bulence precautions, and windshear of this chapter for operations in Class avoidance.

B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- (7) Recognition, avoidance, and oper- trol clearances.

ational restrictions of hazardous ter- (4) Ground and flight training for the rain features in the geographical area specific Class B, C, or D airspace for where the cross-country flight will be which the solo flight is authorized, if flown.

applicable, within the 90-day period (8) Procedures for operating the in- preceding the date of the flight in that struments and equipment installed in airspace. The flight training must be the aircraft to be flown, including rec- received in the specific airspace area ognition and use of the proper oper- for which solo flight is authorized.

ational procedures and indications.

(5) Ground and flight training for the (9) If equipped for flight using navi- specific airport located in Class B, C, or gation radios, the use of radios for VFR D airspace for which the solo flight is navigation.

authorized, if applicable, within the 90- (10) Recognition of weather and upper day period preceding the date of the air conditions favorable for the cross- flight at that airport. The flight and country flight.

ground training must be received at (11) Takeoff, approach and landing the specific airport for which solo procedures, including crosswind ap- flight is authorized.

proaches and landings.

(b) The authorized instructor who provides the training specified in para- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

graph (a) of this section must provide a 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– logbook endorsement that certifies the 110, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42557, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR student has received that training and 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2010–1127, is proficient to conduct solo flight in Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] that specific airspace or at that spe- cific airport and in those aeronautical Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.96 knowledge areas and areas of operation tificate or a recreational pilot certifi- specified in this section. cate.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44867, July 27, 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– 2004] 110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, 2004] § 61.95 Operations in Class B airspace and at airports located within Class Subpart D—Recreational Pilots B airspace.

§ 61.96 Applicability and eligibility re- (a) A student pilot may not operate quirements: General.

an aircraft on a solo flight in Class B (a) This subpart prescribes the re- airspace unless: quirement for the issuance of rec- (1) The student pilot has received reational pilot certificates and ratings, both ground and flight training from the conditions under which those cer- an authorized instructor on that Class tificates and ratings are necessary, and B airspace area, and the flight training the general operating rules for persons was received in the specific Class B air- who hold those certificates and ratings.

space area for which solo flight is au- (b) To be eligible for a recreational thorized; pilot certificate, a person who applies (2) The logbook of that student pilot for that certificate must: has been endorsed by the authorized in- (1) Be at least 17 years of age; structor who gave the student pilot (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and flight training, and the endorsement is understand the English language. If the dated within the 90-day period pre- applicant is unable to meet one of ceding the date of the flight in that these requirements due to medical rea- Class B airspace area; and sons, then the Administrator may (3) The logbook endorsement speci- place such operating limitations on fies that the student pilot has received that applicant’s pilot certificate as are the required ground and flight train- necessary for the safe operation of the ing, and has been found proficient to aircraft; conduct solo flight in that specific (3) Receive a logbook endorsement Class B airspace area.

from an authorized instructor who— (b) A student pilot may not operate (i) Conducted the training or re- an aircraft on a solo flight to, from, or viewed the applicant’s home study on at an airport located within Class B the aeronautical knowledge areas list- airspace pursuant to § 91.131(b) of this ed in § 61.97(b) of this part that apply to chapter unless: the aircraft category and class rating (1) The student pilot has received sought; and both ground and flight training from (ii) Certified that the applicant is an instructor authorized to provide prepared for the required knowledge training to operate at that airport, and test.

the flight and ground training has been (4) Pass the required knowledge test received at the specific airport for on the aeronautical knowledge areas which the solo flight is authorized; listed in § 61.97(b) of this part; (2) The logbook of that student pilot (5) Receive flight training and a log- has been endorsed by an authorized in- book endorsement from an authorized structor who gave the student pilot instructor who— flight training, and the endorsement is (i) Conducted the training on the dated within the 90-day period pre- areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) of ceding the date of the flight at that this part that apply to the aircraft cat- airport; and egory and class rating sought; and (3) The logbook endorsement speci- (ii) Certified that the applicant is fies that the student pilot has received prepared for the required practical the required ground and flight train- test.

ing, and has been found proficient to (6) Meet the aeronautical experience conduct solo flight operations at that requirements of § 61.99 of this part that specific airport.

apply to the aircraft category and class (c) This section does not apply to a rating sought before applying for the student pilot seeking a sport pilot cer- practical test; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.97 (7) Pass the practical test on the use, data on takeoff and landing dis- areas of operation listed in § 61.98(b) tances, weather reports and forecasts, that apply to the aircraft category and and fuel requirements; and class rating; (ii) How to plan for alternatives if (8) Comply with the sections of this the planned flight cannot be completed part that apply to the aircraft category or delays are encountered.

and class rating; and [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(9) Hold either a student pilot certifi- 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] cate or sport pilot certificate.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. § 61.98 Flight proficiency.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– (a) General. A person who applies for 124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009] a recreational pilot certificate must re- ceive and log ground and flight train- § 61.97 Aeronautical knowledge.

ing from an authorized instructor on (a) General. A person who applies for the areas of operation of this section a recreational pilot certificate must re- that apply to the aircraft category and ceive and log ground training from an class rating sought.

authorized instructor or complete a (b) Areas of operation. (1) For a single- home-study course on the aeronautical engine airplane rating: (i) Preflight knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of preparation; this section that apply to the aircraft (ii) Preflight procedures; category and class rating sought.

(iii) Airport operations; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- arounds; tions of this chapter that relate to rec- (v) Performance maneuvers; reational pilot privileges, limitations, (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; and flight operations; (2) Accident reporting requirements (vii) Navigation; of the National Transportation Safety (viii) Slow flight and stalls; Board; (ix) Emergency operations; and (3) Use of the applicable portions of (x) Postflight procedures.

the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- (2) For a helicopter rating: (i) Preflight ual’’ and FAA advisory circulars; preparation; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for (ii) Preflight procedures; VFR navigation using pilotage with (iii) Airport and heliport operations; the aid of a magnetic compass; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (5) Recognition of critical weather (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- situations from the ground and in arounds; flight, windshear avoidance, and the (vi) Performance maneuvers; procurement and use of aeronautical (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; weather reports and forecasts; (viii) Navigation; (6) Safe and efficient operation of air- (ix) Emergency operations; and craft, including collision avoidance, (x) Postflight procedures.

and recognition and avoidance of wake turbulence; (3) For a gyroplane rating: (i) Preflight (7) Effects of density altitude on preparation; takeoff and climb performance; (ii) Preflight procedures; (8) Weight and balance computations; (iii) Airport operations; (9) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- erplants, and aircraft systems; arounds; (10) Stall awareness, spin entry, (v) Performance maneuvers; spins, and spin recovery techniques, if (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; applying for an airplane single-engine (vii) Navigation; rating; (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (11) Aeronautical decision making (ix) Emergency operations; and and judgment; and (x) Postflight procedures.

(12) Preflight action that includes— (i) How to obtain information on run- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

way lengths at airports of intended 61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.101 with the requirements of that section.

§ 61.99 Aeronautical experience.

However, if other airports that permit (a) A person who applies for a rec- civil operations are available to which reational pilot certificate must receive a flight may be made without flying and log at least 30 hours of flight time over water for more than 10 nautical that includes at least— miles from the nearest shoreline, the (1) 15 hours of flight training from an applicant must show completion of a authorized instructor on the areas of dual flight between two airports, which operation listed in § 61.98 that consists must include three landings at the of at least: other airport.

(i) Except as provided in § 61.100, 2 (b) An applicant who complies with hours of flight training en route to an paragraph (a) of this section and meets airport that is located more than 25 all requirements for the issuance of a nautical miles from the airport where recreational pilot certificate, except the applicant normally trains, which the requirements of § 61.99(a)(1) of this includes at least three takeoffs and part, will be issued a pilot certificate three landings at the airport located with an endorsement containing the more than 25 nautical miles from the following limitation, ‘‘Passenger car- airport where the applicant normally rying prohibited on flights more than trains; and 10 nautical miles from (the appropriate (ii) Three hours of flight training island).’’ The limitation may be subse- with an authorized instructor in the quently amended to include another is- aircraft for the rating sought in prepa- land if the applicant complies with the ration for the practical test within the requirements of paragraph (a) of this preceding 2 calendar months from the section for another island.

month of the test.

(c) Upon meeting the requirements of (2) Three hours of solo flying in the § 61.99(a)(1) of this part, the applicant aircraft for the rating sought, on the may have the limitation(s) in para- areas of operation listed in § 61.98 that graph (b) of this section removed.

apply to the aircraft category and class rating sought.

§ 61.101 Recreational pilot privileges (b) The holder of a sport pilot certifi- and limitations.

cate may credit flight training re- (a) A person who holds a recreational ceived from a flight instructor with a pilot certificate may: sport pilot rating toward the aero- (1) Carry no more than one pas- nautical experience requirements of senger; and this section if the following conditions (2) Not pay less than the pro rata are met: share of the operating expenses of a (1) The flight training was accom- flight with a passenger, provided the plished in the same category and class expenses involve only fuel, oil, airport of aircraft for which the rating is expenses, or aircraft rental fees.

sought; (b) A person who holds a recreational (2) The flight instructor with a sport pilot certificate may act as pilot in pilot rating was authorized to provide command of an aircraft on a flight the flight training; and within 50 nautical miles from the de- (3) The flight training included train- parture airport, provided that person ing on areas of operation that are re- has— quired for both a sport pilot certificate (1) Received ground and flight train- and a recreational pilot certificate.

ing for takeoff, departure, arrival, and [Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR landing procedures at the departure 30277, June 27, 2018 airport; (2) Received ground and flight train- § 61.100 Pilots based on small islands.

ing for the area, terrain, and aids to (a) An applicant located on an island navigation that are in the vicinity of from which the flight training required the departure airport; in § 61.99(a)(1) of this part cannot be ac- (3) Been found proficient to operate complished without flying over water the aircraft at the departure airport for more than 10 nautical miles from and the area within 50 nautical miles the nearest shoreline need not comply from that airport; and 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.101 (4) Received from an authorized in- (3) Received from an authorized in- structor a logbook endorsement, which structor a logbook endorsement, which is carried in the person’s possession in is carried on the person’s possession or the aircraft, that permits flight within readily accessible in the aircraft, that 50 nautical miles from the departure certifies the person has received and been found proficient in those aero- airport.

nautical knowledge areas and areas of (c) A person who holds a recreational operation specified in paragraph (d)(1) pilot certificate may act as pilot in of this section.

command of an aircraft on a flight that (e) Except as provided in paragraphs exceeds 50 nautical miles from the de- (d) and (i) of this section, a rec- parture airport, provided that person reational pilot may not act as pilot in has— command of an aircraft— (1) Received ground and flight train- (1) That is certificated— ing from an authorized instructor on (i) For more than four occupants; the cross-country training require- (ii) With more than one powerplant; ments of subpart E of this part that apply to the aircraft rating held; (iii) With a powerplant of more than (2) Been found proficient in cross- 180 horsepower, except aircraft certifi- country flying; and cated in the rotorcraft category; or (iv) With retractable landing gear; (3) Received from an authorized in- structor a logbook endorsement, which (2) That is classified as a multiengine is carried on the person’s possession in airplane, powered-lift, glider, airship, the aircraft, that certifies the person balloon, powered parachute, or weight- has received and been found proficient shift-control aircraft; in the cross-country training require- (3) That is carrying a passenger or ments of subpart E of this part that property for compensation or hire; apply to the aircraft rating held.

(4) For compensation or hire; (d) A person who holds a recreational (5) In furtherance of a business; pilot certificate may act as pilot in (6) Between sunset and sunrise; command of an aircraft in Class B, C, (7) In Class A, B, C, and D airspace, at and D airspace, at an airport located in an airport located in Class B, C, or D Class B, C, or D airspace, and to, from, airspace, or to, from, through, or at an through, or at an airport having an airport having an operational control operational control tower, provided tower; that person has— (8) At an altitude of more than 10,000 (1) Received and logged ground and feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever flight training from an authorized in- is higher; structor on the following aeronautical (9) When the flight or surface visi- knowledge areas and areas of oper- bility is less than 3 statute miles; ation, as appropriate to the aircraft (10) Without visual reference to the rating held: surface; (i) The use of radios, communica- (11) On a flight outside the United tions, navigation system and facilities, States, unless authorized by the coun- and radar services. try in which the flight is conducted; (ii) Operations at airports with an op- (12) To demonstrate that aircraft in erating control tower to include three flight as an aircraft salesperson to a takeoffs and landings to a full stop, prospective buyer; with each landing involving a flight in (13) That is used in a passenger-car- the traffic pattern at an airport with rying airlift and sponsored by a chari- an operating control tower.

table organization; and (iii) Applicable flight rules of part 91 (14) That is towing any object.

of this chapter for operations in Class (f) A recreational pilot may not act B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- as a pilot flight crewmember on any trol clearances; aircraft for which more than one pilot (2) Been found proficient in those is required by the type certificate of aeronautical knowledge areas and the aircraft or the regulations under areas of operation specified in para- which the flight is conducted, except graph (d)(1) of this section; and when: Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.103 (1) Receiving flight training from a (3) Has found that the recreational person authorized to provide flight pilot is competent to make solo flights training on board an airship; and in accordance with the logbook en- dorsement.

(2) No person other than a required flight crewmember is carried on the (k) A recreational pilot may act as aircraft. pilot in command of an aircraft with- out holding a medical certificate issued (g) A person who holds a recreational under part 67 of this chapter provided pilot certificate, has logged fewer than the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s li- 400 flight hours, and has not logged cense, meets the requirements of pilot-in-command time in an aircraft § 61.23(c)(3), and the operation is con- within the 180 days preceding the flight ducted consistent with this section and shall not act as pilot in command of an the conditions of § 61.113(i). Where the aircraft until the pilot receives flight requirements of this section conflict training and a logbook endorsement with § 61.113(i), a recreational pilot from an authorized instructor, and the must comply with this section.

instructor certifies that the person is proficient to act as pilot in command [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as of the aircraft. This requirement can amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July be met in combination with the re- 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 quirements of §§ 61.56 and 61.57 of this FR 3165, Jan. 11, 2017] part, at the discretion of the author- ized instructor.

(h) A recreational pilot certificate Subpart E—Private Pilots issued under this subpart carries the § 61.102 Applicability.

notation, ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO requirements.’’ This subpart prescribes the require- (i) For the purpose of obtaining addi- ments for the issuance of private pilot tional certificates or ratings while certificates and ratings, the conditions under the supervision of an authorized under which those certificates and rat- instructor, a recreational pilot may fly ings are necessary, and the general op- as the sole occupant of an aircraft: erating rules for persons who hold (1) For which the pilot does not hold those certificates and ratings.

an appropriate category or class rat- § 61.103 Eligibility requirements: Gen- ing; eral.

(2) Within airspace that requires communication with air traffic con- To be eligible for a private pilot cer- trol; or tificate, a person must: (3) Between sunset and sunrise, pro- (a) Be at least 17 years of age for a vided the flight or surface visibility is rating in other than a glider or bal- at least 5 statute miles. loon.

(j) In order to fly solo as provided in (b) Be at least 16 years of age for a paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- rating in a glider or balloon.

reational pilot must meet the appro- (c) Be able to read, speak, write, and priate aeronautical knowledge and understand the English language. If the flight training requirements of § 61.87 applicant is unable to meet one of for that aircraft. When operating an these requirements due to medical rea- aircraft under the conditions specified sons, then the Administrator may in paragraph (i) of this section, the rec- place such operating limitations on reational pilot shall carry the logbook that applicant’s pilot certificate as are that has been endorsed for each flight necessary for the safe operation of the by an authorized instructor who: aircraft.

(1) Has given the recreational pilot (d) Receive a logbook endorsement training in the make and model of air- from an authorized instructor who: craft in which the solo flight is to be (1) Conducted the training or re- made; viewed the person’s home study on the (2) Has found that the recreational aeronautical knowledge areas listed in pilot has met the applicable require- § 61.105(b) of this part that apply to the ments of § 61.87; and aircraft rating sought; and 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.105 (2) Certified that the person is pre- procurement and use of aeronautical pared for the required knowledge test. weather reports and forecasts; (e) Pass the required knowledge test (7) Safe and efficient operation of air- on the aeronautical knowledge areas craft, including collision avoidance, listed in § 61.105(b) of this part. and recognition and avoidance of wake (f) Receive flight training and a log- turbulence; book endorsement from an authorized (8) Effects of density altitude on instructor who: takeoff and climb performance; (1) Conducted the training in the (9) Weight and balance computations; areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of (10) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- this part that apply to the aircraft rat- erplants, and aircraft systems; ing sought; and (11) Stall awareness, spin entry, (2) Certified that the person is pre- spins, and spin recovery techniques for pared for the required practical test. the airplane and glider category rat- (g) Meet the aeronautical experience ings; requirements of this part that apply to (12) Aeronautical decision making the aircraft rating sought before apply- and judgment; and ing for the practical test. (13) Preflight action that includes— (i) How to obtain information on run- (h) Pass a practical test on the areas way lengths at airports of intended of operation listed in § 61.107(b) of this use, data on takeoff and landing dis- part that apply to the aircraft rating tances, weather reports and forecasts, sought.

and fuel requirements; and (i) Comply with the appropriate sec- (ii) How to plan for alternatives if tions of this part that apply to the air- the planned flight cannot be completed craft category and class rating sought.

(j) Hold a U.S. student pilot certifi- or delays are encountered.

cate, sport pilot certificate, or rec- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

reational pilot certificate.

61–103, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997] [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as § 61.107 Flight proficiency.

amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug.

21, 2009] (a) General. A person who applies for a private pilot certificate must receive § 61.105 Aeronautical knowledge.

and log ground and flight training from (a) General. A person who is applying an authorized instructor on the areas for a private pilot certificate must re- of operation of this section that apply ceive and log ground training from an to the aircraft category and class rat- authorized instructor or complete a ing sought.

home-study course on the aeronautical (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of plane category rating with a single-en- this section that apply to the aircraft gine class rating: category and class rating sought. (i) Preflight preparation; (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (ii) Preflight procedures; Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- tions of this chapter that relate to pri- ations; vate pilot privileges, limitations, and (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- flight operations; arounds; (2) Accident reporting requirements (v) Performance maneuvers; of the National Transportation Safety (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; Board; (vii) Navigation; (3) Use of the applicable portions of (viii) Slow flight and stalls; the ‘‘Aeronautical Information Man- (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; ual’’ and FAA advisory circulars; (x) Emergency operations; (4) Use of aeronautical charts for (xi) Night operations, except as pro- VFR navigation using pilotage, dead vided in § 61.110 of this part; and reckoning, and navigation systems; (xii) Postflight procedures.

(5) Radio communication procedures; (2) For an airplane category rating (6) Recognition of critical weather with a multiengine class rating: situations from the ground and in (i) Preflight preparation; flight, windshear avoidance, and the (ii) Preflight procedures; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.107 (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xiii) Postflight procedures.

ations; (6) For a glider category rating: (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (i) Preflight preparation; arounds; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Performance maneuvers; (iii) Airport and gliderport oper- (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; ations; (vii) Navigation; (iv) Launches and landings; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (v) Performance speeds; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (vi) Soaring techniques; (x) Emergency operations; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (xi) Multiengine operations; (viii) Navigation; (xii) Night operations, except as pro- (ix) Slow flight and stalls; vided in § 61.110 of this part; and (x) Emergency operations; and (xiii) Postflight procedures. (xi) Postflight procedures.

(3) For a rotorcraft category rating (7) For a lighter-than-air category with a helicopter class rating: rating with an airship class rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (i) Preflight preparation; (ii) Preflight procedures; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (iii) Airport operations; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- arounds; arounds; (v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Navigation; (vii) Navigation; (viii) Emergency operations; (viii) Emergency operations; and (ix) Night operations, except as pro- (ix) Postflight procedures.

vided in § 61.110 of this part; and (8) For a lighter-than-air category (x) Postflight procedures. rating with a balloon class rating: (4) For a rotorcraft category rating (i) Preflight preparation; with a gyroplane class rating: (ii) Preflight procedures; (i) Preflight preparation; (iii) Airport operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (iv) Launches and landings; (iii) Airport operations; (v) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (vi) Navigation; arounds; (vii) Emergency operations; and (v) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Postflight procedures.

(vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (9) For a powered parachute category (vii) Navigation; rating— (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (i) Preflight preparation; (ix) Emergency operations; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Night operations, except as pro- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and ations, as applicable; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (5) For a powered-lift category rat- arounds; ing: (v) Performance maneuvers; (i) Preflight preparation; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vii) Navigation; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (viii) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Hovering maneuvers; vided in § 61.110; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (ix) Emergency operations; and arounds; (x) Post-flight procedures.

(vi) Performance maneuvers; (10) For a weight-shift-control air- (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; craft category rating— (viii) Navigation; (i) Preflight preparation; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (xi) Emergency operations; ations, as applicable; (xii) Night operations, except as pro- (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- vided in § 61.110 of this part; and arounds; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.109 (v) Performance maneuvers; (ii) One solo cross country flight of (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; 150 nautical miles total distance, with (vii) Navigation; full-stop landings at three points, and (viii) Slow flight and stalls; one segment of the flight consisting of (ix) Night operations, except as pro- a straight-line distance of more than 50 vided in § 61.110; nautical miles between the takeoff and (x) Emergency operations; and landing locations; and (xi) Post-flight procedures.

(iii) Three takeoffs and three land- ings to a full stop (with each landing [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as involving a flight in the traffic pat- amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July tern) at an airport with an operating 27, 2004] control tower.

§ 61.109 Aeronautical experience.

(b) For an airplane multiengine rating.

