Section 2
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) § 141.75 training course has been approved and (3) If the student completed a pro- meets the minimum ground and flight ficiency test and knowledge test that training time requirements of this was conducted by the receiving pilot part. school and the training was received from other than a part 141- or a part § 141.75 Aircraft requirements.
142-approved flight training course, the credit is limited to not more than 25 The following items must be carried percent of the flight training require- on each aircraft used for flight training ments of the curriculum.
and solo flights: (4) If the student completed a knowl- (a) A pretakeoff and prelanding edge test that was conducted by the re- checklist; and ceiving pilot school and the previous (b) The operator’s handbook for the aircraft, if one is furnished by the man- training was received from other than ufacturer, or copies of the handbook if a part 141- or a part 142-approved aero- furnished to each student using the air- nautical knowledge training course, craft. the credit is limited to not more than 25 percent of the aeronautical knowl- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] edge training requirements of the cur- riculum.
§ 141.77 Limitations.
(5) Completion of previous training (a) The holder of a pilot school cer- must be certified in the student’s tificate or a provisional pilot school training record by the training pro- certificate may not issue a graduation vider or a management official within certificate to a student, or recommend the training provider’s organization, a student for a pilot certificate or rat- and must contain— ing, unless the student has: (i) The kind and amount of training (1) Completed the training specified provided; and in the pilot school’s course of training; (ii) The result of each stage check and and end-of-course test, if appropriate.
(2) Passed the required final tests.
(b) Except as provided in paragraph [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 141–12, (c) of this section, the holder of a pilot 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009] school certificate or a provisional pilot school certificate may not graduate a § 141.79 Flight training.
student from a course of training un- (a) No person other than a certifi- less the student has completed all of cated flight instructor or commercial the curriculum requirements of that pilot with a lighter-than-air rating who course; (c) A student may be given credit to- has the ratings and the minimum wards the curriculum requirements of qualifications specified in the approved a course for previous training under training course outline may give a stu- the following conditions: dent flight training under an approved (1) If the student completed a pro- course of training.
(b) No student pilot may be author- ficiency test and knowledge test that ized to start a solo practice flight from was conducted by the receiving pilot an airport until the flight has been ap- school and the previous training was based on a part 141- or a part 142-ap- proved by a certificated flight instruc- proved flight training course, the cred- tor or commercial pilot with a lighter- it is limited to not more than 50 per- than-air rating who is present at that cent of the flight training require- airport.
ments of the curriculum. (c) Each chief instructor and assist- (2) If the student completed a knowl- ant chief instructor assigned to a edge test that was conducted by the re- training course must complete, at least ceiving pilot school and the previous once every 12 calendar months, an ap- training was based on a part 141- or a proved syllabus of training consisting part 142-approved aeronautical knowl- of ground or flight training, or both, or edge training course, the credit is lim- an approved flight instructor refresher ited to not more than 50 percent of the course.
aeronautical knowledge training re- (d) Each certificated flight instructor quirements of the curriculum. or commercial pilot with a lighter- VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00620 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 141.85 than-air rating who is assigned to a § 141.83 Quality of training.
flight training course must satisfac- (a) Each pilot school or provisional torily complete the following tasks, pilot school must meet the following which must be administered by the requirements: school’s chief instructor, assistant (1) Comply with its approved training chief instructor, or check instructor: course; and (1) Prior to receiving authorization (2) Provide training of such quality to train students in a flight training that meets the requirements of course, must— § 141.5(d) of this part.
(i) Accomplish a review of and re- (b) The failure of a pilot school or ceive a briefing on the objectives and provisional pilot school to maintain standards of that training course; and the quality of training specified in (ii) Accomplish an initial proficiency paragraph (a) of this section may be check in each make and model of air- the basis for suspending or revoking craft used in that training course in that school’s certificate.
which that person provides training; (c) When requested by the Adminis- and trator, a pilot school or provisional (2) Every 12 calendar months after pilot school must allow the FAA to ad- the month in which the person last minister any knowledge test, practical complied with the requirements of test, stage check, or end-of-course test paragraph (d)(1)(ii) of this section, ac- to its students.
complish a recurrent proficiency check in one of the aircraft in which the per- (d) When a stage check or end-of- son trains students. course test is administered by the FAA under the provisions of paragraph (c) of [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
this section, and the student has not 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] completed the training course, then that test will be based on the standards § 141.81 Ground training.
prescribed in the school’s approved (a) Except as provided in paragraph training course.
(b) of this section, each instructor who (e) When a practical test or knowl- is assigned to a ground training course edge test is administered by the FAA must hold a flight or ground instructor under the provisions of paragraph (c) of certificate, or a commercial pilot cer- this section, to a student who has com- tificate with a lighter-than-air rating, pleted the school’s training course, with the appropriate rating for that that test will be based upon the areas course of training.
of operation approved by the Adminis- (b) A person who does not meet the trator.
requirements of paragraph (a) of this section may be assigned ground train- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
ing duties in a ground training course, 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] if: § 141.85 Chief instructor responsibil- (1) The chief instructor who is as- ities.
signed to that ground training course finds the person qualified to give that (a) A chief instructor designated for a training; and pilot school or provisional pilot school (2) The training is given while under is responsible for: the supervision of the chief instructor (1) Certifying each student’s training or the assistant chief instructor who is record, graduation certificate, stage present at the facility when the train- check and end-of-course test reports, ing is given.
and recommendation for course com- (c) An instructor may not be used in pletion, unless the duties are delegated a ground training course until that in- by the chief instructor to an assistant structor has been briefed on the objec- chief instructor or recommending in- tives and standards of that course by structor; the chief instructor, assistant chief in- (2) Ensuring that each certificated structor, or check instructor.
flight instructor, certificated ground instructor, or commercial pilot with a [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] lighter-than-air rating passes an initial VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00621 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR 14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) § 141.87 proficiency check prior to that instruc- (d) Must, after 60 days without a tor being assigned instructing duties in chief instructor, cease operations and the school’s approved training course, surrender its certificate to the Admin- and thereafter that the instructor istrator; and passes a recurrent proficiency check (e) May have its certificate rein- every 12 calendar months after the stated, upon: month in which the initial test was ac- (1) Designating and approving an- complished; other chief instructor; (3) Ensuring that each student ac- (2) Showing it meets the require- complishes the required stage checks ments of § 141.27(a)(2) of this part; and and end-of-course tests in accordance (3) Applying for reinstatement on a with the school’s approved training form and in a manner prescribed by the course; and Administrator.
(4) Maintaining training techniques, [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997, as procedures, and standards for the amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt.
school that are acceptable to the Ad- 141–19, 83 FR 9176, Mar. 5, 2018] ministrator.
(b) The chief instructor or an assist- § 141.89 Maintenance of personnel, fa- ant chief instructor must be available cilities, and equipment.
at the pilot school or, if away from the The holder of a pilot school certifi- pilot school, be available by telephone, cate or provisional pilot school certifi- radio, or other electronic means during cate may not provide training to a stu- the time that training is given for an dent who is enrolled in an approved approved training course.
course of training unless: (c) The chief instructor may delegate (a) Each airport, aircraft, and facility authority for conducting stage checks, necessary for that training meets the end-of-course tests, and flight instruc- standards specified in the holder’s ap- tor proficiency checks to the assistant proved training course outline and the chief instructor or a check instructor.
appropriate requirements of this part; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt. and 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 141–12, (b) Except as provided in § 141.87 of 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009] this part, each chief instructor, assist- ant chief instructor, check instructor, § 141.87 Change of chief instructor.
or instructor meets the qualifications Whenever a pilot school or provi- specified in the holder’s approved sional pilot school makes a change of course of training and the appropriate designation of its chief instructor, that requirements of this part.
school: § 141.91 Satellite bases.
(a) Must immediately provide the FAA responsible Flight Standards of- The holder of a pilot school certifi- fice in which the school is located with cate or provisional pilot school certifi- written notification of the change; cate may conduct ground training or (b) May conduct training without a flight training in an approved course of chief instructor for that training training at a base other than its main course for a period not to exceed 60 operations base if: days while awaiting the designation (a) An assistant chief instructor is and approval of another chief instruc- designated for each satellite base, and tor; that assistant chief instructor is avail- (c) May, for a period not to exceed 60 able at that base or, if away from the days, have the stage checks and end-of- premises, by telephone, radio, or other course tests administered by: electronic means during the time that (1) The training course’s assistant training is provided for an approved chief instructor, if one has been des- training course; ignated; (b) The airport, facilities, and per- (2) The training course’s check in- sonnel used at the satellite base meet structor, if one has been designated; the appropriate requirements of sub- (3) An FAA inspector; or part B of this part and its approved (4) An examiner. training course outline; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00622 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 141.95 (c) The instructors are under the di- (ix) Minimum altitude limitations rect supervision of the chief instructor and simulated emergency landing in- or assistant chief instructor for the ap- structions; and propriate training course, who is read- (x) A description of and instructions ily available for consultation in ac- regarding the use of assigned practice cordance with § 141.85(b) of this part; areas.
and (b) The holder of a pilot school cer- (d) The responsible Flight Standards tificate or provisional pilot school cer- office for the area in which the school tificate must maintain a monthly list- is located is notified in writing if train- ing of persons enrolled in each training ing is conducted at a base other than course offered by the school.
the school’s main operations base for more than 7 consecutive days.
[Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 141–15, [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
76 FR 54107, Aug. 31, 2011] 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as amended by Docket FAA–2018–0119, Amdt. 141–19, 83 § 141.95 Graduation certificate.
FR 9175, Mar. 5, 2018] (a) The holder of a pilot school cer- § 141.93 Enrollment.
tificate or provisional pilot school cer- tificate must issue a graduation cer- (a) The holder of a pilot school cer- tificate to each student who completes tificate or a provisional pilot school certificate must, at the time a student its approved course of training.
is enrolled in an approved training (b) The graduation certificate must course, furnish that student with a be issued to the student upon comple- copy of the following: tion of the course of training and con- (1) A certificate of enrollment con- tain at least the following information: taining— (1) The name of the school and the (i) The name of the course in which certificate number of the school; the student is enrolled; and (2) The name of the graduate to (ii) The date of that enrollment.
whom it was issued; (2) A copy of the student’s training (3) The course of training for which it syllabus.
was issued; (3) Except for a training course of- (4) The date of graduation; fered through an internet based me- (5) A statement that the student has dium, a copy of the safety procedures satisfactorily completed each required and practices developed by the school stage of the approved course of train- that describe the use of the school’s fa- ing including the tests for those stages; cilities and the operation of its air- (6) A certification of the information craft. Those procedures and practices contained on the graduation certificate shall include training on at least the by the chief instructor for that course following information— of training; and (i) The weather minimums required by the school for dual and solo flights; (7) A statement showing the cross- country training that the student re- (ii) The procedures for starting and taxiing aircraft on the ramp; ceived in the course of training.
(iii) Fire precautions and procedures; (8) Certificates issued upon grad- (iv) Redispatch procedures after uating from a course based on internet unprogrammed landings, on and off air- media must be uniquely identified ports; using an alphanumeric code that is spe- (v) Aircraft discrepancies and ap- cific to the student graduating from proval for return-to-service determina- that course.
tions; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
(vi) Securing of aircraft when not in 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as amended use; by Amdt. 141–15, 76 FR 54108, Aug. 31, 2011] (vii) Fuel reserves necessary for local and cross-country flights; (viii) Avoidance of other aircraft in flight and on the ground; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00623 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Subpart F—Records
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) § 141.101
A PPENDIX A TO P ART 141—R EC -
Subpart F—Records
REATIONAL P ILOT C ERTIFICATION C OURSE § 141.101 Training records.
(a) Each holder of a pilot school cer- 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes the minimum curriculum required for a rec- tificate or provisional pilot school cer- reational pilot certification course under tificate must establish and maintain a this part, for the following ratings: current and accurate record of the par- (a) Airplane single-engine.
ticipation of each student enrolled in (b) Rotorcraft helicopter.
an approved course of training con- (c) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
ducted by the school that includes the 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must hold a student pilot certificate prior to en- following information: rolling in the flight portion of the rec- (1) The date the student was enrolled reational pilot certification course.
in the approved course; 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. Each ap- (2) A chronological log of the stu- proved course must include at least 20 hours of ground training on the following aero- dent’s course attendance, subjects, and nautical knowledge areas, appropriate to the flight operations covered in the stu- aircraft category and class for which the dent’s training, and the names and course applies: grades of any tests taken by the stu- (a) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- dent; and tions for recreational pilot privileges, limi- tations, and flight operations; (3) The date the student graduated, (b) Accident reporting requirements of the terminated training, or transferred to National Transportation Safety Board; another school. In the case of gradua- (c) Applicable subjects in the ‘‘Aero- tion from a course based on internet nautical Information Manual’’ and the ap- media, the school must maintain the propriate FAA advisory circulars; identifying graduation certificate code (d) Use of aeronautical charts for VFR navigation using pilotage with the aid of a required by § 141.95(b)(8).
magnetic compass; (b) The records required to be main- (e) Recognition of critical weather situa- tained in a student’s logbook will not tions from the ground and in flight, suffice for the record required by para- windshear avoidance, and the procurement graph (a) of this section.
and use of aeronautical weather reports and (c) Whenever a student graduates, forecasts; (f) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, terminates training, or transfers to an- including collision avoidance, and recogni- other school, the student’s record must tion and avoidance of wake turbulence; be certified to that effect by the chief (g) Effects of density altitude on takeoff instructor.
and climb performance; (d) The holder of a pilot school cer- (h) Weight and balance computations; (i) Principles of aerodynamics, power- tificate or a provisional pilot school plants, and aircraft systems; certificate must retain each student (j) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and record required by this section for at spin recovery techniques, if applying for an least 1 year from the date that the stu- airplane single-engine rating; dent: (k) Aeronautical decision making and (1) Graduates from the course to judgment; and (l) Preflight action that includes— which the record pertains; (1) How to obtain information on runway (2) Terminates enrollment in the lengths at airports of intended use, data on course to which the record pertains; or takeoff and landing distances, weather re- (3) Transfers to another school.
ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; (e) The holder of a pilot school cer- and (2) How to plan for alternatives if the tificate or a provisional pilot school planned flight cannot be completed or delays certificate must make a copy of the are encountered.
student’s training record available 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course upon request by the student.
must include at least 30 hours of flight train- ing (of which 15 hours must be with a certifi- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
cated flight instructor and 3 hours must be 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as amended solo flight training as provided in section by Amdt. 141–15, 76 FR 54108, Aug. 31, 2011] No. 5 of this appendix) on the approved areas of operation listed in paragraph (c) of this section that are appropriate to the aircraft VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00624 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Section 4
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. B
category and class rating for which the No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to course applies, including: the aircraft category and class rating for (1) Except as provided in § 61.100 of this which the course applies.
chapter, 2 hours of dual flight training to (b) Each student must demonstrate satis- and at an airport that is located more than factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo 25 nautical miles from the airport where the flight.
applicant normally trains, with at least three takeoffs and three landings; and [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
(2) 3 hours of dual flight training in an air- 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997] craft that is appropriate to the aircraft cat- egory and class for which the course applies, A PPENDIX B TO P ART 141—P RIVATE in preparation for the practical test within PILOT C ERTIFICATION C OURSE 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(b) Each training flight must include a pre- 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes flight briefing and a postflight critique of the minimum curriculum for a private pilot the student by the flight instructor assigned certification course required under this part, to that flight.
for the following ratings: (c) Flight training must include the fol- (a) Airplane single-engine.
lowing approved areas of operation appro- (b) Airplane multiengine.
priate to the aircraft category and class rat- (c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
ing— (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
(1) For an airplane single-engine course: (i) (e) Powered-lift.
Preflight preparation; (f) Glider.
(ii) Preflight procedures; (g) Lighter-than-air airship.
(iii) Airport operations; (h) Lighter-than-air balloon.
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must (v) Performance maneuvers; hold either a recreational pilot certificate, (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; sport pilot certificate, or student pilot cer- (vii) Navigation; tificate before enrolling in the solo flight (viii) Slow flight and stalls; phase of the private pilot certification (ix) Emergency operations; and course.
