CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL

Engine Controls................................................................................................................................51 Constant Speed Propellers (C172RG, R172/FR172).......................................................................53 Engine Gauges..................................................................................................................................55 Induction System and Carb. Heat.....................................................................................................58 Fuel Injection System (R172/FR172, C172R, C172S).....................................................................60 Ignition System ................................................................................................................................61 Engine Lubrication...........................................................................................................................63 Cooling System.................................................................................................................................66 Fuel System...........................................................................................................................................69 Standard Fuel System Schematic ....................................................................................................70 Fuel System Schematic C172RG.....................................................................................................71 Fuel System Schematic Fuel Injected Models .................................................................................72 Fuel Measuring and Indication.........................................................................................................76 Fuel Venting.....................................................................................................................................77 Fuel Drains.......................................................................................................................................78 Priming System ................................................................................................................................79 Auxiliary Fuel Pump .......................................................................................................................80 Electrical System...................................................................................................................................81 Battery..............................................................................................................................................81 Electrical Power Supply...................................................................................................................83 Electrical Equipment........................................................................................................................83 System Protection and Distribution..................................................................................................84 Electrical System Schematic Conventional Aircraft........................................................................87 G1000 Electrical Distribution Schematic.........................................................................................88 by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 3 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Flight Instruments and Associated Systems .........................................................................................89 Ancillary Systems and Equipment...................................................................................................94 Avionics Equipment.........................................................................................................................96 FLIGHT OPERATIONS.....................................................................................................................101 PRE-FLIGHT CHECK .......................................................................................................................101 Cabin...............................................................................................................................................102 Exterior Inspection.........................................................................................................................103 Passenger Brief...............................................................................................................................108 NORMAL OPERATIONS..................................................................................................................109 Starting and Warm-up....................................................................................................................109 After Start.......................................................................................................................................112 Takeoff............................................................................................................................................117 Climb..............................................................................................................................................125 Cruise..............................................................................................................................................126 Mixture Setting...............................................................................................................................128 Descent, Approach and Landing ...................................................................................................130 Balked Landing (Go Round) Procedure.........................................................................................135 After Landing Checks.....................................................................................................................136 Taxi and Shutdown.........................................................................................................................136 Circuit Pattern.................................................................................................................................137 Circuit Profile.................................................................................................................................142 Circuit Profile – Normal Circuit.....................................................................................................143 Circuit Profile – Maximum Performance (Differences).................................................................143 Note on Checks and Checklists......................................................................................................144 ABNORMAL AND EMERGENCY PROCEDURES........................................................................146 Emergency During Takeoff ...........................................................................................................146 Gliding and Forced Landing...........................................................................................................148 Engine Fire.....................................................................................................................................150 Cabin or Electrical Fire...................................................................................................................151 Cabin Fire.......................................................................................................................................152 Rough Running Engine..................................................................................................................152 Magneto Faults...............................................................................................................................153 Spark Plug Faults............................................................................................................................153 Abnormal Oil Pressure or Temperature..........................................................................................154 Carburettor Ice................................................................................................................................154 Stalling and Spinning......................................................................................................................155 Fuel Injection Faults.......................................................................................................................156 Landing Gear Emergencies (RG model)........................................................................................157 PERFORMANCE ..............................................................................................................................159 Specifications and Limitations.......................................................................................................159 Ground Planning ............................................................................................................................160 REVIEW QUESTIONS......................................................................................................................173 NAVIGATION AND PERFORMANCE WORKSHEETS...............................................................179 by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 4 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Introduction This training manual provides a technical and operational description for most models of the Cessna 172 series aeroplane, from the C172 and C172A to the C172SP, and includes systems descriptions for common variants, including the C172RG, P172D, and R172/FR172. The information is intended for ground reference and as an instructional aid to assist with practical training for type transition or ab-initio training, provided by an approved training organisation. The book is laid out according to a typical training syllabus progression for ease of use. This material does not supersede, nor is it meant to substitute any of the manufacturer’s operation manuals. The material presented has been prepared from the information provided in the pilots operating handbook for the model series, Cessna maintenance manuals and from operational experience. History The Cessna aircraft company has a long and rich history. Founder Clyde Cessna built his first aeroplane in 1911, and taught himself to fly it! He went on to build a number of innovative aeroplanes, including several race and award winning designs. The Cessna Aircraft company was formally established by Clyde in 1927, in the state of Kansas. In 1934, Clyde's nephew, Dwane Wallace, fresh out of college, took over as head of the company. During the depression years Dwane acted as everything from floor sweeper to CEO, even personally flying company planes in air races (several of which he won!). Under Wallace's leadership, the Cessna Aircraft Company eventually became the most successful general aviation company of all time. Cessna first began production of two-seat light planes in 1946 with the model 120 which had an all aluminium fuselage and fabric covered wings. This was followed by a nearly identical model the 140, with aluminium clad wings. More than 7,000 model 120-140's were sold over four years when Cessna stopped production in order to focus on four-seat aircraft. At the time of publication, Cessna continues to produce a range of aircraft, from their signature piston engine range, largely unchanged since first appearance, to the PT6 turbine powered Caravans, and the Citation Jet. Development of the C172 The Cessna 172 is probably the most popular flight training aircraft in the world. The aircraft made her first flight in November 1955, the first production models by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 5 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL were delivered in 1957, and became an overnight sales success and over 1400 aircraft were built in its first full year of production. It is still in production in 2005, more than 35 000 have been built. The Cessna 172 started as a relatively simple tricycle undercarriage development of the tail-dragger Cessna 170B. The airframe was basically a 170B, including the “fastback” or colloquially called the straight-back fuselage and effective 40º Fowler flaps. The maximum gross weight was identical although the useful load went down 45 pounds. Later versions incorporated a swept back tail, revised landing gear, a lowered rear deck, and an aft window. Cessna advertised this added rear visibility as “Omni-vision”. The airframe has remained almost unchanged since then, with updates mainly affecting avionics and engine fittings, including the most recent the Garmin 1000 glass cockpit option. Production ended in the mid-1980s, but was resumed in 1996 and continues at the time of writing. In 1966 Cessna began assembly of US airframes at Reims Aviation in France. The Cessna F172 was built by Reims Cessna through to 1971. Cessna also produced a retractable version and most models are available as a seaplane version with floats. Illustration 