Except as provided in paragraph (k) of (a) For an airplane single-engine rat- this section, a person who applies for a ing. Except as provided in paragraph private pilot certificate with an air- (k) of this section, a person who applies plane category and multiengine class for a private pilot certificate with an rating must log at least 40 hours of airplane category and single-engine flight time that includes at least 20 class rating must log at least 40 hours hours of flight training from an au- of flight time that includes at least 20 thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo hours of flight training from an au- flight training in the areas of operation thorized instructor and 10 hours of solo listed in § 61.107(b)(2) of this part, and flight training in the areas of operation the training must include at least— listed in § 61.107(b)(1) of this part, and (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight the training must include at least— training in a multiengine airplane; (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of training in a single-engine airplane; this part, 3 hours of night flight train- (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of ing in a multiengine airplane that in- this part, 3 hours of night flight train- cludes— ing in a single-engine airplane that in- (i) One cross-country flight of over cludes— 100 nautical miles total distance; and (i) One cross-country flight of over (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a 100 nautical miles total distance; and (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- port.

port. (3) 3 hours of flight training in a mul- (3) 3 hours of flight training in a sin- tiengine airplane on the control and gle-engine airplane on the control and maneuvering of an airplane solely by maneuvering of an airplane solely by reference to instruments, including reference to instruments, including straight and level flight, constant air- straight and level flight, constant air- speed climbs and descents, turns to a speed climbs and descents, turns to a heading, recovery from unusual flight heading, recovery from unusual flight attitudes, radio communications, and attitudes, radio communications, and the use of navigation systems/facilities the use of navigation systems/facilities and radar services appropriate to in- and radar services appropriate to in- strument flight; strument flight; (4) 3 hours of flight training with an (4) 3 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor in a multiengine authorized instructor in a single-en- airplane in preparation for the prac- gine airplane in preparation for the tical test, which must have been per- practical test, which must have been formed within the preceding 2 calendar performed within the preceding 2 cal- months from the month of the test; endar months from the month of the and test; and (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in a airplane consisting of at least— single-engine airplane, consisting of at (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; least— (ii) One solo cross country flight of (i) 5 hours of solo cross-country time; 150 nautical miles total distance, with Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.109 full-stop landings at three points, and log at least 40 hours of flight time that one segment of the flight consisting of includes at least 20 hours of flight a straight-line distance of more than 50 training from an authorized instructor nautical miles between the takeoff and and 10 hours of solo flight training in landing locations; and the areas of operation listed in (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- § 61.107(b)(4) of this part, and the train- ings to a full stop (with each landing ing must include at least— involving a flight in the traffic pat- (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight tern) at an airport with an operating training in a gyroplane; control tower.

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as this part, 3 hours of night flight train- provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- ing in a gyroplane that includes— tion, a person who applies for a private (i) One cross-country flight of over 50 pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat- nautical miles total distance; and egory and helicopter class rating must (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a log at least 40 hours of flight time that full stop (with each landing involving a includes at least 20 hours of flight flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- training from an authorized instructor port.

and 10 hours of solo flight training in (3) 3 hours of flight training with an the areas of operation listed in authorized instructor in a gyroplane in § 61.107(b)(3) of this part, and the train- preparation for the practical test, ing must include at least— which must have been performed with- (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight in the preceding 2 calendar months training in a helicopter; from the month of the test; and (2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a this part, 3 hours of night flight train- gyroplane, consisting of at least— ing in a helicopter that includes— (i) 3 hours of cross-country time; (i) One cross-country flight of over 50 (ii) One solo cross country flight of nautical miles total distance; and 100 nautical miles total distance, with (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a landings at three points, and one seg- full stop (with each landing involving a ment of the flight being a straight-line flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- distance of more than 25 nautical miles port.

between the takeoff and landing loca- (3) 3 hours of flight training with an tions; and authorized instructor in a helicopter in (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- preparation for the practical test, ings to a full stop (with each landing which must have been performed with- involving a flight in the traffic pat- in the preceding 2 calendar months tern) at an airport with an operating from the month of the test; and control tower.

(4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as helicopter, consisting of at least— provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- (i) 3 hours cross-country time; tion, a person who applies for a private (ii) One solo cross country flight of pilot certificate with a powered-lift 100 nautical miles total distance, with category rating must log at least 40 landings at three points, and one seg- hours of flight time that includes at ment of the flight being a straight-line least 20 hours of flight training from an distance of more than 25 nautical miles authorized instructor and 10 hours of between the takeoff and landing loca- solo flight training in the areas of op- tions; and eration listed in § 61.107(b)(5) of this (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- part, and the training must include at ings to a full stop (with each landing least— involving a flight in the traffic pat- (1) 3 hours of cross-country flight tern) at an airport with an operating training in a powered-lift; control tower.

(2) Except as provided in § 61.110 of (d) For a gyroplane rating. Except as this part, 3 hours of night flight train- provided in paragraph (k) of this sec- ing in a powered-lift that includes— tion, a person who applies for a private pilot certificate with rotorcraft cat- (i) One cross-country flight of over egory and gyroplane class rating must 100 nautical miles total distance; and 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.109 (ii) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a less than 10 launches and landings full stop (with each landing involving a being performed.

flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- (2) If the applicant has logged at port. least 40 hours of flight time in a heav- ier-than-air aircraft, the applicant (3) 3 hours of flight training in a pow- must log at least 3 hours of flight time ered-lift on the control and maneu- in a glider in the areas of operation vering of a powered-lift solely by ref- listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and erence to instruments, including that flight time must include at least— straight and level flight, constant air- (i) 10 solo flights in a glider in the speed climbs and descents, turns to a areas of operation listed in § 61.107(b)(6) heading, recovery from unusual flight of this part; and attitudes, radio communications, and (ii) 3 training flights with an author- the use of navigation systems/facilities ized instructor in a glider in prepara- and radar services appropriate to in- tion for the practical test that must strument flight; have been performed within the pre- (4) 3 hours of flight training with an ceding 2 calendar months from the authorized instructor in a powered-lift month of the test.

in preparation for the practical test, (g) For an airship rating. A person who which must have been performed with- applies for a private pilot certificate in the preceding 2 calendar months with a lighter-than-air category and from the month of the test; and airship class rating must log at least: (5) 10 hours of solo flight time in an (1) 25 hours of flight training in air- airplane or powered-lift consisting of ships on the areas of operation listed in at least— § 61.107(b)(7) of this part, which consists (i) 5 hours cross-country time; of at least: (ii) One solo cross country flight of (i) 3 hours of cross-country flight 150 nautical miles total distance, with training in an airship; full-stop landings at three points, and (ii) Except as provided in § 61.110 of one segment of the flight consisting of this part, 3 hours of night flight train- a straight-line distance of more than 50 ing in an airship that includes: nautical miles between the takeoff and (A) A cross-country flight of over 25 landing locations; and nautical miles total distance; and (iii) Three takeoffs and three land- (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to ings to a full stop (with each landing a full stop (with each landing involving involving a flight in the traffic pat- a flight in the traffic pattern) at an tern) at an airport with an operating airport.

control tower.

(2) 3 hours of flight training in an air- (f) For a glider category rating. (1) If ship on the control and maneuvering of the applicant for a private pilot certifi- an airship solely by reference to instru- cate with a glider category rating has ments, including straight and level not logged at least 40 hours of flight flight, constant airspeed climbs and de- time as a pilot in a heavier-than-air scents, turns to a heading, recovery aircraft, the applicant must log at from unusual flight attitudes, radio least 10 hours of flight time in a glider communications, and the use of navi- in the areas of operation listed in gation systems/facilities and radar § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, and that flight services appropriate to instrument time must include at least— flight; (i) 20 flights in a glider in the areas of (3) Three hours of flight training operations listed in § 61.107(b)(6) of this with an authorized instructor in an air- part, including at least 3 training ship in preparation for the practical flights with an authorized instructor in test within the preceding 2 calendar a glider in preparation for the practical months from the month of the test; test that must have been performed and within the preceding 2 calendar months (4) 5 hours performing the duties of from the month of the test; and pilot in command in an airship with an (ii) 2 hours of solo flight time in a authorized instructor.

glider in the areas of operation listed (h) For a balloon rating. A person who in § 61.107(b)(6) of this part, with not applies for a private pilot certificate Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.109 with a lighter-than-air category and volving a flight in the traffic pattern) balloon class rating must log at least at an airport; 10 hours of flight training that includes (3) Three hours of flight training at least six training flights with an au- with an authorized instructor in a pow- thorized instructor in the areas of op- ered parachute in preparation for the eration listed in § 61.107(b)(8) of this practical test, which must have been part, that includes— performed within the preceding 2 cal- (1) Gas balloon. If the training is endar months from the month of the being performed in a gas balloon, at test; least two flights of 2 hours each that (4) Three hours of solo flight time in consists of— a powered parachute, consisting of at (i) At least one training flight with least— an authorized instructor in a gas bal- (i) One solo cross-country flight with loon in preparation for the practical a landing at an airport at least 25 nau- test within the preceding 2 calendar tical miles from the departure airport; months from the month of the test; and (ii) At least one flight performing the (ii) Twenty solo takeoffs and land- duties of pilot in command in a gas bal- ings to a full stop (with each landing loon with an authorized instructor; and involving a flight in a traffic pattern) (iii) At least one flight involving a at an airport; and controlled ascent to 3,000 feet above (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with the launch site.

each landing involving a flight in the (2) Balloon with an airborne heater. If traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- the training is being performed in a port with an operating control tower.

balloon with an airborne heater, at least— (j) For a weight-shift-control aircraft (i) At least two training flights of 1 rating. A person who applies for a pri- hour each with an authorized instruc- vate pilot certificate with a weight- tor in a balloon with an airborne heat- shift-control rating must log at least 40 er in preparation for the practical test hours of flight time that includes at within the preceding 2 calendar months least 20 hours of flight training with an from the month of the test; authorized instructor and 10 hours of (ii) One solo flight in a balloon with solo flight training in the areas of op- an airborne heater; and eration listed in § 61.107(b)(10) and the (iii) At least one flight involving a training must include at least— controlled ascent to 2,000 feet above (1) Three hours of cross-country the launch site.

flight training in a weight-shift-con- (i) For a powered parachute rating. A trol aircraft; person who applies for a private pilot (2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 certificate with a powered parachute hours of night flight training in a category rating must log at least 25 weight-shift-control aircraft that in- hours of flight time in a powered para- cludes— chute that includes at least 10 hours of (i) One cross-country flight of over 75 flight training with an authorized in- nautical miles total distance that in- structor, including 30 takeoffs and cludes a point of landing that is a landings, and 10 hours of solo flight straight-line distance of more than 50 training in the areas of operation listed nautical miles from the original point in § 61.107 (b)(9) and the training must of departure; and include at least— (ii) Ten takeoffs and landings (with (1) One hour of cross-country flight each landing involving a flight in the training in a powered parachute that traffic pattern) at an airport; includes a 1-hour cross-country flight (3) Three hours of flight training with a landing at an airport at least 25 with an authorized instructor in a nautical miles from the airport of de- weight-shift-control aircraft in prepa- parture; ration for the practical test, which (2) Except as provided in § 61.110, 3 hours of night flight training in a pow- must have been performed within the ered parachute that includes 10 take- preceding 2 calendar months from the offs and landings (with each landing in- month of the test; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.110 (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a (1) The flight training was accom- weight-shift-control aircraft, con- plished in the same category and class sisting of at least— of aircraft for which the rating is sought; (i) Five hours of solo cross-country (2) The flight instructor with a sport time; and pilot rating was authorized to provide (ii) One solo cross-country flight over the flight training; and 100 nautical miles total distance, with (3) The flight training included ei- landings at a minimum of three points, ther— and one segment of the flight being a (i) Training on areas of operation straight line distance of at least 50 that are required for both a sport pilot nautical miles between takeoff and certificate and a private pilot certifi- landing locations; and cate; or (5) Three takeoffs and landings (with (ii) For airplanes with a V greater H each landing involving a flight in the than 87 knots CAS, training on the con- traffic pattern) in an aircraft at an air- trol and maneuvering of an airplane port with an operating control tower.

solely by reference to the flight instru- (k) Permitted credit for use of a full ments, including straight and level flight simulator or flight training device.

flight, turns, descents, climbs, use of (1) Except as provided in paragraphs radio aids, and ATC directives, pro- (k)(2) of this section, a maximum of 2.5 vided the training was received from a hours of training in a full flight simu- flight instructor with a sport pilot rat- lator or flight training device rep- ing who holds an endorsement required resenting the category, class, and type, by § 61.412(c).

if applicable, of aircraft appropriate to [Docket 25910, 62 FR 40902, July 30, 1997, as the rating sought, may be credited to- amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20287, Apr.

ward the flight training time required 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44868, July 27, by this section, if received from an au- 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; thorized instructor.

Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. 20, 2009; (2) A maximum of 5 hours of training Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt.

in a flight simulator or flight training 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, 2018] device representing the category, class, E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to and type, if applicable, of aircraft ap- § 61.109 were published by Docket FAA–2023– propriate to the rating sought, may be 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- credited toward the flight training fective Jan. 21, 2025.

time required by this section if the § 61.110 Night flying exceptions.

training is accomplished in a course conducted by a training center certifi- (a) Subject to the limitations of cated under part 142 of this chapter.

paragraph (b) of this section, a person (3) Except when fewer hours are ap- is not required to comply with the proved by the Administrator, an appli- night flight training requirements of cant for a private pilot certificate with this subpart if the person receives an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift flight training in and resides in the rating, who has satisfactorily com- State of Alaska.

pleted an approved private pilot course (b) A person who receives flight conducted by a training center certifi- training in and resides in the State of cated under part 142 of this chapter, Alaska but does not meet the night need only have a total of 35 hours of flight training requirements of this aeronautical experience to meet the re- section: quirements of this section.

(1) May be issued a pilot certificate (l) Permitted credit for flight training with a limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib- received from a flight instructor with a ited’’; and sport pilot rating. The holder of a sport (2) Must comply with the appropriate pilot certificate may credit flight night flight training requirements of training received from a flight instruc- this subpart within the 12-calendar- tor with a sport pilot rating toward the month period after the issuance of the aeronautical experience requirements pilot certificate. At the end of that pe- of this section if the following condi- riod, the certificate will become in- tions are met: valid for use until the person complies Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.113 with the appropriate night training re- land).’’ The limitation may be subse- quirements of this subpart. The person quently amended to include another is- may have the ‘‘Night flying prohib- land if the applicant complies with the ited’’ limitation removed if the per- requirements of paragraph (b) of this son— section for another island.

(i) Accomplishes the appropriate (d) Upon meeting the cross-country night flight training requirements of training requirements of § 61.109 of this this subpart; and part, the applicant may have the limi- (ii) Presents to an examiner a log- tation in paragraph (c) of this section book or training record endorsement removed.

from an authorized instructor that [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

verifies accomplishment of the appro- 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997] priate night flight training require- ments of this subpart.

§ 61.113 Private pilot privileges and (c) A person who does not meet the limitations: Pilot in command.

night flying requirements in (a) Except as provided in paragraphs § 61.109(d)(2), (i)(2), or (j)(2) may be (b) through (h) of this section, no per- issued a private pilot certificate with son who holds a private pilot certifi- the limitation ‘‘Night flying prohib- cate may act as pilot in command of an ited.’’ This limitation may be removed aircraft that is carrying passengers or by an examiner if the holder complies property for compensation or hire; nor with the requirements of § 61.109(d)(2), may that person, for compensation or (i)(2), or (j)(2), as appropriate.

hire, act as pilot in command of an air- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

craft.

61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– (b) A private pilot may, for com- 110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004] pensation or hire, act as pilot in com- mand of an aircraft in connection with § 61.111 Cross-country flights: Pilots any business or employment if: based on small islands.

(1) The flight is only incidental to (a) Except as provided in paragraph that business or employment; and (b) of this section, an applicant located (2) The aircraft does not carry pas- on an island from which the cross- sengers or property for compensation country flight training required in or hire.

§ 61.109 of this part cannot be accom- (c) A private pilot may not pay less plished without flying over water for than the pro rata share of the oper- more than 10 nautical miles from the ating expenses of a flight with pas- nearest shoreline need not comply with sengers, provided the expenses involve the requirements of that section.

only fuel, oil, airport expenditures, or (b) If other airports that permit civil rental fees.

operations are available to which a (d) A private pilot may act as pilot in flight may be made without flying over command of a charitable, nonprofit, or water for more than 10 nautical miles community event flight described in from the nearest shoreline, the appli- § 91.146, if the sponsor and pilot comply cant must show completion of two with the requirements of § 91.146.

round-trip solo flights between those (e) A private pilot may be reimbursed two airports that are farthest apart, in- for aircraft operating expenses that are cluding a landing at each airport on directly related to search and location both flights.

operations, provided the expenses in- (c) An applicant who complies with volve only fuel, oil, airport expendi- paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of this tures, or rental fees, and the operation section, and meets all requirements for is sanctioned and under the direction the issuance of a private pilot certifi- and control of: cate, except the cross-country training (1) A local, State, or Federal agency; requirements of § 61.109 of this part, or will be issued a pilot certificate with an endorsement containing the fol- (2) An organization that conducts lowing limitation, ‘‘Passenger carrying search and location operations.

prohibited on flights more than 10 nau- (f) A private pilot who is an aircraft tical miles from (the appropriate is- salesman and who has at least 200 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.115 hours of logged flight time may dem- (ii) The certificate of course comple- onstrate an aircraft in flight to a pro- tion required under § 61.23(c)(3).

spective buyer.

[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (g) A private pilot who meets the re- amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July quirements of § 61.69 may act as a pilot 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–115, 72 FR 6910, Feb. 13, in command of an aircraft towing a 2007; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5220, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2016–9157, Amdt. 61–140, 82 FR glider or unpowered ultralight vehicle.

3165, Jan. 11, 2017; Docket FAA–2021–1040, (h) A private pilot may act as pilot in Amdt. 61–152, 87 FR 71237, Nov. 22, 2022; Dock- command for the purpose of conducting et FAA–2024–2580, Amdt. 61–158, 89 FR 90577, a production flight test in a light-sport Nov. 18, 2024] aircraft intended for certification in the light-sport category under § 21.190 § 61.115 Balloon rating: Limitations.

of this chapter, provided that— (a) If a person who applies for a pri- (1) The aircraft is a powered para- vate pilot certificate with a balloon chute or a weight-shift-control air- rating takes a practical test in a bal- craft; loon with an airborne heater: (2) The person has at least 100 hours (1) The pilot certificate will contain of pilot-in-command time in the cat- a limitation restricting the exercise of egory and class of aircraft flown; and the privileges of that certificate to a (3) The person is familiar with the balloon with an airborne heater; and processes and procedures applicable to (2) The limitation may be removed the conduct of production flight test- when the person obtains the required ing, to include operations conducted aeronautical experience in a gas bal- under a special flight permit and any loon and receives a logbook endorse- associated operating limitations. ment from an authorized instructor who attests to the person’s accomplish- (i) A private pilot may act as pilot in ment of the required aeronautical ex- command or serve as a required perience and ability to satisfactorily flightcrew member of an aircraft with- operate a gas balloon.

out holding a medical certificate issued under part 67 of this chapter provided (b) If a person who applies for a pri- vate pilot certificate with a balloon the pilot holds a valid U.S. driver’s li- rating takes a practical test in a gas cense, meets the requirements of balloon: § 61.23(c)(3), and complies with this sec- (1) The pilot certificate will contain tion and all of the following conditions a limitation restricting the exercise of and limitations: the privilege of that certificate to a (1) The aircraft is authorized to carry gas balloon; and not more than 7 occupants, has a max- (2) The limitation may be removed imum takeoff weight of not more than when the person obtains the required 12,500 pounds, is operated with no more aeronautical experience in a balloon than 6 passengers on board, and is not with an airborne heater and receives a a transport category rotorcraft cer- logbook endorsement from an author- tified to airworthiness standards under ized instructor who attests to the per- part 29 of this chapter; and son’s accomplishment of the required (2) The flight, including each portion aeronautical experience and ability to of the flight, is not carried out— satisfactorily operate a balloon with an (i) At an altitude that is more than airborne heater.

18,000 feet above mean sea level; (ii) Outside the United States unless § 61.117 Private pilot privileges and authorized by the country in which the limitations: Second in command of flight is conducted; or aircraft requiring more than one pilot.

(iii) At an indicated airspeed exceed- ing 250 knots; and Except as provided in § 61.113 of this (3) The pilot has available in his or part, no private pilot may, for com- her logbook— pensation or hire, act as second in com- (i) The completed medical examina- mand of an aircraft that is type certifi- tion checklist required under § 68.7 of cated for more than one pilot, nor may this chapter; and that pilot act as second in command of Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.125 such an aircraft that is carrying pas- to the aircraft category and class rat- sengers or property for compensation ing sought before applying for the prac- or hire. tical test; (g) Pass the required practical test [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

on the areas of operation listed in 61–103, 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997] § 61.127(b) of this part that apply to the §§ 61.118–61.120 [Reserved] aircraft category and class rating sought; (h) Hold at least a private pilot cer- Subpart F—Commercial Pilots tificate issued under this part or meet § 61.121 Applicability.

the requirements of § 61.73; and (i) Comply with the sections of this This subpart prescribes the require- part that apply to the aircraft category ments for the issuance of commercial and class rating sought.

pilot certificates and ratings, the con- ditions under which those certificates § 61.125 Aeronautical knowledge.

and ratings are necessary, and the gen- eral operating rules for persons who (a) General. A person who applies for hold those certificates and ratings.

a commercial pilot certificate must re- ceive and log ground training from an § 61.123 Eligibility requirements: Gen- authorized instructor, or complete a eral.

home-study course, on the aeronautical To be eligible for a commercial pilot knowledge areas of paragraph (b) of certificate, a person must: this section that apply to the aircraft (a) Be at least 18 years of age; category and class rating sought.

(b) Be able to read, speak, write, and (b) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) understand the English language. If the Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- applicant is unable to meet one of tions of this chapter that relate to these requirements due to medical rea- commercial pilot privileges, limita- sons, then the Administrator may tions, and flight operations; place such operating limitations on (2) Accident reporting requirements that applicant’s pilot certificate as are of the National Transportation Safety necessary for the safe operation of the Board; aircraft.

(3) Basic aerodynamics and the prin- (c) Receive a logbook endorsement ciples of flight; from an authorized instructor who: (4) Meteorology to include recogni- (1) Conducted the required ground tion of critical weather situations, training or reviewed the person’s home windshear recognition and avoidance, study on the aeronautical knowledge and the use of aeronautical weather re- areas listed in § 61.125 of this part that ports and forecasts; apply to the aircraft category and class (5) Safe and efficient operation of air- rating sought; and craft; (2) Certified that the person is pre- (6) Weight and balance computations; pared for the required knowledge test (7) Use of performance charts; that applies to the aircraft category (8) Significance and effects of exceed- and class rating sought.

ing aircraft performance limitations; (d) Pass the required knowledge test (9) Use of aeronautical charts and a on the aeronautical knowledge areas magnetic compass for pilotage and listed in § 61.125 of this part; dead reckoning; (e) Receive the required training and (10) Use of air navigation facilities; a logbook endorsement from an author- (11) Aeronautical decision making ized instructor who: and judgment; (1) Conducted the training on the (12) Principles and functions of air- areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b) of craft systems; this part that apply to the aircraft cat- egory and class rating sought; and (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and (2) Certified that the person is pre- emergency operations appropriate to pared for the required practical test. the aircraft; (f) Meet the aeronautical experience (14) Night and high-altitude oper- requirements of this subpart that apply ations; 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.127 (15) Procedures for operating within (i) Preflight preparation; the National Airspace System; and (ii) Preflight procedures; (16) Procedures for flight and ground (iii) Airport operations; training for lighter-than-air ratings. (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- arounds; § 61.127 Flight proficiency.