(x) Postflight procedures.
3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
(2) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i) Pre- (a) Each approved course must include at flight preparation; least the following ground training on the (ii) Preflight procedures; aeronautical knowledge areas listed in para- (iii) Airport and heliport operations; graph (b) of this section, appropriate to the (iv) Hovering maneuvers; aircraft category and class rating: (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (1) 35 hours of training if the course is for (vi) Performance maneuvers; an airplane, rotorcraft, or powered-lift cat- (vii) Navigation; egory rating.
(viii) Emergency operations; and (2) 15 hours of training if the course is for (ix) Postflight procedures.
a glider category rating.
(3) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i) Pre- (3) 10 hours of training if the course is for flight preparation; a lighter-than-air category with a balloon (ii) Preflight procedures; class rating.
(iii) Airport operations; (4) 35 hours of training if the course is for (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; a lighter-than-air category with an airship (v) Performance maneuvers; class rating.
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (b) Ground training must include the fol- (vii) Navigation; lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- (ix) Emergency operations; and tions for private pilot privileges, limitations, (x) Postflight procedures.
and flight operations; 5. Solo flight training. Each approved course (2) Accident reporting requirements of the must include at least 3 hours of solo flight National Transportation Safety Board; training on the approved areas of operation (3) Applicable subjects of the ‘‘Aero- listed in paragraph (c) of section No. 4 of this nautical Information Manual’’ and the ap- appendix that are appropriate to the aircraft propriate FAA advisory circulars; category and class rating for which the (4) Aeronautical charts for VFR navigation course applies. using pilotage, dead reckoning, and naviga- 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) tion systems; Each student enrolled in a recreational pilot (5) Radio communication procedures; course must satisfactorily accomplish the (6) Recognition of critical weather situa- stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- tions from the ground and in flight, cordance with the school’s approved training windshear avoidance, and the procurement course, consisting of the approved areas of and use of aeronautical weather reports and operation listed in paragraph (c) of section forecasts; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00625 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. B
(7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, tical test within 60 days preceding the date including collision avoidance, and recogni- of the test.
tion and avoidance of wake turbulence; (2) For an airplane multiengine course: 20 (8) Effects of density altitude on takeoff hours of flight training from a certificated and climb performance; flight instructor on the approved areas of op- eration in paragraph (d)(2) of this section (9) Weight and balance computations; that includes at least— (10) Principles of aerodynamics, power- (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this plants, and aircraft systems; chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (11) If the course of training is for an air- training in a multiengine airplane; plane category or glider category rating, (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin multiengine airplane that includes— recovery techniques; (A) One cross-country flight of more than (12) Aeronautical decision making and 100-nautical-miles total distance; and judgment; and (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full (13) Preflight action that includes— stop (with each landing involving a flight in (i) How to obtain information on runway the traffic pattern) at an airport.
lengths at airports of intended use, data on (iii) Three hours of flight training in a takeoff and landing distances, weather re- multiengine airplane on the control and ma- ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements; neuvering of a multiengine airplane solely and by reference to instruments, including (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the straight and level flight, constant airspeed planned flight cannot be completed or delays climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re- are encountered.
covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course communications, and the use of navigation must include at least the following flight systems/facilities and radar services appro- training, as provided in this section and sec- priate to instrument flight; and tion No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a multien- areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of gine airplane in preparation for the practical this section, appropriate to the aircraft cat- test within 60 days preceding the date of the egory and class rating: test.
(1) 35 hours of training if the course is for (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 20 hours an airplane, rotorcraft, powered-lift, or air- of flight training from a certificated flight ship rating.
instructor on the approved areas of oper- (2) 6 hours of training if the course is for a ation in paragraph (d)(3) of this section that glider rating.
includes at least— (3) 8 hours of training if the course is for a (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this balloon rating.
chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (b) Each approved course must include at training in a helicopter.
least the following flight training: (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a hel- (1) For an airplane single-engine course: 20 icopter that includes— hours of flight training from a certificated (A) One cross-country flight of more than flight instructor on the approved areas of op- 50-nautical-miles total distance; and eration in paragraph (d)(1) of this section (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full that includes at least— stop (with each landing involving a flight in (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this the traffic pattern) at an airport.
chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (iii) 3 hours of flight training in a heli- training in a single-engine airplane; copter in preparation for the practical test (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a sin- within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
gle-engine airplane that includes— (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 20 (A) One cross-country flight of more than hours of flight training from a certificated 100-nautical-miles total distance; and flight instructor on the approved areas of op- (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full eration in paragraph (d)(4) of this section stop (with each landing involving a flight in that includes at least— the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this (iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin- chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight gle engine airplane on the control and ma- training in a gyroplane.
neuvering of a single engine airplane solely (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a gy- by reference to instruments, including roplane that includes— straight and level flight, constant airspeed (A) One cross-country flight over 50-nau- climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re- tical-miles total distance; and covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full communications, and the use of navigation stop (with each landing involving a flight in systems/facilities and radar services appro- the traffic pattern) at an airport.
priate to instrument flight; and (iii) 3 hours of flight training in a gyro- (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a single- plane in preparation for the practical test engine airplane in preparation for the prac- within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00626 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. B
(5) For a powered-lift course: 20 hours of of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of this sec- flight training from a certificated flight in- tion, that includes— structor on the approved areas of operation (i) If the training is being performed in a in paragraph (d)(5) of this section that in- gas balloon— cludes at least— (A) Two flights of 1 hour each; (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and training in a powered-lift; (C) Two flights in preparation for the prac- (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a tical test within 60 days preceding the date powered-lift that includes— of the test.
(A) One cross-country flight of more than (ii) If the training is being performed in a 100-nautical-miles total distance; and balloon with an airborne heater— (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each; stop (with each landing involving a flight in (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent the traffic pattern) at an airport.
to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and (iii) Three hours of flight training in a (C) Two flights in preparation for the prac- powered-lift on the control and maneuvering tical test within 60 days preceding the date of a powered-lift solely by reference to in- of the test.
struments, including straight and level (c) For use of full flight simulators or flight, constant airspeed climbs and de- flight training devices: scents, turns to a heading, recovery from un- (1) The course may include training in a usual flight attitudes, radio communica- full flight simulator or flight training de- tions, and the use of navigation systems/fa- vice, provided it is representative of the air- cilities and radar services appropriate to in- craft for which the course is approved, meets strument flight; and the requirements of this paragraph, and the (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a powered- training is given by an authorized instruc- lift in preparation for the practical test, tor.
within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(2) Training in a full flight simulator that (6) For a glider course: 4 hours of flight meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be training from a certificated flight instructor credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the on the approved areas of operation in para- total flight training hour requirements of graph (d)(6) of this section that includes at the approved course, or of this section, least— whichever is less.
(i) Five training flights in a glider with a (3) Training in a flight training device that certificated flight instructor on the launch/ meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be tow procedures approved for the course and credited for a maximum of 15 percent of the on the appropriate approved areas of oper- total flight training hour requirements of ation listed in paragraph (d)(6) of this sec- the approved course, or of this section, tion; and whichever is less.
(ii) Three training flights in a glider with (4) Training in full flight simulators or a certificated flight instructor in prepara- flight training devices described in para- tion for the practical test within 60 days pre- graphs (c)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in ceding the date of the test. combination, may be credited for a max- (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 20 imum of 20 percent of the total flight train- hours of flight training from a commercial ing hour requirements of the approved pilot with an airship rating on the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
areas of operation in paragraph (d)(7) of this However, credit for training in a flight train- section that includes at least— ing device that meets the requirements of (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro- chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight vided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
training in an airship; (d) Each approved course must include the (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in an flight training on the approved areas of oper- airship that includes— ation listed in this paragraph that are appro- (A) One cross-country flight over 25-nau- priate to the aircraft category and class rat- tical-miles total distance; and ing— (B) Five takeoffs and five landings to a full (1) For a single-engine airplane course: (i) stop (with each landing involving a flight in Preflight preparation; the traffic pattern) at an airport.
(ii) Preflight procedures; (iii) 3 hours of instrument training in an (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; airship; and (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (iv) 3 hours of flight training in an airship (v) Performance maneuvers; in preparation for the practical test within (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; 60 days preceding the date of the test.
(vii) Navigation; (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: 8 (viii) Slow flight and stalls; hours of flight training, including at least (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; five training flights, from a commercial pilot (x) Emergency operations; with a balloon rating on the approved areas (xi) Night operations, and VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00627 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. B
(xii) Postflight procedures. (ii) Preflight procedures; (2) For a multiengine airplane course: (i) Pre- (iii) Airport operations; flight preparation; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (ii) Preflight procedures; (v) Performance maneuvers; (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (vii) Navigation; (v) Performance maneuvers; (viii) Emergency operations; and (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; (ix) Postflight procedures.
(vii) Navigation; (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (i) (viii) Slow flight and stalls; Preflight preparation; (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers; (ii) Preflight procedures; (x) Emergency operations; (iii) Airport operations; (xi) Multiengine operations; (iv) Launches and landings; (xii) Night operations; and (v) Performance maneuvers; (xiii) Postflight procedures.
(vi) Navigation; (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i) Pre- (vii) Emergency operations; and flight preparation; (viii) Postflight procedures.
(ii) Preflight procedures; 5. Solo flight training. Each approved course (iii) Airport and heliport operations; must include at least the following solo (iv) Hovering maneuvers; flight training: (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (a) For an airplane single-engine course: 5 (vi) Performance maneuvers; hours of solo flight training in a single-en- (vii) Navigation; gine airplane on the approved areas of oper- (viii) Emergency operations; ation in paragraph (d)(1) of section No. 4 of (ix) Night operations; and this appendix that includes at least— (x) Postflight procedures.
(1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun- (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: try flight with landings at a minimum of (i) Preflight preparation; three points and one segment of the flight (ii) Preflight procedures; consisting of a straight-line distance of more (iii) Airport operations; than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; and landing locations; and (v) Performance maneuvers; (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; full stop (with each landing involving a (vii) Navigation; flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; with an operating control tower.
(ix) Emergency operations; (b) For an airplane multiengine course: 5 (x) Night operations; and hours of flight training in a multiengine air- (xi) Postflight procedures.
plane performing the duties of a pilot in (5) For a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight command while under the supervision of a preparation; certificated flight instructor. The training (ii) Preflight procedures; must consist of the approved areas of oper- (iii) Airport and heliport operations; ation in paragraph (d)(2) of section No. 4 of (iv) Hovering maneuvers; this appendix, and include at least— (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (1) One 100 nautical miles cross country (vi) Performance maneuvers; flight with landings at a minimum of three (vii) Ground reference maneuvers; points and one segment of the flight con- (viii) Navigation; sisting of a straight-line distance of more (ix) Slow flight and stalls; than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff (x) Basic instrument maneuvers; (xi) Emergency operations; and landing locations; and (xii) Night operations; and (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (xiii) Postflight procedures. full stop (with each landing involving a (6) For a glider course: (i) Preflight prepara- flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport tion; with an operating control tower.
(ii) Preflight procedures; (c) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 5 hours (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; of solo flight training in a helicopter on the (iv) Launches/tows, as appropriate, and approved areas of operation in paragraph landings; (d)(3) of section No. 4 of this appendix that (v) Performance speeds; includes at least— (vi) Soaring techniques; (1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun- (vii) Performance maneuvers; try flight with landings at a minimum of (viii) Navigation; three points and one segment of the flight (ix) Slow flight and stalls; consisting of a straight-line distance of more (x) Emergency operations; and than 25 nautical miles between the takeoff (xi) Postflight procedures. and landing locations; and (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: (i) (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a Preflight preparation; full stop (with each landing involving a VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00628 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. C
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport (b) Each student must demonstrate satis- with an operating control tower. factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- (d) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 5 hours dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo of solo flight training in gyroplanes on the flight.
approved areas of operation in paragraph [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
(d)(4) of section No. 4 of this appendix that 141–9, 62 FR 40908, July 30, 1997, as amended includes at least— by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20289, Apr. 23, 1998; (1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun- Amdt. 141–12, 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009; Dock- try flight with landings at a minimum of et FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21460, three points and one segment of the flight Apr. 12, 2016] consisting of a straight-line distance of more than 25 nautical miles between the takeoff A PPENDIX C TO P ART 141—I NSTRUMENT and landing locations; and R ATING COURSE (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a full stop (with each landing involving a 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport the minimum curriculum for an instrument with an operating control tower.
rating course and an additional instrument (e) For a powered-lift course: 5 hours of solo rating course, required under this part, for flight training in a powered-lift on the ap- the following ratings: proved areas of operation in paragraph (d)(5) (a) Instrument—airplane.
of section No. 4 of this appendix that in- (b) Instrument—helicopter.
cludes at least— (c) Instrument—powered-lift.
(1) One solo 100 nautical miles cross coun- 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must try flight with landings at a minimum of hold at least a private pilot certificate with three points and one segment of the flight an aircraft category and class rating appro- consisting of a straight-line distance of more priate to the instrument rating for which the than 50 nautical miles between the takeoff course applies prior to enrolling in the flight and landing locations; and portion of the instrument rating course.
(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each full stop (with each landing involving a approved course must include at least the flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport following ground training on the aero- with an operating control tower.
nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (f) For a glider course: Two solo flights in a (b) of this section appropriate to the instru- glider on the approved areas of operation in ment rating for which the course applies: paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this ap- (1) 30 hours of training if the course is for pendix, and the launch and tow procedures an initial instrument rating.
appropriate for the approved course.
(2) 20 hours of training if the course is for (g) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 5 an additional instrument rating.
hours of flight training in an airship per- (b) Ground training must include the fol- forming the duties of pilot in command lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: while under the supervision of a commercial (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- pilot with an airship rating. The training tions for IFR flight operations; must consist of the approved areas of oper- (2) Appropriate information in the ‘‘Aero- ation in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of nautical Information Manual’’; this appendix.
(h) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two (3) Air traffic control system and proce- solo flights in a balloon with an airborne dures for instrument flight operations; heater if the course involves a balloon with (4) IFR navigation and approaches by use an airborne heater or, if the course involves of navigation systems; a gas balloon, at least two flights in a gas (5) Use of IFR en route and instrument ap- balloon performing the duties of pilot in proach procedure charts; command while under the supervision of a (6) Procurement and use of aviation weath- commercial pilot with a balloon rating. The er reports and forecasts, and the elements of training must consist of the approved areas forecasting weather trends on the basis of of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section that information and personal observation of No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon weather conditions; for which the course applies. (7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. under instrument flight rules and conditions; (a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot (8) Recognition of critical weather situa- course must satisfactorily accomplish the tions and windshear avoidance; stage checks and end-of-course tests in ac- (9) Aeronautical decision making and judg- cordance with the school’s approved training ment; and course, consisting of the approved areas of (10) Crew resource management, to include operation listed in paragraph (d) of section crew communication and coordination.
No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course the aircraft category and class rating for must include at least the following flight which the course applies. training on the approved areas of operation VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00629 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. C
listed in paragraph (d) of this section, appro- (2) For an instrument helicopter course: In- priate to the instrument-aircraft category strument training time from a certificated and class rating for which the course applies: flight instructor with an instrument rating (1) 35 hours of instrument training if the on the approved areas of operation in para- course is for an initial instrument rating.
graph (d) of this section including at least (2) 15 hours of instrument training if the one cross-country flight that— course is for an additional instrument rat- (i) Is in a helicopter and is performed under ing.
IFR; (b) For the use of full flight simulators, (ii) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical flight training devices, or aviation training miles along airways or ATC-directed routing devices— with one segment of the flight consisting of (1) The course may include training in a at least a straight-line distance of 50 nau- full flight simulator, flight training device, tical miles between airports; or aviation training device, provided it is (iii) Involves an instrument approach at representative of the aircraft for which the each airport; and course is approved, meets the requirements (iv) Involves three different kinds of ap- of this paragraph, and the training is given by an authorized instructor. proaches with the use of navigation systems.