1a Cessna 172 by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 6 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Terminology Airspeed KIAS Knots Indicated Airspeed Speed in knots as indicated on the airspeed indicator. KCAS Knots Calibrated Airspeed KIAS corrected for instrument error. Note this error is often negligible and CAS may be omitted from calculations. KTAS Knots True Airspeed KCAS corrected for density (altitude and temperature) error. Va Max Manoeuvring Speed The maximum speed for full or abrupt control inputs. Vfe Maximum Flap Extended Speed The highest speed permitted with flap extended. Indicated by the top of the white arc. Vno Maximum Structural Cruising Speed Sometimes referred to as “normal operating range”. Should not be exceeded except in smooth conditions and only with caution. Indicated by the green arc. Vne Never Exceed speed Maximum speed permitted, exceeding will cause structural damage. Indicated by the upper red line. Vs Stall Speed The minimum speed before loss of control in the normal cruise configuration. Indicated by the bottom of the green arc. Sometimes referred to as minimum ‘steady flight’ speed. Vso Stall Speed Landing Configuration The minimum speed before loss of control in the landing configuration, at the most forward C of G*. Indicated by the bottom of the white arc. *forward centre of gravity gives a higher stall speed and so is used for certification Vx Best Angle of Climb Speed The speed which results in the maximum gain in altitude for a given horizontal distance. Vy Best Rate of Climb Speed The speed which results in the maximum gain in altitude for a given time, indicated by the maximum rate of climb for the conditions on the VSI. Vref Reference Speed The minimum safe approach speed, calculated as 1.3 x Vso. Vbug Nominated Speed The speed nominated as indicated by the speed bug, for approach this is Vref plus a safety margin for conditions. Vr Rotation Speed The speed which rotation should be initiated. by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 7 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Vat Barrier Speed The speed to maintain at the 50ft barrier or on reaching 50ft above the runway. Maximum Demonstrated Crosswind The maximum demonstrated crosswind during testing. Meteorological Terms OAT Outside Air Temperature Free outside air temperature, or indicated outside air temperature corrected for gauge, position and ram air errors. IOAT Indicated Outside Air Temperature Temperature indicated on the outside air temperature gauge. ISA International Standard Atmosphere The ICAO international atmosphere, as defined in document 7488. Approximate conditions are a sea level temperature of 15 degrees with a lapse rate of 1.98 degrees per 1000ft, and a sea level pressure of 1013mb with a lapse rate of 1mb per 30ft. Standard Temperature The temperature in the International Standard atmosphere for the associated level, and is 15 degrees Celsius at sea level decreased by two degrees every 1000ft. Pressure Altitude The altitude in the International Standard Atmosphere with a sea level pressure of 1013 and a standard reduction of 1mb per 30ft. Pressure Altitude would be observed with the altimeter subscale set to 1013. Density Altitude The altitude that the prevailing density would occur in the International Standard Atmosphere, and can be found by correcting Pressure Altitude for temperature deviations. IMC Conditions of cloud base and visibility that are below the legal minimum required for VFR flight. VMC Conditions of cloud base and visibility that are at or above the legal minimum required for VFR flight. IFR The set of operating rules required for instrument flight, IFR is a flight status rather than a meteorological term. IFR flights may operate in VMC, or IMC, (visual or instrument meteorological conditions), as defined by and in accordance with the applicable IFR legislation. by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 8 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL VFR The set of operating rules required for visual flight, VFR is a flight status rather than a meteorological term. All VFR flights must maintain VMC, (visual meteorological conditions), as defined by the applicable VFR legislation. Engine Terms BHP Brake Horse Power The power developed by the engine (actual power available will have some transmission losses). RPM Revolutions per Minute Engine drive and propeller speed. Static RPM The maximum RPM obtained during stationery full throttle operation Weight* and Balance Terms Moment Arm The horizontal distance in inches from reference datum line to the centre of gravity of the item concerned, or from the datum to the item 'station'. C of G Centre of Gravity The point about which an aeroplane would balance if it were possible to suspend it at that point. It is the mass centre of the aeroplane, or the theoretical point at which entire weight of the aeroplane is assumed to be concentrated. It may be expressed in percent of MAC (mean aerodynamic chord) or in inches from the reference datum. Centre of Gravity Limit The specified forward and aft points beyond which the CG must not be located. Typically, the forward limit primarily effects the controllability of aircraft and aft limits stability of the aircraft. Datum (reference datum) A n imaginary vertical plane or line from which all measurements of arm are taken. The datum is established by the manufacturer. Moment The product of the weight of an item multiplied by its arm and expressed in inch-pounds. The total moment is the weight of the aeroplane multiplied by distance between the datum and the CG. *In reference to loading, the correct technical term is 'mass' instead of 'weight' in all of the terms in this section, however in everyday language and in current Cessna manuals the term weight remains in use. In this context there is no difference in meaning between mass and weight, and the terms may be interchanged. MZFW Maximum Zero Fuel Weight The maximum permissible weight to prevent exceeding the wing bending limits. This limit is not always applicable for aircraft with small fuel loads. by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 9 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL BEW Basic Empty Weight The weight of an empty aeroplane, including permanently installed equipment, fixed ballast, full oil and unusable fuel, and is that specified on the aircraft mass and balance documentation for each individual aircraft. SEW Standard Empty Weight The basic empty weight of a standard aeroplane, specified in the POH, and is an average weight given for performance