(v) Performance maneuvers; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (a) General. A person who applies for (vii) Navigation; a commercial pilot certificate must re- (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; ceive and log ground and flight train- (ix) Emergency operations; and ing from an authorized instructor on (x) Postflight procedures.

the areas of operation of this section (5) For a powered-lift category rat- that apply to the aircraft category and ing: class rating sought.

(i) Preflight preparation; (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- (ii) Preflight procedures; plane category rating with a single-en- (iii) Airport and heliport operations; gine class rating: (i) Preflight preparation; (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- arounds; ations; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (vii) Navigation; arounds; (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (v) Performance maneuvers; (ix) Emergency operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (x) High-altitude operations; (vii) Navigation; (xi) Special operations; and (viii) Slow flight and stalls; (xii) Postflight procedures.

(ix) Emergency operations; (6) For a glider category rating: (x) High-altitude operations; and (i) Preflight preparation; (xi) Postflight procedures. (ii) Preflight procedures; (2) For an airplane category rating (iii) Airport and gliderport oper- with a multiengine class rating: ations; (i) Preflight preparation; (iv) Launches and landings; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Performance speeds; (iii) Airport and seaplane base oper- (vi) Soaring techniques; ations; (vii) Performance maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (viii) Navigation; arounds; (ix) Slow flight and stalls; (v) Performance maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; and (vi) Navigation; (xi) Postflight procedures.

(vii) Slow flight and stalls; (7) For a lighter-than-air category (viii) Emergency operations; rating with an airship class rating: (ix) Multiengine operations; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (x) High-altitude operations; and (ii) Technical subjects; (xi) Postflight procedures. (iii) Preflight preparation; (3) For a rotorcraft category rating (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver with a helicopter class rating: to be performed in flight; (i) Preflight preparation; (v) Preflight procedures; (ii) Preflight procedures; (vi) Airport operations; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (iv) Hovering maneuvers; arounds; (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (viii) Performance maneuvers; arounds; (ix) Navigation; (vi) Performance maneuvers; (x) Emergency operations; and (vii) Navigation; (xi) Postflight procedures.

(viii) Emergency operations; (8) For a lighter-than-air category (ix) Special operations; and rating with a balloon class rating: (x) Postflight procedures. (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (4) For a rotorcraft category rating (ii) Technical subjects; with a gyroplane class rating: (iii) Preflight preparation; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.129 (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver straight-line distance of more than 100 to be performed in flight; nautical miles from the original point (v) Preflight procedures; of departure; and (vi) Airport operations; (v) Three hours in a single-engine air- (vii) Launches and landings; plane with an authorized instructor in (viii) Performance maneuvers; preparation for the practical test with- (ix) Navigation; in the preceding 2 calendar months (x) Emergency operations; and from the month of the test.

(xi) Postflight procedures.

(4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a single engine airplane or 10 hours of [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as flight time performing the duties of amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug.

21, 2009] pilot in command in a single engine airplane with an authorized instructor § 61.129 Aeronautical experience.

on board (either of which may be cred- ited towards the flight time require- (a) For an airplane single-engine rat- ment under paragraph (a)(2) of this sec- ing. Except as provided in paragraph (i) tion), on the areas of operation listed of this section, a person who applies for under § 61.127(b)(1) that include— a commercial pilot certificate with an (i) One cross-country flight of not airplane category and single-engine less than 300 nautical miles total dis- class rating must log at least 250 hours tance, with landings at a minimum of of flight time as a pilot that consists of three points, one of which is a straight- at least: line distance of at least 250 nautical (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of miles from the original departure which 50 hours must be in airplanes.

point. However, if this requirement is (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- flight time, which includes at least— ment need only have a straight-line (i) 50 hours in airplanes; and (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of distance of at least 150 nautical miles; which at least 10 hours must be in air- and planes. (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (3) 20 hours of training on the areas with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(1) of each landing involving a flight in the this part that includes at least— traffic pattern) at an airport with an (i) Ten hours of instrument training operating control tower.

using a view-limiting device including (b) For an airplane multiengine rating.

attitude instrument flying, partial Except as provided in paragraph (i) of panel skills, recovery from unusual this section, a person who applies for a flight attitudes, and intercepting and commercial pilot certificate with an tracking navigational systems. Five airplane category and multiengine hours of the 10 hours required on in- class rating must log at least 250 hours strument training must be in a single of flight time as a pilot that consists of engine airplane; at least: (ii) 10 hours of training in a complex (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of airplane, a turbine-powered airplane, which 50 hours must be in airplanes.

or a technically advanced airplane (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command (TAA) that meets the requirements of flight time, which includes at least— paragraph (j) of this section, or any (i) 50 hours in airplanes; and combination thereof. The airplane (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of must be appropriate to land or sea for which at least 10 hours must be in air- the rating sought; planes.

(iii) One 2-hour cross country flight (3) 20 hours of training on the areas in a single engine airplane in daytime of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) of conditions that consists of a total this part that includes at least— straight-line distance of more than 100 (i) Ten hours of instrument training nautical miles from the original point using a view-limiting device including of departure; attitude instrument flying, partial (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight panel skills, recovery from unusual in a single engine airplane in night- flight attitudes, and intercepting and time conditions that consists of a total tracking navigational systems. Five 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.129 hours of the 10 hours required on in- (c) For a helicopter rating. Except as strument training must be in a multi- provided in paragraph (i) of this sec- engine airplane; tion, a person who applies for a com- mercial pilot certificate with a rotor- (ii) 10 hours of training in a multien- craft category and helicopter class rat- gine complex or turbine-powered air- ing must log at least 150 hours of flight plane; or for an applicant seeking a time as a pilot that consists of at least: multiengine seaplane rating, 10 hours of training in a multiengine seaplane (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of which 50 hours must be in helicopters.

that has flaps and a controllable pitch propeller, including seaplanes equipped (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command with an engine control system con- flight time, which includes at least— sisting of a digital computer and asso- (i) 35 hours in helicopters; and ciated accessories for controlling the (ii) 10 hours in cross-country flight in engine and propeller, such as a full au- helicopters.

thority digital engine control; (3) 20 hours of training on the areas (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(3) of in a multiengine airplane in daytime this part that includes at least— conditions that consists of a total (i) Five hours on the control and ma- straight-line distance of more than 100 neuvering of a helicopter solely by ref- nautical miles from the original point erence to instruments using a view- of departure; limiting device including attitude in- (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight strument flying, partial panel skills, in a multiengine airplane in nighttime recovery from unusual flight attitudes, conditions that consists of a total and intercepting and tracking naviga- straight-line distance of more than 100 tional systems. This aeronautical expe- nautical miles from the original point rience may be performed in an aircraft, of departure; and full flight simulator, flight training de- vice, or an aviation training device; (v) Three hours in a multiengine air- plane with an authorized instructor in (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in preparation for the practical test with- a helicopter in daytime conditions that in the preceding 2 calendar months consists of a total straight-line dis- from the month of the test. tance of more than 50 nautical miles from the original point of departure; (4) 10 hours of solo flight time in a multiengine airplane or 10 hours of (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight flight time performing the duties of in a helicopter in nighttime conditions pilot in command in a multiengine air- that consists of a total straight-line plane with an authorized instructor (ei- distance of more than 50 nautical miles ther of which may be credited towards from the original point of departure; the flight time requirement in para- and graph (b)(2) of this section), on the (iv) Three hours in a helicopter with areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(2) an authorized instructor in preparation of this part that includes at least— for the practical test within the pre- ceding 2 calendar months from the (i) One cross-country flight of not month of the test.

less than 300 nautical miles total dis- tance with landings at a minimum of (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a three points, one of which is a straight- helicopter or 10 hours of flight time line distance of at least 250 nautical performing the duties of pilot in com- miles from the original departure mand in a helicopter with an author- point. However, if this requirement is ized instructor on board (either of being met in Hawaii, the longest seg- which may be credited towards the ment need only have a straight-line flight time requirement under para- distance of at least 150 nautical miles; graph (c)(2) of this section), on the and areas of operation listed under § 61.127(b)(3) that includes— (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with (i) One cross-country flight with each landing involving a flight with a landings at a minimum of three points, traffic pattern) at an airport with an with one segment consisting of a operating control tower. straight-line distance of at least 50 Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.129 nautical miles from the original point flight time requirement under para- of departure; and graph (d)(2) of this section), on the (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with that includes— each landing involving a flight in the (i) One cross-country flight with traffic pattern). landings at a minimum of three points, (d) For a gyroplane rating. A person with one segment consisting of a who applies for a commercial pilot cer- straight-line distance of at least 50 tificate with a rotorcraft category and nautical miles from the original point gyroplane class rating must log at of departure; and least 150 hours of flight time as a pilot (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions (of which 5 hours may have been ac- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with complished in a full flight simulator or each landing involving a flight in the flight training device that is represent- traffic pattern).

ative of a gyroplane) that consists of at (e) For a powered-lift rating. Except as least: provided in paragraph (i) of this sec- (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of tion, a person who applies for a com- which 25 hours must be in gyroplanes. mercial pilot certificate with a pow- (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command ered-lift category rating must log at flight time, which includes at least— least 250 hours of flight time as a pilot (i) 10 hours in gyroplanes; and that consists of at least: (ii) 3 hours in cross-country flight in (1) 100 hours in powered aircraft, of gyroplanes. which 50 hours must be in a powered- (3) 20 hours of training on the areas lift.

of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(4) of (2) 100 hours of pilot-in-command this part that includes at least— flight time, which includes at least— (i) 2.5 hours on the control and ma- (i) 50 hours in a powered-lift; and neuvering of a gyroplane solely by ref- (ii) 50 hours in cross-country flight of erence to instruments using a view- which 10 hours must be in a powered- limiting device including attitude in- lift.

strument flying, partial panel skills, (3) 20 hours of training on the areas recovery from unusual flight attitudes, of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) of and intercepting and tracking naviga- this part that includes at least— tional systems. This aeronautical expe- (i) Ten hours of instrument training rience may be performed in an aircraft, using a view-limiting device including full flight simulator, flight training de- attitude instrument flying, partial vice, or an aviation training device; panel skills, recovery from unusual (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in flight attitudes, and intercepting and a gyroplane in daytime conditions that tracking navigational systems. Five consists of a total straight-line dis- hours of the 10 hours required on in- tance of more than 50 nautical miles strument training must be in a pow- from the original point of departure; ered-lift; (iii) Two hours of flight training dur- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in ing nighttime conditions in a gyro- a powered-lift in daytime conditions plane at an airport, that includes 10 that consists of a total straight-line takeoffs and 10 landings to a full stop distance of more than 100 nautical (with each landing involving a flight in miles from the original point of depar- the traffic pattern); and ture; (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane with (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight an authorized instructor in preparation in a powered-lift in nighttime condi- for the practical test within the pre- tions that consists of a total straight- ceding 2 calendar months from the line distance of more than 100 nautical month of the test. miles from the original point of depar- (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a ture; and gyroplane or 10 hours of flight time (iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift with an performing the duties of pilot in com- authorized instructor in preparation mand in a gyroplane with an author- for the practical test within the pre- ized instructor on board (either of ceding 2 calendar months from the which may be credited towards the month of the test.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.129 (4) Ten hours of solo flight time in a ized instructor in preparation for the powered-lift or 10 hours of flight time practical test within the preceding 2 performing the duties of pilot in com- calendar months from the month of the mand in a powered-lift with an author- test; and ized instructor on board (either of (ii) 5 solo flights in a glider on the which may be credited towards the areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) flight time requirement under para- of this part.

graph (e)(2) of this section, on the areas (g) For an airship rating. A person who of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(5) that applies for a commercial pilot certifi- includes— cate with a lighter-than-air category (i) One cross-country flight of not and airship class rating must log at less than 300 nautical miles total dis- least 200 hours of flight time as a pilot, tance with landings at a minimum of which includes at least the following three points, one of which is a straight- hours: line distance of at least 250 nautical (1) 50 hours in airships.

miles from the original departure (2) Thirty hours of pilot in command point. However, if this requirement is flight time in airships or performing being met in Hawaii the longest seg- the duties of pilot in command in an ment need only have a straight-line airship with an authorized instructor distance of at least 150 nautical miles; aboard, which consists of— and (i) 10 hours of cross-country flight (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions time in airships; and with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with (ii) 10 hours of night flight time in each landing involving a flight in the airships.

traffic pattern) at an airport with an (3) Forty hours of instrument time to operating control tower. include— (f) For a glider rating. A person who (i) Instrument training using a view- applies for a commercial pilot certifi- limiting device for attitude instrument cate with a glider category rating must flying, partial panel skills, recovery log at least— from unusual flight attitudes, and (1) 25 hours of flight time as a pilot in intercepting and tracking navigational a glider and that flight time must in- systems; and clude at least 100 flights in a glider as (ii) Twenty hours of instrument pilot in command, including at least— flight time, of which 10 hours must be (i) Three hours of flight training in a in flight in airships.

glider with an authorized instructor or (4) 20 hours of flight training in air- 10 training flights in a glider with an ships on the areas of operation listed in authorized instructor on the areas of § 61.127(b)(7) of this part, which includes operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) of this at least— part, including at least 3 training (i) Three hours in an airship with an flights in a glider with an authorized authorized instructor in preparation instructor in preparation for the prac- for the practical test within the pre- tical test within the preceding 2 cal- ceding 2 calendar months from the endar months from the month of the month of the test; test; and (ii) One hour cross country flight in (ii) 2 hours of solo flight that include an airship in daytime conditions that not less than 10 solo flights in a glider consists of a total straight-line dis- on the areas of operation listed in tance of more than 25 nautical miles § 61.127(b)(6) of this part; or from the point of departure; and (2) 200 hours of flight time as a pilot (iii) One hour cross country flight in in heavier-than-air aircraft and at an airship in nighttime conditions that least 20 flights in a glider as pilot in consists of a total straight-line dis- command, including at least— tance of more than 25 nautical miles (i) Three hours of flight training in a from the point of departure.

glider or 10 training flights in a glider (5) 10 hours of flight training per- with an authorized instructor on the forming the duties of pilot in command areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(6) with an authorized instructor on the of this part including at least 3 train- areas of operation listed in § 61.127(b)(7) ing flights in a glider with an author- of this part, which includes at least— Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.129 (i) One cross-country flight with accomplished the training required by landings at a minimum of three points, this section in a course conducted by a with one segment consisting of a training center certificated under part straight-line distance of at least 25 142 of this chapter may: nautical miles from the original point (i) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to- of departure; and ward the total aeronautical experience (ii) 5 hours in night VFR conditions requirements for an airplane or pow- with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with ered-lift rating, provided the aero- each landing involving a flight in the nautical experience was obtained from traffic pattern).

an authorized instructor in a full flight (h) For a balloon rating. A person who simulator or flight training device that applies for a commercial pilot certifi- represents that class of airplane or cate with a lighter-than-air category powered-lift category and type, if ap- and a balloon class rating must log at plicable, appropriate to the rating least 35 hours of flight time as a pilot, sought; and which includes at least the following (ii) Credit a maximum of 25 hours to- requirements: ward the total aeronautical experience (1) 20 hours in balloons; requirements of this section for a heli- (2) 10 flights in balloons; copter rating, provided the aero- (3) Two flights in balloons as the nautical experience was obtained from pilot in command; and an authorized instructor in a full flight (4) 10 hours of flight training that in- simulator or flight training device that cludes at least 10 training flights with represents a helicopter and type, if ap- an authorized instructor in balloons on plicable, appropriate to the rating the areas of operation listed in sought.

§ 61.127(b)(8) of this part, which consists of at least— (2) An applicant who has accom- (i) For a gas balloon— plished the training required by this (A) Two training flights of 2 hours section in a course conducted by a each in a gas balloon with an author- training center certificated under part ized instructor in preparation for the 142 of this chapter may: practical test within the preceding 2 (i) Credit a maximum of 100 hours to- calendar months from the month of the ward the total aeronautical experience test; requirements of this section for an air- (B) 2 flights performing the duties of plane and powered-lift rating, provided pilot in command in a gas balloon with the aeronautical experience was ob- an authorized instructor on the appro- tained from an authorized instructor in priate areas of operation; and a full flight simulator or flight train- (C) One flight involving a controlled ing device that represents that class of ascent to 5,000 feet above the launch airplane or powered-lift category and site.

type, if applicable, appropriate to the (ii) For a balloon with an airborne rating sought; and heater— (ii) Credit a maximum of 50 hours to- (A) Two training flights of 1 hour ward the total aeronautical experience each in a balloon with an airborne requirements of this section for a heli- heater with an authorized instructor in copter rating, provided the aero- preparation for the practical test with- nautical experience was obtained from in the preceding 2 calendar months an authorized instructor in a full flight from the month of the test; simulator or flight training device that (B) Two solo flights in a balloon with represents a helicopter and type, if ap- an airborne heater on the appropriate plicable, appropriate to the rating areas of operation; and sought.

(C) One flight involving a controlled (3) Except when fewer hours are ap- ascent to 3,000 feet above the launch proved by the FAA, an applicant for site.

the commercial pilot certificate with (i) Permitted credit for use of a flight simulator or flight training device. (1) Ex- the airplane or powered-lift rating who cept as provided in paragraph (i)(2) of has completed 190 hours of aero- this section, an applicant who has not nautical experience is considered to 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.131 have met the total aeronautical experi- this subpart within the 12-calendar- ence requirements of this section, pro- month period after the issuance of the vided the applicant satisfactorily com- pilot certificate. At the end of that pe- pleted an approved commercial pilot riod, the certificate will become in- course under part 142 of this chapter valid for use until the person complies and the approved course was appro- with the appropriate night flight train- priate to the commercial pilot certifi- ing requirements of this subpart. The cate and aircraft rating sought. person may have the ‘‘night flying pro- (j) Technically advanced airplane. Un- hibited’’ limitation removed if the per- less otherwise authorized by the Ad- son— (i) Accomplishes the appropriate ministrator, a technically advanced night flight training requirements of airplane must be equipped with an elec- this subpart; and tronically advanced avionics system (ii) Presents to an examiner a log- that includes the following installed book or training record endorsement components: from an authorized instructor that (1) An electronic Primary Flight Dis- verifies accomplishment of the appro- play (PFD) that includes, at a min- priate night flight training require- imum, an airspeed indicator, turn coor- ments of this subpart.

dinator, attitude indicator, heading in- dicator, altimeter, and vertical speed [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

indicator; 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997] (2) An electronic Multifunction Dis- § 61.133 Commercial pilot privileges play (MFD) that includes, at a min- and limitations.

imum, a moving map using Global Po- sitioning System (GPS) navigation (a) Privileges —(1) General. A person with the aircraft position displayed; who holds a commercial pilot certifi- (3) A two axis autopilot integrated cate may act as pilot in command of an with the navigation and heading guid- aircraft— ance system; and (i) Carrying persons or property for (4) The display elements described in compensation or hire, provided the per- paragraphs (j)(1) and (2) of this section son is qualified in accordance with this must be continuously visible. part and with the applicable parts of this chapter that apply to the oper- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

ation; and 61–101, 62 FR 16892, Apr. 8, 1997; Amdt. 61–103, (ii) For compensation or hire, pro- 62 FR 40904, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR vided the person is qualified in accord- 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42558, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53645, Oct. ance with this part and with the appli- 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, cable parts of this chapter that apply 2018] to the operation.

(2) Commercial pilots with lighter-than- § 61.131 Exceptions to the night flying air category ratings. A person with a requirements.

commercial pilot certificate with a (a) Subject to the limitations of lighter-than-air category rating may— paragraph (b) of this section, a person (i) For an airship —(A) Give flight and is not required to comply with the ground training in an airship for the night flight training requirements of issuance of a certificate or rating; this subpart if the person receives (B) Give an endorsement for a pilot flight training in and resides in the certificate with an airship rating; State of Alaska. (C) Endorse a pilot’s logbook for solo (b) A person who receives flight operating privileges in an airship; training in and resides in the State of (D) Act as pilot in command of an Alaska but does not meet the night airship under IFR or in weather condi- flight training requirements of this tions less than the minimum pre- section: scribed for VFR flight; and (1) May be issued a pilot certificate (E) Give flight and ground training with the limitation ‘‘night flying pro- and endorsements that are required for hibited.’’ a flight review, an operating privilege (2) Must comply with the appropriate or recency-of-experience requirements night flight training requirements of of this part.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.153 (ii) For a balloon —(A) Give flight and required aeronautical experience in a ground training in a balloon for the balloon with an airborne heater and re- issuance of a certificate or rating; ceives a logbook endorsement from an (B) Give an endorsement for a pilot authorized instructor who attests to certificate with a balloon rating; the person’s accomplishment of the re- (C) Endorse a pilot’s logbook for solo quired aeronautical experience and operating privileges in a balloon; and ability to satisfactorily operate a bal- (D) Give ground and flight training loon with an airborne heater.

and endorsements that are required for [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

a flight review, an operating privilege, 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; Docket or recency-of-experience requirements FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1306, Jan.

of this part.

12, 2016] (b) Limitations. (1) A person who ap- plies for a commercial pilot certificate §§ 61.135–61.141 [Reserved] with an airplane category or powered- lift category rating and does not hold Subpart G—Airline Transport Pilots an instrument rating in the same cat- egory and class will be issued a com- § 61.151 Applicability.

mercial pilot certificate that contains This subpart prescribes the require- the limitation, ‘‘The carriage of pas- ments for the issuance of airline trans- sengers for hire in (airplanes) (pow- port pilot certificates and ratings, the ered-lifts) on cross-country flights in conditions under which those certifi- excess of 50 nautical miles or at night cates and ratings are necessary, and is prohibited.’’ The limitation may be the general operating rules for persons removed when the person satisfactorily who hold those certificates and ratings.

accomplishes the requirements listed in § 61.65 of this part for an instrument § 61.153 Eligibility requirements: Gen- rating in the same category and class eral.

of aircraft listed on the person’s com- To be eligible for an airline transport mercial pilot certificate.

pilot certificate, a person must: (2) If a person who applies for a com- (a) Meet the following age require- mercial pilot certificate with a balloon ments: rating takes a practical test in a bal- (1) For an airline transport pilot cer- loon with an airborne heater— tificate obtained under the aero- (i) The pilot certificate will contain a nautical experience requirements of limitation restricting the exercise of §§ 61.159, 61.161, or 61.163, be at least 23 the privileges of that certificate to a years of age; or balloon with an airborne heater.