(2) Credit for training in a full flight simu- (3) For an instrument powered-lift course: In- lator that meets the requirements of strument training time from a certificated § 141.41(a) cannot exceed 50 percent of the flight instructor with an instrument rating total flight training hour requirements of on the approved areas of operation in para- the course or of this section, whichever is graph (d) of this section including at least less.
one cross-country flight that— (3) Credit for training in a flight training (i) Is in a powered-lift and is performed device that meets the requirements of under IFR; § 141.41(a), an advanced aviation training de- (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical vice that meets the requirements of miles along airways or ATC-directed routing § 141.41(b), or a combination of these devices with one segment of the flight consisting of cannot exceed 40 percent of the total flight at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau- training hour requirements of the course or tical miles between airports; of this section, whichever is less. Credit for (iii) Involves an instrument approach at training in a basic aviation training device each airport; and that meets the requirements of § 141.41(b) cannot exceed 25 percent of the total train- (iv) Involves three different kinds of ap- ing hour requirements permitted under this proaches with the use of navigation systems.
paragraph.
(d) Each course must include flight train- (4) Credit for training in full flight simula- ing on the areas of operation listed under tors, flight training devices, and aviation this paragraph appropriate to the instru- training devices if used in combination, can- ment aircraft category and class rating (if a not exceed 50 percent of the total flight class rating is appropriate) for which the training hour requirements of the course or course applies: of this section, whichever is less. However, (1) Preflight preparation; credit for training in a flight training device (2) Preflight procedures; or aviation training device cannot exceed (3) Air traffic control clearances and proce- the limitation provided for in paragraph dures; (b)(3) of this section.
(4) Flight by reference to instruments; (c) Each approved course must include the (5) Navigation systems; following flight training— (6) Instrument approach procedures; (1) For an instrument airplane course: Instru- (7) Emergency operations; and ment training time from a certificated flight instructor with an instrument rating on the (8) Postflight procedures.
approved areas of operation in paragraph (d) 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each of this section including at least one cross- student enrolled in an instrument rating country flight that— course must satisfactorily accomplish the (i) Is in the category and class of airplane stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- that the course is approved for, and is per- cordance with the school’s approved training formed under IFR; course, consisting of the approved areas of (ii) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical operation listed in paragraph (d) of section miles along airways or ATC-directed routing No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to with one segment of the flight consisting of the aircraft category and class rating for at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau- which the course applies.
tical miles between airports; (iii) Involves an instrument approach at [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
each airport; and 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 141–12, (iv) Involves three different kinds of ap- 74 FR 42564, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2015– proaches with the use of navigation systems. 1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21460, Apr. 12, 2016] VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00630 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. D
(7) Use of performance charts; A PPENDIX D TO P ART 141—C OMMERCIAL (8) Significance and effects of exceeding P ILOT C ERTIFICATION C OURSE aircraft performance limitations; 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (9) Use of aeronautical charts and a mag- netic compass for pilotage and dead reck- the minimum curriculum for a commercial oning; pilot certification course required under this (10) Use of air navigation facilities; part, for the following ratings: (11) Aeronautical decision making and (a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine. judgment; (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. (12) Principles and functions of aircraft (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane. systems; (13) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency (e) Powered-lift.
operations appropriate to the aircraft; (f) Glider.
(g) Lighter-than-air airship. (14) Night and high-altitude operations; (h) Lighter-than-air balloon. (15) Descriptions of and procedures for op- 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must erating within the National Airspace Sys- hold the following prior to enrolling in the tem; and (16) Procedures for flight and ground train- flight portion of the commercial pilot cer- ing for lighter-than-air ratings.
tification course: 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course (a) At least a private pilot certificate; and must include at least the following flight (b) If the course is for a rating in an air- training, as provided in this section and sec- plane or a powered-lift category, then the tion No. 5 of this appendix, on the approved person must: (1) Hold an instrument rating in the air- areas of operation listed in paragraph (d) of craft that is appropriate to the aircraft cat- this section that are appropriate to the air- egory rating for which the course applies; or craft category and class rating for which the (2) Be concurrently enrolled in an instru- course applies: ment rating course that is appropriate to the (1) 120 hours of training if the course is for aircraft category rating for which the course an airplane or powered-lift rating.
applies, and pass the required instrument (2) 155 hours of training if the course is for rating practical test prior to completing the an airship rating.
commercial pilot certification course. (3) 115 hours of training if the course is for 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each a rotocraft rating.
(4) 6 hours of training if the course is for a approved course must include at least the glider rating.
following ground training on the aero- (5) 10 hours of training and 8 training nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph flights if the course is for a balloon rating.
(b) of this section, appropriate to the aircraft (b) Each approved course must include at category and class rating for which the least the following flight training: course applies: (1) For an airplane single-engine course: 55 (1) 35 hours of training if the course is for hours of flight training from a certificated an airplane category rating or a powered-lift flight instructor on the approved areas of op- category rating.
eration listed in paragraph (d)(1) of this sec- (2) 65 hours of training if the course is for tion that includes at least— a lighter-than-air category with an airship (i) Ten hours of instrument training using class rating.
(3) 30 hours of training if the course is for a view-limiting device including attitude in- a rotocraft category rating. strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- (4) 20 hours of training if the course is for ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- a glider category rating. cepting and tracking navigational systems.
(5) 20 hours of training if the course is for Five hours of the 10 hours required on instru- lighter-than-air category with a balloon ment training must be in a single engine air- class rating. plane; (ii) Ten hours of training in a complex air- (b) Ground training must include the fol- plane, a turbine-powered airplane, or a tech- lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: nically advanced airplane that meets the re- (1) Federal Aviation Regulations that quirements of § 61.129(j) of this chapter, or apply to commercial pilot privileges, limita- any combination thereof. The airplane must tions, and flight operations; (2) Accident reporting requirements of the be appropriate to land or sea for the rating National Transportation Safety Board; sought; (3) Basic aerodynamics and the principles (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day- of flight; time conditions in a single engine airplane (4) Meteorology, to include recognition of that consists of a total straight-line distance critical weather situations, windshear rec- of more than 100 nautical miles from the ognition and avoidance, and the use of aero- original point of departure; nautical weather reports and forecasts; (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in (5) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft; nighttime conditions in a single engine air- (6) Weight and balance computations; plane that consists of a total straight-line VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00631 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. D
distance of more than 100 nautical miles (i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneu- from the original point of departure; and vering of a gyroplane solely by reference to (v) 3 hours in a single-engine airplane in instruments, including using a view-limiting preparation for the practical test within 60 device for attitude instrument flying, partial days preceding the date of the test. panel skills, recovery from unusual flight at- (2) For an airplane multiengine course: 55 titudes, and intercepting and tracking navi- hours of flight training from a certificated gational systems. This aeronautical experi- flight instructor on the approved areas of op- ence may be performed in an aircraft, full eration listed in paragraph (d)(2) of this sec- flight simulator, flight training device, or an tion that includes at least— aviation training device; (i) Ten hours of instrument training using (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day- a view-limiting device including attitude in- time conditions in a gyroplane that consists strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- of a total straight-line distance of more than ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- 50 nautical miles from the original point of cepting and tracking navigational systems.
departure; Five hours of the 10 hours required on instru- (iii) Two hours of flight training in night- ment training must be in a multiengine air- time conditions in a gyroplane at an airport, plane; that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a (ii) 10 hours of training in a multiengine full stop (with each landing involving a complex or turbine-powered airplane, or any flight in the traffic pattern); and combination thereof; (iv) 3 hours in a gyroplane in preparation (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day- for the practical test within 60 days pre- time conditions in a multiengine airplane ceding the date of the test.
that consists of a total straight-line distance (5) For a powered-lift course: 55 hours of of more than 100 nautical miles from the flight training from a certificated flight in- original point of departure; structor on the approved areas of operation (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight in listed in paragraph (d)(5) of this section that nighttime conditions in a multiengine air- includes at least— plane that consists of a total straight-line (i) Ten hours of instrument training using distance of more than 100 nautical miles a view-limiting device including attitude in- from the original point of departure; and strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- (v) 3 hours in a multiengine airplane in ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- preparation for the practical test within 60 cepting and tracking navigational systems.
days preceding the date of the test.
Five hours of the 10 hours required on instru- (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 30 hours ment training must be in a powered-lift; of flight training from a certificated flight (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day- instructor on the approved areas of oper- time conditions in a powered-lift that con- ation listed in paragraph (d)(3) of this sec- sists of a total straight-line distance of more tion that includes at least— than 100 nautical miles from the original (i) Five hours on the control and maneu- point of departure; vering of a helicopter solely by reference to (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in instruments, including using a view-limiting nighttime conditions in a powered-lift that device for attitude instrument flying, partial consists of a total straight-line distance of panel skills, recovery from unusual flight at- more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- titudes, and intercepting and tracking navi- nal point of departure; and gational systems. This aeronautical experi- (iv) 3 hours in a powered-lift in preparation ence may be performed in an aircraft, full for the practical test within 60 days pre- flight simulator, flight training device, or an ceding the date of the test.
aviation training device; (6) For a glider course: 4 hours of flight (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight in day- training from a certificated flight instructor time conditions in a helicopter that consists on the approved areas of operation in para- of a total straight-line distance of more than graph (d)(6) of this section, that includes at 50 nautical miles from the original point of least— departure; (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight in (i) Five training flights in a glider with a nighttime conditions in a helicopter that certificated flight instructor on the launch/ consists of a total straight-line distance of tow procedures approved for the course and more than 50 nautical miles from the origi- on the appropriate approved areas of oper- nal point of departure; and ation listed in paragraph (d)(6) of this sec- (iv) 3 hours in a helicopter in preparation tion; and for the practical test within 60 days pre- (ii) Three training flights in a glider with ceding the date of the test. a certificated flight instructor in prepara- (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: 30 tion for the practical test within 60 days pre- hours of flight training from a certificated ceding the date of the test.
flight instructor on the approved areas of op- (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 55 eration listed in paragraph (d)(4) of this sec- hours of flight training in airships from a tion that includes at least— commercial pilot with an airship rating on VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00632 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. D
the approved areas of operation in paragraph ited for a maximum of 30 percent of the total (d)(7) of this section that includes at least— flight training hour requirements of the ap- (i) Three hours of instrument training in proved course, or of this section, whichever an airship, including using a view-limiting is less. However, credit for training in a device for attitude instrument flying, partial flight training device that meets the require- panel skills, recovery from unusual flight at- ments of § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limita- titudes, and intercepting and tracking navi- tion provided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this gational systems; section.
(ii) One hour cross country flight in day- (d) Each approved course must include the time conditions in an airship that consists of flight training on the approved areas of oper- a total straight-line distance of more than 25 ation listed in this paragraph that are appro- nautical miles from the original point of de- priate to the aircraft category and class rat- parture; ing— (iii) One hour cross country flight in night- (1) For an airplane single-engine course: (i) time conditions in an airship that consists of Preflight preparation; a total straight-line distance of more than 25 (ii) Preflight procedures; nautical miles from the original point of de- (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; parture; and (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (iv) 3 hours in an airship, in preparation (v) Performance maneuvers; for the practical test within 60 days pre- (vi) Navigation; ceding the date of the test.
(vii) Slow flight and stalls; (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (viii) Emergency operations; Flight training from a commercial pilot with (ix) High-altitude operations; and a balloon rating on the approved areas of op- (x) Postflight procedures.
eration in paragraph (d)(8) of this section (2) For an airplane multiengine course: (i) that includes at least— Preflight preparation; (i) If the course involves training in a gas (ii) Preflight procedures; balloon: (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations; (A) Two flights of 1 hour each; (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent (v) Performance maneuvers; to at least 5,000 feet above the launch site; (vi) Navigation; and (vii) Slow flight and stalls; (C) Two flights in preparation for the prac- (viii) Emergency operations; tical test within 60 days preceding the date (ix) Multiengine operations; of the test.
(x) High-altitude operations; and (ii) If the course involves training in a bal- (xi) Postflight procedures.
loon with an airborne heater: (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: (i) Pre- (A) Two flights of 30 minutes each; flight preparation; (B) One flight involving a controlled ascent (ii) Preflight procedures; to at least 3,000 feet above the launch site; (iii) Airport and heliport operations; and (iv) Hovering maneuvers; (C) Two flights in preparation for the prac- (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; tical test within 60 days preceding the date (vi) Performance maneuvers; of the test.
(vii) Navigation; (c) For the use of full flight simulators or (viii) Emergency operations; flight training devices: (ix) Special operations; and (1) The course may include training in a (x) Postflight procedures.
full flight simulator or flight training de- (4) For a rotorcraft gyroplane course: (i) Pre- vice, provided it is representative of the air- flight preparation; craft for which the course is approved, meets (ii) Preflight procedures; the requirements of this paragraph, and is (iii) Airport operations; given by an authorized instructor. (iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (2) Training in a full flight simulator that (v) Performance maneuvers; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be (vi) Ground reference maneuvers; credited for a maximum of 30 percent of the (vii) Navigation; total flight training hour requirements of (viii) Flight at slow airspeeds; the approved course, or of this section, (ix) Emergency operations; and whichever is less.
(x) Postflight procedures.
(3) Training in a flight training device that (5) For a powered-lift course: (i) Preflight meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be preparation; credited for a maximum of 20 percent of the (ii) Preflight procedures; total flight training hour requirements of (iii) Airport and heliport operations; the approved course, or of this section, (iv) Hovering maneuvers; whichever is less. (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (4) Training in the flight training devices (vi) Performance maneuvers; described in paragraphs (c)(2) and (3) of this (vii) Navigation; section, if used in combination, may be cred- (viii) Slow flight and stalls; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00633 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. D
(ix) Emergency operations; (3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 (x) High altitude operations; takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing (xi) Special operations; and involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at (xii) Postflight procedures.
an airport with an operating control tower.
(6) For a glider course: (i) Preflight prepara- (b) For an airplane multiengine course. Ten tion; hours of solo flight time in a multiengine (ii) Preflight procedures; airplane, or 10 hours of flight time while per- (iii) Airport and gliderport operations; forming the duties of pilot in command in a (iv) Launches/tows, as appropriate, and multiengine airplane with an authorized in- landings; structor on board. The training must consist (v) Performance speeds; of the approved areas of operation under (vi) Soaring techniques; paragraph (d)(2) of section 4 of this appendix, (vii) Performance maneuvers; and include— (viii) Navigation; (1) One cross-country flight, if the training (ix) Slow flight and stalls; is being performed in the State of Hawaii, (x) Emergency operations; and with landings at a minimum of three points, (xi) Postflight procedures. and one of the segments consisting of a (7) For a lighter-than-air airship course: (i) straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical Fundamentals of instructing; miles; (ii) Technical subjects; (2) One cross-country flight, if the training (iii) Preflight preparation; is being performed in a State other than Ha- (iv) Preflight lessons on a maneuver to be waii, with landings at a minimum of three performed in flight; points and one segment of the flight con- (v) Preflight procedures; sisting of straight-line distance of at least (vi) Airport operations; 250 nautical miles; and (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 (viii) Performance maneuvers; takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing (ix) Navigation; involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at (x) Emergency operations; and an airport with an operating control tower.
(xi) Postflight procedures. (c) For a rotorcraft helicopter course. Ten (8) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: (i) hours of solo flight time in a helicopter, or 10 Fundamentals of instructing; hours of flight time while performing the du- (ii) Technical subjects; ties of pilot in command in a helicopter with (iii) Preflight preparation; an authorized instructor on board. The train- (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be ing must consist of the approved areas of op- performed in flight; eration under paragraph (d)(3) of section 4 of (v) Preflight procedures; this appendix, and include— (vi) Airport operations; (1) One cross-country flight with landings (vii) Launches and landings; at a minimum of three points and one seg- (viii) Performance maneuvers; ment of the flight consisting of a straight- (ix) Navigation; line distance of at least 50 nautical miles (x) Emergency operations; and from the original point of departure; and (xi) Postflight procedures.
(2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 5. Solo training. Each approved course must takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing include at least the following solo flight involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at training: an airport with an operating control tower.