considerations and calculations. OEW Operating Empty Weight The weight of the aircraft with crew, unusable fuel, and operational items (galley etc.). Payload The weight the aircraft can carry with the pilot and fuel on board. MRW Maximum Ramp Weight The maximum weight for ramp manoeuvring, the maximum takeoff weight plus additional fuel for start taxi and run-up. MTOW Maximum Takeoff Weight The maximum permissible takeoff weight and sometimes called the maximum all up weight, landing weight is normally lower as allows for burn off and carries shock loads on touchdown. MLW Maximum Landing Weight Maximum permissible weight for landing. Sometimes this is the same as the takeoff weight for smaller aircraft. Other AFM Aircraft Flight Manual These terms are inter-changeable and refer to the approved manufacturer's handbook. General Aviation manufacturers from 1976 began using the term 'Pilot's Operating Handbook', early handbooks were called Owner's Manual, most legal texts use the term AFM. POH Pilot's Operating Handbook PIM Pilot Information Manual A Pilot Information Manual is a new term, coined to refer to a POH or AFM which is not issued to a specific aircraft. by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 10 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Useful Factors and Formulas Conversion Factors Lbs to kg 1kg =2.204lbs kgs to lbs 1lb = .454kgs USG to Lt 1USG = 3.785Lt lt to USG 1lt = 0.264USG Lt to Imp Gal 1lt = 0.22 Imp G Imp.Gal to lt 1Imp G = 4.55lt NM to KM 1nm = 1.852km km to nm 1km = 0.54nm NM to StM to ft 1nm = 1.15stm 1nm = 6080ft Stm to nm to ft 1 stm = 0.87nm 5280ft FT to Meters 1 FT = 0.3048 m meters to ft 1 m = 3.281 FT Inches to Cm 1 inch = 2.54cm cm to inches 1cm = 0.394” Hpa (mb) to “Hg 1mb = .029536” “ Hg to Hpa (mb) 1” = 33.8mb AVGAS FUEL Volume / Weight SG = 0.72 Litres Lt/kg kgs Litres lbs/lts Lbs 1.39 1 0.72 0.631 1 1.58 Crosswind Component per 10kts of Wind Deg 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Kts 2 3 5 6 8 9 9 10 by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 11 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Formulas Celsius (C) to Fahrenheit (F) C = 5/9 x(F-32), F = Cx9/5+32 Pressure altitude (PA) PA = Altitude AMSL + 30 x (1013-QNH) Memory aid – Subscale up/down altitude up/down Standard Temperature (ST) ST = 15 – 2 x PA/1000 i.e. 2 degrees cooler per 1000ft altitude Density altitude (DA) DA = PA +(-) 120ft/deg above (below) ST i.e. 120ft higher for every degree hotter than standard Specific Gravity SG x volume in litres = weight in kgs One in 60 rule 1 degree of arc ≈ 1nm at a radius of 60nm i.e degrees of arc approximately equal length of arc at a radius of 60nm Rate 1 Turn Radius R = TAS per hour/60/π or TAS per minute/π R ≈ TAS per hour/180 (Where π (pi) ≈3.14) Radius of Turn Rule of Thumb Radius of Turn lead allowance ≈ 1% of ground speed (This rule can be used for turning on to an arc – e.g. at 100kts GS, start turn 1nm before the arc limit) Rate 1 Turn Bank Angle Rule of Thumb degrees of bank in a rate one turn ≈ GS/10+7 by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 12 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Pilot's Operating Handbook Information The approved manufacturer's operating handbook, which may be commonly referred to as a Pilot's Operating Handbook (POH), an Aircraft Flight Manual (AFM), or an Owners Manual, is issued for the specific model and serial number, and includes all applicable supplements and modifications. It is legally required to be on board the aircraft during flight, and is the master document for all flight information. In 1975, the US General Aviation Manufacturer's Association introduced the 'GAMA Specification No. 1' format for the 'Pilot's Operating Handbook' (POH). This format was later adopted by ICAO in their Guidance Document 9516 in 1991, and is now required for all newly certified aircraft by ICAO member states. Most light aircraft listed as built in 1976 or later, have provided Pilot's Operating Handbooks (POHs) in this format. GAMMA standardised the term 'Pilot's Operating Handbook' as the preferred term for a manufacturer's handbook on light aircraft, however some manufacturers still use different terms (see further explanation above under definitions).This format aimed to enhance safety by not only standardising layouts but also by creating an ergonomic format for use in flight. For this reason the emergency and normal operating sections are found at the front of the manual, while reference and ground planning sections are at the rear. It is recommended that pilots become familiar with the order and contents of each section, as summarised in the table below. Section 1 General Definitions and abbreviations Section 2 Limitations Specific operating limits, placards and specifications Section 3 Emergencies Complete descriptions of action in the event of any emergency or non-normal situation Section 4 Normal Operations Complete descriptions of required actions for all normal situations Section 5 Performance Performance graphs, typically for stall speeds, airspeed calibration, cross wind calculation, takeoff, climb, cruise, and landing Section 6 Weight and Balance Loading specifications, limitations and loading graphs or tables Section 7 Systems Descriptions Technical descriptions of aircraft systems, airframe, controls, fuel, engine, instruments, avionics and lights etc. Section 8 Servicing and maintenance Maintenance requirements, inspections, stowing, oil requirements etc. by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 13 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL Section 9 Supplements Supplement sections follow the format above for additional equipment or modification. Section 10 Safety Information General safety information and helpful operational recommendations which the manufacturer feels are pertinent to the operation of the aircraft For use in ground training, or reference prior to flight, this text should be read in conjunction with the POH from on board the aircraft you are going to be flying. Even if you have a copy of a POH for the same model C172, the aircraft you are flying may have supplements for modifications and optional equipment which affect the operational performance. by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 14 CESSNA 172 TRAINING MANUAL AIRCRAFT TECHNICAL INFORMATION The Cessna 172 aircraft is an all-metal, single engine, four-seat, high-wing monoplane aircraft, equipped with tricycle landing gear and designed for general utility purposes. Illustration 1b Cessna 172 Plan and Profile Views by O. Roud & D. Bruckert © 2006, This Edition 2014 Page 15