(2) For an airline transport pilot cer- (ii) The limitation specified in para- tificate obtained under the aero- graph (b)(2)(i) of this section may be nautical experience requirements of removed when the person obtains the § 61.160, be at least 21 years of age.

required aeronautical experience in a (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and gas balloon and receives a logbook en- understand the English language. If the dorsement from an authorized instruc- applicant is unable to meet one of tor who attests to the person’s accom- these requirements due to medical rea- plishment of the required aeronautical sons, then the Administrator may experience and ability to satisfactorily place such operating limitations on operate a gas balloon.

that applicant’s pilot certificate as are (3) If a person who applies for a com- necessary for the safe operation of the mercial pilot certificate with a balloon aircraft; rating takes a practical test in a gas (c) Be of good moral character; balloon— (d) Meet at least one of the following (i) The pilot certificate will contain a requirements: limitation restricting the exercise of the privileges of that certificate to a (1) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- gas balloon. cate with an instrument rating issued (ii) The limitation specified in para- under this part; graph (b)(3)(i) of this section may be (2) Meet the military experience re- removed when the person obtains the quirements under § 61.73 of this part to 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.155 qualify for a commercial pilot certifi- (b) Aircraft type rating. A person who cate, and an instrument rating if the is applying for an additional aircraft person is a rated military pilot or type rating to be added to an airline former rated military pilot of an transport pilot certificate is not re- Armed Force of the United States; or quired to pass a knowledge test if that (3) Holds either a foreign airline person’s airline transport pilot certifi- transport pilot license with instrument cate lists the aircraft category and privileges, or a foreign commercial class rating that is appropriate to the pilot license with an instrument rat- type rating sought.

ing, that— (c) Aeronautical knowledge areas. (1) (i) Was issued by a contracting State Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- to the Convention on International tions of this chapter that relate to air- Civil Aviation; and line transport pilot privileges, limita- (ii) Contains no geographical limita- tions, and flight operations; tions.

(2) Meteorology, including knowledge (e) For an airline transport pilot cer- of and effects of fronts, frontal charac- tificate with an airplane category mul- teristics, cloud formations, icing, and tiengine class rating or an airline upper-air data; transport pilot certificate obtained (3) General system of weather and concurrently with a multiengine air- NOTAM collection, dissemination, in- plane type rating, receive a graduation terpretation, and use; certificate from an authorized training (4) Interpretation and use of weather provider certifying completion of the charts, maps, forecasts, sequence re- airline transport pilot certification ports, abbreviations, and symbols; training program specified in § 61.156 (5) National Weather Service func- before applying for the knowledge test tions as they pertain to operations in required by paragraph (g) of this sec- the National Airspace System; tion; (6) Windshear and microburst aware- (f) Meet the aeronautical experience ness, identification, and avoidance; requirements of this subpart that apply (7) Principles of air navigation under to the aircraft category and class rat- instrument meteorological conditions ing sought before applying for the prac- in the National Airspace System; tical test; (8) Air traffic control procedures and (g) Pass a knowledge test on the pilot responsibilities as they relate to aeronautical knowledge areas of en route operations, terminal area and § 61.155(c) of this part that apply to the radar operations, and instrument de- aircraft category and class rating parture and approach procedures; sought; (9) Aircraft loading, weight and bal- (h) Pass the practical test on the ance, use of charts, graphs, tables, for- areas of operation listed in § 61.157(e) of mulas, and computations, and their ef- this part that apply to the aircraft cat- fect on aircraft performance; egory and class rating sought; and (10) Aerodynamics relating to an air- (i) Comply with the sections of this craft’s flight characteristics and per- subpart that apply to the aircraft cat- formance in normal and abnormal egory and class rating sought.

flight regimes; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(11) Human factors; 61–103, 62 FR 40905, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– (12) Aeronautical decision making 124, 74 FR 42559, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–130, 78 and judgment; FR 42374, July 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021] (13) Crew resource management to in- clude crew communication and coordi- § 61.155 Aeronautical knowledge.

nation; and (a) General. The knowledge test for (14) For an airline transport pilot an airline transport pilot certificate is certificate with an airplane category based on the aeronautical knowledge multiengine class rating or an airline areas listed in paragraph (c) of this sec- transport pilot certificate obtained tion that are appropriate to the air- concurrently with a multiengine air- craft category and class rating sought. plane type rating, the content of the Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.157 airline transport pilot certification (1) At least 6 hours of training in a training program in § 61.156. Level C or higher full flight simulator qualified under part 60 of this chapter [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as that represents a multiengine turbine amended by Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42374, July airplane with a maximum takeoff 15, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016; Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR 62087, Nov. 9, 2021] weight of 40,000 pounds or greater. The training must include the following § 61.156 Training requirements: Air- areas: plane category—multiengine class (i) Low energy states/stalls; or multiengine airplane type rating (ii) Upset recovery techniques; and concurrently with an airline trans- (iii) Adverse weather conditions, in- port pilot certificate.

cluding icing, thunderstorms, and A person who applies for the knowl- crosswinds with gusts.

edge test for an airline transport pilot (2) The remaining FSTD training certificate with an airplane category may be completed in a Level 4 or high- multiengine class rating must present er flight simulation training device.

a graduation certificate from an au- The training must include the fol- thorized training provider under part lowing areas: 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter certi- (i) Navigation including flight man- fying the applicant has completed the agement systems; and following training in a course approved (ii) Automation including autoflight.

by the Administrator.

(c) Deviation authority. The Adminis- (a) Academic training. The applicant trator may issue deviation authority for the knowledge test must receive at from the weight requirement in para- least 30 hours of classroom instruction graph (b)(1) of this section upon a de- that includes the following: termination that the objectives of the (1) At least 8 hours of instruction on training can be met in an alternative aerodynamics including high altitude device.

operations; (2) At least 2 hours of instruction on [Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42375, July 15, meteorology, including adverse weath- 2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR er phenomena and weather detection 62087, Nov. 9, 2021] systems; and (3) At least 14 hours of instruction on § 61.157 Flight proficiency.

air carrier operations, including the (a) General. (1) The practical test for following areas: an airline transport pilot certificate is (i) Physiology; given for— (ii) Communications; (i) An airplane category and single (iii) Checklist philosophy; engine class rating.

(iv) Operational control; (ii) An airplane category and multi- (v) Minimum equipment list/configu- engine class rating.

ration deviation list; (iii) A rotorcraft category and heli- (vi) Ground operations; copter class rating.

(vii) Turbine engines; (iv) A powered-lift category rating.

(viii) Transport category aircraft (v) An aircraft type rating.

performance; (2) A person who is applying for an (ix) Automation, navigation, and airline transport pilot practical test flight path warning systems.

must meet— (4) At least 6 hours of instruction on (i) The eligibility requirements of leadership, professional development, § 61.153; and crew resource management, and safety culture. (ii) The aeronautical knowledge and (b) FSTD training. The applicant for aeronautical experience requirements the knowledge test must receive at of this subpart that apply to the air- least 10 hours of training in a flight craft category and class rating sought.

simulation training device qualified (b) Aircraft type rating. Except as pro- under part 60 of this chapter that rep- vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a resents a multiengine turbine airplane. person who applies for an aircraft type The training must include the fol- rating to be added to an airline trans- lowing: port pilot certificate or applies for a 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.157 type rating to be concurrently com- (2) For an airplane category—multi- pleted with an airline transport pilot engine class rating: certificate: (i) Preflight preparation; (1) Must receive and log ground and (ii) Preflight procedures; flight training from an authorized in- (iii) Takeoffs and Landings; structor on the areas of operation (iv) In-flight maneuvers; under this section that apply to the (v) Stall Prevention.

aircraft type rating; (vi) Instrument procedures; (2) Must receive a logbook endorse- (vii) Emergency operations; and ment from an authorized instructor (viii) Postflight procedures.

that certifies the applicant completed (3) For a powered-lift category rat- the training on the areas of operation ing: listed under paragraph (e) of this sec- (i) Preflight preparation; tion that apply to the aircraft type rat- (ii) Preflight procedures; ing; and (iii) Takeoffs and Departure phase; (3) Must perform the practical test in (iv) In-flight maneuvers; actual or simulated instrument condi- (v) Instrument procedures; tions, except as provided under para- (vi) Landings and approaches to land- graph (g) of this section.

ings; (c) Exceptions. A person who applies (vii) Emergency operations; and for an aircraft type rating to be added (viii) Postflight procedures.

to an airline transport pilot certificate (4) For a rotorcraft category—heli- or an aircraft type rating concurrently copter class rating: with an airline transport pilot certifi- (i) Preflight preparation; cate, and who is an employee of a cer- (ii) Preflight procedures; tificate holder operating under part 121 (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; or part 135 of this chapter, does not (iv) In-flight maneuvers; need to comply with the requirements (v) Instrument procedures; of paragraph (b) of this section if the (vi) Landings and approaches to land- applicant presents a training record ings; that shows completion of that certifi- (vii) Normal and abnormal proce- cate holder’s approved training pro- dures; gram for the aircraft type rating.

(viii) Emergency procedures; and (d) Upgrading type ratings. Any type (ix) Postflight procedures.

rating(s) and limitations on a pilot cer- (f) Proficiency and competency checks tificate of an applicant who completes conducted under part 121, part 135, or an airline transport pilot practical test subpart K of part 91. (1) Successful com- will be included at the airline trans- pletion of any of the following checks port pilot certification level, provided satisfies the flight proficiency require- the applicant passes the practical test ments of this section for the issuance in the same category and class of air- of an airline transport pilot certificate craft for which the applicant holds the and/or the appropriate aircraft rating: type rating(s).

(i) A proficiency check under § 121.441 (e) Areas of Operation. A practical of this chapter.

test will include normal and abnormal (ii) Both a competency check under procedures, as applicable, within the § 135.293(a)(2) and § 135.293(b) of this areas of operation for practical tests chapter and pilot-in-command instru- for an airplane category and powered- ment proficiency check under § 135.297 lift category rating. (1) For an airplane of this chapter.

category—single engine class rating: (iii) Both a competency check under (i) Preflight preparation; § 91.1065 of this chapter and a pilot-in- (ii) Preflight procedures; command instrument proficiency (iii) Takeoffs and Landings; check under § 91.1069 of this chapter.

(iv) In-flight maneuvers; (2) The checks specified in paragraph (v) Stall Prevention; (f)(1) of this section must be conducted (vi) Instrument procedures; by one of the following: (vii) Emergency operations; and (i) An FAA Aviation Safety Inspec- (viii) Postflight procedures. tor.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.159 (ii) An Aircrew Program Designee single-seat version of that airplane if who is authorized to perform pro- the Examiner is in a position to ob- ficiency and/or competency checks for serve the applicant during the prac- the air carrier whose approved training tical test in the case where there is no program has been satisfactorily com- multi-seat version of that single engine pleted by the pilot applicant. airplane.

(iii) A Training Center Evaluator (j) Waiver authority. An Examiner with appropriate certification author- who conducts a practical test may ity who is also authorized to perform waive any task for which the FAA has the portions of the competency and/or provided waiver authority.

proficiency checks required by para- [Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42560, Aug. 21, graph (f)(1) of this section for the air 2009; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009, carrier whose approved training pro- as amended by Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42375, gram has been satisfactorily completed July 15, 2013; Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt.

by the pilot applicant. 61–153, 89 FR 22517, Apr. 1, 2024] (g) Aircraft not capable of instrument § 61.158 [Reserved] maneuvers and procedures. An applicant may add a type rating to an airline § 61.159 Aeronautical experience: Air- transport pilot certificate with an air- plane category rating.

craft that is not capable of the instru- (a) Except as provided in paragraphs ment maneuvers and procedures re- (b), (c), and (d) of this section, a person quired on the practical test under the who is applying for an airline transport following circumstances— pilot certificate with an airplane cat- (1) The rating is limited to ‘‘VFR egory and class rating must have at only.’’ least 1,500 hours of total time as a pilot (2) The type rating is added to an air- that includes at least: line transport pilot certificate that has (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight instrument privileges in that category time.

and class of aircraft.

(2) 100 hours of night flight time.

(3) The ‘‘VFR only’’ limitation may be removed for that aircraft type after (3) 50 hours of flight time in the class the applicant: of airplane for the rating sought. A (i) Passes a practical test in that maximum of 25 hours of training in a type of aircraft on the appropriate in- full flight simulator representing the strument maneuvers and procedures in class of airplane for the rating sought § 61.157; or may be credited toward the flight time (ii) Becomes qualified in § 61.73(d) for requirement of this paragraph if the that type of aircraft. training was accomplished as part of (h) Multiengine airplane with a single- an approved training course in parts pilot station. An applicant for a type 121, 135, 141, or 142 of this chapter. A rating, at the ATP certification level, flight training device or aviation train- in a multiengine airplane with a sin- ing device may not be used to satisfy gle-pilot station must perform the this requirement.

practical test in the multi-seat version (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time, of that airplane. The practical test in actual or simulated instrument con- may be performed in the single-seat ditions, subject to the following: version of that airplane if the Exam- (i) Except as provided in paragraph iner is in a position to observe the ap- (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant plicant during the practical test in the may not receive credit for more than a case where there is no multi-seat total of 25 hours of simulated instru- version of that multiengine airplane. ment time in a full flight simulator or (i) Single engine airplane with a single- flight training device.

pilot station. An applicant for a type (ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train- rating, at the ATP certification level, ing in a full flight simulator or flight in a single engine airplane with a sin- training device may be credited toward gle-pilot station must perform the the instrument flight time require- practical test in the multi-seat version ments of paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- of that single engine airplane. The tion if the training was accomplished practical test may be performed in the in a course conducted by a training 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.159 center certificated under part 142 of authorized to conduct operations under this chapter. part 135 of this chapter and the second- (iii) Training in a full flight simu- in-command pilot time is obtained in lator or flight training device must be operations conducted for the certifi- accomplished in a full flight simulator cate holder under part 91 or 135 of this or flight training device, representing chapter when a second pilot is not re- an airplane. quired under the type certification of (5) 250 hours of flight time in an air- the aircraft or the regulations under plane as a pilot in command, or as sec- which the flight is being conducted, ond in command performing the duties and the following requirements are of pilot in command while under the met— supervision of a pilot in command, or (1) The experience must be accom- any combination thereof, subject to plished as part of a second-in-command the following: professional development program ap- (i) The flight time requirement must proved by the Administrator under include at least— § 135.99 of this chapter; (A) 100 hours of cross-country flight (2) The flight operation must be con- time; and ducted in accordance with the certifi- (B) 25 hours of night flight time.

cate holder’s operations specification (ii) Except for a person who has been for the second-in-command profes- removed from flying status for lack of sional development program; proficiency or because of a disciplinary (3) The pilot in command of the oper- action involving aircraft operations, a ation must certify in the pilot’s log- U.S. military pilot or former U.S. mili- book that the second-in-command pilot tary pilot who meets the requirements time was accomplished under this sec- of § 61.73(b)(1), or a military pilot in the tion; and Armed Forces of a foreign contracting (4) The pilot time may not be logged State to the Convention on Inter- as pilot-in-command time even when national Civil Aviation who meets the the pilot is the sole manipulator of the requirements of § 61.73(c)(1), may credit controls and may not be used to meet flight time in a powered-lift aircraft the aeronautical experience require- operated in horizontal flight toward ments in paragraph (a)(5) of this sec- the flight time requirement.

tion.

(6) Not more than 100 hours of the (d) A commercial pilot may log the total aeronautical experience require- following flight engineer flight time ments of paragraph (a) of this section toward the 1,500 hours of total time as or § 61.160 may be obtained in a full a pilot required by paragraph (a) of this flight simulator or flight training de- section and the total time as a pilot re- vice provided the device represents an quired by § 61.160: airplane and the aeronautical experi- (1) Flight-engineer time, provided the ence was accomplished as part of an ap- time— proved training course in parts 121, 135, (i) Is acquired in an airplane required 141, or 142 of this chapter.

to have a flight engineer by the air- (b) A person who has performed at plane’s flight manual or type certifi- least 20 night takeoffs and landings to cate; a full stop may substitute each addi- (ii) Is acquired while engaged in oper- tional night takeoff and landing to a ations under part 121 of this chapter for full stop for 1 hour of night flight time which a flight engineer is required; to satisfy the requirements of para- (iii) Is acquired while the person is graph (a)(2) of this section; however, participating in a pilot training pro- not more than 25 hours of night flight gram approved under part 121 of this time may be credited in this manner.

chapter; and (c) A commercial pilot may log sec- (iv) Does not exceed more than 1 hour ond-in-command pilot time toward the for each 3 hours of flight engineer aeronautical experience requirements flight time for a total credited time of of paragraph (a) of this section and the no more than 500 hours.

aeronautical experience requirements in § 61.160, provided the pilot is em- (2) Flight-engineer time, provided the ployed by a part 119 certificate holder flight time— Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.160 (i) Is acquired as a U.S. Armed (1) An official Form DD–214 (Certifi- Forces’ flight engineer crewmember in cate of Release or Discharge from Ac- an airplane that requires a flight engi- tive Duty) indicating that the person neer crewmember by the flight manual; was honorably discharged from the (ii) Is acquired while the person is U.S. Armed Forces or an official U.S.

participating in a flight engineer crew- Armed Forces record that shows the member training program for the U.S.

pilot is currently serving in the U.S.

Armed Forces; and Armed Forces; and (iii) Does not exceed 1 hour for each (2) An official U.S. Armed Forces 3 hours of flight engineer flight time record that shows the person graduated for a total credited time of no more from a U.S. Armed Forces under- than 500 hours.

graduate pilot training school and re- (e) An applicant who credits time ceived a rating qualification as a mili- under paragraphs (b) through (d) of this tary pilot.

section and § 61.51(f)(4) is issued an air- (b) A person may apply for an airline line transport pilot certificate with the transport pilot certificate with an air- limitation ‘‘Holder does not meet the plane category multiengine class rat- pilot in command aeronautical experi- ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- ence requirements of ICAO,’’ as pre- cate concurrently with a multiengine scribed under Article 39 of the Conven- airplane type rating with a minimum tion on International Civil Aviation.

of 1,000 hours of total time as a pilot if (f) An applicant is entitled to an air- the person: line transport pilot certificate without (1) Holds a Bachelor’s degree with an the ICAO limitation specified under aviation major from an institution of paragraph (e) of this section when the higher education, as defined in § 61.1, applicant presents satisfactory evi- that has been issued a letter of author- dence of having met the ICAO require- ization by the Administrator under ments under paragraph (e) of this sec- § 61.169; tion and otherwise meets the aero- (2) Completes 60 semester credit nautical experience requirements of hours of aviation and aviation-related this section.

coursework that has been recognized [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as by the Administrator as coursework amended by Amdt. 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July designed to improve and enhance the 30, 1997; Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20288, Apr. 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–109, 68 FR 54560, Sept. 17, 2003; knowledge and skills of a person seek- Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009; ing a career as a professional pilot; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42375, July 15, 2013; (3) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- Admt. 61–130A, 78 FR 44874, July 25, 2013; cate with an airplane category and in- Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77573, Dec. 24, 2013; strument rating if: Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30278, June 27, 2018; Amdt. 61–150, 87 FR 57590, Sept. 21, 2022; (i) The required ground training was Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 FR completed as part of an approved part 80340, Oct. 2, 2024] 141 curriculum at the institution of higher education; and § 61.160 Aeronautical experience—air- (ii) The required flight training was plane category restricted privileges.

completed as part of an approved part (a) Except for a person who has been 141 curriculum at the institution of removed from flying status for lack of higher education or at a part 141 pilot proficiency or because of a disciplinary school that has a training agreement action involving aircraft operations, a under § 141.26 of this chapter with the U.S. military pilot or former U.S. mili- institution of higher education; and tary pilot may apply for an airline (4) Presents official transcripts or transport pilot certificate with an air- other documentation acceptable to the plane category multiengine class rat- Administrator from the institution of ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- higher education certifying that the cate concurrently with a multiengine graduate has satisfied the require- airplane type rating with a minimum ments in paragraphs (b)(1) through (3) of 750 hours of total time as a pilot if of this section.

the pilot presents: 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.160 (c) A person may apply for an airline graphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this sec- transport pilot certificate with an air- tion must otherwise meet the aero- plane category multiengine class rat- nautical experience requirements of ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- § 61.159, except that the person may cate concurrently with a multiengine apply for an airline transport pilot cer- airplane type rating with a minimum tificate with 200 hours of cross-country of 1,250 hours of total time as a pilot if flight time.

the person: (f) A person may apply for an airline (1) Holds an Associate’s degree with transport pilot certificate with an air- an aviation major from an institution plane category multiengine class rat- of higher education, as defined in § 61.1, ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- that has been issued a letter of author- cate concurrently with a multiengine ization by the Administrator under airplane type rating if the person has § 61.169; 1,500 hours total time as a pilot, 200 (2) Completes at least 30 semester hours of cross-country flight time, and credit hours of aviation and aviation- otherwise meets the aeronautical expe- related coursework that has been rec- rience requirements of § 61.159.

ognized by the Administrator as (g) An airline transport pilot certifi- coursework designed to improve and cate obtained under this section is sub- enhance the knowledge and skills of a ject to the pilot in command limita- person seeking a career as a profes- sional pilot; tions set forth in § 61.167(b) and must (3) Holds a commercial pilot certifi- contain the following limitation, ‘‘Re- cate with an airplane category and in- stricted in accordance with 14 CFR strument rating if: 61.167.’’ The pilot is entitled to an air- (i) The required ground training was line transport pilot certificate without completed as part of an approved part the limitation specified in this para- 141 curriculum at the institution of graph when the applicant presents sat- higher education; and isfactory evidence of having met the (ii) The required flight training was aeronautical experience requirements completed as part of an approved part of § 61.159 and the age requirement of 141 curriculum at the institution of § 61.153(a)(1).

higher education or at a part 141 pilot (h) An applicant who meets the aero- school that has a written training nautical experience requirements of agreement under § 141.26 of this chapter paragraphs (a), (b), (c), and (d) of this with the institution of higher edu- section is issued an airline transport cation; and pilot certificate with the limitation, (4) Presents official transcripts or ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in other documentation acceptable to the command aeronautical experience re- Administrator from the institution of quirements of ICAO,’’ as prescribed higher education certifying that the under Article 39 of the Convention on graduate has satisfied the require- International Civil Aviation if the ap- ments in paragraphs (c)(1) through (3) of this section. plicant does not meet the ICAO re- (d) A graduate of an institution of quirements contained in Annex 1 ‘‘Per- higher education who completes fewer sonnel Licensing’’ to the Convention than 60 semester credit hours but at on International Civil Aviation. An ap- least 30 credit hours and otherwise sat- plicant is entitled to an airline trans- isfies the requirements of paragraph (b) port pilot certificate without the ICAO of this section may apply for an airline limitation specified under this para- transport pilot certificate with an air- graph when the applicant presents sat- plane category multiengine class rat- isfactory evidence of having met the ing or an airline transport pilot certifi- ICAO requirements and otherwise cate concurrently with a multiengine meets the aeronautical experience re- airplane type rating with a minimum quirements of § 61.159.

of 1,250 hours of total time as a pilot.