(a) For an airplane single engine course. Ten (d) For a rotorcraft-gyroplane course. Ten hours of solo flight time in a single engine hours of solo flight time in a gyroplane, or 10 airplane, or 10 hours of flight time while per- hours of flight time while performing the du- forming the duties of pilot in command in a ties of pilot in command in a gyroplane with single engine airplane with an authorized in- an authorized instructor on board. The train- structor on board. The training must consist ing must consist of the approved areas of op- of the approved areas of operation under eration under paragraph (d)(4) of section 4 of paragraph (d)(1) of section 4 of this appendix, this appendix, and include— and include— (1) One cross-country flight with landings (1) One cross-country flight, if the training at a minimum of three points, and one seg- is being performed in the State of Hawaii, ment of the flight consisting of a straight- with landings at a minimum of three points, line distance of at least 50 nautical miles and one of the segments consisting of a from the original point of departure; and straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical (2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 miles; takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing (2) One cross-country flight, if the training involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at is being performed in a State other than Ha- an airport with an operating control tower.
waii, with landings at a minimum of three (e) For a powered-lift course. Ten hours of points, and one segment of the flight con- solo flight time in a powered-lift, or 10 hours sisting of a straight-line distance of at least of flight time while performing the duties of 250 nautical miles; and pilot in command in a powered-lift with an VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00634 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. E
authorized instructor on board. The training dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo must consist of the approved areas of oper- flight.
ation under paragraph (d)(5) of section No. 4 [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
of this appendix, and include— 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997, as amended (1) One cross-country flight, if the training by Amdt. 141–10, 63 FR 20290, Apr. 23, 1998; is being performed in the State of Hawaii, Amdt. 141–12, 74 FR 42565, Aug. 21, 2009; Dock- with landings at a minimum of three points, et FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21461, and one segment of the flight consisting of a Apr. 12, 2016; 83 FR 30283, June 27, 2018] straight-line distance of at least 150 nautical miles; A PPENDIX E TO P ART 141—A IRLINE (2) One cross-country flight, if the training TRANSPORT PILOT C ERTIFICATION is being performed in a State other than Ha- C OURSE waii, with landings at a minimum of three points, and one segment of the flight con- 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes sisting of a straight-line distance of at least the minimum curriculum for an airline 250 nautical miles; and transport pilot certification course under this part, for the following ratings: (3) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing (a) Airplane single-engine.
involving a flight with a traffic pattern) at (b) Airplane multiengine.
an airport with an operating control tower.
(c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
(f) For a glider course: 5 solo flights in a (d) Powered-lift.
glider on the approved areas of operation in 2. Eligibility for enrollment. Before com- paragraph (d)(6) of section No. 4 of this ap- pleting the flight portion of the airline pendix.
transport pilot certification course, a person (g) For a lighter-than-air airship course: 10 must meet the aeronautical experience re- hours of flight training in an airship per- quirements for an airline transport pilot cer- forming the duties of pilot in command tificate under part 61, subpart G of this chap- ter that is appropriate to the aircraft cat- while under the supervision of a commercial egory and class rating for which the course pilot with an airship rating. The training applies, and: must consist of the approved areas of oper- (a) Hold a commercial pilot certificate and ation in paragraph (d)(7) of section No. 4 of an instrument rating, or an airline transport this appendix and include at least— pilot certificate with instrument privileges; (1) One cross-country flight with landings (b) Meet the military experience require- at a minimum of three points, and one seg- ments under § 61.73 of this chapter to qualify ment of the flight consisting of a straight- for a commercial pilot certificate and an in- line distance of at least 25 nautical miles strument rating, if the person is a rated from the original point of departure; and military pilot or former rated military pilot (2) 5 hours in night VFR conditions with 10 of an Armed Force of the United States; or takeoffs and 10 landings (with each landing (c) Hold either a foreign airline transport involving a flight with a traffic pattern).
pilot license or foreign commercial pilot li- (h) For a lighter-than-air balloon course: Two cense and an instrument rating, if the person solo flights if the course is for a hot air bal- holds a pilot license issued by a contracting loon rating, or, if the course is for a gas bal- State to the Convention on International loon rating, at least two flights in a gas bal- Civil Aviation.
loon, while performing the duties of pilot in 3. Aeronautical knowledge areas. (a) Each command under the supervision of a com- approved course must include at least 40 mercial pilot with a balloon rating. The hours of ground training on the aeronautical training shall consist of the approved areas knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of of operation in paragraph (d)(8) of section this section, appropriate to the aircraft cat- No. 4 of this appendix, in the kind of balloon egory and class rating for which the course for which the course applies.
applies.
6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) (b) Ground training must include the fol- Each student enrolled in a commercial pilot lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: course must satisfactorily accomplish the (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- tions of this chapter that relate to airline cordance with the school’s approved training transport pilot privileges, limitations, and course, consisting of the approved areas of flight operations; operation listed in paragraph (d) of section (2) Meteorology, including knowledge of No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to and effects of fronts, frontal characteristics, aircraft category and class rating for which cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data; the course applies.
(3) General system of weather and NOTAM (b) Each student must demonstrate satis- collection, dissemination, interpretation, factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- and use; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00635 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. F
(4) Interpretation and use of weather § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro- charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, ab- vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
breviations, and symbols; (c) Each approved course must include (5) National Weather Service functions as flight training on the approved areas of oper- they pertain to operations in the National ation listed in this paragraph appropriate to the aircraft category and class rating for Airspace System; which the course applies: (6) Windshear and microburst awareness, (1) Preflight preparation; identification, and avoidance; (2) Preflight procedures; (7) Principles of air navigation under in- (3) Takeoff and departure phase; strument meteorological conditions in the (4) In-flight maneuvers; National Airspace System; (5) Instrument procedures; (8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot (6) Landings and approaches to landings; responsibilities as they relate to en route op- (7) Normal and abnormal procedures; erations, terminal area and radar operations, (8) Emergency procedures; and and instrument departure and approach pro- (9) Postflight procedures.
cedures; 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) (9) Aircraft loading; weight and balance; Each student enrolled in an airline transport use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and pilot course must satisfactorily accomplish computations; and the effects on aircraft the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in performance; accordance with the school’s approved train- (10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft’s ing course, consisting of the approved areas flight characteristics and performance in of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section normal and abnormal flight regimes; No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to (11) Human factors; the aircraft category and class rating for (12) Aeronautical decision making and which the course applies.
judgment; and (b) Each student must demonstrate satis- (13) Crew resource management to include factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- crew communication and coordination.
dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course flight.
must include at least 25 hours of flight train- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
ing on the approved areas of operation listed 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 141–12, in paragraph (c) of this section appropriate 74 FR 42565, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2015– to the aircraft category and class rating for 1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016] which the course applies. At least 15 hours of this flight training must be instrument A PPENDIX F TO P ART 141—F LIGHT flight training.
INSTRUCTOR C ERTIFICATION C OURSE (b) For the use of full flight simulators or flight training devices— 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (1) The course may include training in a the minimum curriculum for a flight in- full flight simulator or flight training de- structor certification course and an addi- vice, provided it is representative of the air- tional flight instructor rating course re- craft for which the course is approved, meets quired under this part, for the following rat- the requirements of this paragraph, and the ings: training is given by an authorized instruc- (a) Airplane single-engine.
tor.
(b) Airplane multiengine.
(2) Training in a full flight simulator that (c) Rotorcraft helicopter.
meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the (e) Powered-lift.
total flight training hour requirements of (f) Glider category.
the approved course, or of this section, 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must whichever is less.
hold the following prior to enrolling in the (3) Training in a flight training device that flight portion of the flight instructor or ad- meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be ditional flight instructor rating course: credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the (a) A commercial pilot certificate or an total flight training hour requirements of airline transport pilot certificate, with an the approved course, or of this section, aircraft category and class rating appro- whichever is less. priate to the flight instructor rating for (4) Training in full flight simulators or which the course applies; and flight training devices described in para- (b) An instrument rating or privilege in an graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft combination, may be credited for a max- category and class rating for which the imum of 50 percent of the total flight train- course applies, if the course is for a flight in- ing hour requirements of the approved structor airplane or powered-lift instrument course, or of this section, whichever is less. rating.
However, credit for training in a flight train- 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each ing device that meets the requirements of approved course must include at least the VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00636 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. F
following ground training in the aero- (4) Training in full flight simulators or nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph flight training devices described in para- (b) of this section: graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in (1) 40 hours of training if the course is for combination, may be credited for a max- an initial issuance of a flight instructor cer- imum of 10 percent of the total flight train- tificate; or ing hour requirements of the approved (2) 20 hours of training if the course is for course, or of this section, whichever is less.
an additional flight instructor rating. However, credit for training in a flight train- ing device that meets the requirements of (b) Ground training must include the fol- § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro- lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(1) The fundamentals of instructing includ- (c) Each approved course must include ing— flight training on the approved areas of oper- (i) The learning process; ation listed in this paragraph that are appro- (ii) Elements of effective teaching; priate to the aircraft category and class rat- (iii) Student evaluation and testing; ing for which the course applies— (iv) Course development; (1) For an airplane—single-engine course: (i) (v) Lesson planning; and Fundamentals of instructing; (vi) Classroom training techniques.
(ii) Technical subject areas; (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas in (iii) Preflight preparation; which training is required for— (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be (i) A recreational, private, and commercial performed in flight; pilot certificate that is appropriate to the (v) Preflight procedures; aircraft category and class rating for which (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; the course applies; and (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; (ii) An instrument rating that is appro- (viii) Fundamentals of flight; priate to the aircraft category and class rat- (ix) Performance maneuvers; ing for which the course applies, if the (x) Ground reference maneuvers; course is for an airplane or powered-lift air- (xi) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; craft rating.
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (c) A student who satisfactorily completes (xiii) Emergency operations; and 2 years of study on the principles of edu- (xiv) Postflight procedures.
cation at a college or university may be (2) For an airplane—multiengine course: (i) credited with no more than 20 hours of the Fundamentals of instructing; training required in paragraph (a)(1) of this (ii) Technical subject areas; section.
(iii) Preflight preparation; 4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be must include at least the following flight performed in flight; training on the approved areas of operation (v) Preflight procedures; of paragraph (c) of this section appropriate (vi) Airport and seaplane base operations; to the flight instructor rating for which the (vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; course applies: (viii) Fundamentals of flight; (1) 25 hours, if the course is for an airplane, (ix) Performance maneuvers; rotorcraft, or powered-lift rating; and (x) Ground reference maneuvers; (2) 10 hours, which must include 10 flights, (xi) Slow flight and stalls; if the course is for a glider category rating.
(xii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (b) For the use of flight simulators or (xiii) Emergency operations; flight training devices: (xiv) Multiengine operations; and (1) The course may include training in a (xv) Postflight procedures.
full flight simulator or flight training de- (3) For a rotorcraft—helicopter course: (i) vice, provided it is representative of the air- Fundamentals of instructing; craft for which the course is approved, meets (ii) Technical subject areas; the requirements of this paragraph, and the (iii) Preflight preparation; training is given by an authorized instruc- (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be tor.
performed in flight; (2) Training in a full flight simulator that (v) Preflight procedures; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be (vi) Airport and heliport operations; credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the (vii) Hovering maneuvers; total flight training hour requirements of (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; the approved course, or of this section, (ix) Fundamentals of flight; whichever is less.
(x) Performance maneuvers; (3) Training in a flight training device that (xi) Emergency operations; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be (xii) Special operations; and credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the (xiii) Postflight procedures.
total flight training hour requirements of (4) For a rotorcraft—gyroplane course: (i) the approved course, or of this section, Fundamentals of instructing; whichever is less. (ii) Technical subject areas; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00637 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. G
(iii) Preflight preparation; is certificated for spins and is appropriate to (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be the rating sought; and performed in flight; (2) Demonstrated instructional proficiency (v) Preflight procedures; in stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and spin (vi) Airport operations; recovery procedures.
(vii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
(viii) Fundamentals of flight; 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997, as amended (ix) Performance maneuvers; by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 (x) Flight at slow airspeeds; FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016] (xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (xii) Emergency operations; and A PPENDIX G TO P ART 141—F LIGHT I N- (xiii) Postflight procedures.
STRUCTOR I NSTRUMENT (F OR AN A IR- (5) For a powered-lift course: (i) Fundamen- PLANE , H ELICOPTER , OR POWERED - tals of instructing; L IFT I NSTRUMENT I NSTRUCTOR RAT - (ii) Technical subject areas; (iii) Preflight preparation; ING , AS A PPROPRIATE ) C ERTIFI - (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be CATION C OURSE performed in flight; 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (v) Preflight procedures; the minimum curriculum for a flight in- (vi) Airport and heliport operations; structor instrument certification course re- (vii) Hovering maneuvers; quired under this part, for the following rat- (viii) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds; ings: (ix) Fundamentals of flight; (a) Flight Instructor Instrument—Air- (x) Performance maneuvers; plane.
(xi) Ground reference maneuvers; (b) Flight Instructor Instrument—Heli- (xii) Slow flight and stalls; copter.
(xiii) Basic instrument maneuvers; (c) Flight Instructor Instrument—Pow- (xiv) Emergency operations; ered-lift aircraft.
(xv) Special operations; and 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must (xvi) Postflight procedures.
hold the following prior to enrolling in the (6) For a glider course: (i) Fundamentals of flight portion of the flight instructor instru- instructing; ment course: (ii) Technical subject areas; (a) A commercial pilot certificate or air- (iii) Preflight preparation; line transport pilot certificate with an air- (iv) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be craft category and class rating appropriate performed in flight; to the flight instructor category and class (v) Preflight procedures; rating for which the course applies; and (vi) Airport and gliderport operations; (b) An instrument rating or privilege on (vii) Tows or launches, landings, and go- that flight instructor applicant’s pilot cer- arounds, if applicable; tificate that is appropriate to the flight in- (viii) Fundamentals of flight; structor instrument rating (for an airplane- (ix) Performance speeds; , helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument rat- (x) Soaring techniques; ing, as appropriate) for which the course ap- (xi) Performance maneuvers; plies.
(xii) Slow flight, stalls, and spins; 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each (xiii) Emergency operations; and approved course must include at least 15 (xiv) Postflight procedures.
hours of ground training on the aeronautical 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of Each student enrolled in a flight instructor this section, appropriate to the flight in- course must satisfactorily accomplish the structor instrument rating (for an airplane- stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- , helicopter-, or powered-lift-instrument rat- cordance with the school’s approved training ing, as appropriate) for which the course ap- course, consisting of the appropriate ap- plies: proved areas of operation listed in paragraph (b) Ground training must include the fol- (c) of section No. 4 of this appendix appro- lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: priate to the flight instructor rating for (1) The fundamentals of instructing includ- which the course applies.
ing: (b) In the case of a student who is enrolled (i) The learning process; in a flight instructor-airplane rating or (ii) Elements of effective teaching; flight instructor-glider rating course, that (iii) Student evaluation and testing; student must have: (iv) Course development; (1) Received a logbook endorsement from a certificated flight instructor certifying the (v) Lesson planning; and student received ground and flight training (vi) Classroom training techniques.
on stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas in spin recovery procedures in an aircraft that which training is required for an instrument VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00638 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. H
rating that is appropriate to the aircraft cat- an airplane-, helicopter-, or powered-lift-in- egory and class rating for the course which strument rating, as appropriate) for which applies. the course applies.
4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
must include at least 15 hours of flight train- 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997, as amended ing in the approved areas of operation of by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 paragraph (c) of this section appropriate to FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016] the flight instructor rating for which the course applies.