(e) A person who applies for an air- [Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42375, July 15, 2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–149, 86 FR line transport pilot certificate under 62087, Nov. 9, 2021] the total flight times listed in para- Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.163 and the flight time requirements of § 61.161 Aeronautical experience: Rotorcraft category and helicopter paragraphs (a)(1), (2), and (4) of this class rating.

section, except for the specific heli- copter flight time requirements.

(a) A person who is applying for an (d) An applicant who credits time airline transport pilot certificate with under paragraph (c) of this section and a rotorcraft category and helicopter § 61.51(f)(4) is issued an airline trans- class rating, must have at least 1,200 port pilot certificate with the limita- hours of total time as a pilot that in- tion ‘‘Holder does not meet the pilot in cludes at least: command aeronautical experience re- (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight quirements of ICAO,’’ as prescribed time; under Article 39 of the Convention on (2) 100 hours of night flight time, of International Civil Aviation.

which 15 hours are in helicopters; (e) An applicant is entitled to an air- (3) 200 hours of flight time in heli- line transport pilot certificate without copters, which includes at least 75 the ICAO limitation specified under hours as a pilot in command, or as sec- paragraph (d) of this section when the ond in command performing the duties applicant presents satisfactory evi- of a pilot in command under the super- dence of having met the ICAO require- vision of a pilot in command, or any ments under paragraph (d) of this sec- combination thereof; and tion and otherwise meets the aero- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time nautical experience requirements of in actual or simulated instrument me- this section.

teorological conditions, of which at least 50 hours are obtained in flight [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

with at least 25 hours in helicopters as 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– a pilot in command, or as second in 104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998; Docket FAA– command performing the duties of a 2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt. 61–156, 89 pilot in command under the super- FR 80340, Oct. 2, 2024] vision of a pilot in command, or any combination thereof.

§ 61.163 Aeronautical experience: Pow- (b) Training in a full flight simulator ered-lift category rating.

or flight training device may be cred- (a) A person who is applying for an ited toward the instrument flight time airline transport pilot certificate with requirements of paragraph (a)(4) of this a powered-lift category rating must section, subject to the following: have at least 1,500 hours of total time (1) Training in a full flight simulator as a pilot that includes at least: or a flight training device must be ac- (1) 500 hours of cross-country flight complished in a full flight simulator or time; flight training device that represents a (2) 100 hours of night flight time; rotorcraft.

(2) Except as provided in paragraph (3) 250 hours in a powered-lift as a (b)(3) of this section, an applicant may pilot in command, or as a second in receive credit for not more than a total command performing the duties of a of 25 hours of simulated instrument pilot in command under the super- time in a full flight simulator and vision of a pilot in command, or any flight training device. combination thereof, which includes at (3) A maximum of 50 hours of train- least— ing in a full flight simulator or flight (i) 100 hours of cross-country flight training device may be credited toward time; and the instrument flight time require- (ii) 25 hours of night flight time.

ments of paragraph (a)(4) of this sec- (4) 75 hours of instrument flight time tion if the aeronautical experience is in actual or simulated instrument con- accomplished in an approved course ditions, subject to the following: conducted by a training center certifi- (i) Except as provided in paragraph cated under part 142 of this chapter. (a)(4)(ii) of this section, an applicant (c) Flight time logged under may not receive credit for more than a § 61.159(c) may be counted toward the total of 25 hours of simulated instru- 1,200 hours of total time as a pilot re- ment time in a flight simulator or quired by paragraph (a) of this section flight training device.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.165 (ii) A maximum of 50 hours of train- line transport pilot certificate with an- ing in a flight simulator or flight train- other aircraft category rating must: ing device may be credited toward the (1) Meet the eligibility requirements instrument flight time requirements of of § 61.153 of this part; paragraph (a)(4) of this section if the (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- training was accomplished in a course nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) conducted by a training center certifi- of this part; cated under part 142 of this chapter.

(3) Comply with the requirements in (iii) Training in a flight simulator or § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; flight training device must be accom- (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical plished in a flight simulator or flight experience requirements of § 61.159 of training device that represents a pow- this part; and ered-lift.

(5) Pass the practical test on the (b) Not more than 100 hours of the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(1) of total aeronautical experience require- this part.

ments of paragraph (a) of this section (c) Airplane category rating with a mul- may be obtained in a flight simulator tiengine class rating. A person applying or flight training device that rep- for an airline transport certificate with resents a powered-lift, provided the an airplane category and multiengine aeronautical experience was obtained class rating who holds an airline trans- in an approved course conducted by a port certificate with another aircraft training center certificated under part category rating must: 142 of this chapter.

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

of § 61.153 of this part; 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– (2) Successfully complete the airline 104, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998] transport pilot certification training E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to program specified in § 61.156; § 61.163 were published by Docket FAA–2023– (3) Pass a knowledge test for an air- 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- plane category multiengine class rat- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

ing or type rating on the aeronautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c); § 61.165 Additional aircraft category (4) Comply with the requirements in and class ratings.

§ 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; (a) Rotorcraft category and helicopter (5) Meet the aeronautical experience class rating. A person applying for an requirements of § 61.159 or § 61.160; and airline transport certificate with a (6) Pass the practical test on the rotorcraft category and helicopter areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(2) of class rating who holds an airline trans- this part.

port pilot certificate with another air- (d) Powered-lift category. A person ap- craft category rating must: plying for an airline transport pilot (1) Meet the eligibility requirements certificate with a powered-lift category of § 61.153 of this part; rating who holds an airline transport (2) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- certificate with another aircraft cat- nautical knowledge areas of § 61.155(c) egory rating must: of this part; (1) Meet the eligibility requirements (3) Comply with the requirements in of § 61.153 of this part; § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; (2) Pass a required knowledge test on (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical the aeronautical knowledge areas of experience requirements of § 61.161 of § 61.155(c) of this part; this part; and (3) Comply with the requirements in (5) Pass the practical test on the § 61.157(b) of this part, if appropriate; areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(4) of this part. (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical experience requirements of § 61.163 of (b) Airplane category rating with a sin- this part; and gle-engine class rating. A person apply- ing for an airline transport certificate (5) Pass the required practical test on with an airplane category and single- the areas of operation of § 61.157(e)(3) of engine class rating who holds an air- this part.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.167 (e) Additional class rating within the mand of the same category, class, same aircraft category. Except as pro- make, and model of aircraft for which vided in paragraph (f) of this section, a application is made; and person applying for an airline trans- (3) The flight time specified in para- port pilot certificate with an addi- graph (g)(1) of this section must be tional class rating who holds an airline logged between September 1, 2004 and transport certificate in the same air- August 31, 2005.

craft category must— [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(1) Meet the eligibility requirements 61–103, 62 FR 40906, July 30, 1997, as amended of § 61.153, except paragraph (g) of that by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; section; Amdt. 61–130, 78 FR 42376, July 15, 2013; (2) Comply with the requirements in Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR 77574, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016] § 61.157(b) of this part, if applicable; (3) Meet the applicable aeronautical E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to experience requirements of subpart G § 61.165 were published by Docket FAA–2023– of this part; and 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- fective Jan. 21, 2025.

(4) Pass a practical test on the areas of operation of § 61.157(e) appropriate to § 61.167 Airline transport pilot privi- the aircraft rating sought.

leges and limitations.

(f) Adding a multiengine class rating to (a) Privileges. (1) A person who holds an airline transport pilot certificate with an airline transport pilot certificate is a single engine class rating. A person ap- entitled to the same privileges as a plying to add a multiengine class rat- person who holds a commercial pilot ing, or a multiengine class rating con- certificate with an instrument rating.

currently with a multiengine airplane type rating, to an airline transport (2) A person who holds an airline pilot certificate with an airplane cat- transport pilot certificate and has met egory single engine class rating must— the aeronautical experience require- (1) Meet the eligibility requirements ments of § 61.159 or § 61.161, and the age of § 61.153; requirements of § 61.153(a)(1) of this (2) Pass a required knowledge test on part may instruct— the aeronautical knowledge areas of (i) Other pilots in air transportation § 61.155(c), as applicable to multiengine service in aircraft of the category, airplanes; class, and type, as applicable, for which (3) Comply with the requirements in the airline transport pilot is rated and § 61.157(b), if applicable; endorse the logbook or other training (4) Meet the applicable aeronautical record of the person to whom training experience requirements of § 61.159; and has been given; (5) Pass a practical test on the areas (ii) In flight simulators, and flight of operation of § 61.157(e)(2). training devices representing the air- (g) Category class ratings for the oper- craft referenced in paragraph (a)(2)(i) ation of aircraft with experimental certifi- of this section, when instructing under cates. Notwithstanding the provisions the provisions of this section and en- of paragraphs (a) through (f) of this dorse the logbook or other training section, a person holding an airline record of the person to whom training transport certificate may apply for a has been given; category and class rating limited to a (iii) Only as provided in this section, specific make and model of experi- except that an airline transport pilot mental aircraft, provided— who also holds a flight instructor cer- (1) The person has logged at least 5 tificate can exercise the instructor hours flight time while acting as pilot privileges under subpart H of this part in command in the same category, for which he or she is rated; and class, make, and model of aircraft that (iv) In an aircraft, only if the aircraft has been issued an experimental cer- has functioning dual controls, when in- tificate; structing under the provisions of this (2) The person has received a logbook section.

endorsement from an authorized in- (3) Excluding briefings and structor who has determined that he or debriefings, an airline transport pilot she is proficient to act as pilot in com- may not instruct in aircraft, flight 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.169 simulators, and flight training devices the provisions of the letter of author- under this section— ization.

(i) For more than 8 hours in any 24- [Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42377, July 15, consecutive-hour period; or 2013] (ii) For more than 36 hours in any 7- consecutive-day period.

§§ 61.170–69.171 [Reserved] (4) An airline transport pilot may not instruct in Category II or Category III Subpart H—Flight Instructors Other operations unless he or she has been than Flight Instructors With a trained and successfully tested under Sport Pilot Rating Category II or Category III operations, as applicable.

§ 61.181 Applicability.

(b) Limitations. A person who holds an This subpart prescribes the require- airline transport pilot certificate and ments for the issuance of flight in- has not satisfied the age requirement structor certificates and ratings (ex- of § 61.153(a)(1) and the aeronautical ex- cept for flight instructor certificates perience requirements of § 61.159 may with a sport pilot rating), the condi- not: tions under which those certificates (1) Act as pilot in command in oper- and ratings are necessary, and the lim- ations conducted under part 121, itations on those certificates and rat- § 91.1053(a)(2)(i), or § 135.243(a)(1) of this ings.

chapter, or (2) Serve as second in command in [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004] flag or supplemental operations in part 121 of this chapter requiring three or § 61.183 Eligibility requirements.

more pilots.

To be eligible for a flight instructor [Docket FAA–2010–0100, 78 FR 42376, July 15, certificate or rating a person must: 2013, as amended by Amdt. 61–130B, 78 FR (a) Be at least 18 years of age; 77574, Dec. 24, 2013; Amdt. 61–130C, 81 FR 2, Jan. 4, 2016] (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language. If the E FFECTIVE D ATE N OTE : Amendments to applicant is unable to meet one of § 61.167 were published by Docket FAA–2023– these requirements due to medical rea- 1275, Amdt. 60–8, 89 FR 92485, Nov. 21, 2024, ef- sons, then the Administrator may fective Jan. 21, 2025.

place such operating limitations on § 61.169 Letters of authorization for in- that applicant’s flight instructor cer- stitutions of higher education.

tificate as are necessary; (c) Hold either a commercial pilot (a) An institution of higher education certificate or airline transport pilot that is accredited, as defined in § 61.1, certificate with: may apply for a letter of authorization (1) An aircraft category and class rat- for the purpose of certifying its grad- ing that is appropriate to the flight in- uates for an airline transport pilot cer- structor rating sought; and tificate under the academic and aero- (2) An instrument rating, or privi- nautical experience requirements in leges on that person’s pilot certificate § 61.160. The application must be in a that are appropriate to the flight in- form and manner acceptable to the Ad- structor rating sought, if applying ministrator.

for— (b) An institution of higher education must comply with the provisions of the (i) A flight instructor certificate with letter of authorization and may not an airplane category and single-engine certify a graduate unless it determines class rating; that the graduate has satisfied the re- (ii) A flight instructor certificate quirements of § 61.160, as appropriate. with an airplane category and multien- gine class rating; (c) The Administrator may rescind or amend a letter of authorization if the (iii) A flight instructor certificate Administrator determines that the in- with a powered-lift rating; or stitution of higher education is not (iv) A flight instructor certificate complying or is unable to comply with with an instrument rating.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.185 (d) Receive a logbook endorsement of this section an examiner may accept from an authorized instructor on the that endorsement as satisfactory evi- fundamentals of instructing listed in dence of instructional proficiency in § 61.185 of this part appropriate to the stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and required knowledge test; spin recovery procedures for the prac- (e) Pass a knowledge test on the tical test, provided that the practical areas listed in § 61.185(a)(1) of this part, test is not a retest as a result of the ap- unless the applicant: plicant failing the previous test for de- (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- ficiencies in the knowledge or skill of cate or ground instructor certificate stall awareness, spin entry, spins, or issued under this part; spin recovery instructional procedures.

(2) Holds a teacher’s certificate If the retest is a result of deficiencies issued by a State, county, city, or mu- in the ability of an applicant to dem- nicipality that authorizes the person to onstrate knowledge or skill of stall teach at an educational level of the 7th awareness, spin entry, spins, or spin re- grade or higher; or covery instructional procedures, the (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- examiner must test the person on stall credited college or university. awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin (f) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- recovery instructional procedures in an nautical knowledge areas listed in airplane or glider, as appropriate, that § 61.185(a)(2) and (a)(3) of this part that is certificated for spins; are appropriate to the flight instructor (j) Log at least 15 hours as pilot in rating sought; command in the category and class of (g) Receive a logbook endorsement aircraft that is appropriate to the from an authorized instructor on the flight instructor rating sought; and areas of operation listed in § 61.187(b) of (k) Comply with the appropriate sec- this part, appropriate to the flight in- tions of this part that apply to the structor rating sought; flight instructor rating sought.

(h) Pass the required practical test [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

that is appropriate to the flight in- 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– structor rating sought in an: 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] (1) Aircraft that is representative of the category and class of aircraft for § 61.185 Aeronautical knowledge.

the aircraft rating sought; or (a) A person who is applying for a (2) Flight simulator or approved flight instructor certificate must re- flight training device that is represent- ceive and log ground training from an ative of the category and class of air- authorized instructor on: craft for the rating sought, and used in (1) Except as provided in paragraph accordance with a course at a training (b) of this section, the fundamentals of center certificated under part 142 of instructing, including: this chapter.

(i) The learning process; (i) Accomplish the following for a (ii) Elements of effective teaching; flight instructor certificate with an (iii) Student evaluation and testing; airplane or a glider rating: (iv) Course development; (1) Receive a logbook endorsement (v) Lesson planning; and from an authorized instructor indi- (vi) Classroom training techniques.

cating that the applicant is competent (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas and possesses instructional proficiency for a recreational, private, and com- in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, mercial pilot certificate applicable to and spin recovery procedures after pro- the aircraft category for which flight viding the applicant with flight train- instructor privileges are sought; and ing in those training areas in an air- plane or glider, as appropriate, that is (3) The aeronautical knowledge areas certificated for spins; and for the instrument rating applicable to (2) Demonstrate instructional pro- the category for which instrument ficiency in stall awareness, spin entry, flight instructor privileges are sought.

spins, and spin recovery procedures. (b) The following applicants do not However, upon presentation of the en- need to comply with paragraph (a)(1) of dorsement specified in paragraph (i)(1) this section: 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.187 (1) The holder of a flight instructor (ix) Performance maneuvers; certificate or ground instructor certifi- (x) Ground reference maneuvers; cate issued under this part; (xi) Slow flight and stalls; (2) The holder of a current teacher’s (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; certificate issued by a State, county, (xiii) Emergency operations; city, or municipality that authorizes (xiv) Multiengine operations; and the person to teach at an educational (xv) Postflight procedures.

level of the 7th grade or higher; or (3) For a rotorcraft category rating (3) A person employed as a teacher at with a helicopter class rating: an accredited college or university. (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (ii) Technical subject areas; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(iii) Preflight preparation; 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver § 61.187 Flight proficiency. to be performed in flight; (v) Preflight procedures; (a) General. A person who is applying (vi) Airport and heliport operations; for a flight instructor certificate must (vii) Hovering maneuvers; receive and log flight and ground train- (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- ing from an authorized instructor on arounds; the areas of operation listed in this (ix) Fundamentals of flight; section that apply to the flight instruc- (x) Performance maneuvers; tor rating sought. The applicant’s log- (xi) Emergency operations; book must contain an endorsement (xii) Special operations; and from an authorized instructor certi- (xiii) Postflight procedures.

fying that the person is proficient to (4) For a rotorcraft category rating pass a practical test on those areas of with a gyroplane class rating: operation.

(i) Fundamentals of instructing; (b) Areas of operation. (1) For an air- (ii) Technical subject areas; plane category rating with a single-en- (iii) Preflight preparation; gine class rating: (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (i) Fundamentals of instructing; to be performed in flight; (ii) Technical subject areas; (v) Preflight procedures; (iii) Preflight preparation; (vi) Airport operations; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- to be performed in flight; arounds; (v) Preflight procedures; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper- (ix) Performance maneuvers; ations; (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; arounds; (xii) Emergency operations; and (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (xiii) Postflight procedures.

(ix) Performance maneuvers; (5) For a powered-lift category rat- (x) Ground reference maneuvers; ing: (xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (ii) Technical subject areas; (xiii) Emergency operations; and (iii) Preflight preparation; (xiv) Postflight procedures.

(iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (2) For an airplane category rating to be performed in flight; with a multiengine class rating: (v) Preflight procedures; (i) Fundamentals of instructing; (vi) Airport and heliport operations; (ii) Technical subject areas; (vii) Hovering maneuvers; (iii) Preflight preparation; (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- to be performed in flight; arounds; (v) Preflight procedures; (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (vi) Airport and seaplane base oper- (x) Performance maneuvers; ations; (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go- (xii) Slow flight and stalls; arounds; (xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (xiv) Emergency operations; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.193 (xv) Special operations; and (b) A flight instructor must maintain (xvi) Postflight procedures. a record in a logbook or a separate doc- ument that contains the following: (6) For a glider category rating: (1) The name of each person whose (i) Fundamentals of instructing; logbook that instructor has endorsed (ii) Technical subject areas; for solo flight privileges, and the date (iii) Preflight preparation; of the endorsement; and (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver (2) The name of each person that in- to be performed in flight; structor has endorsed for a knowledge (v) Preflight procedures; test or practical test, and the record (vi) Airport and gliderport oper- shall also indicate the kind of test, the ations; date, and the results.

(vii) Launches and landings; (c) Each flight instructor must retain (viii) Fundamentals of flight; the records required by this section for (ix) Performance speeds; at least 3 years.

(x) Soaring techniques; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as (xi) Performance maneuvers; amended by Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61– (xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; 135, 81 FR 1306, Jan. 12, 2016] (xiii) Emergency operations; and (xiv) Postflight procedures.

§ 61.191 Additional flight instructor (7) For an instrument rating with the ratings.

appropriate aircraft category and class (a) A person who applies for an addi- rating: tional flight instructor rating on a (i) Fundamentals of instructing; flight instructor certificate must meet (ii) Technical subject areas; the eligibility requirements listed in (iii) Preflight preparation; § 61.183 of this part that apply to the (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver flight instructor rating sought.

to be performed in flight; (b) A person who applies for an addi- (v) Air traffic control clearances and tional rating on a flight instructor cer- procedures; tificate is not required to pass the (vi) Flight by reference to instru- knowledge test on the areas listed in ments; § 61.185(a)(1) of this part.

(vii) Navigation aids; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

(viii) Instrument approach proce- 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997] dures; (ix) Emergency operations; and § 61.193 Flight instructor privileges.

(x) Postflight procedures.

(a) A person who holds a flight in- (c) The flight training required by structor certificate is authorized with- this section may be accomplished: in the limitations of that person’s (1) In an aircraft that is representa- flight instructor certificate and ratings tive of the category and class of air- to conduct ground training, flight craft for the rating sought; or training, certain checking events, and (2) In a flight simulator or flight to issue endorsements related to: training device representative of the (1) A student pilot certificate; category and class of aircraft for the (2) A pilot certificate; rating sought, and used in accordance (3) A flight instructor certificate; with an approved course at a training (4) A ground instructor certificate; center certificated under part 142 of (5) An aircraft rating; this chapter.

(6) An instrument rating; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. (7) A flight review, operating privi- 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– lege, or recency of experience require- 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009] ment of this part, or training to main- tain or improve the skills of a certifi- § 61.189 Flight instructor records.

cated pilot; (a) A flight instructor must sign the (8) A practical test; and logbook of each person to whom that (9) A knowledge test.

instructor has given flight training or (b) A person who holds a flight in- ground training. structor certificate is authorized, in a 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.195 form and manner acceptable to the Ad- commercial pilot and airline transport ministrator, to: pilot certificates if the following re- (1) Accept an application for a stu- quirements are met: dent pilot certificate or, for an appli- (1) Except as provided in paragraph cant who holds a pilot certificate (c)(2) of this section, the flight instruc- (other than a student pilot certificate) tor must hold an instrument rating ap- issued under part 61 of this chapter and propriate to the aircraft used for the meets the flight review requirements instrument training on his or her flight specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot cer- instructor certificate, and— tificate with a small UAS rating; (i) Meet the requirements of para- (2) Verify the identity of the appli- graph (b) of this section; or cant; and (ii) Hold a commercial pilot certifi- (3) Verify that an applicant for a stu- cate or airline transport pilot certifi- dent pilot certificate meets the eligi- cate with the appropriate category and bility requirements in § 61.83 or an ap- class ratings for the aircraft in which plicant for a remote pilot certificate the instrument training is conducted with a small UAS rating meets the eli- provided the pilot receiving instrument gibility requirements in § 107.61 of this training holds a pilot certificate with chapter.

category and class ratings appropriate (c) The privileges authorized in this to the aircraft in which the instrument section do not permit a person who training is being conducted.

holds a flight instructor certificate to (2) If the flight instructor is con- conduct operations that would other- ducting the instrument training in a wise require an air carrier or operating multiengine airplane, the flight in- certificate or specific authorization structor must hold an instrument rat- from the Administrator.

ing appropriate to the aircraft used for [Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR the instrument training on his or her 1306, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket flight instructor certificate and meet FAA–2015–0150, Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, the requirements of paragraph (b) of June 28, 2016; Docket FAA–2023–1351, Amdt.

this section.

61–156, 89 FR 80340, Oct. 2, 2024] (d) Limitations on endorsements. A flight instructor may not endorse a: § 61.195 Flight instructor limitations and qualifications. (1) Student pilot’s logbook for solo flight privileges, unless that flight in- A person who holds a flight instruc- structor has— tor certificate is subject to the fol- (i) Given that student the flight lowing limitations: training required for solo flight privi- (a) Hours of training. In any 24-con- leges required by this part; and secutive-hour period, a flight instruc- (ii) Determined that the student is tor may not conduct more than 8 hours prepared to conduct the flight safely of flight training.

under known circumstances, subject to (b) Aircraft ratings. Except as pro- any limitations listed in the student’s vided in paragraph (c) of this section, a logbook that the instructor considers flight instructor may not conduct necessary for the safety of the flight.

flight training in any aircraft unless (2) Student pilot’s logbook for a solo the flight instructor: cross-country flight, unless that flight (1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- instructor has determined the stu- cate with the applicable category and dent’s flight preparation, planning, class rating; equipment, and proposed procedures (2) Holds a pilot certificate with the are adequate for the proposed flight applicable category and class rating; under the existing conditions and with- and in any limitations listed in the logbook (3) Meets the requirements of para- that the instructor considers necessary graph (e) of this section, if applicable.

for the safety of the flight; (c) Instrument rating. A flight instruc- tor may conduct instrument training (3) Student pilot’s logbook for solo for the issuance of an instrument rat- flight in a Class B airspace area or at ing, a type rating not limited to VFR, an airport within Class B airspace un- or the instrument training required for less that flight instructor has— Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.195 (i) Given that student ground and priate, that applies to the pilot certifi- flight training in that Class B airspace cate or rating sought.

or at that airport; and (ii) For single-place aircraft, the pre- (ii) Determined that the student is solo flight training must have been proficient to operate the aircraft safe- provided in an aircraft that has two ly. pilot stations and is of the same cat- egory, class, and type, if appropriate.

(4) Logbook of a recreational pilot, unless that flight instructor has— (h) Qualifications to provide ground or flight training to initial flight instructor (i) Given that pilot the ground and applicants —(1) Ground training. The flight training required by this part; ground training provided to an initial and (ii) Determined that the recreational applicant for a flight instructor certifi- pilot is proficient to operate the air- cate must be given by an authorized in- craft safely. structor who— (i) Holds a ground or flight instructor (5) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- certificate with the appropriate rating, view, unless that instructor has con- has held that certificate for at least 24 ducted a review of that pilot in accord- calendar months, and has given at ance with the requirements of § 61.56(a) least 40 hours of ground training; or of this part; or (ii) Holds a ground or flight instruc- (6) Logbook of a pilot for an instru- tor certificate with the appropriate ment proficiency check, unless that in- rating, and has given at least 100 hours structor has tested that pilot in ac- of ground training in an FAA-approved cordance with the requirements of course.

§ 61.57(d) of this part.

(2) Flight training. A flight instructor (e) Training in an aircraft that requires who provides flight training to an ini- a type rating. A flight instructor may tial applicant for a flight instructor not give flight instruction, including certificate must meet the eligibility instrument training, in an aircraft requirements prescribed in § 61.183; hold that requires the pilot in command to the appropriate flight instructor cer- hold a type rating unless the flight in- tificate and rating; meet the require- structor holds a type rating for that ments of the part under which the aircraft on his or her pilot certificate.

flight training is provided; and meet (f) Training received in a multiengine one of the following requirements— airplane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift. A (i) Have held a flight instructor cer- flight instructor may not give training tificate for at least 24 calendar months; required for the issuance of a certifi- and cate or rating in a multiengine air- plane, a helicopter, or a powered-lift (A) For training in preparation for an unless that flight instructor has at airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift least 5 flight hours of pilot-in-com- rating, have given at least 200 hours of mand time in the specific make and flight training as a flight instructor; or model of multiengine airplane, heli- (B) For training in preparation for a copter, or powered-lift, as appropriate. glider rating, have given at least 80 (g) Position in aircraft and required hours of flight training as a flight in- pilot stations for providing flight training. structor; (1) A flight instructor must perform all (ii) Have trained and endorsed, dur- training from in an aircraft that com- ing the preceding 24 calendar months, plies with the requirements of § 91.109 at least five applicants for a practical of this chapter.

test for a pilot certificate or rating, (2) A flight instructor who provides and at least 80 percent of all applicants flight training for a pilot certificate or endorsed in that period passed that rating issued under this part must pro- test on their first attempt; or vide that flight training in an aircraft (iii) After completing the flight that meets the following require- training requirements in paragraph ments— (h)(2)(i)(A) or (B) of this section, as ap- (i) The aircraft must have at least propriate, have graduated from an two pilot stations and be of the same FAA-approved flight instructor en- category, class, and type, if appro- hanced qualification training program 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.195 that satisfies the requirements speci- (F) Methods to detect personal char- fied in paragraph (h)(3) of this section. acteristics of an initial flight instruc- (3) Flight instructor enhanced qualifica- tor applicant that could adversely af- tion training program. A flight instruc- fect safety.

tor enhanced qualification training (iii) Each flight instructor enrolled program must be approved and con- in the flight instructor enhanced quali- ducted under part 141 or 142 of this fication training program must satis- chapter, and meet the following factorily complete an end-of-course requirements- written test specific to the ground (i) The ground training must include training subjects in paragraph (h)(3)(i) at least 25 hours of instruction that in- of this section and an end-of-course in- cludes the following subjects: structional proficiency flight test spe- (A) Flight instructor responsibilities, cific to the flight training areas in functions, lesson planning, and risk paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section.

management, including how to instruct (iv) A full flight simulator or flight an initial flight instructor applicant on training device may be used to meet these subjects.

the flight training requirements of (B) Teaching methods, procedures, paragraph (h)(3)(ii) of this section. The and techniques applicable to instruct- FFS or FTD must be— ing an initial flight instructor appli- (A) Qualified and maintained in ac- cant.

cordance with part 60 of this chapter, (C) Methods of proper evaluation of or a previously qualified device as per- an initial flight instructor applicant to mitted in accordance with § 60.17 of this detect improper and insufficient trans- chapter; fer of instructional knowledge, train- (B) Approved by the Administrator ing, and performance of the initial pursuant to § 61.4(a); and flight instructor applicant.

(C) Used in accordance with the part (D) Corrective action in the case of unsatisfactory training progress. under which the FAA-approved course (ii) The flight training must include is conducted.

at least 10 hours of training that in- (v) A maximum of 5 hours of training cludes the following areas: received in an advanced aviation train- (A) Scenario-based training to de- ing device may be used to meet the velop the flight instructor’s ability to flight training requirements of para- instruct an initial flight instructor ap- graph (h)(3)(ii) of this section for part plicant how to satisfactorily perform 141 flight instructor enhanced quali- the procedures and maneuvers while fication training programs. The ad- giving effective flight training.

vanced aviation training device must (B) Instructional knowledge and pro- be- ficiency to teach an initial flight in- (A) Approved by the Administrator structor applicant in abnormal and pursuant to § 61.4(c); and emergency procedures, which must in- (B) Used in accordance with part 141 clude stall awareness, spin entry, spins, of this chapter.

and spin recovery procedures, if appli- (vi) No certificate holder may use a cable to the category and class of air- person, nor may any person serve, as craft used in the flight instructor en- an instructor of the flight instructor hanced qualification training program.

enhanced qualification training pro- (C) Risk management and potential gram unless the instructor holds a results of improper, untimely, or non- flight instructor certificate or ground execution of safety measures critical instructor certificate and meets one of to flight training.

the following qualifications: (D) Methods of proper evaluation of (A) Serves as a chief instructor or as- an initial flight instructor applicant to sistant chief instructor in a part 141 detect improper and insufficient trans- pilot school; fer of instructional knowledge, train- (B) Serves as a training center pro- ing, and performance of the initial flight instructor applicant. gram manager or assistant training (E) Corrective action in the case of center program manager of a part 142 unsatisfactory training progress. training center; or Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.197 (C) Meets the qualifications of an as- cent flight experience requirements sistant chief instructor, pursuant to under § 61.31(k) and § 61.57(f) and (g).

§ 141.36(d). (l) Training on control and maneu- vering an aircraft solely by reference to (vii) A part 141 pilot school or part the instruments. A flight instructor may 142 training center must issue a grad- conduct flight training on control and uation certificate to each flight in- maneuvering an airplane solely by ref- structor who successfully completes erence to the flight instruments, pro- the flight instructor enhanced quali- vided the flight instructor— fication training program.

(1) Holds a flight instructor certifi- (i) Prohibition against self-endorse- cate with the applicable category and ments. A flight instructor shall not class rating; or make any self-endorsement for a cer- (2) Holds an instrument rating appro- tificate, rating, flight review, author- priate to the aircraft used for the ization, operating privilege, practical training on his or her flight instructor test, or knowledge test that is required certificate, and holds a commercial by this part.

pilot certificate or airline transport (j) Additional qualifications required to pilot certificate with the appropriate give training in Category II or Category category and class ratings for the air- III operations. A flight instructor may craft in which the training is con- not give training in Category II or Cat- ducted provided the pilot receiving the egory III operations unless the flight training holds a pilot certificate with instructor has been trained and tested category and class ratings appropriate in Category II or Category III oper- to the aircraft in which the training is ations, pursuant to § 61.67 or § 61.68 of being conducted.

this part, as applicable.

(k) Training for night vision goggle op- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.

erations. A flight instructor may not 61–103, 62 FR 40907, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 61– conduct training for night vision gog- 124, 74 FR 42561, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA– gle operations unless the flight instruc- 2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR 1307, Jan. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2016–6142, Amdt. 61–142, 83 tor: FR 30729, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023– (1) Has a pilot and flight instructor 0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 80051, Oct. 1, 2024] certificate with the applicable cat- egory and class rating for the training; § 61.197 Recent experience require- (2) If appropriate, has a type rating ments for flight instructor certifi- on his or her pilot certificate for the cation.

aircraft; (a) A person may exercise the privi- (3) Is pilot in command qualified for leges of the person’s flight instructor night vision goggle operations, in ac- certificate only if, within the preceding cordance with § 61.31(k); 24 calendar months, that person has (4) Has logged 100 night vision goggle satisfied one of the recent experience operations as the sole manipulator of requirements specified in paragraph (b) the controls; of this section. The 24 calendar month (5) Has logged 20 night vision goggle period during which the flight instruc- operations as the sole manipulator of tor must establish recent experience the controls in the category and class, shall start from one of the following— and type of aircraft, if aircraft class (1) The month the FAA issued the and type is appropriate, that the train- flight instructor certificate; ing will be given in; (2) The month the recent experience (6) Is qualified to act as pilot in com- requirements of paragraph (b) of this mand in night vision goggle operations section are accomplished; or under § 61.57(f) or (g); and (3) The last month of the flight in- (7) Has a logbook endorsement from structor’s current recent experience pe- an FAA Aviation Safety Inspector or a riod provided the recent experience re- person who is authorized by the FAA to quirements of paragraph (b) of this sec- provide that logbook endorsement that tion are accomplished within the 3 cal- states the flight instructor is author- endar months preceding the last month ized to perform the night vision goggle of the certificate holder’s current re- pilot in command qualification and re- cent experience period.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.199 (b) A person who holds a flight in- (C) Has conducted at least 15 flight structor certificate may establish re- activities recognized under the FAA- cent experience by satisfying one of the sponsored pilot proficiency program, following requirements— during which the flight instructor eval- (1) Passing a practical test for— uated at least 5 different pilots and has (i) One of the ratings listed on the made the necessary endorsements in flight instructor certificate; or the logbooks of each pilot for each ac- (ii) An additional flight instructor tivity.

rating; or (c) Except as provided in paragraph (2) Satisfactorily completing one of (f) of this section, a person who fails to the following recent experience re- establish recent experience in accord- quirements, and submitting docu- ance with paragraph (b) of this section mentation of such in a form and man- during the 24 calendar month period ner acceptable to the Administrator— specified in paragraph (a) of this sec- (i) During the preceding 24 calendar tion may not exercise flight instructor months, the flight instructor has en- privileges until those privileges are re- dorsed at least 5 applicants for a prac- instated in accordance with § 61.199.

tical test for a certificate or rating and (d) The practical test required by at least 80 percent of all applicants en- paragraph (b)(1) of this section may be dorsed passed that test on the first at- accomplished in a full flight simulator tempt.

or flight training device if the test is (ii) Within the preceding 24 calendar accomplished pursuant to an approved months, the flight instructor has course conducted by a training center served as a company check pilot, chief certificated under part 142 of this chap- flight instructor, company check air- ter.

man, or flight instructor in a part 121 (e) A person who holds an unexpired or 135 operation, or in a position in- flight instructor certificate issued be- volving the regular evaluation of pi- fore December 1, 2024, may renew that lots.

certificate by establishing recent expe- (iii) Within the preceding 3 calendar rience in accordance with paragraph (b) months, the person has successfully of this section prior to the month of completed an approved flight instruc- expiration on that person’s flight in- tor refresher course consisting of structor certificate. Except as provided ground training or flight training, or a in § 61.40, if that person fails to estab- combination of both.

lish recent experience prior to the expi- (iv) Within the preceding 24 calendar ration of that person’s flight instructor months from the month of application, certificate, that person may not exer- the flight instructor passed an official cise flight instructor privileges until U.S. Armed Forces military instructor those privileges are reinstated in ac- pilot or pilot examiner proficiency cordance with § 61.199.

check in an aircraft for which the mili- (f) A person who qualifies for the re- tary instructor already holds a rating lief prescribed in § 61.40 may establish or in an aircraft for an additional rat- recent experience in accordance with ing.

paragraph (b) of this section, provided (v) Within the preceding 24 calendar the requirements of § 61.40 are met.

months from the month of application, [Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR the flight instructor has served as a 80051, Oct. 1, 2024] flight instructor in an FAA-sponsored pilot proficiency program, provided the § 61.199 Reinstatement of flight in- flight instructor meets the following structor privileges.

requirements— (A) Holds a flight instructor certifi- (a) Flight instructor privileges. The cate and meets the appropriate flight holder of a flight instructor certificate instructor recent experience require- who has not complied with the flight ments of this part; instructor recent experience require- (B) Has satisfactorily completed at ments of § 61.197 may reinstate their least one phase of an FAA-sponsored flight instructor privileges by filing a pilot proficiency program in the pre- completed and signed application with ceding 12 calendar months; and the FAA and satisfactorily completing Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.213 one of the following reinstatement re- rent flight instructor certificate and quirements: rating.

(1) If 3 calendar months or less have [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as passed since the last month of the amended by Amdt. 61–104, 63 FR 20289, Apr.

flight instructor’s recent experience 23, 1998; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, period, the flight instructor may suc- 2009; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30279, June 27, 2018; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR cessfully complete an approved flight 80052, Oct. 1, 2024] instructor refresher course consisting of ground training or flight training, or § 61.201 [Reserved] a combination of both, or satisfy one of the requirements specified in para- Subpart I—Ground Instructors graph (a)(2) of this section.

(2) If more than 3 calendar months § 61.211 Applicability.

have passed since the last month of the This subpart prescribes the require- flight instructor’s recent experience ments for the issuance of ground in- period, the flight instructor must satis- structor certificates and ratings, the factorily complete one of the following: conditions under which those certifi- (i) A flight instructor certification cates and ratings are necessary, and practical test, as prescribed by the limitations upon those certificates § 61.183(h), for one of the ratings held on and ratings.

the flight instructor certificate; or (ii) A flight instructor certification § 61.213 Eligibility requirements.

practical test for an additional rating.

(a) To be eligible for a ground in- (3) For military instructor pilots and structor certificate or rating a person pilot examiners, provide a record show- must: ing that, within the preceding 6 cal- (1) Be at least 18 years of age; endar months from the date of applica- (2) Be able to read, write, speak, and tion for reinstatement, the person— understand the English language. If the (i) Passed a U.S. Armed Forces in- applicant is unable to meet one of structor pilot or pilot examiner pro- these requirements due to medical rea- ficiency check; or sons, then the Administrator may (ii) Completed a U.S. Armed Forces place such operating limitations on instructor pilot or pilot examiner that applicant’s ground instructor cer- training course and received an addi- tificate as are necessary; tional aircraft qualification as a mili- (3) Except as provided in paragraph tary instructor pilot or pilot examiner (b) of this section, pass a knowledge that is appropriate to the flight in- test on the fundamentals of instructing structor rating sought. to include— (b) Flight instructor ratings. (1) A (i) The learning process; flight instructor rating or a limited (ii) Elements of effective teaching; flight instructor rating on a pilot cer- (iii) Student evaluation and testing; tificate is no longer valid and may not (iv) Course development; be exchanged for a similar rating or a (v) Lesson planning; and flight instructor certificate.

(vi) Classroom training techniques.

(2) The holder of a flight instructor (4) Pass a knowledge test on the aero- rating or a limited flight instructor nautical knowledge areas in— rating on a pilot certificate may be (i) For a basic ground instructor rat- issued a flight instructor certificate ing §§ 61.97, 61.105, and 61.309; with the current ratings, but only if (ii) For an advanced ground instruc- the person passes the required knowl- tor rating §§ 61.97, 61.105, 61.125, 61.155, edge and practical test prescribed in and 61.309; and this subpart for the issuance of the cur- (iii) For an instrument ground in- structor rating, § 61.65.

(b) The knowledge test specified in paragraph (a)(3) of this section is not required if the applicant: 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.215 (1) Holds a ground instructor certifi- (3) A recommendation for a knowl- cate or flight instructor certificate edge test required for the issuance of issued under this part; an instrument rating under this part.

(2) Holds a teacher’s certificate (d) A person who holds a ground in- issued by a State, county, city, or mu- structor certificate is authorized, with- nicipality that authorizes the person to in the limitations of the ratings on the teach at an educational level of the 7th ground instructor certificate, to en- grade or higher; or dorse the logbook or other training (3) Is employed as a teacher at an ac- record of a person to whom the holder credited college or university.

has provided the training or rec- ommendation specified in paragraphs [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July (a) through (c) of this section.

27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, (e) Ground training provided to an 2009] initial applicant for a flight instructor certificate may only be provided by an § 61.215 Ground instructor privileges.

authorized instructor in accordance (a) A person who holds a basic ground with § 61.195(h)(1).

instructor rating is authorized to pro- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16298, Apr. 4, 1997, as vide— amended by Amdt. 61–110, 69 FR 44869, July (1) Ground training in the aero- 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, nautical knowledge areas required for 2009; Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 the issuance of a sport pilot certificate, FR 80052, Oct. 1, 2024] recreational pilot certificate, private pilot certificate, or associated ratings § 61.217 Recent experience require- under this part; ments.

(2) Ground training required for a The holder of a ground instructor sport pilot, recreational pilot, and pri- certificate may not perform the duties vate pilot flight review; and of a ground instructor unless the per- (3) A recommendation for a knowl- son can show that one of the following edge test required for the issuance of a occurred during the preceding 12 cal- sport pilot certificate, recreational endar months: pilot certificate, or private pilot cer- (a) Employment or activity as a tificate under this part.

(b) A person who holds an advanced ground instructor giving pilot, flight ground instructor rating is authorized instructor, or ground instructor train- to provide: ing; (1) Ground training on the aero- (b) Employment or activity as a nautical knowledge areas required for flight instructor giving pilot, flight in- the issuance of any certificate or rat- structor, or ground instructor ground ing under this part except for the aero- or flight training; nautical knowledge areas required for (c) Completion of an approved flight an instrument rating.

instructor refresher course and receipt (2) The ground training required for of a graduation certificate for that any flight review except for the train- course; or ing required for an instrument rating.

(d) An endorsement from an author- (3) A recommendation for a knowl- ized instructor certifying that the per- edge test required for the issuance of son has demonstrated knowledge in the any certificate or rating under this subject areas prescribed under part except for an instrument rating.

§ 61.213(a)(3) and (a)(4), as appropriate.

(c) A person who holds an instrument ground instructor rating is authorized [Docket FAA–2006–26661, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, to provide: 2009] (1) Ground training in the aero- nautical knowledge areas required for Subpart J—Sport Pilots the issuance of an instrument rating under this part; S OURCE : Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR (2) Ground training required for an 44869, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted.

instrument proficiency check; and

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.303 § 61.301 What is the purpose of this § 61.303 If I want to operate a light- subpart and to whom does it apply? sport aircraft, what operating limits and endorsement requirements in (a) This subpart prescribes the fol- this subpart must I comply with?

lowing requirements that apply to a (a) Use the following table to deter- sport pilot certificate: (1) Eligibility. mine what operating limits and en- (2) Aeronautical knowledge. dorsement requirements in this sub- (3) Flight proficiency. part, if any, apply to you when you op- (4) Aeronautical experience. erate a light-sport aircraft. The med- (5) Endorsements. ical certificate specified in this table (6) Privileges and limits.

must be in compliance with § 61.2 in re- (b) Other provisions of this part gards to currency and validity. If you apply to the logging of flight time and hold a recreational pilot certificate, testing.

but not a medical certificate, you must (c) This subpart applies to applicants comply with cross country require- for, and holders of, sport pilot certifi- ments in § 61.101 (c), even if your flight cates. It also applies to holders of rec- does not exceed 50 nautical miles from reational pilot certificates and higher, your departure airport. You must also as provided in § 61.303.

comply with requirements in other subparts of this part that apply to your [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, certificate and the operation you con- 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] duct.

If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And (1) A medical certificate ........... (i) A sport pilot certificate, ...... (A) Any light-sport aircraft for ( 1 ) You must hold any other which you hold the en- endorsements required by dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply category and class with the limitations in § 61.315.

(ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in ( 1 ) You do not have to hold certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements and class rating, required by this subpart, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, ( 1 ) You must comply with the pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in § 61.315, ex- rating for the category and dorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if class of light sport aircraft § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, you operate, and class, § 61.315(c)(7).