A PPENDIX H TO P ART 141—G ROUND (b) For the use of full flight simulators or INSTRUCTOR C ERTIFICATION C OURSE flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes full flight simulator or flight training de- the minimum curriculum for a ground in- vice, provided it is representative of the air- structor certification course and an addi- craft for which the course is approved for, tional ground instructor rating course, re- meets requirements of this paragraph, and quired under this part, for the following rat- the training is given by an instructor.
ings: (2) Training in a full flight simulator that (a) Ground Instructor—Basic.
meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be (b) Ground Instructor—Advanced.
credited for a maximum of 10 percent of the (c) Ground Instructor—Instrument.
total flight training hour requirements of 2. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each the approved course, or of this section, approved course must include at least the whichever is less.
following ground training on the knowledge (3) Training in a flight training device that areas listed in paragraphs (b), (c), (d), and (e) meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be of this section, appropriate to the ground in- credited for a maximum of 5 percent of the structor rating for which the course applies: total flight training hour requirements of (1) 20 hours of training if the course is for the approved course, or of this section, an initial issuance of a ground instructor whichever is less.
certificate; or (4) Training in full flight simulators or (2) 10 hours of training if the course is for flight training devices described in para- an additional ground instructor rating.
graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in (b) Ground training must include the fol- combination, may be credited for a max- lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: imum of 10 percent of the total flight train- (1) Learning process; ing hour requirements of the approved (2) Elements of effective teaching; course, or of this section, whichever is less.
(3) Student evaluation and testing; However, credit for training in a flight train- (4) Course development; ing device that meets the requirements of (5) Lesson planning; and § 141.41(b) cannot exceed the limitation pro- (6) Classroom training techniques.
vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section.
(c) Ground training for a basic ground in- (c) An approved course for the flight in- structor certificate must include the aero- structor-instrument rating must include nautical knowledge areas applicable to a rec- flight training on the following approved reational and private pilot.
areas of operation that are appropriate to (d) Ground training for an advanced ground the instrument-aircraft category and class instructor rating must include the aero- rating for which the course applies: nautical knowledge areas applicable to a rec- (1) Fundamentals of instructing; reational, private, commercial, and airline (2) Technical subject areas; transport pilot.
(3) Preflight preparation; (e) Ground training for an instrument (4) Preflight lesson on a maneuver to be ground instructor rating must include the performed in flight; aeronautical knowledge areas applicable to (5) Air traffic control clearances and proce- an instrument rating.
dures; (f) A student who satisfactorily completed (6) Flight by reference to instruments; 2 years of study on the principles of edu- (7) Navigation systems; cation at a college or university may be (8) Instrument approach procedures; credited with 10 hours of the training re- (9) Emergency operations; and quired in paragraph (a)(1) of this section.
(10) Postflight procedures. 3. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each student enrolled in a ground instructor student enrolled in a flight instructor instru- course must satisfactorily accomplish the ment course must satisfactorily accomplish stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in cordance with the school’s approved training accordance with the school’s approved train- course, consisting of the approved knowledge ing course, consisting of the approved areas areas in paragraph (b), (c), (d), and (e) of sec- of operation listed in paragraph (c) of section tion No. 2 of this appendix appropriate to the No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to ground instructor rating for which the the flight instructor instrument rating (for course applies.
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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. I
(5) Principles of aerodynamics, power- A PPENDIX I TO P ART 141—A DDITIONAL plants, and aircraft systems; A IRCRAFT C ATEGORY AND /OR CLASS (6) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and R ATING C OURSE spin recovery techniques if applying for an airplane single engine rating; and 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (7) Preflight action that includes how to the minimum curriculum for an additional obtain information on runway lengths at air- aircraft category rating course or an addi- ports of intended use, data on takeoff and tional aircraft class rating course required landing distances, weather reports and fore- under this part, for the following ratings: casts, and fuel requirements.
(a) Airplane single-engine.
(b) Airplane multiengine. (c) For a commercial pilot certificate, the (c) Rotorcraft helicopter. following aeronautical knowledge areas must be included in a 15-hour ground train- (d) Rotorcraft gyroplane.
ing course for an additional class rating or a (e) Powered-lift.
20-hour ground training course for an addi- (f) Glider.
tional aircraft category and class rating: (g) Lighter-than-air airship.
(1) Applicable regulations issued by the (h) Lighter-than-air balloon.
Federal Aviation Administration for com- 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must mercial pilot privileges, limitations, and hold the level of pilot certificate for the ad- flight operations; ditional aircraft category and class rating (2) Basic aerodynamics and the principles for which the course applies prior to enroll- of flight; ing in the flight portion of an additional air- (3) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft; craft category or additional aircraft class (4) Weight and balance computations; rating course.
3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (5) Use of performance charts; (a) For a recreational pilot certificate, the (6) Significance and effects of exceeding following aeronautical knowledge areas aircraft performance limitations; must be included in a 10-hour ground train- (7) Principles and functions of aircraft sys- ing course for an additional aircraft category tems; and/or class rating: (8) Maneuvers, procedures, and emergency (1) Applicable regulations issued by the operations appropriate to the aircraft; Federal Aviation Administration for rec- (9) Nighttime and high-altitude operations; reational pilot privileges, limitations, and and flight operations; (10) Procedures for flight and ground train- (2) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, ing for lighter-than-air ratings.
including collision avoidance, and recogni- (d) For an airline transport pilot certifi- tion and avoidance of wake turbulence; cate, the following aeronautical knowledge areas must be included in a 25-hour ground (3) Effects of density altitude on takeoff training course for an additional aircraft and climb performance; category and/or class rating: (4) Weight and balance computations; (1) Applicable regulations issued by the (5) Principles of aerodynamics, power- Federal Aviation Administration for airline plants, and aircraft systems; transport pilot privileges, limitations, and (6) Stall awareness, spin entry, spins, and flight operations; spin recovery techniques if applying for an (2) Meteorology, including knowledge and airplane single engine rating; and effects of fronts, frontal characteristics, (7) Preflight action that includes how to cloud formations, icing, and upper-air data; obtain information on runway lengths at air- ports of intended use, data on takeoff and (3) General system of weather and NOTAM landing distances, weather reports and fore- collection, dissemination, interpretation, casts, and fuel requirements. and use; (b) For a private pilot certificate, the fol- (4) Interpretation and use of weather lowing aeronautical knowledge areas must charts, maps, forecasts, sequence reports, ab- be included in a 10-hour ground training breviations, and symbols; course for an additional class rating or a 15- (5) National Weather Service functions as hour ground training course for an addi- they pertain to operations in the National tional aircraft category and class rating: Airspace System; (1) Applicable regulations issued by the (6) Windshear and microburst awareness, Federal Aviation Administration for private identification, and avoidance; pilot privileges, limitations, and flight oper- (7) Principles of air navigation under in- ations; strument meteorological conditions in the (2) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft, National Airspace System; including collision avoidance, and recogni- (8) Air traffic control procedures and pilot tion and avoidance of wake turbulence; responsibilities as they relate to en route op- (3) Effects of density altitude on takeoff erations, terminal area and radar operations, and climb performance; and instrument departure and approach pro- (4) Weight and balance computations; cedures; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00640 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. I
(9) Aircraft loading; weight and balance; cannot be used to meet more than 16.5 hours use of charts, graphs, tables, formulas, and of the training requirements, and the use of computations; and the effects on aircraft the flight training device is limited to 11 performance; hours of the 16.5 hours permitted. The course (10) Aerodynamics relating to an aircraft’s must include— flight characteristics and performance in (i) Five hours of instrument training in a normal and abnormal flight regimes; single engine airplane that includes training (11) Human factors; using a view-limiting device on attitude in- (12) Aeronautical decision making and strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- judgment; and ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- (13) Crew resource management to include cepting and tracking navigational systems; crew communication and coordination. (ii) Ten hours of training in a complex air- 4. Flight training.
plane, a turbine-powered airplane, or a tech- (a) Course for an additional airplane cat- nically advanced airplane that meets the re- egory and single engine class rating. quirements of § 61.129(j), or any combination (1) For the recreational pilot certificate, thereof. The airplane must be appropriate to the course must include 15 hours of flight land or sea for the rating sought; training on the areas of operations under (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during part 141, appendix A, paragraph 4(c)(1) that daytime conditions in a single engine air- include— plane, a total straight-line distance of more (i) Two hours of flight training to an air- than 100 nautical miles from the original port and at an airport that is located more point of departure; than 25 nautical miles from the airport (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during where the applicant normally trains, with nighttime conditions in a single engine air- three takeoffs and three landings, except as plane, a total straight-line distance of more provided under § 61.100 of this chapter; and than 100 nautical miles from the original (ii) Three hours of flight training in an air- point of departure; and craft with the airplane category and single (v) Three hours in a single engine airplane engine class within 2 calendar months before within 2 calendar months before the date of the date of the practical test.
the practical test.
(2) For the private pilot certificate, the (4) For the airline transport pilot certifi- course must include 20 hours of flight train- cate, the course must include 25 hours flight ing on the areas of operations under part 141, training, including 15 hours of instrument appendix B, paragraph 4(d)(1). A flight simu- training, in a single engine airplane on the lator and flight training device cannot be areas of operation under part 141, appendix used to meet more than 4 hours of the train- E, paragraph 4.(c). A flight simulator and ing requirements, and the use of the flight flight training device cannot be used to meet training device is limited to 3 hours of the 4 more than 12.5 hours of the training require- hours permitted. The course must include— ments; and the use of the flight training de- (i) Three hours of cross country training in vice is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours a single engine airplane, except as provided permitted.
under § 61.111 of this chapter; (b) Course for an additional airplane cat- (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- egory and multiengine class rating.
ing in a single engine airplane that includes (1) For the private pilot certificate, the one cross country flight of more than 100 course requires 20 hours flight training on nautical miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs the areas of operations under part 141, appen- and 10 landings to a full stop (with each dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(2). A flight simulator landing involving a flight in the traffic pat- and flight training device cannot be used tern) at an airport; more than 4 hours to meet the training re- (iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin- quirements, and use of the flight training de- gle engine airplane on the control and ma- vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per- neuvering of the airplane solely by reference mitted. The course must include— to instruments, including straight and level (i) Three hours of cross country training in flight, constant airspeed climbs and de- a multiengine airplane, except as provided scents, turns to a heading, recovery from un- under § 61.111 of this chapter; usual flight attitudes, radio communica- (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- tions, and the use of navigation systems/fa- ing in a multiengine airplane that includes cilities and radar services appropriate to in- one cross country flight of more than 100 strument flight; and nautical miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs (iv) Three hours of flight training in a sin- and 10 landings to a full stop (with each gle engine airplane within 2 calendar months landing involving a flight in the traffic pat- before the date of the practical test. tern) at an airport; (3) For the commercial pilot certificate, (iii) Three hours of flight training in a the course must include 55 hours of flight multiengine airplane on the control and ma- training on the areas of operations under neuvering of a multiengine airplane solely part 141, appendix D, paragraph 4(d)(1). A by reference to instruments, including flight simulator and flight training device straight and level flight, constant airspeed VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00641 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. I
climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re- aircraft within 2 calendar months before the covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio date of the practical test.
communications, and the use of navigation (2) For the private pilot certificate, the systems/facilities and radar services appro- course requires 20 hours flight training on priate to instrument flight; and the areas of operations under part 141, appen- dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(3). A flight simulator (iv) Three hours of flight training in a mul- and flight training device cannot be used tiengine airplane in preparation for the prac- more than 4 hours to meet the training re- tical test within 2 calendar months before quirements, and use of the flight training de- the date of the test.
vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per- (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, mitted. The course must include— the course requires 55 hours flight training (i) Except as provided under § 61.111 of this on the areas of operations under part 141, ap- chapter, 3 hours of cross country flight pendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(2). A flight simu- training in a helicopter; lator and flight training device cannot be (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train- ing in a helicopter that includes one cross ing requirements, and use of the flight train- country flight of more than 50 nautical miles ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5 total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 land- hours permitted. The course must include— ings to a full stop (with each landing involv- (i) Five hours of instrument training in a ing a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- multiengine airplane including training port; and using a view-limiting device for attitude in- (iii) Three hours of flight training in a hel- strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- icopter within 2 calendar months before the ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- date of the practical test.
cepting and tracking navigational systems; (3) The commercial pilot certificate level (ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine requires 30 hours flight training on the areas airplane that has retractable landing gear, of operations under appendix D of part 141, flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is paragraph 4.(d)(3). A flight simulator and turbine-powered; flight training device cannot be used more (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during than 9 hours to meet the training require- daytime conditions in a multiengine air- ments, and use of the flight training device plane, and a total straight-line distance of is limited to 6 hours of the 9 hours per- more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- mitted. The course must include— nal point of departure; (i) Five hours on the control and maneu- (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during vering of a helicopter solely by reference to nighttime conditions in a multiengine air- instruments, and must include training plane, and a total straight-line distance of using a view-limiting device for attitude in- more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- nal point of departure; and ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- (v) Three hours in a multiengine airplane cepting and tracking navigational systems.
within 2 calendar months before the date of This aeronautical experience may be per- the practical test.
formed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight (3) For the airline transport pilot certifi- training device, or an aviation training de- cate, the course requires 25 hours of flight vice; training in a multiengine airplane on the (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during areas of operation under part 141, appendix daytime conditions in a helicopter, a total E, paragraph 4.(c) that includes 15 hours of straight-line distance of more than 50 nau- instrument training. A flight simulator and tical miles from the original point of depar- flight training device cannot be used more ture; than 12.5 hours to meet the training require- (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during ments, and use of the flight training device nighttime conditions in a helicopter, a total is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours per- straight-line distance of more than 50 nau- mitted.
tical miles from the original point of depar- (c) Course for an additional rotorcraft cat- ture; and egory and helicopter class rating.
(iv) Three hours in a helicopter within 2 (1) For the recreational pilot certificate, calendar months before the date of the prac- the course requires 15 hours of flight train- tical test.
ing on the areas of operations under part 141, (4) For the airline transport pilot certifi- appendix A, paragraph 4.(c)(2) that includes— cate, the course requires 25 hours of flight (i) Two hours of flight training to and at training, including 15 hours of instrument an airport that is located more than 25 nau- training, in a helicopter on the areas of oper- tical miles from the airport where the appli- ation under part 141, appendix E, paragraph cant normally trains, with three takeoffs 4.(c). A flight simulator and flight training and three landings, except as provided under device cannot be used more than 12.5 hours § 61.100 of this chapter; and to meet the training requirements, and use (ii) Three hours of flight training in a of the flight training device is limited to 6.25 rotorcraft category and a helicopter class hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.
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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. I
(d) Course for an additional rotorcraft cat- (iv) Three hours in a gyroplane within 2 egory and a gyroplane class rating. calendar months before the date of the prac- (1) For the recreational pilot certificate, tical test.
the course requires 15 hours flight training (e) Course for an additional lighter-than- on the areas of operations under part 141, ap- air category and airship class rating.
pendix A, paragraph 4.(c)(3) that includes— (1) For the private pilot certificate, the (i) Two hours of flight training to and at course requires 20 hours of flight training on an airport that is located more than 25 nau- the areas of operation under part 141, appen- tical miles from the airport where the appli- dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight simulator cant normally trains, with three takeoffs and flight training device cannot be used and three landings, except as provided under more than 4 hours to meet the training re- § 61.100 of this chapter; and quirements, and use of the flight training de- (ii) Three hours of flight training in a gy- vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per- roplane class within 2 calendar months be- mitted. The course must include— fore the date of the practical test. (i) Three hours of cross country flight (2) For the private pilot certificate, the training in an airship, except as provided course requires 20 hours flight training on under § 61.111 of this chapter; the areas of operations under part 141, appen- (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simulator ing in an airship that includes one cross and flight training device cannot be used country flight of more than 25 nautical miles more than 4 hours to meet the training re- total distance and 5 takeoffs and 5 landings quirements, and use of the flight training de- to a full stop (with each landing involving a vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per- flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport; mitted. The course must include— (iii) Three hours of flight training in an (i) Three hours of cross country flight airship on the control and maneuvering of an training in a gyroplane, except as provided airship solely by reference to instruments, under § 61.111 of this chapter; including straight and level flight, constant (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a ing in a gyroplane that includes one cross heading, recovery from unusual flight atti- country flight of more than 50 nautical miles tudes, radio communications, and the use of total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 land- navigation systems/facilities and radar serv- ings to a full stop (with each landing involv- ices appropriate to instrument flight; and ing a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- (iv) Three hours of flight training in an port; and airship within 2 calendar months before the (iii) Three hours of flight training in a gy- date of the practical test.
roplane within 2 calendar months before the (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, date of the practical test. the course requires 55 hours of flight train- (3) For the commercial pilot certificate, ing on the areas of operation under part 141, the course requires 30 hours flight training appendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight simu- on the areas of operations of appendix D to lator and flight training device cannot be part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simu- used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train- lator and flight training device cannot be ing requirements, and use of the flight train- used more than 6 hours to meet the training ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5 requirements, and use of the flight training hours permitted. The course must include— device is limited to 6 hours of the 9 hours (i) Three hours of instrument training in permitted. The course must include— an airship that must include training using a (i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneu- view-limiting device for attitude instrument vering of a gyroplane solely by reference to flying, partial panel skills, recovery from instruments, and must include training unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting using a view-limiting device for attitude in- and tracking navigational systems; strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- (ii) One hour cross country flight during ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- daytime conditions in an airship that con- cepting and tracking navigational systems.
sists of, a total straight-line distance of This aeronautical experience may be per- more than 25 nautical miles from the origi- formed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight nal point of departure; training device, or an aviation training de- (iii) One hour cross country flight during vice.
nighttime conditions in an airship that con- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during sists of a total straight-line distance of more daytime conditions in a gyroplane, a total than 25 nautical miles from the original straight-line distance of more than 50 nau- point of departure; and tical miles from the original point of depar- (iv) Three hours of flight training in an ture; airship within 2 calendar months before the (iii) Two hours of flight training during date of the practical test.
nighttime conditions in a gyroplane at an (f) Course for an additional lighter-than-air airport, that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 land- category and a gas balloon class rating.