(2) Only a U.S. driver’s license (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport aircraft for ( 1 ) You must hold any other which you hold the en- endorsements required by dorsements required for its this subpart, and comply category and class. with the limitations in § 61.315.

(ii) At least a recreational pilot (A) Any light-sport aircraft in ( 1 ) You do not have to hold certificate with a category that category and class, any of the endorsements and class rating, required by this subpart, but you must comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

(iii) At least a recreational (A) That light-sport aircraft, ( 1 ) You must comply with the pilot certificate but not a only if you hold the en- limitations in § 61.315, ex- rating for the category and dorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if class of light-sport aircraft § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, you operate, and class, § 61.315(c)(7).

(3) Neither a medical certificate (i) A sport pilot certificate, (A) Any light-sport glider or ( 1 ) You must hold any other nor a U.S. driver’s license balloon for which you hold endorsements required by the endorsements required this subpart, and comply for its category and class with the limitations in § 61.315.

(ii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or ( 1 ) You do not have to hold tificate with a category and balloon in that category and any of the endorsements class rating for glider or class required by this subpart, balloon, nor do you have to comply with the limitations in § 61.315.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.305 If you hold And you hold Then you may operate And (iii) At least a private pilot cer- (A) Any light-sport glider or ( 1 ) You must comply with the tificate but not a rating for balloon, only if you hold the limitations in § 61.315, ex- glider or balloon, endorsements required in cept § 61.315(c)(14) and, if § 61.321 for its category a private pilot or higher, and class § 61.315(c)(7).

(b) A person using a U.S. driver’s li- nautical knowledge areas listed in cense to meet the requirements of this § 61.309. Before you may take the paragraph must— knowledge test for a sport pilot certifi- (1) Comply with each restriction and cate, you must receive a logbook en- limitation imposed by that person’s dorsement from the authorized instruc- U.S. driver’s license and any judicial or tor who trained you or reviewed and administrative order applying to the evaluated your home-study course on operation of a motor vehicle; the aeronautical knowledge areas list- (2) Have been found eligible for the ed in § 61.309 certifying you are pre- issuance of at least a third-class air- pared for the test.

man medical certificate at the time of (b) Practical test. You must pass a his or her most recent application (if practical test on the applicable areas the person has applied for a medical of operation listed in §§ 61.309 and certificate); 61.311. Before you may take the prac- (3) Not have had his or her most re- tical test for a sport pilot certificate, cently issued medical certificate (if the you must receive a logbook endorse- person has held a medical certificate) ment from the authorized instructor suspended or revoked or most recent who provided you with flight training Authorization for a Special Issuance of on the areas of operation specified in a Medical Certificate withdrawn; and §§ 61.309 and 61.311 in preparation for (4) Not know or have reason to know the practical test. This endorsement of any medical condition that would certifies that you meet the applicable make that person unable to operate a aeronautical knowledge and experience light-sport aircraft in a safe manner. requirements and are prepared for the practical test.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR § 61.309 What aeronautical knowledge 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, must I have to apply for a sport Feb. 1, 2010] pilot certificate?

§ 61.305 What are the age and lan- To apply for a sport pilot certificate guage requirements for a sport you must receive and log ground train- pilot certificate?

ing from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course on the (a) To be eligible for a sport pilot cer- following aeronautical knowledge tificate you must: areas: (1) Be at least 17 years old (or 16 years old if you are applying to operate (a) Applicable regulations of this a glider or balloon). chapter that relate to sport pilot privi- (2) Be able to read, speak, write, and leges, limits, and flight operations.

understand English. If you cannot read, (b) Accident reporting requirements speak, write, and understand English of the National Transportation Safety because of medical reasons, the FAA Board.

may place limits on your certificate as (c) Use of the applicable portions of are necessary for the safe operation of the aeronautical information manual light-sport aircraft. and FAA advisory circulars.

(d) Use of aeronautical charts for § 61.307 What tests do I have to take to VFR navigation using pilotage, dead obtain a sport pilot certificate?

reckoning, and navigation systems, as To obtain a sport pilot certificate, appropriate.

you must pass the following tests: (e) Recognition of critical weather (a) Knowledge test. You must pass a situations from the ground and in knowledge test on the applicable aero- flight, windshear avoidance, and the Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.313 procurement and use of aeronautical ation, as appropriate, for airplane sin- weather reports and forecasts. gle-engine land or sea, glider, gyro- (f) Safe and efficient operation of air- plane, airship, balloon, powered para- craft, including collision avoidance, chute land or sea, and weight-shift-con- and recognition and avoidance of wake trol aircraft land or sea privileges: turbulence. (a) Preflight preparation.

(g) Effects of density altitude on (b) Preflight procedures.

takeoff and climb performance. (c) Airport, seaplane base, and (h) Weight and balance computa- gliderport operations, as applicable.

tions. (d) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, (i) Principles of aerodynamics, pow- and go-arounds.

erplants, and aircraft systems. (e) Performance maneuvers, and for (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, gliders, performance speeds.

and spin recovery techniques, as appli- (f) Ground reference maneuvers (not cable. applicable to gliders and balloons).

(k) Aeronautical decision making (g) Soaring techniques (applicable and risk management. only to gliders).

(l) Preflight actions that include— (h) Navigation.

(1) How to get information on runway (i) Slow flight (not applicable to lengths at airports of intended use, lighter-than-air aircraft and powered data on takeoff and landing distances, parachutes).

weather reports and forecasts, and fuel (j) Stalls (not applicable to lighter- requirements; and than-air aircraft, gyroplanes, and pow- (2) How to plan for alternatives if the ered parachutes).

planned flight cannot be completed or (k) Emergency operations.

if you encounter delays. (l) Post-flight procedures.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010] Feb. 1, 2010] § 61.311 What flight proficiency re- § 61.313 What aeronautical experience quirements must I meet to apply for must I have to apply for a sport a sport pilot certificate? pilot certificate?

To apply for a sport pilot certificate Use the following table to determine you must receive and log ground and the aeronautical experience you must flight training from an authorized in- have to apply for a sport pilot certifi- structor on the following areas of oper- cate: If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

cate with . . .

(a) Airplane category and single-engine (1) 20 hours of flight time, including at (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, land or sea class privileges, least 15 hours of flight training from an (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full authorized instructor in a single-engine stop (with each landing involving a airplane and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at listed in § 61.311, least 75 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween the takeoff and landing loca- tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(b) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 10 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Five solo launches and landings, and have not logged at least 20 hours of cluding 10 flights in a glider receiving (ii) at least 3 training flights with an au- flight time in a heavier-than-air aircraft, flight training from an authorized in- thorized instructor on those areas of structor and at least 2 hours of solo operation specified in § 61.311 in prep- flight training in the areas of operation aration for the practical test within the listed in § 61.311, preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.313 If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

cate with . . .

(c) Glider category privileges, and you (1) 3 hours of flight time in a glider, in- (i) Three solo launches and landings, have logged 20 hours flight time in a cluding five flights in a glider while re- and (ii) at least 3 training flights with heavier-than-air aircraft, ceiving flight training from an author- an authorized instructor on those ized instructor and at least 1 hour of areas of operation specified in solo flight training in the areas of oper- § 61.311 in preparation for the practical ation listed in § 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(d) Rotorcraft category and gyroplane (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full ized instructor in a gyroplane and at stop (with each landing involving a least 5 hours of solo flight training in flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, the areas of operation listed in (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at § 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween the takeoff and landing loca- tions, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(e) Lighter-than-air category and airship (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) Three takeoffs and landings to a ized instructor in an airship and at full stop (with each landing involving a least 3 hours performing the duties of flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, pilot in command in an airship with an (iii) One cross-country flight of at least authorized instructor in the areas of 25 nautical miles between the takeoff operation listed in § 61.311, and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized in- structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(f) Lighter-than-air category and balloon (1) 7 hours of flight time in a balloon, in- (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, class privileges, cluding three flights with an authorized and (ii) 1 hours of flight training with instructor and one flight performing the an authorized instructor on those duties of pilot in command in a balloon areas of operation specified in with an authorized instructor in the § 61.311 in preparation for the practical areas of operation listed in § 61.311, test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

(g) Powered parachute category land or (1) 12 hours of flight time in a powered (i) 1 hour of cross-country flight training, sea class privileges, parachute, including 10 hours of flight (ii) 20 takeoffs and landings to a full training from an authorized instructor stop in a powered parachute with each in a powered parachute, and at least 2 landing involving flight in the traffic pat- hours of solo flight training in the areas tern at an airport; (iii) 10 solo takeoffs of operation listed in § 61.311 and landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, (iv) One solo flight with a landing at a different air- port and one segment of the flight con- sisting of a straight-line distance of at least 10 nautical miles between takeoff and landing locations, and (v) 1 hours of flight training with an authorized in- structor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.315 If you are applying for a sport pilot certifi- Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

cate with . . .

(h) Weight-shift-control aircraft category (1) 20 hours of flight time, including 15 (i) 2 hours of cross-country flight training, land or sea class privileges, hours of flight training from an author- (ii) 10 takeoffs and landings to a full ized instructor in a weight-shift-control stop (with each landing involving a aircraft and at least 5 hours of solo flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport, flight training in the areas of operation (iii) One solo cross-country flight of at listed in § 61.311, least 50 nautical miles total distance, with a full-stop landing at a minimum of two points, and one segment of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles be- tween takeoff and landing locations, and (iv) 2 hours of flight training with an authorized instructor on those areas of operation specified in § 61.311 in preparation for the practical test within the preceding 2 calendar months from the month of the test.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, 2004; Amdt. 61–124A, 74 FR 53647, Oct. 20, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, Feb. 1, 2010; Docket FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. 61–151, 87 FR 75845, Dec.

9, 2022] (10) In a passenger-carrying airlift § 61.315 What are the privileges and limits of my sport pilot certificate? sponsored by a charitable organization.

(11) At an altitude of more than 10,000 (a) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- feet MSL or 2,000 feet AGL, whichever cate you may act as pilot in command is higher.

of a light-sport aircraft, except as spec- (12) When the flight or surface visi- ified in paragraph (c) of this section.

bility is less than 3 statute miles.

(b) You may share the operating ex- penses of a flight with a passenger, pro- (13) Without visual reference to the vided the expenses involve only fuel, surface.

oil, airport expenses, or aircraft rental (14) If the aircraft: fees. You must pay at least half the op- (i) Has a V greater than 87 knots H erating expenses of the flight.

CAS, unless you have met the require- (c) You may not act as pilot in com- ments of § 61.327(b).

mand of a light-sport aircraft: (ii) Has a V less than or equal to 87 H (1) That is carrying a passenger or knots CAS, unless you have met the re- property for compensation or hire.

quirements of § 61.327(a) or have logged (2) For compensation or hire.

flight time as pilot in command of an (3) In furtherance of a business.

airplane with a V less than or equal to H (4) While carrying more than one pas- 87 knots CAS before April 2, 2010.

senger.

(15) Contrary to any operating limi- (5) At night.

tation placed on the airworthiness cer- (6) In Class A airspace.

tificate of the aircraft being flown.

(7) In Class B, C, and D airspace, at (16) Contrary to any limit on your an airport located in Class B, C, or D pilot certificate or airman medical cer- airspace, and to, from, through, or at tificate, or any other limit or endorse- an airport having an operational con- ment from an authorized instructor.

trol tower unless you have met the re- (17) Contrary to any restriction or quirements specified in § 61.325.

limitation on your U.S. driver’s license (8) Outside the United States, unless or any restriction or limitation im- you have prior authorization from the posed by judicial or administrative country in which you seek to operate.

order when using your driver’s license Your sport pilot certificate carries the to satisfy a requirement of this part.

limit ‘‘Holder does not meet ICAO re- (18) While towing any object.

quirements.’’ (9) To demonstrate the aircraft in (19) As a pilot flight crewmember on flight to a prospective buyer if you are any aircraft for which more than one an aircraft salesperson. pilot is required by the type certificate 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.317 of the aircraft or the regulations under application to the authorized instruc- which the flight is conducted. tor who conducted the proficiency check specified in paragraph (b) of this [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, section; and 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5221, (d) Receive a logbook endorsement Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar.

30, 2010] from the instructor who conducted the proficiency check specified in para- § 61.317 Is my sport pilot certificate graph (b) of this section certifying you issued with aircraft category and are proficient in the applicable areas of class ratings?

operation and aeronautical knowledge Your sport pilot certificate does not areas, and that you are authorized for list aircraft category and class ratings.

the additional category and class light- When you successfully pass the prac- sport aircraft privilege.

tical test for a sport pilot certificate, [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, regardless of the light-sport aircraft 2004, as amended by Docket FAA–2022–1463, privileges you seek, the FAA will issue Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 22518, Apr. 1, 2024] you a sport pilot certificate without any category and class ratings. The § 61.323 [Reserved] FAA will provide you with a logbook endorsement for the category and class § 61.325 How do I obtain privileges to of aircraft in which you are authorized operate a light-sport aircraft at an to act as pilot in command.

airport within, or in airspace with- in, Class B, C, and D airspace, or in [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44869, July 27, other airspace with an airport hav- 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, ing an operational control tower?

Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar.

30, 2010] If you hold a sport pilot certificate and seek privileges to operate a light- § 61.319 [Reserved] sport aircraft in Class B, C, or D air- space, at an airport located in Class B, § 61.321 How do I obtain privileges to C, or D airspace, or to, from, through, operate an additional category or or at an airport having an operational class of light-sport aircraft?

control tower, you must receive and If you hold a sport pilot certificate log ground and flight training. The au- and seek to operate an additional cat- thorized instructor who provides this egory or class of light-sport aircraft, training must provide a logbook en- you must— dorsement that certifies you are pro- (a) Receive a logbook endorsement ficient in the following aeronautical from the authorized instructor who knowledge areas and areas of oper- trained you on the applicable aero- ation: nautical knowledge areas specified in (a) The use of radios, communica- § 61.309 and areas of operation specified tions, navigation system/facilities, and in § 61.311. The endorsement certifies radar services.

you have met the aeronautical knowl- (b) Operations at airports with an op- edge and flight proficiency require- erating control tower to include three ments for the additional light-sport takeoffs and landings to a full stop, aircraft privilege you seek; with each landing involving a flight in (b) Successfully complete a pro- the traffic pattern, at an airport with ficiency check from an authorized in- an operating control tower.

structor, other than the instructor who (c) Applicable flight rules of part 91 trained you, consisting of the tasks in of this chapter for operations in Class the appropriate areas of operation con- B, C, and D airspace and air traffic con- tained in the applicable Practical Test trol clearances.

Standards (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) as listed in appendix A of § 61.327 Are there specific endorse- this part for the additional light-sport ment requirements to operate a aircraft privilege you seek; light-sport aircraft based on V ?

H (c) Complete an application for those privileges on a form and in a manner (a) Except as specified in paragraph acceptable to the FAA and present this (c) of this section, if you hold a sport Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.405 pilot certificate and you seek to oper- (b) Other provisions of this part ate a light-sport aircraft that is an air- apply to the logging of flight time and plane with a V less than or equal to 87 testing.

H knots CAS you must— [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, (1) Receive and log ground and flight 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, training from an authorized instructor Feb. 1, 2010] in an airplane that has a V less than H or equal to 87 knots CAS; and § 61.403 What are the age, language, and pilot certificate requirements (2) Receive a logbook endorsement for a flight instructor certificate from the authorized instructor who with a sport pilot rating?

provided the training specified in para- graph (a)(1) of this section certifying To be eligible for a flight instructor that you are proficient in the operation certificate with a sport pilot rating of light-sport aircraft that is an air- you must: plane with a V less than or equal to 87 (a) Be at least 18 years old.

H (b) Be able to read, speak, write, and knots CAS.

understand English. If you cannot read, (b) If you hold a sport pilot certifi- speak, write, and understand English cate and you seek to operate a light- because of medical reasons, the FAA sport aircraft that has a V greater H may place limits on your certificate as than 87 knots CAS you must— are necessary for the safe operation of (1) Receive and log ground and flight light-sport aircraft.

training from an authorized instructor (c) Hold at least a sport pilot certifi- in an aircraft that has a V greater H cate with category and class ratings or than 87 knots CAS; and privileges, as applicable, that are ap- (2) Receive a logbook endorsement propriate to the flight instructor privi- from the authorized instructor who leges sought.

provided the training specified in para- graph (b)(1) of this section certifying [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, that you are proficient in the operation 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR of light-sport aircraft with a V great- 42562, Aug. 21, 2009] H er than 87 knots CAS.

§ 61.405 What tests do I have to take to (c) The training and endorsements re- obtain a flight instructor certificate quired by paragraph (a) of this section with a sport pilot rating?

are not required if you have logged To obtain a flight instructor certifi- flight time as pilot in command of an cate with a sport pilot rating you must airplane with a V less than or equal to H pass the following tests: 87 knots CAS prior to April 2, 2010.

(a) Knowledge test. Before you take a [Docket FAA–2007–29015, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, knowledge test, you must receive a log- 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar. 30, book endorsement certifying you are 2010] prepared for the test from an author- ized instructor who trained you or Subpart K—Flight Instructors With a evaluated your home-study course on Sport Pilot Rating the aeronautical knowledge areas list- ed in § 61.407. You must pass knowledge S OURCE : Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR tests on— 44875, July 27, 2004, unless otherwise noted.

(1) The fundamentals of instructing listed in § 61.407(a), unless you meet the § 61.401 What is the purpose of this requirements of § 61.407(c); and subpart?

(2) The aeronautical knowledge areas (a) This part prescribes the following for a sport pilot certificate applicable requirements that apply to a flight in- to the aircraft category and class for structor certificate with a sport pilot which flight instructor privileges are rating: sought.

(1) Eligibility.

(b) Practical test. (1) Before you take (2) Aeronautical knowledge. the practical test, you must— (3) Flight proficiency. (i) Receive a logbook endorsement (4) Endorsements. from the authorized instructor who (5) Privileges and limits. provided you with flight training on 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.407 the areas of operation specified in (2) Elements of effective teaching.

§ 61.409 that apply to the category and (3) Student evaluation and testing.

class of aircraft privileges you seek.

(4) Course development.

This endorsement certifies you meet (5) Lesson planning.

the applicable aeronautical knowledge (6) Classroom training techniques.

and experience requirements and are (b) You must receive and log ground prepared for the practical test; training from an authorized instructor (ii) If you are seeking privileges to on the aeronautical knowledge areas provide instruction in an airplane or applicable to a sport pilot certificate glider, receive a logbook endorsement for the aircraft category and class in from an authorized instructor indi- which you seek flight instructor privi- cating that you are competent and pos- leges.

sess instructional proficiency in stall (c) You do not have to meet the re- awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin quirements of paragraph (a) of this sec- recovery procedures after you have re- tion if you— ceived flight training in those training (1) Hold a flight instructor certificate areas in an airplane or glider, as appro- or ground instructor certificate issued priate, that is certificated for spins; under this part; (2) You must pass a practical test— (2) Hold a teacher’s certificate issued (i) On the areas of operation listed in by a State, county, city, or munici- § 61.409 that are appropriate to the cat- pality; or egory and class of aircraft privileges (3) Are employed as a teacher at an you seek; accredited college or university.

(ii) In an aircraft representative of [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, the category and class of aircraft for 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR the privileges you seek; 42562, Aug. 21, 2009] (iii) In which you demonstrate that you are able to teach stall awareness, § 61.409 What flight proficiency re- spin entry, spins, and spin recovery quirements must I meet to apply for procedures if you are seeking privileges a flight instructor certificate with a to provide instruction in an airplane or sport pilot rating?

glider. If you have not failed a prac- You must receive and log ground and tical test based on deficiencies in your flight training from an authorized in- ability to demonstrate knowledge or structor on the following areas of oper- skill in these areas and you provide the ation for the aircraft category and endorsement required by paragraph class in which you seek flight instruc- (b)(1)(ii) of this section, an examiner tor privileges: may accept the endorsement instead of (a) Technical subject areas.

the demonstration required by this (b) Preflight preparation.

paragraph. If you are taking a test be- (c) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to cause you previously failed a test based be performed in flight.

on not meeting the requirements of (d) Preflight procedures.

this paragraph, you must pass a prac- (e) Airport, seaplane base, and tical test on stall awareness, spin gliderport operations, as applicable.

entry, spins, and spin recovery instruc- (f) Takeoffs (or launches), landings, tional competency and proficiency in and go-arounds.

the applicable category and class of (g) Fundamentals of flight.

aircraft that is certificated for spins.

(h) Performance maneuvers and for gliders, performance speeds.

§ 61.407 What aeronautical knowledge must I have to apply for a flight in- (i) Ground reference maneuvers (ex- structor certificate with a sport cept for gliders and lighter-than-air).

pilot rating?

(j) Soaring techniques.

(a) Except as specified in paragraph (k) Slow flight (not applicable to (c) of this section you must receive and lighter-than-air and powered para- log ground training from an authorized chutes).

instructor on the fundamentals of in- (l) Stalls (not applicable to lighter- struction that includes: than-air, powered parachutes, and gy- (1) The learning process. roplanes).

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.409 (m) Spins (applicable to airplanes (o) Tumble entry and avoidance tech- and gliders). niques (applicable to weight-shift-con- trol aircraft).

(n) Emergency operations.

(p) Post-flight procedures.

§ 61.411 What aeronautical experience must I have to apply for a flight instructor certificate with a sport pilot rating?

Use the following table to determine the experience you must have for each air- craft category and class: If you are applying for a flight instructor certificate Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

with a sport pilot rating for . . .

(a) Airplane category and (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command single-engine class privi- in powered aircraft, leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a single-engine air- plane, (iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a single-engine airplane, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a single-engine airplane that is a light-sport aircraft.

(b) Glider category privi- (1) 25 hours of flight time as pilot in command leges, in a glider, 100 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in command in a glider that is a light-sport aircraft, or.

(2) 100 hours in heavier-than-air aircraft, 20 flights in a glider, and 15 flights as pilot in command in a glider that is a light-sport air- craft.

(c) Rotorcraft category and (1) 125 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command gyroplane class privi- in powered aircraft, leges, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a gyroplane, (iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 3 hours of cross-country flight time in a gy- roplane, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a gyroplane that is a light-sport aircraft.

(d) Lighter-than-air category (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 40 hours of flight time in an airship, and airship class privi- (ii) 20 hours of pilot in command time in an air- leges, ship, (iii) 10 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in an airship, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in an airship that is a light-sport aircraft.

(e) Lighter-than-air category (1) 35 hours of flight time as pilot-in-command, (i) 20 hours of flight time in a balloon, and balloon class privi- (ii) 10 flights in a balloon, and leges, (iii) 5 flights as pilot in command in a balloon that is a light-sport aircraft.