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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. I
that includes 5 training flights on the areas and flight training device cannot be used of operations under part 141, appendix B, more than 4 hours to meet the training re- paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator and quirements, and use of the flight training de- flight training device cannot be used more vice is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours per- than 1.6 hours to meet the training require- mitted. The course must include— ments, and use of the flight training device (i) Three hours of cross country flight is limited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours per- training in a powered-lift except as provided mitted. The course must include— under § 61.111 of this chapter; (i) Two flights of 1 hour each; (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- (ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent ing in a powered-lift that includes one cross- to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and country flight of more than 100 nautical (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months miles total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 before the date of the practical test.
landings to a full stop (with each landing in- (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, volving a flight in the traffic pattern) at an the course requires 10 hours of flight train- airport; ing that includes eight training flights on (iii) Three hours of flight training in a the areas of operations under part 141, appen- powered-lift on the control and maneuvering dix D, paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator of a powered-lift solely by reference to in- and flight training device cannot be used struments, including straight and level more than 3 hours to meet the training re- flight, constant airspeed climbs and de- quirements, and use of the flight training de- scents, turns to a heading, recovery from un- vice is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per- usual flight attitudes, radio communica- mitted. The course must include— tions, and the use of navigation systems/fa- (i) Two flights of 1 hour each; cilities and radar services appropriate to in- (ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent strument flight; to 5,000 feet above the launch site; and (iv) Three hours of flight training in a pow- (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months ered-lift within 2 calendar months before the before the date of the practical test.
date of the practical test.
(g) Course for an additional lighter-than- (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, air category and a hot air balloon class rat- the course requires 55 hours flight training ing.
on the areas of operations under part 141, ap- (1) For the private pilot certificate, the pendix D, paragraph 4(d)(5). A flight simu- course requires eight hours of flight training lator and flight training device cannot be that includes 5 training flights on the areas used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train- of operations under part 141, appendix B, ing requirements, and use of the flight train- paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator and ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5 flight training device cannot be used more hours permitted. The course includes— than 1.6 hours to meet the training require- (i) Five hours of instrument training in a ments, and use of the flight training device powered-lift that must include training is limited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours per- using a view-limiting device for attitude in- mitted. The course must include— strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- (i) Two flights of 30 minutes each; ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- (ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent cepting and tracking navigational systems; to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months daytime conditions in a powered-lift, a total before the date of the practical test.
straight-line distance of more than 100 nau- (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, tical miles from the original point of depar- the course requires 10 hours of flight train- ture; ing that includes eight training flights on (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during the areas of operation under part 141, appen- nighttime conditions in a powered-lift, a dix D, paragraph 4(d)(8). A flight simulator total straight-line distance of more than 100 and flight training device cannot be used nautical miles from the original point of de- more than 3 hours to meet the training re- parture; and quirements, and use of the flight training de- (iv) Three hours of flight training in a pow- vice is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per- ered-lift within 2 calendar months before the mitted. The course must include— date of the practical test.
(i) Two flights of 30 minutes each; (3) For the airline transport pilot certifi- (ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent cate, the course requires 25 hours flight to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months training in a powered-lift on the areas of op- before the date of the practical test. eration under part 141, appendix E, para- (h) Course for an additional powered-lift graph 4(c) that includes 15 hours of instru- category rating. ment training. A flight simulator and flight (1) For the private pilot certificate, the training device cannot be used more than course requires 20 hours flight training on 12.5 hours to meet the training requirements, the areas of operations under part 141, appen- and use of the flight training device is lim- dix B, paragraph 4(d)(5). A flight simulator ited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.
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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. I
(i) Course for an additional glider category climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re- rating. covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio (1) For the private pilot certificate, the communications, and the use of navigation course requires 4 hours of flight training in systems/facilities and radar services appro- a glider on the areas of operations under part priate to instrument flight; and 141, appendix B, paragraph 4(d)(6). A flight (iv) Three hours of flight training in a sin- simulator and flight training device cannot gle engine airplane within 2 calendar months be used more than 0.8 hours to meet the before the date of the practical test.
training requirements, and use of the flight (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, training device is limited to 0.6 hours of the the course requires 10 hours of flight train- 0.8 hours permitted. The course must in- ing on the areas of operations under part 141, clude— appendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(1).
(i) Five training flights in a glider with a (i) Five hours of instrument training in a certificated flight instructor on the launch/ single engine airplane that must include tow procedures approved for the course and training using a view-limiting device for at- on the appropriate approved areas of oper- titude instrument flying, partial panel ation listed under appendix B, paragraph skills, recovery from unusual flight atti- 4(d)(6) of this part; and tudes, and intercepting and tracking naviga- (ii) Three training flights in a glider with tional systems.
a certificated flight instructor within 2 cal- (ii) Ten hours of flight training in an air- endar months before the date of the practical plane that has retractable landing gear, test.
flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is (2) The commercial pilot certificate level turbine-powered.
requires 4 hours of flight training in a glider (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during on the areas of operation under part 141, ap- daytime conditions in a single engine air- pendix D, paragraph 4.(d)(6). A flight simu- plane and a total straight-line distance of lator and flight training device cannot be more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- used more than 0.8 hours to meet the train- nal point of departure; ing requirements, and use of the flight train- (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during ing device is limited to 0.6 hours of the 0.8 nighttime conditions in a single engine air- hours permitted. The course must include— plane and a total straight-line distance of (i) Five training flights in a glider with a more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- certificated flight instructor on the launch/ nal point of departure; and tow procedures approved for the course and (v) Three hours of flight training in a sin- on the appropriate approved areas of oper- gle engine airplane within 2 calendar months ation listed in appendix D of part 141, para- before the date of the practical test.
graph 4.(d)(6); and (3) For the airline transport pilot certifi- (ii) Three training flights in a glider with cate, the course requires 25 hours flight a certificated flight instructor in prepara- training in a single engine airplane on the tion for the practical test within 2 calendar areas of operation under appendix E to part months preceding the date of the test.
141, paragraph 4.(c), that includes 15 hours of (j) Course for an airplane additional single instrument training. A flight simulator and engine class rating.
flight training device cannot be used more (1) For the private pilot certificate, the than 12.5 hours to meet the training require- course requires 3 hours of flight training in ments, and use of the flight training device the areas of operations under part 141, appen- is limited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours per- dix B, paragraph 4.(d)(1). A flight simulator mitted.
and flight training device cannot be used (k) Course for an airplane additional mul- more than 0.6 hours to meet the training re- tiengine class rating.
quirements, and use of the flight training de- (1) For the private pilot certificate, the vice is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours course requires 3 hours of flight training on permitted. The course must include— (i) Three hours of cross country training in the areas of operations of appendix B to part a single engine airplane, except as provided 141, paragraph 4(d)(2). A flight simulator and under § 61.111 of this chapter; flight training device cannot be used more (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- than 0.6 hours to meet the training require- ing in a single engine airplane that includes ments, and use of the flight training device one cross country flight of more than 100 is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours per- nautical miles total distance in a single en- mitted. The course must include— gine airplane and 10 takeoffs and 10 landings (i) Three hours of cross country training in to a full stop (with each landing involving a a multiengine airplane, except as provided flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport; under § 61.111 of this chapter; (iii) Three hours of flight training in a sin- (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- gle engine airplane on the control and ma- ing in a multiengine airplane that includes neuvering of a single engine airplane solely one cross country flight of more than 100 by reference to instruments, including nautical miles total distance in a multien- straight and level flight, constant airspeed gine airplane, and 10 takeoffs and 10 landings VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00645 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. I
to a full stop (with each landing involving a cant normally trains, with three takeoffs flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport; and three landings, except as provided under (iii) Three hours of flight training in a § 61.100 of this chapter; and multiengine airplane on the control and ma- (ii) Three hours of flight training in a heli- neuvering of a multiengine airplane solely copter within 2 calendar months before the by reference to instruments, including date of the practical test.
straight and level flight, constant airspeed (2) For the private pilot certificate, the climbs and descents, turns to a heading, re- course requires 3 hours flight training on the covery from unusual flight attitudes, radio areas of operations under appendix B of part communications, and the use of navigation 141, paragraph 4.(d)(3). A flight simulator and systems/facilities and radar services appro- flight training device cannot be used more priate to instrument flight; and than 0.6 hours to meet the training require- (iv) Three hours of flight training in a mul- ments, and use of the flight training device tiengine airplane within 2 calendar months is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours per- before the date of the practical test. mitted. The course must include— (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, (i) Three hours of cross country training in the course requires 10 hours of training on a helicopter, except as provided under § 61.111 the areas of operations under appendix D of of this chapter; part 141, paragraph 4(d)(2). A flight simulator (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- and flight training device cannot be used ing in a helicopter that includes one cross more than 3 hours to meet the training re- country flight of more than 50 nautical miles quirements, and use of the flight training de- total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 land- ings to a full stop (with each landing involv- vice is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per- mitted. The course must include— ing a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- (i) Five hours of instrument training in a port; and multiengine airplane that must include (iii) Three hours of flight training in a hel- training using a view-limiting device on for icopter within 2 calendar months before the attitude instrument flying, partial panel date of the practical test.
skills, recovery from unusual flight atti- (3) For the commercial pilot certificate, tudes, and intercepting and tracking naviga- the course requires 5 hours flight training on the areas of operations under appendix D of tional systems; (ii) Ten hours of training in a multiengine part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(3). Use of a flight airplane that has retractable landing gear, simulator and flight training device in the flaps, and a controllable pitch propeller, or is approved training course cannot exceed 1 turbine-powered; hour; however, use of the flight training de- (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during vice cannot exceed 0.7 of the one hour. The daytime conditions in a multiengine air- course must include— plane and, a total straight-line distance of (i) Five hours on the control and maneu- more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- vering of a helicopter solely by reference to nal point of departure; instruments, and must include training (iv) One 2-hour cross country flight during using a view-limiting device for attitude in- nighttime conditions in a multiengine air- strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- plane and, a total straight-line distance of ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- more than 100 nautical miles from the origi- cepting and tracking navigational systems.
nal point of departure; and This aeronautical experience may be per- (v) Three hours of flight training in a mul- formed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight tiengine airplane within 2 calendar months training device, or an aviation training de- before the date of the practical test. vice; (3) For the airline transport pilot certifi- (ii) One 2-hour cross country flight during cate, the course requires 25 hours of training daytime conditions in a helicopter and, a in a multiengine airplane on the areas of op- total straight-line distance of more than 50 eration of appendix E to part 141, paragraph nautical miles from the original point of de- 4.(c) that includes 15 hours of instrument parture; (iii) One 2-hour cross country flight during training. A flight simulator and flight train- nighttime conditions in a helicopter and a ing device cannot be used more than 12.5 total straight-line distance of more than 50 hours to meet the training requirements, nautical miles from the original point of de- and use of the flight training device is lim- parture; and ited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted.
(l) Course for a rotorcraft additional heli- (iv) Three hours of flight training in a heli- copter class rating. copter within 2 calendar months before the (1) For the recreational pilot certificate, date of the practical test.
the course requires 3 hours of flight training (4) For the airline transport pilot certifi- on the areas of operations under appendix A cate, the course requires 25 hours of flight of part 141, paragraph 4.(c)(2) that includes— training in a helicopter on the areas of oper- (i) Two hours of flight training to and at ation under appendix E of part 141, para- an airport that is located more than 25 nau- graph 4.(c) that includes 15 hours of instru- tical miles from the airport where the appli- ment training. A flight simulator and flight VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00646 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. I
training device cannot be used more than ings to a full stop (with each landing involv- 12.5 hours to meet the training requirements, ing a flight in the traffic pattern); and and use of the flight training device is lim- (iv) Three hours of flight training in a gy- ited to 6.25 hours of the 12.5 hours permitted. roplane within 2 calendar months before the (m) Course for a rotorcraft additional gyro- date of the practical test.
(n) Course for a lighter-than-air additional plane class rating.
airship class rating.
(1) For the recreational pilot certificate, (1) For the private pilot certificate, the the course requires 3 hours flight training on course requires 20 hours of flight training on the areas of operations of appendix A to part the areas of operation under appendix B of 141, paragraph 4.(c)(3) that includes— part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight simu- (i) Except as provided under § 61.100 of this lator and flight training device cannot be chapter, 2 hours of flight training to and at used more than 4 hours to meet the training an airport that is located more than 25 nau- requirements, and use of the flight training tical miles from the airport where the appli- device is limited to 3 hours of the 4 hours cant normally trains, with three takeoffs permitted. The course must include— and three landings; and (i) Three hours of cross country training in (ii) Within 2 calendar months before the an airship, except as provided under § 61.111 date of the practical test, 3 hours of flight of this chapter; training in a gyroplane.
(ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- (2) For the private pilot certificate, the ing in an airship that includes one cross course requires 3 hours flight training on the country flight of more than 25 nautical miles areas of operations of appendix B to part 141, total distance, and 5 takeoffs and 5 landings paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simulator and to a full stop (with each landing involving a flight training device cannot be used more flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport; than 0.6 hours to meet the training require- (iii) Three hours of flight training in an ments, and use of the flight training device airship on the control and maneuvering of an is limited to 0.4 hours of the 0.6 hours per- airship solely by reference to instruments, mitted. The course must include— including straight and level flight, constant (i) Three hours of cross country training in airspeed climbs and descents, turns to a a gyroplane; heading, recovery from unusual flight atti- (ii) Three hours of nighttime flight train- tudes, radio communications, and the use of ing in a gyroplane that includes one cross navigation systems/facilities and radar serv- country flight of more than 50 nautical miles ices appropriate to instrument flight; and total distance, and 10 takeoffs and 10 land- (iv) Three hours of flight training in an ings to a full stop (with each landing involv- airship within 2 calendar months before the ing a flight in the traffic pattern) at an air- date of the practical test.
port; and (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, (iii) Three hours of flight training in a gy- the course requires 55 hours of flight train- roplane within 2 calendar months before the ing on the areas of operation under appendix date of the practical test.
D of part 141, paragraph 4.(d)(7). A flight sim- (3) For the commercial pilot certificate, ulator and flight training device cannot be the course requires 5 hours flight training on used more than 16.5 hours to meet the train- the areas of operations of appendix D to part ing requirements, and use of the flight train- 141, paragraph 4.(d)(4). A flight simulator and ing device is limited to 11 hours of the 16.5 flight training device cannot be used more hours permitted. The course must include— than 1 hour to meet the training require- (i) Three hours of instrument training in ments, and use of the flight training device an airship that must include training using a is limited to 0.7 hours of the 1 hour per- view-limiting device for attitude instrument mitted. The course must include— flying, partial panel skills, recovery from (i) 2.5 hours on the control and maneu- unusual flight attitudes, and intercepting vering of a gyroplane solely by reference to and tracking navigational systems; instruments, and must include training (ii) One hour cross country flight during using a view-limiting device for attitude in- daytime conditions in an airship that con- strument flying, partial panel skills, recov- sists of a total straight-line distance of more ery from unusual flight attitudes, and inter- than 25 nautical miles from the original cepting and tracking navigational systems.
point of departure; This aeronautical experience may be per- (iii) One hour cross country flight during formed in an aircraft, flight simulator, flight nighttime conditions in an airship that con- training device, or an aviation training de- sists of a total straight-line distance of more vice. than 25 nautical miles from the original (ii) Three hours of cross country flight point of departure; and training in a gyroplane, except as provided (iv) Three hours of flight training in an under § 61.111 of this chapter; airship within 2 calendar months before the (iii) Two hours of flight training during date of the practical test.
nighttime conditions in a gyroplane at an (o) Course for a lighter-than-air additional airport that includes 10 takeoffs and 10 land- gas balloon class rating.
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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. J
(1) For the private pilot certificate, the of-course tests, in accordance with the course requires eight hours of flight training school’s approved training course, consisting that includes 5 training flights on the areas of the approved areas of operation in section of operations under appendix B of part 141, No. 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to paragraph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and the aircraft category and class rating for flight training device cannot be used more which the course applies at the appropriate than 1.6 hours to meet the training require- pilot certificate level.
ments, and use of the flight training device (b) Each student must demonstrate satis- is limited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours per- factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- mitted. The course must include— dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo (i) Two flights of 1 hour each; flight.
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and 141–9, 62 FR 40909, July 30, 1997; Amdt. 141–12, (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months 74 FR 42566, Aug. 21, 2009; Docket FAA–2016– before the date of the practical test.
6142, Amdt. 141–20, 83 FR 30284, June 27, 2018; (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, Docket FAA–2022–1355, Amdt. 141–24, 87 FR the course requires 10 hours of flight train- 75848, Dec. 9, 2022] ing that includes eight training flights on the areas of operations of appendix D to part A PPENDIX J TO P ART 141—A IRCRAFT 141, paragraph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and T YPE R ATING COURSE , F OR O THER flight training device cannot be used more T HAN AN A IRLINE T RANSPORT P ILOT than 3 hours to meet the training require- ments, and use of the flight training device C ERTIFICATE is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per- 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes mitted. The course must include— the minimum curriculum for an aircraft type (i) Two flights of 1 hour each; rating course other than an airline transport (ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent pilot certificate, for: to 5,000 feet above the launch site; and (a) A type rating in an airplane category— (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months single-engine class.
before the date of the practical test.
(b) A type rating in an airplane category— (p) Course for a lighter-than-air additional multiengine class.
hot air balloon class rating.
(c) A type rating in a rotorcraft category— (1) For the private pilot certificate, the helicopter class.
course requires 8 hours of flight training (d) A type rating in a powered-lift cat- that includes 5 training flights on the areas egory.
of operations of appendix B to part 141, para- (e) Other aircraft type ratings specified by graph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and flight the Administrator through the aircraft type training device cannot be used more than 1.6 certificate procedures.
hours to meet the training requirements, 2. Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to enroll- and use of the flight training device is lim- ing in the flight portion of an aircraft type ited to 1.2 hours of the 1.6 hours permitted.
rating course, a person must hold at least a The course must include— (i) Two flights of 30 minutes each; private pilot certificate and: (a) An instrument rating in the category (ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent and class of aircraft that is appropriate to to 2,000 feet above the launch site; and the aircraft type rating for which the course (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months applies, provided the aircraft’s type certifi- before the date of the practical test.
cate does not have a VFR limitation; or (2) For the commercial pilot certificate, (b) Be concurrently enrolled in an instru- the course requires 10 hours of flight train- ment rating course in the category and class ing that includes eight training flight on the of aircraft that is appropriate to the aircraft areas of operation of appendix D to part 141, type rating for which the course applies, and paragraph 4.(d)(8). A flight simulator and pass the required instrument rating prac- flight training device cannot be used more tical test concurrently with the aircraft type than 3 hours to meet the training require- rating practical test.
ments, and use of the flight training device 3. Aeronautical knowledge training. (a) Each is limited to 2 hours of the 3 hours per- approved course must include at least 10 mitted. The course must include— hours of ground training on the aeronautical (i) Two flights of 30 minutes each.
(ii) One flight involving a controlled ascent knowledge areas listed in paragraph (b) of to 3,000 feet above the launch site; and this section, appropriate to the aircraft type (iii) Two flights within 2 calendar months rating for which the course applies.
before the date of the practical test. (b) Ground training must include the fol- 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) lowing aeronautical areas: Each student enrolled in an additional air- (1) Proper control of airspeed, configura- craft category rating course or an additional tion, direction, altitude, and attitude in ac- aircraft class rating course must satisfac- cordance with procedures and limitations torily accomplish the stage checks and end- contained in the aircraft’s flight manual, VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00648 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. J
checklists, or other approved material ap- (c) Each approved course must include the propriate to the aircraft type; flight training on the areas of operation list- (2) Compliance with approved en route, in- ed in this paragraph, that are appropriate to strument approach, missed approach, ATC, the aircraft category and class rating for or other applicable procedures that apply to which the course applies: the aircraft type; (1) A type rating for an airplane—single-en- gine course: (i) Preflight preparation; (3) Subjects requiring a practical knowl- (ii) Preflight procedures; edge of the aircraft type and its powerplant, (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; systems, components, operational, and per- (iv) In-flight maneuvers; formance factors; (4) The aircraft’s normal, abnormal, and (v) Instrument procedures; emergency procedures, and the operations (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; and limitations relating thereto; (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (5) Appropriate provisions of the approved (viii) Emergency procedures; and aircraft’s flight manual; (ix) Postflight procedures.
(6) Location of and purpose for inspecting (2) A type rating for an airplane—multiengine each item on the aircraft’s checklist that re- course: (i) Preflight preparation; lates to the exterior and interior preflight; (ii) Preflight procedures; and (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; (7) Use of the aircraft’s prestart checklist, (iv) In-flight maneuvers; appropriate control system checks, starting (v) Instrument procedures; procedures, radio and electronic equipment (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; checks, and the selection of proper naviga- (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; tion and communication radio facilities and (viii) Emergency procedures; and frequencies.
(ix) Postflight procedures.
4. Flight training. (a) Each approved course (3) A type rating for a powered-lift course: (i) must include at least: Preflight preparation; (1) Flight training on the approved areas of (ii) Preflight procedures; operation of paragraph (c) of this section in (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; the aircraft type for which the course ap- (iv) In-flight maneuvers; plies; and (v) Instrument procedures; (2) 10 hours of training of which at least 5 (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; hours must be instrument training in the (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; aircraft for which the course applies.
(viii) Emergency procedures; and (b) For the use of full flight simulators or (ix) Postflight procedures.
flight training devices: (4) A type rating for a rotorcraft—helicopter (1) The course may include training in a course: (i) Preflight preparation; full flight simulator or flight training de- (ii) Preflight procedures; vice, provided it is representative of the air- (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; craft for which the course is approved, meets (iv) In-flight maneuvers; requirements of this paragraph, and the (v) Instrument procedures; training is given by an authorized instruc- (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; tor.
(vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; (2) Training in a full flight simulator that (viii) Emergency procedures; and meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be (ix) Postflight procedures.
credited for a maximum of 50 percent of the (5) Other aircraft type ratings specified by the total flight training hour requirements of Administrator through aircraft type certificate the approved course, or of this section, procedures: (i) Preflight preparation; whichever is less. (ii) Preflight procedures; (3) Training in a flight training device that (iii) Takeoff and departure phase; meets the requirements of § 141.41(a), may be (iv) In-flight maneuvers; credited for a maximum of 25 percent of the (v) Instrument procedures; total flight training hour requirements of (vi) Landings and approaches to landings; the approved course, or of this section, (vii) Normal and abnormal procedures; whichever is less. (viii) Emergency procedures; and (4) Training in the full flight simulators or (ix) Postflight procedures.
flight training devices described in para- 5. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. (a) graphs (b)(2) and (3) of this section, if used in Each student enrolled in an aircraft type combination, may be credited for a max- rating course must satisfactorily accomplish imum of 50 percent of the total flight train- the stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ing hour requirements of the approved accordance with the school’s approved train- course, or of this section, whichever is less. ing course, consisting of the approved areas However, credit training in a flight training of operation that are appropriate to the air- device that meets the requirements of craft type rating for which the course applies § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro- at the airline transport pilot certificate vided for in paragraph (b)(3) of this section. level; and VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00649 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. K
(b) Each student must demonstrate satis- 14 of this appendix, training in a flight train- factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- ing device that meets the requirements of dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo § 141.41(a), may be credited for a maximum of flight. 5 percent of the total flight training hour re- quirements of the approved course, or of this [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
section, whichever is less.
141–9, 62 FR 40910, July 30, 1997, as amended (d) Training in the full flight simulators or by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 flight training devices described in para- FR 21461, Apr. 12, 2016] graphs (b) and (c) of this section, if used in combination, may be credited for a max- A PPENDIX K TO P ART 141—S PECIAL imum of 10 percent of the total flight train- PREPARATION C OURSES ing hour requirements of the approved course, or of this section, whichever is less.
1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes However, credit for training in a flight train- the minimum curriculum for the special ing device that meets the requirements of preparation courses that are listed in § 141.11 § 141.41(a) cannot exceed the limitation pro- of this part.
vided for in paragraph (c) of this section.
2. Eligibility for enrollment. Prior to enroll- 5. Stage check and end-of-course tests. Each ing in the flight portion of a special prepara- person enrolled in a special preparation tion course, a person must hold a pilot cer- course must satisfactorily accomplish the tificate, flight instructor certificate, or stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- ground instructor certificate that is appro- cordance with the school’s approved training priate for the exercise of the operating privi- course, consisting of the approved areas of leges or authorizations sought.
operation that are appropriate to the oper- 3. General requirements. (a) To be approved, ating privileges or authorization sought, and a special preparation course must: for which the course applies.
(1) Meet the appropriate requirements of 6. Agricultural aircraft operations course. An this appendix; and approved special preparation course for pi- (2) Prepare the graduate with the nec- lots in agricultural aircraft operations must essary skills, competency, and proficiency to include at least the following— exercise safely the privileges of the certifi- (a) 25 hours of training on: cate, rating, or authorization for which the (1) Agricultural aircraft operations; course is established.
(2) Safe piloting and operating practices (b) An approved special preparation course and procedures for handling, dispensing, and must include ground and flight training on disposing agricultural and industrial chemi- the operating privileges or authorization cals, including operating in and around con- sought, for developing competency, pro- gested areas; and ficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, (3) Applicable provisions of part 137 of this and self-reliance in the student.
chapter.
4. Use of full flight simulators, flight training (b) 15 hours of flight training on agricul- devices, or aviation training devices. (a) The tural aircraft operations.
approved special preparation course may in- 7. Rotorcraft external-load operations course.
clude training in a full flight simulator or An approved special preparation course for flight training device, provided it is rep- pilots of external-load operations must in- resentative of the aircraft for which the clude at least the following— course is approved, meets requirements of (a) 10 hours of training on: this paragraph, and the training is given by (1) Rotorcraft external-load operations; an authorized instructor. A flight instructor (2) Safe piloting and operating practices enhanced qualification training program and procedures for external-load operations, may include training in an advanced avia- including operating in and around congested tion training device in accordance with para- areas; and graph 14 of this appendix and § 61.195(h)(3)(v) of this chapter. (3) Applicable provisions of part 133 of this (b) Except for the airline transport pilot chapter.
certification program in paragraph 13 of this (b) 15 hours of flight training on external- appendix and the flight instructor enhanced load operations.
qualification training program in paragraph 8. Test pilot course. An approved special 14 of this appendix, training in a full flight preparation course for pilots in test pilot du- simulator that meets the requirements of ties must include at least the following— § 141.41(a) may be credited for a maximum of (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on: 10 percent of the total flight training hour (1) Performing aircraft maintenance, qual- requirements of the approved course, or of ity assurance, and certification test flight this section, whichever is less. operations; (c) Except for the airline transport pilot (2) Safe piloting and operating practices certification program in paragraph 13 of this and procedures for performing aircraft main- appendix and the flight instructor enhanced tenance, quality assurance, and certification qualification training program in paragraph test flight operations; VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00650 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. L
(3) Applicable parts of this chapter that (3) Safe piloting operating practices and pertain to aircraft maintenance, quality as- procedures, including airport operations and surance, and certification tests; and operating in the National Airspace System; (4) Test pilot duties and responsibilities.
and (b) 15 hours of flight training on test pilot (4) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 duties and responsibilities.
of this chapter that apply to pilots and flight 9. Special operations course. An approved instructors.
special preparation course for pilots in spe- (b) Flight training to review: cial operations that are mission-specific for (1) The approved areas of operations appli- certain aircraft must include at least the fol- cable to student, recreational, private, and lowing— commercial pilot certificates and instrument (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on: ratings; and (1) Performing that special flight oper- (2) The skills, competency, and proficiency ation; for performing flight instructor duties and (2) Safe piloting operating practices and responsibilities.
procedures for performing that special flight 12. Ground instructor refresher course. An ap- operation; proved special preparation ground instructor (3) Applicable parts of this chapter that refresher course must include at least 16 pertain to that special flight operation; and hours of aeronautical knowledge training on: (4) Pilot in command duties and respon- (a) The aeronautical knowledge areas of sibilities for performing that special flight part 61 of this chapter that apply to student, operation.
recreational, private, and commercial pilots (b) Flight training: (1) On that special flight operation; and and instrument rated pilots; (2) To develop skills, competency, pro- (b) The aeronautical knowledge areas of ficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, part 61 of this chapter that apply to ground and self-reliance in the student for per- instructors; forming that special flight operation in a (c) Safe piloting operating practices and safe manner.
procedures, including airport operations and 10. Pilot refresher course. An approved spe- operating in the National Airspace System; cial preparation pilot refresher course for a and pilot certificate, aircraft category and class (d) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 rating, or an instrument rating must include of this chapter that apply to pilots and at least the following— ground instructors.
(a) 4 hours of aeronautical knowledge 13. Airline transport pilot certification training on: training program. An approved airline trans- (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas that port pilot certification training program are applicable to the level of pilot certifi- must include the academic and FSTD train- cate, aircraft category and class rating, or ing set forth in § 61.156 of this chapter. The instrument rating, as appropriate, that per- FAA will not approve a course with fewer tain to that course; hours than those prescribed in § 61.156 of this (2) Safe piloting operating practices and chapter.
procedures; and 14. Flight instructor enhanced qualification (3) Applicable provisions of parts 61 and 91 training program. An approved flight instruc- of this chapter for pilots.
tor enhanced qualification training program (b) 6 hours of flight training on the ap- proved areas of operation that are applicable must include the ground and flight training to the level of pilot certificate, aircraft cat- specified in § 61.195(h)(3) of this chapter. The egory and class rating, or instrument rating, FAA will not approve a course with fewer as appropriate, for performing pilot-in-com- hours than those prescribed in § 61.195(h)(3) of mand duties and responsibilities.
this chapter.
11. Flight instructor refresher course. An ap- [Docket 25910, 62 FR 16347, Apr. 4, 1997; Amdt.
proved special preparation flight instructor 141–9, 62 FR 40910, July 30, 1997, as amended refresher course must include at least a com- by Amdt. 141–17, 78 FR 42380, July 15, 2013; bined total of 16 hours of aeronautical Amdt. 141–17A, 78 FR 53026, Aug. 28, 2013; knowledge training, flight training, or any Docket FAA–2015–1846, Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR combination of ground and flight training on 21462, Apr. 12, 2016; Docket FAA–2023–0825, the following— Amdt. 141–25, 89 FR 80054, Oct. 1, 2024] (a) Aeronautical knowledge training on: (1) The aeronautical knowledge areas of part 61 of this chapter that apply to student, A PPENDIX L TO P ART 141—P ILOT recreational, private, and commercial pilot GROUND S CHOOL C OURSE certificates and instrument ratings; (2) The aeronautical knowledge areas of 1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes part 61 of this chapter that apply to flight the minimum curriculum for a pilot ground instructor certificates; school course required under this part.