(f) Weight-shift-control air- (1) 150 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 100 hours of flight time as pilot in command craft category privileges, in powered aircraft, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a weight-shift-con- trol aircraft, (iii) 25 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 10 hours of cross-country flight time in a weight-shift-control aircraft, and (v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a weight-shift-control aircraft that is a light- sport aircraft.

(g) Powered-parachute cat- (1) 100 hours of flight time as a pilot, ................ (i) 75 hours of flight time as pilot in command in egory privileges, powered aircraft, (ii) 50 hours of flight time in a powered para- chute, (iii) 15 hours of cross-country flight time, (iv) 5 hours of cross-country flight time in a powered parachute, and 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.412 If you are applying for a flight instructor certificate Then you must log at least . . . Which must include at least . . .

with a sport pilot rating for . . .

(v) 15 hours of flight time as pilot in command in a powered parachute that is a light-sport aircraft.

(1) A student pilot seeking a sport § 61.412 Do I need additional training to provide instruction on control pilot certificate; and maneuvering an airplane solely (2) A sport pilot certificate; by reference to the instruments in a (3) A flight instructor certificate light-sport aircraft based on V ?

H with a sport pilot rating; (4) A powered parachute or weight- To provide flight training under shift-control aircraft rating; § 61.93(e)(12) on control and maneu- vering an airplane solely by reference (5) Sport pilot privileges; to the flight instruments for the pur- (6) A flight review or operating privi- pose of issuing a solo cross-country en- lege for a sport pilot, or training to maintain or improve the skills of a dorsement under § 61.93(c)(1) to a stu- sport pilot; dent pilot seeking a sport pilot certifi- (7) A practical test for a sport pilot cate, a flight instructor with a sport certificate, a private pilot certificate pilot rating must: with a powered parachute or weight- (a) Hold an endorsement required by shift-control aircraft rating or a flight § 61.327(b); instructor certificate with a sport pilot (b) Receive and log a minimum of 1 rating; hour of ground training and 3 hours of (8) A knowledge test for a sport pilot flight training from an authorized in- certificate, a private pilot certificate structor in an airplane with a V great- H with a powered parachute or weight- er than 87 knots CAS or in a full flight shift-control aircraft rating or a flight simulator, flight training device, or instructor certificate with a sport pilot aviation training device that replicates rating; and an airplane with a V greater than 87 H (9) A proficiency check for an addi- knots CAS; and tional category or class privilege for a (c) Receive a one-time endorsement sport pilot certificate or a flight in- in his or her logbook from an instruc- structor certificate with a sport pilot tor authorized under subpart H of this rating.

part who certifies that the person is (b) A person who holds a flight in- proficient in providing training on con- structor certificate with a sport pilot trol and maneuvering solely by ref- rating is authorized, in a form and erence to the flight instruments in an manner acceptable to the Adminis- airplane with a V greater than 87 H trator, to: knots CAS. This flight training must (1) Accept an application for a stu- include straight and level flight, turns, dent pilot certificate or, for an appli- descents, climbs, use of radio naviga- cant who holds a pilot certificate tion aids, and ATC directives.

(other than a student pilot certificate) [Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR 30280, June 27, 2018] issued under part 61 of this chapter and meets the flight review requirements § 61.413 What are the privileges of my specified in § 61.56, a remote pilot cer- flight instructor certificate with a tificate with a small UAS rating; sport pilot rating?

(2) Verify the identity of the appli- (a) If you hold a flight instructor cer- cant; and tificate with a sport pilot rating, you (3) Verify that an applicant for a stu- are authorized, within the limits of dent pilot certificate meets the eligi- your certificate and rating, to conduct bility requirements in § 61.83.

ground training, flight training, cer- (c) The privileges authorized in this tain checking events, and to issue en- section do not permit a person who dorsements related to: holds a flight instructor certificate Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.415 with a sport pilot rating to conduct op- posed procedures are adequate for the erations that would otherwise require proposed flight under the existing con- an air carrier or operating certificate ditions and within any limitations list- or specific authorization from the Ad- ed in the logbook that you consider ministrator. necessary for the safety of the flight.

(3) Student pilot’s logbook for solo [Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, 81 FR flight in Class B, C, and D airspace 1307, Jan. 12, 2016, as amended by Docket areas, at an airport within Class B, C, FAA–2015–0150, Amdt. 61–137, 81 FR 42208, or D airspace and to from, through or June 28, 2016; Docket FAA–2023–1351; Amdt.

61–156, 89 FR 80340, Oct. 2, 2024] on an airport having an operational control tower, unless you have— § 61.415 What are the limits of a flight (i) Given that student ground and instructor certificate with a sport flight training in that airspace or at pilot rating?

that airport; and If you hold a flight instructor certifi- (ii) Determined that the student is cate with a sport pilot rating, you may proficient to operate the aircraft safe- only provide flight training in a light- ly.

sport aircraft and are subject to the (4) Logbook of a pilot for a flight re- following limits: view, unless you have conducted a re- (a) You may not provide ground or view of that pilot in accordance with flight training in any aircraft for the requirements of § 61.56.

which you do not hold: (e) You may not provide training to (1) A sport pilot certificate with ap- operate a light-sport aircraft in Class plicable category and class privileges B, C, and D airspace, at an airport lo- or a pilot certificate with the applica- cated in Class B, C, or D airspace, and ble category and class rating; and to, from, through, or at an airport hav- (2) Applicable category and class ing an operational control tower, un- privileges for your flight instructor less you have the endorsement speci- certificate with a sport pilot rating. fied in § 61.325, or are otherwise author- (b) You may not provide ground or ized to conduct operations in this air- flight training for a private pilot cer- space and at these airports.

tificate with a powered parachute or (f) You may not provide training in a weight-shift-control aircraft rating un- light-sport aircraft that is an airplane less you hold: with a V less than or equal to 87 knots H (1) At least a private pilot certificate CAS unless you have the endorsement with the applicable category and class specified in § 61.327 (a), or are otherwise rating; and authorized to operate that light-sport (2) Applicable category and class aircraft.

privileges for your flight instructor (g) You may not provide training in a certificate with a sport pilot rating. light-sport aircraft with a V greater H (c) You may not conduct more than 8 than 87 knots CAS unless you have the hours of flight training in any 24-con- endorsement specified in § 61.327 (b), or secutive-hour period. are otherwise authorized to operate (d) You may not endorse a: that light-sport aircraft.

(1) Student pilot’s logbook for solo (h) You may not provide training on flight privileges, unless you have— the control and maneuvering of an air- (i) Given that student the flight craft solely by reference to the instru- training required for solo flight privi- ments in a light sport airplane with a leges required by this part; and V greater than 87 knots CAS unless h (ii) Determined that the student is you meet the requirements in § 61.412.

prepared to conduct the flight safely (i) You must perform all training in under known circumstances, subject to an aircraft that complies with the re- any limitations listed in the student’s quirements of § 91.109 of this chapter.

logbook that you consider necessary (j) If you provide flight training for a for the safety of the flight. certificate, rating or privilege, you (2) Student pilot’s logbook for a solo must provide that flight training in an cross-country flight, unless you have aircraft that meets the following: determined the student’s flight prepa- (1) The aircraft must have at least ration, planning, equipment, and pro- two pilot stations and be of the same 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) § 61.417 category and class appropriate to the and class flight instructor privilege certificate, rating or privilege sought. you seek; (2) For single place aircraft, pre-solo (c) Complete an application for those flight training must be provided in an privileges on a form and in a manner aircraft that has two pilot stations and acceptable to the FAA and present this is of the same category and class ap- application to the authorized instruc- propriate to the certificate, rating, or tor who conducted the proficiency privilege sought.

check specified in paragraph (b) of this section; and [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, (d) Receive a logbook endorsement 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, from the instructor who conducted the Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar.

30, 2010; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, proficiency check specified in para- 81 FR 1307, Jan. 12, 2016; Amdt. 61–142, 83 FR graph (b) of this section certifying you 30280, June 27, 2018] are proficient in the areas of operation and authorized for the additional cat- § 61.417 Will my flight instructor cer- egory and class flight instructor privi- tificate with a sport pilot rating list lege.

aircraft category and class ratings?

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, Your flight instructor certificate 2004, as amended by Docket FAA–2022–1463, does not list aircraft category and Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 22518, Apr. 1, 2024] class ratings. When you successfully pass the practical test for a flight in- § 61.421 May I give myself an endorse- structor certificate with a sport pilot ment?

rating, regardless of the light-sport air- No. If you hold a flight instructor craft privileges you seek, the FAA will certificate with a sport pilot rating, issue you a flight instructor certificate you may not give yourself an endorse- with a sport pilot rating without any ment for any certificate, privilege, rat- category and class ratings. The FAA ing, flight review, authorization, prac- will provide you with a logbook en- tical test, knowledge test, or pro- dorsement for the category and class of ficiency check required by this part.

light-sport aircraft you are authorized to provide training in.

§ 61.423 What are the recordkeeping requirements for a flight instructor § 61.419 How do I obtain privileges to with a sport pilot rating?

provide training in an additional category or class of light-sport air- (a) As a flight instructor with a sport craft?

pilot rating you must: (1) Sign the logbook of each person to If you hold a flight instructor certifi- whom you have given flight training or cate with a sport pilot rating and seek ground training.

to provide training in an additional (2) Keep a record of the name, date, category or class of light-sport aircraft you must— and type of endorsement for: (a) Receive a logbook endorsement (i) Each person whose logbook you from the authorized instructor who have endorsed for solo flight privileges.

trained you on the applicable areas of (ii) Each person for whom you have operation specified in § 61.409 certifying provided an endorsement for a knowl- you have met the aeronautical knowl- edge test, practical test, or proficiency edge and flight proficiency require- check, and the record must indicate ments for the additional category and the kind of test or check, and the re- class flight instructor privilege you sults.

seek; (iii) Each person whose logbook you (b) Successfully complete a pro- have endorsed as proficient to oper- ficiency check from an authorized in- ate— structor, other than the instructor who (A) An additional category or class of trained you, consisting of the tasks in light-sport aircraft; the appropriate areas of operation con- (B) In Class B, C, and D airspace; at tained in the applicable Practical Test an airport located in Class B, C, or D Standards (incorporated by reference, airspace; and to, from, through, or at see § 61.14) as listed in appendix A of an airport having an operational con- this part for the additional category trol tower; Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 61.429 (C) A light-sport aircraft that is an cate with a sport pilot rating, you airplane with a V less than or equal to must reinstate your flight instructor H 87 knots CAS; and privileges by satisfactorily completing (D) A light-sport aircraft with a V one of the following reinstatement re- H greater than 87 knots CAS. quirements: (iv) Each person whose logbook you (a) If 3 calendar months or less have have endorsed as proficient to provide passed since the last month of your re- flight training in an additional cat- cent experience period, you must suc- egory or class of light-sport aircraft. cessfully complete an approved flight (b) Within 10 days after providing an instructor refresher course consisting endorsement for a person to operate or of ground training or flight training, or provide training in an additional cat- a combination of both, or satisfy the egory and class of light-sport aircraft requirements specified in paragraph (b) you must— of this section.

(1) Complete, sign, and submit to the (b) If more than 3 calendar months FAA the application presented to you have passed since the last month of the to obtain those privileges; and flight instructor’s recent experience period, you must pass a practical test (2) Retain a copy of the form.

as prescribed in § 61.405(b) or § 61.183(h) (c) You must keep the records listed for one of the ratings listed on your in this section for 3 years. You may flight instructor certificate with a keep these records in a logbook or a sport pilot rating. The FAA will rein- separate document.

state any privilege authorized by that [Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, flight instructor certificate with a 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, sport pilot rating.

Feb. 1, 2010; Amdt. 61–125A, 75 FR 15610, Mar.

30, 2010; Docket FAA–2010–1127, Amdt. 61–135, [Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR 81 FR 1307, Jan. 12, 2016] 80053, Oct. 1, 2024] § 61.425 How do I establish recent ex- § 61.429 May I exercise the privileges perience for my flight instructor of a flight instructor certificate certificate with a sport pilot rating?

with a sport pilot rating if I hold a flight instructor certificate with an- (a) If you hold a flight instructor cer- other rating?

tificate with a sport pilot rating issued after December 1, 2024, you must estab- If you hold a flight instructor certifi- lish recent experience in accordance cate, a commercial pilot certificate with § 61.197. with an airship rating, or a commercial (b) If you hold an unexpired flight in- pilot certificate with a balloon rating structor certificate with a sport pilot issued under this part, and you seek to rating issued before December 1, 2024, exercise the privileges of a flight in- you must renew your certificate by es- structor certificate with a sport pilot tablishing recent experience in accord- rating, you may do so without any fur- ance with § 61.197 prior to the month of ther showing of proficiency, subject to expiration on your flight instructor the following limits: certificate. If you fail to establish re- (a) You are limited to the aircraft cent experience prior to the expiration category and class ratings listed on of your flight instructor certificate, your flight instructor certificate, com- you may not exercise flight instructor mercial pilot certificate with an air- privileges until you reinstate those ship rating, or commercial pilot cer- privileges in accordance with § 61.427. tificate with a balloon rating, as appro- priate, when exercising your flight in- [Docket FAA–2023–0825, Amdt. 61–155, 89 FR structor privileges and the privileges 80052, Oct. 1, 2024] specified in § 61.413.

(b) You must comply with the limits § 61.427 How do I reinstate my flight instructor privileges if I fail to es- specified in § 61.415 and the record- tablish recent experience for my keeping requirements of § 61.423.

flight instructor certificate with a (c) If you want to exercise the privi- sport pilot rating?

leges of your flight instructor certifi- If you fail to establish recent experi- cate in a category or class of light- ence for your flight instructor certifi- sport aircraft for which you are not 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–25 Edition) Pt. 61, App. A currently rated, you must meet all ap- A PPENDIX A TO P ART 61—A IRMAN C ER - plicable requirements to provide train- TIFICATION STANDARDS AND P RAC- ing in an additional category or class TICAL T EST S TANDARDS of light-sport aircraft specified in § 61.419.

[Docket FAA–2001–11133, 69 FR 44875, July 27, 2004, as amended by Amdt. 61–124, 74 FR 42562, Aug. 21, 2009; Amdt. 61–125, 75 FR 5222, Feb. 1, 2010] Then this ACS/PTS (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) is If you are seeking this certificate, rating, and/or privilege . . .

applicable: Airline Transport Pilot Certificate; Airplane Category—Single- FAA–S–ACS–11A, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Engine Land Rating, Airplane Category—Single-Engine Sea Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards, November Rating, Airplane Category—Multiengine Land Rating, Air- 2023.

plane Category—Multiengine Sea Rating.

Airline Transport Pilot Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Heli- FAA–S–8081–20A, Airline Transport Pilot and Aircraft Type copter Rating. Rating Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Heli- copter Rating, November 2023.

Airline Transport Pilot Certificate; Powered-Lift Category .......... FAA–S–ACS–17, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, No- vember 2023.

Commercial Pilot Certificate; Airplane Category—Single-Engine FAA–S–ACS–7B, Commercial Pilot for Airplane Category Air- Land Rating, Airplane Category—Single-Engine Sea Rating, man Certification Standards, November 2023.

Airplane Category—Multiengine Land Rating, Airplane Cat- egory—Multiengine Sea Rating.

Commercial Pilot Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Helicopter FAA–S–ACS–16, Commercial Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Rating. Helicopter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Commercial Pilot Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Gyroplane FAA–S–8081–16C, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards Rating. for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023.

Commercial Pilot Certificate; Powered-Lift Category .................. FAA–S–ACS–2, Commercial Pilot for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Commercial Pilot Certificate; Glider Category ............................ FAA–S–8081–23B, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023.

Commercial Pilot Certificate; Lighter-Than-Air Category—Air- FAA–S–8081–18A, Commercial Pilot Practical Test Standards ship Rating, Lighter-Than-Air Category—Balloon Rating. for Lighter-Than-Air Category, November 2023.

Private Pilot Certificate; Airplane Category—Single-Engine FAA–S–ACS–6C, Private Pilot for Airplane Category Airman Land Rating, Airplane Category—Single-Engine Sea Rating, Certification Standards, November 2023.

Airplane Category—Multiengine Land Rating, Airplane Cat- egory—Multiengine Sea Rating.

Private Pilot Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Helicopter Rating FAA–S–ACS–15, Private Pilot for Rotorcraft Category Heli- copter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Private Pilot Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Gyroplane Rating FAA–S–8081–15B, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023.

Private Pilot Certificate; Powered-Lift Category .......................... FAA–S–ACS–13, Private Pilot for Powered-Lift Category Air- man Certification Standards, November 2023.

Private Pilot Certificate; Glider Category .................................... FAA–S–8081–22A, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023.

Private Pilot Certificate; Lighter-Than-Air Category—Airship FAA–S–8081–17A, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rating, Lighter-Than-Air Category—Balloon Rating. Lighter-Than-Air Category, November 2023.

Private Pilot Certificate; Powered Parachute Category—Land FAA–S–8081–32A, Private Pilot Practical Test Standards for Rating, Powered Parachute Category—Sea Rating, Weight- Powered Parachute Category and Weight-Shift-Control Cat- Shift-Control Aircraft Category—Land Rating, Weight-Shift- egory, November 2023.

Control Aircraft Category—Sea Rating.

Recreational Pilot Certificate; Airplane Category—Single-En- FAA–S–8081–3B, Recreational Pilot Practical Test Standards gine Land Rating, Airplane Category—Single-Engine Sea for Airplane Category and Rotorcraft Category, November Rating, Rotorcraft Category—Helicopter Rating, Rotorcraft 2023.

Category—Gyroplane Rating.

Sport Pilot Certificate; Airplane Category—Single-Engine Land FAA–S–8081–29A, Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Privileges, Airplane Category—Single-Engine Sea Privileges, Rating Practical Test Standards for Airplane Category, Rotorcraft Category—Gyroplane Privileges, Glider Category. Rotorcraft Category, and Glider Category, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate with a Sport Pilot Rating; Airplane Category—Single-Engine Privileges, Rotorcraft Category— Gyroplane Privileges, Glider Category.

Sport Pilot Certificate; Lighter-Than-Air Category—Airship Privi- FAA–S–8081–30A, Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor leges, Lighter-Than-Air Category—Balloon Privileges. Rating Practical Test Standards for Lighter-Than-Air Cat- egory, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate with a Sport Pilot Rating; Lighter- Than-Air Category—Airship Privileges, Lighter-Than-Air Cat- egory—Balloon Privileges.

Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 63 Then this ACS/PTS (incorporated by reference, see § 61.14) is If you are seeking this certificate, rating, and/or privilege . . .

applicable: Sport Pilot Certificate; Powered Parachute Category—Land FAA–S–8081–31A, Sport Pilot and Sport Pilot Flight Instructor Privileges, Powered Parachute Category—Sea Privileges, Rating Practical Test Standards for Powered Parachute Cat- Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Category—Land Privileges, egory and Weight-Shift-Control Category, November 2023.

Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Category—Sea Privileges.

Flight Instructor Certificate with a Sport Pilot Rating; Powered Parachute Category Privileges, Weight-Shift-Control Aircraft Category Privileges.

Instrument Rating—Airplane Instrument Proficiency Check— FAA–S–ACS–8C, Instrument Rating—Airplane Airman Certifi- Airplane. cation Standards, November 2023.

Instrument Rating—Helicopter Instrument Proficiency Check— FAA–S–ACS–14, Instrument Rating—Helicopter Airman Certifi- Helicopter. cation Standards, November 2023.

Instrument Rating—Powered-Lift Instrument Proficiency FAA–S–ACS–3, Instrument Rating—Powered-Lift Airman Cer- Check—Powered-Lift. tification Standards, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Airplane Category—Single Engine FAA–S–ACS–25, Flight Instructor for Airplane Category Airman Rating Airplane Category—Multiengine Rating. Certification Standards, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Helicopter FAA–S–ACS–29, Flight Instructor for Rotorcraft Category Heli- Rating. copter Rating Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Rotorcraft Category—Gyroplane FAA–S–8081–7C, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Rating. Rotorcraft Category Gyroplane Rating, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Powered-lift Category ..................... FAA–S–ACS–27, Flight Instructor for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Glider Category ............................... FAA–S–8081–8C, Flight Instructor Practical Test Standards for Glider Category, November 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Instrument—Airplane Rating, Instru- FAA–S–8081–9E, Flight Instructor Instrument Practical Test ment—Helicopter Rating. Standards for Airplane Rating and Helicopter Rating, No- vember 2023.

Flight Instructor Certificate; Instrument—Powered-Lift Rating .... FAA–S–ACS–28, Flight Instructor—Instrument Rating Pow- ered-Lift Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Aircraft Type Rating—Airplane .................................................... FAA–S–ACS–11A, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards, November 2023.

Aircraft Type Rating—Helicopter ................................................. FAA–S–8081–20A, Airline Transport Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Heli- copter Rating, November 2023.

Aircraft Type Rating—Powered-Lift ............................................. FAA–S–ACS–17, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, No- vember 2023.

Pilot-in-Command Proficiency Check—Airplane ......................... FAA–S–ACS–11A, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Airplane Category Airman Certification Standards; November 2023.

Pilot-in-Command Proficiency Check—Helicopter ...................... FAA–S–8081–20A, Airline Transport Pilot and Aircraft Type Rating Practical Test Standards for Rotorcraft Category Heli- copter Rating, November 2023.

Pilot-in-Command Proficiency Check—Powered-Lift .................. FAA–S–ACS–17, Airline Transport Pilot and Type Rating for Powered-Lift Category Airman Certification Standards, No- vember 2023.

[Docket FAA–2022–1463, Amdt. 61–153, 89 FR 63.13 Temporary certificate.

22518, Apr. 1, 2024] 63.14 [Reserved] 63.15 Duration of certificates.

63.15a [Reserved] PART 63—CERTIFICATION: FLIGHT 63.16 Change of name; replacement of lost CREWMEMBERS OTHER THAN PI- or destroyed certificate.

LOTS 63.17 Tests: General procedure.

63.18 Written tests: Cheating or other unau- Subpart A—General thorized conduct.

63.19 Operations during physical deficiency.

Sec.

63.20 Applications, certificates, logbooks, 63.1 Applicability.

63.2 Certification of foreign flight crew- reports, and records; falsification, repro- members other than pilots. duction, or alteration.

63.3 Certificates and ratings required.

63.21 Change of address.

63.11 Application and issue.

63.23 Special purpose flight engineer and 63.12 Offenses involving alcohol or drugs.

flight navigator certificates: Operation 63.12a Refusal to submit to an alcohol test of U.S.-registered civil airplanes leased or to furnish test results.

by a person not a U.S. citizen.

63.12b [Reserved]