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14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. M
2. General requirements. An approved course (3) Applicable subjects of the ‘‘Aero- of training for a pilot ground school must in- nautical Information Manual’’ and the ap- clude training on the aeronautical knowl- propriate FAA advisory circulars.
edge areas that are: (4) Aeronautical charts for visual flight (a) Needed to safely exercise the privileges rules (VFR) navigation using pilotage, dead of the certificate, rating, or authority for reckoning, and navigation systems.
(5) Radio communication procedures.
which the course is established; and (6) Recognition of critical weather situa- (b) Conducted to develop competency, pro- tions from the ground and in flight, ficiency, resourcefulness, self-confidence, windshear avoidance, and the procurement and self-reliance in each student.
and use of aeronautical weather reports and 3. Aeronautical knowledge training require- forecasts.
ments. Each approved pilot ground school (7) Safe and efficient operation of aircraft course must include: under instrument flight rules and conditions.
(a) The aeronautical knowledge training (8) Collision avoidance and recognition and that is appropriate to the aircraft rating and avoidance of wake turbulence.
pilot certificate level for which the course (9) Effects of density altitude on takeoff applies; and and climb performance.
(b) An adequate number of total aero- (10) Weight and balance computations.
nautical knowledge training hours appro- (11) Principles of aerodynamics, power- priate to the aircraft rating and pilot certifi- plants, and aircraft systems.
cate level for which the course applies.
(12) If the course of training is for an air- 4. Stage checks and end-of-course tests. Each plane category, stall awareness, spin entry, person enrolled in a pilot ground school spins, and spin recovery techniques.
course must satisfactorily accomplish the (13) Air traffic control system and proce- stage checks and end-of-course tests, in ac- dures for instrument flight operations.
cordance with the school’s approved training (14) IFR navigation and approaches by use course, consisting of the approved areas of of navigation systems.
operation that are appropriate to the oper- (15) Use of IFR en route and instrument ap- ating privileges or authorization that grad- proach procedure charts.
uation from the course will permit and for (16) Aeronautical decision making and which the course applies.
judgment.
(17) Preflight action that includes— A PPENDIX M TO PART 141—C OMBINED (i) How to obtain information on runway P RIVATE P ILOT C ERTIFICATION AND lengths at airports of intended use, data on I NSTRUMENT R ATING COURSE takeoff and landing distances, weather re- ports and forecasts, and fuel requirements.
1. Applicability. This appendix prescribes (ii) How to plan for alternatives if the the minimum curriculum for a combined pri- planned flight cannot be completed or delays vate pilot certification and instrument rat- are encountered.
ing course required under this part, for the (iii) Procurement and use of aviation following ratings: weather reports and forecasts, and the ele- (a) Airplane.
ments of forecasting weather trends on the (1) Airplane single-engine.
basis of that information and personal obser- (2) Airplane multiengine.
vation of weather conditions.
(b) Rotorcraft helicopter.
4. Flight training.
(c) Powered-lift.
(a) Each approved course must include at 2. Eligibility for enrollment. A person must least 70 hours of training, as described in sec- hold a sport pilot, recreational, or student tion 4 and section 5 of this appendix, on the pilot certificate prior to enrolling in the approved areas of operation listed in para- flight portion of a combined private pilot graph (d) of section 4 of this appendix that certification and instrument rating course.
are appropriate to the aircraft category and 3. Aeronautical knowledge training.
class rating of the course: (a) Each approved course must include at (b) Each approved course must include at least 65 hours of ground training on the aero- least the following flight training: nautical knowledge areas listed in paragraph (1) For an airplane single engine course: 70 (b) of this section that are appropriate to the hours of flight training from an authorized aircraft category and class rating of the instructor on the approved areas of oper- course: ation in paragraph (d)(1) of this section that (b) Ground training must include the fol- includes at least— lowing aeronautical knowledge areas: (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this (1) Applicable Federal Aviation Regula- chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight tions for private pilot privileges, limitations, training in a single engine airplane.
flight operations, and instrument flight rules (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a sin- (IFR) flight operations. gle-engine airplane that includes— (2) Accident reporting requirements of the (A) One cross-country flight of more than National Transportation Safety Board. 100 nautical miles total distance.
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Federal Aviation Administration, DOT Pt. 141, App. M
(B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full (iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training stop (with each landing involving a flight in in a helicopter that includes at least one the traffic pattern) at an airport. cross-country flight that is performed under (iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training IFR and— in a single-engine airplane that includes at (A) Is a distance of at least 100 nautical least one cross-country flight that is per- miles along airways or ATC-directed routing formed under IFR and— with one segment of the flight consisting of (A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical at least a straight-line distance of 50 nau- miles along airways or air traffic control-di- tical miles between airports.
rected (ATC-directed) routing with one seg- (B) Involves an instrument approach at ment of the flight consisting of at least a each airport.
straight-line distance of 100 nautical miles (C) Involves three different kinds of ap- between airports. proaches with the use of navigation systems.
(B) Involves an instrument approach at (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a heli- each airport. copter in preparation for the practical test (C) Involves three different kinds of ap- within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
proaches with the use of navigation systems. (4) For a powered-lift course: 70 hours of (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a single- training from an authorized instructor on engine airplane in preparation for the prac- the approved areas of operation in paragraph tical test within 60 days preceding the date (d)(4) of this section that includes at least— (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this of the test.
chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight (2) For an airplane multiengine course: 70 training in a powered-lift.
hours of training from an authorized instruc- (ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a tor on the approved areas of operation in powered-lift that includes— paragraph (d)(2) of this section that includes (A) One cross-country flight of more than at least— 100 nautical miles total distance.
(i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight stop (with each landing involving a flight in training in a multiengine airplane.
(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a the traffic pattern) at an airport.
multiengine airplane that includes— (iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training (A) One cross-country flight of more than in a powered-lift that includes at least one 100 nautical miles total distance. cross-country flight that is performed under (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full IFR and— (A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical stop (with each landing involving a flight in miles along airways or ATC-directed routing the traffic pattern) at an airport.
with one segment of the flight consisting of (iii) 35 hours of instrument flight training at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau- in a multiengine airplane that includes at tical miles between airports.
least one cross-country flight that is per- (B) Involves an instrument approach at formed under IFR and— each airport.
(A) Is a distance of at least 250 nautical (C) Involves three different kinds of ap- miles along airways or ATC-directed routing proaches with the use of navigation systems.
with one segment of the flight consisting of (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a powered- at least a straight-line distance of 100 nau- lift in preparation for the practical test, tical miles between airports.
(B) Involves an instrument approach at within 60 days preceding the date of the test.
each airport. (c) For use of full flight simulators or (C) Involves three different kinds of ap- flight training devices: (1) The course may include training in a proaches with the use of navigation systems.
combination of full flight simulators, flight (iv) 3 hours of flight training in a multien- training devices, and aviation training de- gine airplane in preparation for the practical vices, provided it is representative of the air- test within 60 days preceding the date of the craft for which the course is approved, meets test.
the requirements of this section, and the (3) For a rotorcraft helicopter course: 70 hours training is given by an authorized instruc- of training from an authorized instructor on tor.
the approved areas of operation in paragraph (2) Training in a full flight simulator that (d)(3) of this section that includes at least— meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) may be (i) Except as provided in § 61.111 of this credited for a maximum of 35 percent of the chapter, 3 hours of cross-country flight total flight training hour requirements of training in a helicopter.
(ii) 3 hours of night flight training in a hel- the approved course, or of this section, icopter that includes— whichever is less.
(A) One cross-country flight of more than (3) Training in a flight training device that 50 nautical miles total distance. meets the requirements of § 141.41(a) or an (B) 10 takeoffs and 10 landings to a full aviation training device that meets the re- stop (with each landing involving a flight in quirements of § 141.41(b) may be credited for the traffic pattern) at an airport. a maximum of 25 percent of the total flight VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00653 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
14 CFR Ch. I (1–1–26 Edition) Pt. 141, App. M
training hour requirements of the approved (vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
course, or of this section, whichever is less. (viii) Basic instrument maneuvers and (4) Training in a combination of flight sim- flight by reference to instruments.
ulators, flight training devices, or aviation (ix) Instrument approach procedures.
(x) Air traffic control clearances and pro- training devices, described in paragraphs cedures.
(c)(2) and (3) of this section, may be credited (xi) Emergency operations.
for a maximum of 35 percent of the total (xii) Night operations.
flight training hour requirements of the ap- (xiii) Postflight procedures.
proved course, or of this section, whichever (4) For a combined private pilot certification is less. However, credit for training in a and instrument rating course involving a pow- flight training device and aviation training ered-lift: device, that meets the requirements of (i) Preflight preparation.
§ 141.41(b), cannot exceed the limitation pro- (ii) Preflight procedures.
vided for in paragraph (c)(3) of this section.
(iii) Airport and heliport operations.
(d) Each approved course must include the (iv) Hovering maneuvers.
flight training on the approved areas of oper- (v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
ation listed in this section that are appro- (vi) Performance maneuvers.
priate to the aircraft category and class rat- (vii) Ground reference maneuvers.
ing course— (viii) Navigation and navigation systems.
(1) For a combined private pilot certification (ix) Slow flight and stalls.
and instrument rating course involving a single- (x) Basic instrument maneuvers and flight engine airplane: by reference to instruments.
(i) Preflight preparation.
(xi) Instrument approach procedures.
(ii) Preflight procedures.
(xii) Air traffic control clearances and pro- (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations.
cedures.
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(xiii) Emergency operations.
(v) Performance maneuvers.
(xiv) Night operations.
(vi) Ground reference maneuvers.
(xv) Postflight procedures.
(vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
5. Solo flight training. Each approved course (viii) Slow flight and stalls.
must include at least the following solo (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers and flight flight training: by reference to instruments.
(a) For a combined private pilot certification (x) Instrument approach procedures.
and instrument rating course involving an air- (xi) Air traffic control clearances and pro- plane single engine: Five hours of flying solo cedures.
in a single-engine airplane on the appro- (xii) Emergency operations.
priate areas of operation in paragraph (d)(1) (xiii) Night operations.
of section 4 of this appendix that includes at (xiv) Postflight procedures.
least— (2) For a combined private pilot certification (1) One solo cross-country flight of at least and instrument rating course involving a multi- 100 nautical miles with landings at a min- engine airplane: imum of three points, and one segment of (i) Preflight preparation.
the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- (ii) Preflight procedures.
tance of at least 50 nautical miles between (iii) Airport and seaplane base operations.
the takeoff and landing locations.
(iv) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds.
(2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (v) Performance maneuvers.
full stop (with each landing involving a (vi) Ground reference maneuvers.
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport (vii) Navigation and navigation systems.
with an operating control tower.
(viii) Slow flight and stalls.
(b) For a combined private pilot certification (ix) Basic instrument maneuvers and flight and instrument rating course involving an air- by reference to instruments.
plane multiengine: Five hours of flying solo in (x) Instrument approach procedures.
a multiengine airplane or 5 hours of per- (xi) Air traffic control clearances and pro- forming the duties of a pilot in command cedures.
while under the supervision of an authorized (xii) Emergency operations.
instructor. The training must consist of the (xiii) Multiengine operations.
appropriate areas of operation in paragraph (xiv) Night operations.
(d)(2) of section 4 of this appendix, and in- (xv) Postflight procedures.
clude at least— (3) For a combined private pilot certification (1) One cross-country flight of at least 100 and instrument rating course involving a rotor- nautical miles with landings at a minimum craft helicopter: of three points, and one segment of the flight (i) Preflight preparation.
(ii) Preflight procedures. consisting of a straight-line distance of at (iii) Airport and heliport operations. least 50 nautical miles between the takeoff (iv) Hovering maneuvers. and landing locations.
(v) Takeoffs, landings, and go-arounds. (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a (vi) Performance maneuvers. full stop (with each landing involving a VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00654 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8002 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR
Federal Aviation Administration, DOT § 142.1
flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport 142.13 Management and personnel require- with an operating control tower. ments.
(c) For a combined private pilot certification 142.14 Employment of former FAA employ- and instrument rating course involving a heli- ees.
copter: Five hours of flying solo in a heli- 142.15 Facilities.
copter on the appropriate areas of operation 142.17 Satellite training centers.
in paragraph (d)(3) of section 4 of this appen- 142.21–142.25 [Reserved] dix that includes at least— 142.27 Display of certificate.
(1) One solo cross-country flight of more 142.29 Inspections.
than 50 nautical miles with landings at a 142.31 Advertising limitations.
minimum of three points, and one segment 142.33 Training agreements.
of the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- tance of at least 25 nautical miles between Subpart B—Aircrew Curriculum and the takeoff and landing locations.
Syllabus Requirements (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a 142.35 Applicability.
full stop (with each landing involving a 142.37 Approval of flight aircrew training flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport program.
with an operating control tower.
142.39 Training program curriculum re- (d) For a combined private pilot certification quirements.
and instrument rating course involving a pow- ered-lift: Five hours of flying solo in a pow- Subpart C—Personnel and Flight Training ered-lift on the appropriate areas of oper- ation in paragraph (d)(4) of section 4 of this Equipment Requirements appendix that includes at least— 142.45 Applicability.
(1) One solo cross-country flight of at least 142.47 Training center instructor eligibility 100 nautical miles with landings at a min- requirements.
imum of three points, and one segment of 142.49 Training center instructor and eval- the flight consisting of a straight-line dis- uator privileges and limitations.
tance of at least 50 nautical miles between 142.51 [Reserved] the takeoff and landing locations.
142.53 Training center instructor training (2) Three takeoffs and three landings to a and testing requirements.
full stop (with each landing involving a 142.54 Airline transport pilot certification flight in the traffic pattern) at an airport training program.
with an operating control tower.
142.55 Training center evaluator require- 6. Stage checks and end-of-course tests.
ments.
(a) Each student enrolled in a private pilot 142.57 Aircraft requirements.
course must satisfactorily accomplish the 142.59 Flight simulators and flight training stage checks and end-of-course tests in ac- devices.
cordance with the school’s approved training course that consists of the approved areas of Subpart D—Operating Rules operation listed in paragraph (d) of section 4 of this appendix that are appropriate to the 142.61 Applicability.
aircraft category and class rating for which 142.63 Privileges.
the course applies.
142.65 Limitations.
(b) Each student must demonstrate satis- factory proficiency prior to receiving an en- Subpart E—Recordkeeping dorsement to operate an aircraft in solo flight.
142.71 Applicability.
142.73 Recordkeeping requirements.
[Docket FAA–2008–0938, 76 FR 54108, Aug. 31, 2011, as amended by Docket FAA–2015–1846, Subpart F—Other Approved Courses Amdt. 141–18, 81 FR 21462, Apr. 12, 2016] 142.81 Conduct of other approved courses.
PART 142—TRAINING CENTERS
A UTHORITY : 49 U.S.C. 106(f), 40113, 40119, 44101, 44701–44703, 44705, 44707, 44709–44711, Subpart A—General 45102–45103, 45301–45302.
Sec. S OURCE : Docket 26933, 61 FR 34562, July 2, 142.1 Applicability. 1996, unless otherwise noted.
142.3 Definitions.
142.5 Certificate and training specifications
Subpart A—General
required.
142.7 Duration of a certificate.
§ 142.1 Applicability.
142.9 Deviations or waivers.
(a) This subpart prescribes the re- 142.11 Application for issuance or amend- ment. quirements governing the certification VerDate Sep<11>2014 10:01 Aug 27, 2026 Jkt 268049 PO 00000 Frm 00655 Fmt 8010 Sfmt 8010 Y:\SGML\268049.XXX 268049 jgilmore on DSK4WB1RN3PROD with CFR